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1. Introduction
The rapid growing population, urbanisation and industrial development are the major contributors of organic pollutants in water, which have a detrimental impact on the ecosystem, and cause serious problems to the living world and environment. In order to balance the ecosystem and mitigate the huge risk caused by the persistence organic substances, the removal of organic pollutants in wastewater is paramount.
Over the past two decades, solar photocatalysis has been of particular interest for the removal and degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. In the photocatalytic water decontamination process, the production of electron-hole (e−-h+) pairs via irradiation of the photocatalyst is the key step for the production of reactive oxidation species (ROS, i.e. hydroxyl radicals (•OH)), which is powerful oxidants and can non-selectively attack organic matters, degrading them into smaller elements and finally mineralise them to H2O and CO2 [1]. Under light irradiation of a photocatalyst, photons with energy equal or greater than its band gap (Eg) are absorbed by the catalyst, resulting in the formation of an electron-hole pair. Then the photogenerated conduction band electron (eCB−) and valence band hole (hVB+) could undergo undesired recombination or participate in a series of reactions to produce highly Reactive Oxidation Species (ROS, i.e., hydroxyl radicals (•OH)) that can mineralise any organic molecule in wastewater [2]. The necessity to find photocatalysts with unique photophysical properties that can be used efficiently in the photocatalysis process has been the driving force for the development of variety of material systems to achieve an efficient removal of organic pollutants. Different types of heterogeneous semiconductors, particularly titanium dioxide (TiO2), ternary and other oxide systems, are the most widely studied materials for photocatalytic water decontamination. TiO2, which is well known for its photocatalytic properties, widely used, low-cost n-type semiconductor with (Eg) of 3.2 eV, can be used for water decontamination and water splitting and building self-cleaning facades [3]. However, the major drawback of using TiO2 in practical photocatalytic water decontamination is concerning two important aspects of its photocatalytic properties: (i) TiO2 offers low photoconversion efficiency due to undesired recombination of electrons and holes [4] and (ii) its large band gap, which can be excited only by ultraviolet light (only 4% intensity of solar radiation) [5]. In addition, compared to other advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as Fenton based methods; UV/Oxidant methods and electrochemical oxidation methods, which can in-situ generate ROS during water treatment, the quantum yield of TiO2 is low for photocatalytic ROS production, hindering its application in photocatalytic water decontamination [6]. Therefore, exploring novel photocatalysts that have unique photophysical properties, offer high photo-conversion efficiency and with superior photocatalytic activity in water decontamination application is of great importance.
Perovskite-based nanomaterial have attracted huge attentions as a promising photocatalysis nanomaterial for various environmental application due to their unique features such as high chemical and thermal stability; excellent electrical conductivity; and narrow band gap that can offer efficient use of solar energy, compared to other semiconductor photocatalysts. Perovskite-type oxides are complex metal oxides, with the general formula of ABO3, the structure of which is shown in Figure 1. General structure of perovskite oxides represents a lattice that consists of larger A cations and are alkaline rare-earth metals, which are 12 fold coordinated by oxygen atoms, and small B cations that can be a divalent or trivalent transition, within oxygen octahedra. Their high stability under aggressive conditions is attributed to the existence of transition metals in their oxidation states [7, 8]. The structure of perovskites can easily be tuned by adjusting the category and proportion of their chemical compositions, which in turn inherit them diverse and unique physicochemical properties [9]. Perovskite oxides are capable of being activated by broad solar spectra to excite e−-h+ pairs and initiate the production of ROS, which facilitate organic pollutant oxidation and mainly comprise hydroxyl-radical (•OH) and superoxide-anion radical (O2•−) [10]. However, pure perovskites suffer from low photocatalytic efficiency, which is due to small surface area of bulk material, insufficient solar energy consumption, rapid recombination and low redox potential of e−-h+ pairs, which are unfavorable for efficient generation of reactive species [11].
The performance of perovskites in photocatalysis process is generally influenced by their structure; composition; size and shape and synthesis process. Therefore, with the aim of enhancing their photocatalytic efficiency in the degradation of organic pollutants, numerous studies have been carried, using various synthesis methods such as sol-gel method; hydrothermal; solvothermal; sono-chemical; microwave assisted method and co-precipitation method. In order to enhance the photocatalytic performance of perovskite, a number of strategies can be adopted, such as regulating perovskite composition through partial or full cationic substitution by certain dopant(s); rescaling its structure through downsizing or morphology alteration; hybrid modification through coating and coupling with other AOPs. It is worth pointing out that the strategy of coupling with other AOPs is beyond the scope of this chapter, therefore, no further reference will be made. The aforementioned strategies have been proven to improve perovskite’s light absorption; create more active sites on the surface and inhibit e−-h+ pairs recombination. By regulating perovskite composition through hetero-substitution of perovskite by hetero-valent or homo-valent cations in A and/or B site, the redox property of the perovskite is significantly improved and oxygen vacancies are increased, thereby promoting ROS generation [12]. Incorporating dopants into the lattice of perovskite, its inherent band gap can be reduced by shifting the top of its VB upward or CB downward, leading to an extended optical absorption improvement of its photocatalytic activity. Loading perovskite on substrates to obtain a hybrid nanostructure is an effective option for narrowing the band gap and optimisation of electronic structure to inhibit the recombination of e−-h+ pairs. The coating strategy could address the majority of issues related to the efficient photocatalytic activity to some extent, as the coating strategy equip perovskite with an outstanding charge separation ability and strong oxidation ability. Rescaling structure and downsizing and controlling morphology of perovskites can be carried out to improve reactive sites and optimise optical absorption [13]. Smaller particle size can benefit from higher quantum efficiency due to larger accessible of reactive sites and more effective electron transfer paths. However, downsizing these particles to nanoscale increases the surface energy that prompts particles aggregation, hence elimination of the desired reactive sites and significant reduction of photocatalytic performance [14]. Controlled preparation of porous structure has been proven to equip perovskite with better optical absorption ability; increased reactive sites for photocatalytic reaction; as well as enhances the diffusion rate of organic pollutants. However, introducing pores to perovskite nanoparticles can make it physically fragile [15].
Despite intensive research studies that have been carried out on developing variety of nanoscale perovskite-based composites using different strategies, most of which with encouraging results, there is still much to be investigated. A comprehensive understanding of achieving an effective photocatalytic degradation of a wide range of organic pollutants using perovskites is highly crucial for unveiling the fundamental nature of perovskite photocatalysis for large-scale applications. In addition, to meet the requirements of designing efficient, stable and cost-effective perovskite-based composite photocatalyst with an outstanding use of solar energy for actual water remediation, a fundamental study of perovskite photocatalysis using different materials and various environmental pollutants is indispensable.
This chapter provides an overview of the state-of-the-art design and synthesis strategies for perovskite-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites for efficient water remediation. Initially the principles of photocatalysis process are described, with the emphasis on the mechanisms of photocatalytic water decontamination by perovskite and highlighting its inherent challenges. An evaluation of several strategies that have been used to develop perovskite-based nanocomposites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water is presented. Finally, the remaining challenges and perspectives for developing novel perovskite-based photocatalysts with potential large-scale application are elucidated.
2. General principles of perovskite photocatalysis process
In photocatalytic process, perovskite uses photon as a source of energy to initiate chemical reaction. As the photocatalyst is irradiated by light with energy equal or larger than the perovskite band gap, the electrons are excited from the valance band (VB) to the conduction band (CB), as a result photoreactive species such as e− and h+ are created, which can be transferred to the surface of perovskite [16]. The factors affecting the photocatalytic activity of perovskite as a catalyst are namely, the excitement of the electron, separation of the electron and hole and photo-oxidation reduction reaction taking place at the surface of the catalyst [17].
2.1 Mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in water by perovskite
The mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants consists of several steps: (1) under light irradiation perovskite absorbs photon with an appropriate energy to form photoreactive species like e− and h+; (2) interfacial charge transfer; (3) reduction and oxidation process to form Reactive Oxidation Species; (4) degradation of organic pollutants; and (5) desorption of pollutants/intermediates from the surface of the perovskite. The reaction mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in water are demonstrated by Eqs. (1)–(5) [18].
Under light irradiation of perovskite, when the energy of photon is equal or larger than the perovskite band gap energy, the electrons are excited from the valence band (VB) of perovskite to the conduction band (CB), as a result of which the photoactive species (e− and h+) are formed. The photoexcited electrons would either reunite with holes or transfer to the surface of the perovskite, which can react with O2 to form superoxide anion radical (O2•−), while the photogenerated holes react with water to form hydroxyl radical (•OH) at the surface of the catalyst [19]. The schematic representation of the degradation mechanism is illustrated in Figure 2. In this process, ·OH acts as a powerful oxidising agent that attacks the organic molecules non-selectively.
Figure 3 shows the bandgap values, CB and VB positions, of several perovskite photocatalysts. It is apparent that pristine perovskites have the valance band potential energy (Evb) higher than the •OH/OH− redox potential, which allows for the generation of ·OH during the photocatalysis process. Nonetheless, the higher position of CB compared to that of the redox potential of O2/O2•−, hinders the formation of O2•− during the photocatalytic degradation process. Therefore, during the ROS production on perovskite, in order for the electrons to react with O2 and form O2•−, the conduction band potential (Ecb) of perovskite should be more negative than the standard redox potential of O2/O2•− (−0.33 eV vs. NHE). On the other hand, the valance band potential energy (Evb) of perovskite should be higher than standard redox potential of •OH/OH− (+1.99 eV vs. NHE). In such case, the OH− can be oxidised by the photogenerated holes and form •OH, which can attack pollutants to convert them to nontoxic forms or completely degrade them to CO2 and H2O [20].
2.2 Perovskite design criteria for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants
The main criteria for a perovskite photocatalyst to be used in the degradation of organic pollutants in water are high capability of being activated by photons; efficiently extracting electrons for photocatalytic reaction; chemically stable; nontoxic; and cost effective. The absorption of photons the following charge generation is dependent on the physiochemical property of the perovskite and recombination.
The efficient use of solar energy still remains a great challenge. An ideal perovskite photocatalyst should have an enhanced and broaden light absorption, and capture a wide spectrum, from ultraviolet to visible light and even the near-infrared region. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt strategies that lead to optimisation of light harvesting, improving e−-h+ separation, and generating sufficient active sites on the perovskite surface for photocatalytic reaction to take place A number of strategies have been reported in the literature, such as cationic substitution, nanostructure perovskite, coating and combined perovskite-based photocatalyst systems, in which perovskite is coupled with other AOP systems. The main aim of these state-of-the-art strategies is to enhance efficient light utilisation, improve charge separation and create richer active sites on the surface of the perovskite. Narrowing band gap is usually the option for the increased light harvesting by capturing more excited photons form a wide spectrum, and consequently enhancing photocatalytic activity [21].
Once the photogenerated charges are generated and successfully migrated to the surface of perovskite, where photocatalytic reactions take place, they can still undergo surface recombination or be trapped by undesirable reactants. In the photocatalytic process the e−-h+ pairs are generated within several femtoseconds (fs) and undergo recombination within picoseconds (ps) to nanoseconds (ns), as depicted in Figure 4. However, the time span from the bulk to reactive sites is usually hundreds of ps, and the reaction time between the carriers and the adsorbed reactants requires nanoseconds (ns) to microseconds (μs) [22]. The lifetime of the photogenerated charges of some perovskites have been reported as BTO: 3.25 ns, STO: 2.06 ns, LFO: 3 ns and LMO: 2 ns, knowing that the reaction time to form O2•− is several nanoseconds [22]. This implies that the relatively short lifetime of the carriers on perovskite limits their application in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.
Figure 4.
Different length of time required in photocatalytic process.
In general, photocatalytic degradation takes place on the surface of the perovskite photocatalyst. Therefore, to improve photocatalytic degradation efficiency, a good adsorption of organic pollutants on the surface of perovskite is necessary. Undoubtedly, larger surface area is required to provide higher adsorption capacity towards organic pollutants and richer active sites for photocatalytic degradation reaction. A shorter diffusion pathway of charge carriers is also expected, as it reduces chance of e−-h+ recombination.
3. Modification strategies for enhancement of perovskite photocatalytic activity
Although pure perovskites are potentially better than other oxide photocatalysts, their weak photocatalytic activity hinders their employment in industrial application. Undoubtedly, this is due to their inherent photocatalytic issues such as: (i) small surface area; (ii) insufficient solar energy utilisation; (iii) fast recombination rate of e--h+. To improve carriers’ utilisation, a number of modification strategies have been reported, through which nanomaterials and nanocomposite materials are developed with significantly high photocatalytic performance. Some of these strategies are described in detail in the following sections.
3.1 Partial or full cationic substitution
Poor photocatalytic degradation of pristine perovskite under visible light (>400 nm) is mainly attributed to the wide band gap [23], which hiders its potential application in the degradation of organic pollutants. The photocatalytic properties of perovskite can be modified by partial or full cationic sites substitution. The partial or full cationic substitution can narrow the band gap and inhibit the recombination of e−-h+ , which leads to a significant enhancement of their photocatalytic activity. The substitution can be made in A-site, B-site or both sites, the detailed description of each type of substitution is provided in the following sections. It is worth mentioning that a number of factors can affect the substitution such as the types and concentration of dopant atoms, the substitution sites and so on. It is worth mentioning that the substitution of A-site, B-site or both sites in perovskite induces lattice defect and adjusts its optical and redox properties, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants [24].
However, choosing the right substitute is very important in maintaining the perovskite crystal structure. The stability of A-site substituted perovskite with cubic structure can be defined through Goldschmidt’s tolerance factor t as shown in Eq. (6) [25]:
t=rA+rO2rB+rOE6
Where rA, rB and rO are ionic radii of A-site, B-site and oxygen ion, respectively.
Since the cubic structure of perovskite is stabilised at 0.76 < t < 1.13, then almost 90% of the natural metal elements of the Periodic Table can be incorporated into the perovskite lattice. Thus, various common metal elements, as shown in Figure 5, can be used to substitute A or B cationic sites in perovskite to narrow the band gap and enhance its photocatalytic activity [26, 27].
Figure 5.
Metal elements as substitutes in the ABO3 perovskite lattice [26].
The performance of various substituted perovskites with different substitution type and dopants used in substituting A-site, B-sites and both sites in the degradation of organic pollutants is highlighted in Table 1.
Pure perovskite
Type
Dopant
Target pollutant
Performance of substituted perovskite
Ref.
LaFeO3
A-site
Eu/Gd/Dy/Nd
Safranine-O (15 mg/L)
7 times higher degradation rate than that by pure LFO
Substitution of a metal in A-site can have a direct impact on the structure and stability of perovskite. For example, partial substitution of A′ metal on A-site, having a modified perovskite with the general formula of A1−xAx′BO3, can cause the creation of vacancies in the lattice [28]. Partial substitution of A-site in perovskite is also capable of modifying the valence state of cations in B-site, leading to a better redox property and a higher photocatalytic activity. For example, substitution of La3+ by K+ in A-site of LaCoO3 results in modification of Co3+ into Co4+ in La1–xKxCoO3 [29]. The concentration of dopants or substitutes in partial substitution of A-site is an important factor that can affect the crystal size, band gap and oxygen vacancy content. By incorporating different concentrations of La3+ into the lattice sites of the SrTiO3(STO) host structure, different crystal defects and impurity energy levels can be formed on La-STO, resulting in different band gaps. Higher concentration of La3+ doping results in the decreased particle size of La-STO. However, an excessive concentration of the doping element can act as recombination center for photoinduced pairs and lead to a declined photocatalytic activity.
Various alkaline-earth metallic ions (i.e., Ba, Ca, and Sr) and rare-earth metals (i.e., La, Ce, Eu and Nd) can be used to substitute A-site of perovskite, which can result in narrowing band gap, generation of large amounts of oxygen vacancies and improved photocatalytic efficiency for the degradation of organic pollutants under visible light [30, 31]. Partially substituting La3+ with Li+ via sol-gel method yields a modified perovskite powder (La0.97Li0.03FeO3) with improved photocatalytic degradation towards methyl blue. Since Li+ has lower charge than La3+, the charge neutrality is maintained by forming oxygen defects on the surface of La0.97Li0.03FeO3, which leads to improved photocatalytic activity [32]. Incorporating Ti into A-site of pure LaFeO3(LFO) via solid-solid diffusion results in reduced band gap and enhanced photocatalytic activity of the modified perovskite (La1–xTixFeO3) for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol without iron leaching. Substituting La3+ in pure LaFeO3 (LFO) with an appropriate amount of Ca2+ in LFO can be a feasible strategy to improve photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light [33]. Due to smaller radius of Ca2+ (0.134 nm) compared with La3+ (0.136 nm), the substitution of Ca2+ affects the crystalline size and the amount of charge-compensating oxygen vacancies in La1−xCaxFeO3. The charge-compensating oxygen vacancies can act as Lewis acid sites to capture electrons, and also narrow the band gap, which increases light harvesting by capturing more excited photons [34].
3.1.2 B site substituted perovskite
The B-site element in perovskite plays a more important role than the A-site element in photocatalytic reaction, as the redox reactions generally take place at the B-site element, and it can serve as a photocatalytic active center for most of the perovskites [35]. Doping B-site with divalent or trivalent cations induces the creation of oxygen defects, leading to a relaxation structure of AB1−xB′xO3 with enhanced photocatalytic degradation activity [36]. Substituting Mn into the lattice of SrTiO3 (STO) via hydrothermal method yields a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst, Mn-doped STO (MSTO), having a narrower band gap and higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency towards antibiotic tetracycline [37]. Mn4+ species (0.067 nm) could partially substitute Ti4+ (0.068 nm) into STO lattice and act as impurity energy band to narrow the band gap of STO and suppress the e−-h+ recombination, hence creating sufficient time for photogenerated holes to oxidize water and form ·OH for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline. Furthermore, substituting the B-site of perovskite by Cr yields advanced photocatalytic materials, in which the Cr3+ donor levels act as intermediate states for photon transition, allowing easier excitation of electrons and holes under visible light [38]. However, the presence of hexavalent Cr(VI) can hinder the photocatalytic activity of the catalyst [39]. Substitution of Fe3+ (0.064 nm) by a larger ionic radius Cu2+ (0.072 nm) in B-site of LFO results in lattice distortion, induced oxygen vacancies generation and suppressed the growth of large crystallite. This implies that a larger specific area with more accessible active sites is available for improved photocatalytic activity.
Substitution of the B-site perovskite with multiple valance cations results in coexistence of various cation states (i.e., Mn3+/Mn4+, Cu+/Cu2+ and V3+/V5+) in perovskites [40, 41]. The presence of high valence ions can trap the photo-generated electrons in the CB, thereby the e−-h+ pairs recombination is suppressed. While the low valence ions may supply electrons to the absorbed O2 on the surface of the catalyst, enhancing interfacial electron transfer and increasing the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water [42]. Substitution of B-site in LFO lattice by Cu results in LaFe0.85Cu0.15O3 with larger specific area and reduced band gap compared to LFO [43]. Under light irradiation of LaFe0.85Cu0.15O3, the reduction of Fe3+ and Cu2+ can be accelerated and leads to the generation of Fe2+ and Cu+. The presence of the redox couples of Fe2+/Fe3+ and Cu+/Cu2+ plays an important role in the creation of ·OH and other ROS, which degrade organic pollutants [44]. Doping Mn in LFO via stearic acid solution combustion method results in LaFe0.5Mn0.5O3–δ with higher photocatalytic efficiency for methyl orange degradation under sunlight, owing to the coexistence of variable valences of Mn ions such as Mn2+/Mn3+/Mn4+ [45]. The lower valence Mn2+ and Mn3+ provide electrons and reduce O2 to generate more O2•−, while the stable Mn4+ traps electrons and suppresses electron-hole recombination.
Substitution of the B-site perovskite by multiple cations can create a synergistic effect, leading to an enhanced perovskite photocatalytic activity and improved stability. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue can be enhanced by co-doping of Mo and V in STO [46]. The Mo and V cations incorporated into the B-site of perovskite can create impurity defects, leading to reduced band gap value and enhanced visible light utilisation. The photocatalytic activity of multiple cations doped perovskite, such as Bi and Cu doped STO, is much higher than a single cation doped perovskite [47]. The highest degradation of dibutyl phthalate can be achieved by STO co-doped with both Bi and Cu in B-stie [48].
3.1.3 A and B sites substituted perovskite
Simultaneous substitution of A- and B-sites is a feasible strategy and can increase the photocatalytic efficiency of perovskite. Since the perovskite lattice offers a great flexibility in atomic arrangement, reasonable regulation of both A- and B-sites in perovskite can produce high performance A1–xA′xB1–xB′xO3–δ with improved electronic and photocatalytic properties. In general, the substitution of A-site cation leads to the generation of oxygen vacancies, whereas the substitution of B-site mainly tunes the band structure and brings about the formation of redox couples.
Simultaneous substitution of A- and B-sites of STO by La and Ni, respectively, leads to a larger surface area and new defect bands for highly efficient photocatalytic decomposition of MB compared to La or Ni mono-doped STO [49]. The substitution of both A- and B-sties of LaCoO3 leads to the creation of a modified perovskite photocatalyst La0.5Ba0.5CoxMn1–xO3–δ. The partial substitution of La3+ by Ba2+ in A-site results in improved catalytic activity and structural stability. While the substitution of B-site by Mn can further enhance the photocatalytic reactivity as a result of the formation of Co▬O▬Mn bond, offering accelerated electron transfer between the redox couples of Co2+/Co3+ and Mn3+/Mn4+. Doping perovskites with non-metal ions such as C, P, S, N, F and B is also a feasible strategy to narrow the band gap, which is necessary in enhancing photocatalytic activity of perovskite for water decontamination [50, 51].
3.2 Perovskite nanocomposites via coating strategy
Pristine perovskites show relatively weak photogenerated charge separation rate and low surface area. In addition, photo-generated e−-h+ pairs in some narrow-band gap perovskites tend to recombine, which results in considerable energy loss. Therefore, nanoengineered perovskite particles may address the above issues and provide high surface area, full utilisation of solar energy, efficient light absorption and effective e−-h+ separation. However, Perovskite nanoparticles can undergo agglomeration during synthesis, which endows inferior photocatalytic performance. In order to address the particle agglomeration issue and achieve efficient charge separation and good dispersion, coating perovskites on various supports has been proven to be a feasible strategy. In addition, by composing suitable cocatalysts, the photocatalytic reaction can be accelerated through lowering the activation energy. Loading perovskite on supports provides efficient charge migration and better pollutants adsorption capacity, which is crucial for improving photocatalytic activity. The loading amount can easily be tuned by simply changing the coating times and the concentration of the coating solutions. Given an appropriate support loading, abundant active sites are available for charge-transfer reactions, also the photogenerated carriers can be trapped on the supports to suppress e−-h+ recombination. Perovskites can be coated on various supports such as carbon, silica, graphene, zeolites, semiconductor cocatalysts and so on.
3.2.1 Nanocomposite of perovskite and carbon-based materials
Carbonaceous materials have been widely studied and used in many applications, due to their outstanding characteristics such as large surface area, good electronic properties and excellent corrosion resistance. Loading perovskites on Carbon-derived materials can enhance photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, as they usually act as electron scavengers, owing to their large electron storage capacity. Composites of perovskite with carbon-based materials such as graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives (graphitic carbon nitride and carbon aerogel) provide enhanced adsorption capacity towards organic pollutants, along with formed junctions, which hinders the e−h+ recombination.
Perovskite/GO composites have been proven to provide excellent photocatalytic activity in the degradation of organic pollutants. It is worth mentioning that the band-gap of the perovskite/GO composites can easily be tuned by incorporating perovskite with different proportions of GO. LaMnO3/graphene composite has been reported to have a superior visible-light responsive photocatalytic activity in the degradation of diamine green B [52]. The photo-generated electrons migrate from LaMnO3 (LMO) to GO across the heterojunction and temporarily stored on the surface of GO, suppressing electrons and holes recombination. The LMO particles are highly dispersed on the surface of GO, allowing them full exposure to light irradiation and high photon absorption, which improves the photocatalytic quantum efficiency. Compared to pure LMO, the decreased band gap in LMO/GO results in an obvious red shift of 30–40 nm in the light absorption edge, which enhances its photocatalytic activity. GO and STO composite can be prepared by hydrothermal method for efficient degradation of organic pollutants [53]. During heat treatment, GO is decomposed, and followed by the diffusion and dissolution of carbon species, which can penetrate into STO lattice and substitute its interlayer O2− sites, thereby introducing C 2p state within the band gap. Under light irradiation, the photoexcited electrons on STO can easily be transferred to carbon and promote charge separation, resulting in an increased amount of reactive oxidation species for efficient degradation of organic pollutants.
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), which is one of the most promising visible-light-driven photocatalysts, is another non-metallic material with unique layered structure and narrow band gap of 2.7–2.8 eV. However, the application of pristine g-C3N4 is limited by the rapid recombination of photoinduced e−h+. This issue can be addressed by adopting strategies to couple g-C3N4 with perovskites, thereby developing catalysts with high photocatalytic properties. LaNiO3/g-C3N4 Z-scheme nanosheet has been prepared, in which 30 wt.% LaNiO3 loading provides intimate attachment of LNO on the surface of g-C3N4, leading to the formation of abundant heterojunctions at the interface that are required for the spatial isolation of photogenerated charge carriers. Under light irradiation of the LaNiO3/g-C3N4 hybrid, the accumulated electrons with stronger reducibility can reduce O2 to yield O2•−. As a result, the LaNiO3/g-C3N4 composite exhibits remarkable photocatalytic activity in the degradation of tetracycline, which is 3.8 times and 3.9 times faster than those of pristine g-C3N4 and LaNiO3, respectively. Loading p-type semiconductor LFO with n-type g-C3N4 nanosheets results in a hybrid p-n heterostructure photocatalyst (LFO/g-C3N4) that exhibits superior photocatalytic activity, compared to pristine g-C3N4 and LFO, in the degradation of Brilliant Blue [54].
3.2.2 Nanocomposite of perovskite and metal oxide
Metal oxide is regarded as a promising supporting material for perovskites to achieve higher photocatalytic activity in degradation of organic pollutants. By forming heterojunctions between metal oxides and perovskite, the metal oxides act as co-catalysts, serve as charge collectors to facilitate charge separation and efficiently extend the lifetime of the charge carriers. Metal oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, and CeO2 are abundant in nature and have been widely used as alternative catalysts to precious metals in various chemical reactions [55].
A number of metal oxides, such as ZnO, CeO2, Al2O3, CuO, MnO2 and WO3 have been used in perovskite coating [56, 57, 58, 59]. It can be argued that the most widely used metal oxide to couple with perovskites is TiO2 [60, 61, 62]. The STO/TiO2 nanofiber has been synthesised via hydrothermal method, using TiO2 as both template and reactant [63]. Under UV light irradiation, the photogenerated electrons are transferred from STO to TiO2 due to their close contact, thus improving the interfacial charge migration to the adsorbed substance. The electrons react with dissolved O2 to form O2•− and subsequently protonated to strong oxidizing agents like H2O2, HO2• and ·OH. Reportedly, the incorporation of TiO2 into STO can prolong the lifetime of photoinduced charge carriers. It has been demonstrated that the combination of TiO2 and LaNiO3 can significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of the modified perovskite in degradation of methyl orange and antibiotic ciprofloxacin under visible light. The LaNiO3/TiO2 step-scheme (S-scheme) can be synthesised via a facial sol-gel method as shown in Figure 6, in which the S-scheme heterojunction is formed between the n-type TiO2 and p-type LaNiO3 due to the potential energy difference of VB in TiO2 and CB in LaNiO3. Exploiting the electric field and band edge bending, the electrons can spontaneously be transferred from TiO2 CB to LaNiO3 across the interfacial region until they reach similar Fermi level. O2 is reduced to O2•− by the accumulative electrons in the CB of LaNiO3 with more negative potential, while the remaining holes in the VB of TiO2 oxidises H2O to ·OH, thereby the photocatalytic activity of the coupled TiO2 and LaNiO3 is significantly promoted. In another study, STO is coated on WO3, in which an efficient Z-scheme heterojunction is obtained [64]. Under visible light irradiation of the modified STO, the electrons in the CB of WO3 tend to recombine with the holes in STO, thus the electrons in the CB of STO and holes in the VB of WO3 can separate and form reactive oxidation species for efficient degradation of pollutants in water.
Figure 6.
Schematic representation of LaNiO3 and TiO2 nanocomposite [62].
3.2.3 Nanocomposite of perovskite and silica-based material
Perovskites can be coated on silica-based material for efficient charge separation and enhancement of absorption capacity, thus increasing their potential application in photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in water. Coating perovskites on porous silica can also provide easier transport of large organic molecules and the availability of more active sites, which results in efficient photo-Fenton catalytic degradation [65]. Various clay minerals such as montmorillonite, bentonite, kaolinite, illite and zeolite have been used as supporting materials for perovskites, which provide significant adsorptive capacity for the removal of toxic organic pollutants in aqueous solutions [66]. The porous silica support play two key roles in the degradation process, enhancement of the adsorption capacity via hydrogen bonds formed between the support and organic pollutants, and transportation of adsorbed substance to active sites.
Montmorillonite (MMT), which is one of the most abundant clay minerals and possesses ample ▬OH groups on the surface, has been used as a support for LFO to form a nanocomposite of LFO/MMT for effective removal of Rhodamine B in water. The presence of ▬OH groups on the surface of MMT allows LFO to be uniformly distributed on the surface of montmorillonite via Si▬O▬Fe bonds, which results in LFO/MMT with higher surface area and enhanced photocatalytic activity. LFO/MMT can effectively remove Rhodamine B (RhB) via synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation [67]. Different LFO/silica composites have been prepared and studied using several mesoporous silica materials (SBA-15, SBA-16 and siliceous mesostructured cellular foams (MCF)), along with nano-sized silica powder as supports for photocatalytic degradation of RhB [68]. Compared with other nanocomposites and pure LFO, LFO/MCF demonstrates the highest photocatalytic activity towards RhB. The superior photocatalytic activity of LFO/MCF can be attributed to the randomly distributed pores and short pore length of MCF, which allows easier and faster transportation of RhB to the active sites within the pores of LFO/MCF.
Zeolite, which is a crystalline aluminosilicate material, is another widely used supporting material for perovskites to enhance the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Using zeolite for loading perovskite can provide an effective nanocomposite with high photocatalytic activity, as its cages and pores enable easier and faster mass transfer of adsorbed substance, it provides abundant active sites for photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and can control the charge transfer process to reduce the e−-h+ recombination [69]. To optimise physicochemical properties of zeolite, such as adsorption capacity, before loading perovskites, approaches such as heating, chemical treatment like acid-modification and metal-modification can be applied [70]. HCl can be used to modify the natural zeolite prior to the LFO loading. The acid treatment approach can remove amorphous impurities and provide zeolite with larger surface area and more available pore volume for easy incorporation of LFO. Loading 30% STO on HZSM-5 zeolite results in STO/HZSM-5 with high surface area, leading to high photocatalytic degradation rate towards Reactive Brilliant Red-X3B [71]. The HZSM-5 is capable of mediating electron migration and extending the lifetime of photogenerated charge carriers, thus leading to high photocatalytic activity towards organic pollutants.
3.3 Synthesis of various perovskite nanostructure
Constructing perovskite with various nanostructures can lead to full utilisation of solar energy, efficient light absorption and effective e−-h+ separation. Perovskite with various structures such as nanoparticles with/without Hierarchical porous structure, core-shell structure, nanotubes, nanocubes and nanofilm have also been proven to offer significantly high photocatalytic response [72]. A well-designed nanoscale and hierarchically porous perovskite structure usually provides high surface area and excellent light absorption efficiency to take full advantage of reflection, refraction and scattering of photons [73]. A smaller size perovskite increases the availability of multiple reactive sites for enhanced photocatalytic reaction and higher degradation efficiency [74]. Downsizing perovskites to nanoscale with desired morphologies and functional properties holds a tremendous opportunity for obtaining excellent photocatalysts as decreasing the particle size leads to an increase in the quantum yields of perovskite photocatalytic reactions [75]. In smaller size perovskite particles, shorter time is required for the photoinduced charge carriers to be diffused from the bulk to the surface of perovskite, thereby suppressing the recombination of the electrons and holes. Besides, the properties and the unique architecture that are achieved by downsizing perovskites to nanoscale allow for direct use of visible light to remove pollutants without chemical addition. However, with decreasing the perovskite particle size to nanoscale the surface tension of perovskite nanoparticles significantly increases, which inevitably leads to particle aggregation.
In a bid to enhance the photocatalytic properties of perovskite with higher degradation efficiency of organic pollutants in water, a number of studies have been carried out to produce various novel nanoscale structures with unique properties [76, 77, 78, 79]. The approaches that can be used to downsize perovskite particle and control its size are ball milling, ultrasonic treatment, micro emulsion method, addition of chelating agents and controlling the calcination temperature [80, 81]. A number of studies have used ball milling to downsize perovskite particle size. By controlling ball milling time duration, the particle size and defects of STO can be adjusted, for example, by increasing ball milling treatment time the particle size can be significantly decreased [82]. The smaller STO particles can provide shorter charge carriers transport path to the surface, where the photocatalytic reaction take place, thus decreasing the chance of photoinduced e−-h+ pairs recombination. On the other hand, longer ball milling treatment time results in the creation of defects like oxygen vacancies, which act as a mediator and further facilitates the charge separation to accelerate the degradation of organic pollutant molecules. Nanoscale (15 nm average thickness and 70–80 nm length) floral-like LFO 3D structure has been prepared via hydrothermal method using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a chelating agent. Apparently, the photocatalytic activity of the nanoscale engineered LFO for the degradation of organic pollutants is much higher than that of the bulk LFO, owing to the higher surface area (90.25 m2/g as compared to bulk LFO of 8 m2/g) that provides abundant active sites and efficient separation of e−-h+ pairs via facile charge transport on small-sized nanosheets.
Over the last decade, several hierarchical nanostructure perovskites with different and effective morphology have been synthesised to enhance perovskite photocatalytic performance water decontamination [83, 84]. Hierarchical porous structure is one of the morphologies that provides larger surface area and more active sites, both of which enhance the contact between perovskite and organic pollutants during photocatalytic reaction [85]. Porous structure enhances the rate of mass transfer of pollutants within the perovskite, leading to an excellent photocatalytic activity with fast reaction kinetics for organic pollutant degradation. Porous nanofiber structure has also been synthesised for the enhancement of physical and chemical properties of perovskites compared to their granulate counterpart. Perovskite nanofiber structure can be synthesised using several approaches such as electrospinning method, template synthesis, hydrothermal method, self-assembly and solvothermal method, amongst which electrospinning method is widely regarded as a simple and easily controllable method for the fabrication of nanofibers [86]. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency and higher removal of pollutants in water achieved by perovskite nanofiber structure can be attributed to the abundant and reachable active sites and the ultralong 1D nanostructure, both of which provide effective directing photo-generated electrons transportation [87, 88], as illustrated in Figure 7. The LaCoO3 nanofiber structure has been shown to exhibit a higher photocatalytic activity than the LaCoO3 nanoparticles in the degradation of RhB, owing to the favorable features of nanofiber structure such as larger surface area with more photoactive sites [23, 89]. The LFO ribbon-like porous ultrafine nanofibers have been synthesised by electrospinning, which exhibit higher specific surface area and more active sites for enhanced light absorption and photocatalytic degradation of MB.
Figure 7.
Schematic representation of electron-hole pair separation in perovskite nanofiber systems.
The interfacial area of perovskite nanoparticles can be maximised by developing the Core-shell heterostructure with 3D hierarchical contact between the core and shell layers, in which a broader platform for charge carrier migration is provided. Various methods have been developed for synthesis of core-shell nanostructure perovskite such as surface functionalisation, template-sacrificial method and self-assembly method [90, 91, 92]. A heterostructure core-shell morphology enhances light absorption and multiple reflection of incident light, thus high light-harvesting efficiency, which makes core-shell perovskite structure ideal for photocatalytic applications, where charge separation is highly desirable [93]. A unique structure and heterojunction perovskite-based particles have been developed by coupling perovskites (SrTiO3, LaFeO3, LaMnO3, LaNiO3) with semiconductors (TiO2, ZnO and SnO2) as a core or shell to achieve an effective charge separation [94, 95]. LFO/TiO2 core/shell heterostructure has been developed as photocatalysts with significantly improved photocatalytic activity for the degradation of myclobutanil pesticide under solar light and visible light irradiation [96]. The LFO shell acts as photosensitizer of TiO2 for visible-light harvesting, and the full interphase contact between the core LFO and shell TiO2 provides extensive charge transfer by driving electrons to the TiO2 core and holes reversely to the LFO shell, which results in remarkably enhanced ·OH and O2•− generation for photodegradation of organic pollutants. A core-shell perovskite, (Ba,Sr)TiO3 as core and TiO2 as shell, has been reported to have an enhanced photocatalytic activity, due to charge separation efficiency across the core-shell interface.
Amongst the aforementioned nano structures, nanotube array has been widely studied for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activities of perovskites, due to their tunable size, uniformly aligned tubular structure, large internal surface area and fast electron transmission [97, 98].
4. Conclusions and future trends
Perovskites are highly crystalline and stable materials with unique and excellent features, which render them to be the best candidates amongst other semiconductor photocatalysts for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Their structure allows for tunning and adjusting their physiochemical properties through regulating their chemical composition, which offer a wide scope in developing novel nanocomposites.
Knowing that pristine perovskites suffer from a number of limitations such as low photocatalytic efficiency, insufficient solar energy consumption, rapid recombination of electron-hole and low redox potential, the great flexibility in regulating their physiochemical properties has been capitalised with the aim of developing perovskite-based materials with efficient photocatalytic activity in water remediation. A large number of perovskite-based nanocomposites have been developed and studied, using various synthesis methods and strategies such as partial and full cationic substitution using certain dopants, structure rescaling through downsizing and morphology alteration, coating and coupling with other advanced oxidation processes. Designing and preparing novel perovskite-based nanocomposites via these strategies, particularly partial and full cationic substitution, is elegant and can produce reasonably efficient photocatalysts, albeit it is still challenging.
Capitalising on the ability of computational tools, such as Density Functional Theory (DFT) based band structure, which are very effective for designing and understanding novel materials, will lead to further understanding of quantitative properties of these materials and shorten the selection process. Most of the perovskite-based nanocomposites exhibit promising photocatalytic performance, which can be considered as a viable solution to the problem of persistent organic pollutants faced by the living world and environment. However, a comprehensive study on these novel materials, particularly their ability in photocatalytic degradation of a wide range of organic pollutants is limited. The majority of the developed perovskite-based nanocomposites have been tested on synthetic wastewater under laboratory conditions, which does not quite represent natural wastewater with organic pollutants. It is worth pointing out that in natural wastewater organic pollutants can affect photocatalytic efficiency through radical scavenging and attenuation of radiation in photocatalytic process. Using actual water and studying the perovskite-based materials provide more opportunities for large applications. Rescaling the structure of perovskite nanocomposites and alteration of their morphologies, for example creation of hierarchical pore structure, may be sufficient to enhance some aspects of photocatalytic activity in the degradation of a particular dye or pollutant. Further work on the relationship between the structure and physicochemical properties of these nanocomposites will be beneficial for further enhancement of photocatalytic activities of these materials and providing a novel insight over structure-property relation. Partial and full substitution strategy using different dopants is mainly used to promote light absorption, which in turn enhances the photocatalytic activity. A comprehensive knowledge on the effects of these dopants on the photophysical properties of the modified perovskite materials will further reveal the capabilities of perovskite-based nanocomposites and pave the way for future development perovskite-based photocatalysts with superior photocatalytic activity. The main focus of almost all the studies has been on the small production of small laboratory-scale materials, incorporating 3D printing and testing the produced materials will certainly be beneficial for large-scale synthesis, leading to industrial production. Membrane filtration is usually the main separation process that is used for separating the catalysts, however, using membrane to recover perovskite-based catalysts makes the water treatment process costly and quite complex, particularly due to the occurrence of membrane fouling. Therefore, recovery and recycling the perovskite-based nanocomposites after water decontamination process merit thorough investigations.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the funding support from Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau (2019-GH02-00053-HZ).
\n',keywords:"perovskite, photocatalysis, water decontamination, reactive oxidation species, nanomaterials, nanocomposites",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81463.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81463.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81463",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81463",totalDownloads:29,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 20th 2022",dateReviewed:"January 23rd 2022",datePrePublished:"April 21st 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"April 21st 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The exploration of functional nanomaterials with superior catalytic activity for practical photocatalytic water decontamination is of significant importance. Perovskite-based nanomaterials, which demonstrate excellent photophysical and catalytic properties, are widely investigated as a class of adaptable materials for the photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants. This chapter introduces the recent progresses in using perovskite-based nanocomposites with particular emphasis on the applications for effective photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. It starts by presenting the general principles and mechanisms governing photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water by perovskite, along with the design criteria for perovskite-based nanocomposites. It then explains various strategies used to prepare perovskite-based nanocomposites with the aim of enhancing their photocatalytic activity. By the end of the chapter, the remaining challenges and perspectives for developing efficient perovskite-based photocatalysts with potential large-scale application are highlighted.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81463",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81463",signatures:"Yousef Faraj and Ruzhen Xie",book:{id:"10825",type:"book",title:"Nanocomposite Materials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanocomposite Materials",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ashutosh Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10825.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-619-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-618-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-620-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. General principles of perovskite photocatalysis process",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in water by perovskite",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Perovskite design criteria for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Modification strategies for enhancement of perovskite photocatalytic activity",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Partial or full cationic substitution",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"3.1.1 A site substituted perovskite",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"3.1.2 B site substituted perovskite",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.1.3 A and B sites substituted perovskite",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.2 Perovskite nanocomposites via coating strategy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"3.2.1 Nanocomposite of perovskite and carbon-based materials",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.2.2 Nanocomposite of perovskite and metal oxide",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"3.2.3 Nanocomposite of perovskite and silica-based material",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.3 Synthesis of various perovskite nanostructure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"4. 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BioResources. 2014;9:2717-2726'},{id:"B99",body:'Dhiman M, Singhal S. Effect of doping of different rare earth (europium, gadolinium, dysprosium and neodymium) metal ions on structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of LaFeO3 perovskites. Journal of Rare Earths. 2019;37:1279-1287'},{id:"B100",body:'Humayun M, Raziq F, Zhang XL, Yan R, Li ZJ, Qu Y, et al. Synthesis of ZnO/Bi-doped porous LaFeO3 nanocomposites as highly efficient nano-photocatalysts dependent on the enhanced utilization of visible-light-excited electrons. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 2018;231:23-33'},{id:"B101",body:'Fu XX, Yang QH, Sang LX. Studies on photocatalytic activity of perovskite type LaFe1-xCuxO3. Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities Chinese. 2002;23:283-286'},{id:"B102",body:'Tonda S, Kumar S, Anjaneyulu O, Shanker V. Synthesis of Cr and La-codoped SrTiO3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic performance under sunlight irradiation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014;16:23819-23828'},{id:"B103",body:'Ha MN, Chao ZL, Zhao Z. Doping effects on mixed-phase crystalline perovskite AxSr1−xFeO3−δ (A = Pr, Sm; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) nanoparticles and their application for photodegradation of rhodamine B. Research on Chemical Intermediates. 2018;45:1493-1508'},{id:"B104",body:'Abdi M, Mahdikhah V, Sheibani S. Visible light photocatalytic performance of La-Fe co-doped SrTiO3 perovskite powder. Optical Materials. 2020;102:109803'},{id:"B105",body:'Wang Y, Ma W, Song Y, et al. Enhanced photocatalytic performance of SrTiO3 powder induced by Eu dopants. Journal of Rare Earths. 2020;39:541-547'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Yousef Faraj",address:"y.faraj@chester.ac.uk",affiliation:'
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At different times, he was a visiting professor in the UK (Bristol University), Sweden (University of Gothenburg), Taiwan (Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica) and Russia (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research). His research interests include quantum foundations, classical and quantum dynamical systems, classical and quantum three-body problem, disordered classical and quantum systems, quantum vacuum and field theory, mathematical physics, modeling of complex physical and chemical systems. He has published more than 90 scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals in above noted areas. The most important scientific achievement of Prof. A. Gevorkyan is the development of quantum mechanics with a fundamental environment, as well as on the example of three-body system the proof of the existence of an internal nontrivial time, which classical mechanics makes irreversible in relation to this parameter.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"98444",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominic",surname:"Rochon",slug:"dominic-rochon",fullName:"Dominic Rochon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"98454",title:"MSc.",name:"Raphaël",surname:"Gervais Lavoie",slug:"raphael-gervais-lavoie",fullName:"Raphaël Gervais Lavoie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"103463",title:"Dr.",name:"Cynthia",surname:"Whitney",slug:"cynthia-whitney",fullName:"Cynthia Whitney",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"AARP",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"125424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Curilef",slug:"sergio-curilef",fullName:"Sergio Curilef",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125424/images/system/125424.png",biography:"Sergio Curilef is a full professor in the Physics Department, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Antofagasta, Chile. He obtained his Ph.D. in Physics from the Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF)-RJ, Brazil, in July 1997. His main research areas are statistical physics and quantum mechanics of systems with long-range interactions, particles in the magnetic field, and nonlinear diffusion. He has recently developed research on complex systems and applications to science and engineering. He is the principal investigator in several research projects, and he did a sabbatical year at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, in 2007. Dr. Curilef has also created undergraduate and postgraduate programs in physics at his university, and he is currently an academic counselor of the UCN Higher Council.",institutionString:"Universidad Católica del Norte",institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
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Dissemination and Promotion
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The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
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OAPF Publishing Options
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1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
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10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
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4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
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850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
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During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
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*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
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Services included are:
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An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
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English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
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What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
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If your manuscript:
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Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
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If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
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Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
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A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]},{id:"42566",doi:"10.5772/53706",title:"Challenges and Opportunities for Spark Plasma Sintering: A Key Technology for a New Generation of Materials",slug:"challenges-and-opportunities-for-spark-plasma-sintering-a-key-technology-for-a-new-generation-of-mat",totalDownloads:9148,totalCrossrefCites:98,totalDimensionsCites:209,abstract:null,book:{id:"3478",slug:"sintering-applications",title:"Sintering Applications",fullTitle:"Sintering Applications"},signatures:"M. Suárez, A. Fernández, J.L. Menéndez, R. Torrecillas, H. U. Kessel, J. Hennicke, R. Kirchner and T. Kessel",authors:[{id:"102383",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Suárez",slug:"marta-suarez",fullName:"Marta Suárez"},{id:"103822",title:"Dr.",name:"J.L",middleName:null,surname:"Menendez",slug:"j.l-menendez",fullName:"J.L Menendez"},{id:"103833",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Torrecillas",slug:"ramon-torrecillas",fullName:"Ramón Torrecillas"},{id:"162633",title:"Dr.",name:"Adolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",slug:"adolfo-fernandez",fullName:"Adolfo Fernández"}]},{id:"23617",doi:"10.5772/24118",title:"Collagen- vs. Gelatine-Based Biomaterials and Their Biocompatibility: Review and Perspectives",slug:"collagen-vs-gelatine-based-biomaterials-and-their-biocompatibility-review-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:9417,totalCrossrefCites:60,totalDimensionsCites:200,abstract:null,book:{id:"1487",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",title:"Biomaterials",fullTitle:"Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine"},signatures:"Selestina Gorgieva and Vanja Kokol",authors:[{id:"55577",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanja",middleName:null,surname:"Kokol",slug:"vanja-kokol",fullName:"Vanja Kokol"},{id:"61285",title:"BSc",name:"Selestina",middleName:null,surname:"Gorgieva",slug:"selestina-gorgieva",fullName:"Selestina Gorgieva"}]},{id:"46243",doi:"10.5772/57255",title:"Corrosion Inhibitors – Principles, Mechanisms and Applications",slug:"corrosion-inhibitors-principles-mechanisms-and-applications",totalDownloads:13693,totalCrossrefCites:40,totalDimensionsCites:159,abstract:null,book:{id:"3817",slug:"developments-in-corrosion-protection",title:"Developments in Corrosion Protection",fullTitle:"Developments in Corrosion Protection"},signatures:"Camila G. Dariva and Alexandre F. Galio",authors:[{id:"169261",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:"G.",surname:"Dariva",slug:"camila-dariva",fullName:"Camila Dariva"},{id:"170138",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Galio",slug:"alexandre-galio",fullName:"Alexandre Galio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"76780",title:"Basics of Clay Minerals and Their Characteristic Properties",slug:"basics-of-clay-minerals-and-their-characteristic-properties",totalDownloads:1748,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Clay minerals such as kaolinite, smectite, chlorite, micas are main components of raw materials of clay and formed in presence of water. A large number of clays used to form the different structure which completely depends on their mining source. They are known as hydrous phyllosilicate having silica, alumina and water with variable amount of inorganic ions like Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ which are found either in interlayer space or on the planetary surface. Clay minerals are described by presence of two-dimensional sheets, tetrahedral (SiO4) and octahedral (Al2O3). There are different clay minerals which are categorized based on presence of tetrahedral and octahedral layer in their structure like kaolinite (1:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers), smectite group of clay minerals (2:1 of tetrahedral and octahedral layers) and chlorite (2:1:1 of tetrahedral, octahedral and octahedral layers). The particle size of clay minerals is <2microns which can be present in form of plastic in presence of water and solidified when dried. The small size and their distinctive crystal structure make clay minerals very special with their unique properties including high cation exchange capacity, swelling behavior, specific surface area, adsorption capacity, etc. which are described in this chapter. Due to all these unique properties, clay minerals are gaining interest in different fields.",book:{id:"10949",slug:"clay-and-clay-minerals",title:"Clay and Clay Minerals",fullTitle:"Clay and Clay Minerals"},signatures:"Neeraj Kumari and Chandra Mohan",authors:[{id:"258132",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",slug:"chandra-mohan",fullName:"Chandra Mohan"},{id:"352399",title:"Dr.",name:"Neeraj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumari",slug:"neeraj-kumari",fullName:"Neeraj Kumari"}]},{id:"51535",title:"An Introduction to Hydrogels and Some Recent Applications",slug:"an-introduction-to-hydrogels-and-some-recent-applications",totalDownloads:11606,totalCrossrefCites:66,totalDimensionsCites:133,abstract:"Hydrogels have existed for more than half a century, and today they have many applications in various processes ranging from industrial to biological. There are numerous original papers, reviews, and monographs focused on the synthesis, properties, and applications of hydrogels. This chapter covers the fundamental aspects and several applications of hydrogels based on the old and the most recent publications in this field.",book:{id:"5251",slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",fullTitle:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels"},signatures:"Morteza Bahram, Naimeh Mohseni and Mehdi Moghtader",authors:[{id:"179718",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Bahram",slug:"morteza-bahram",fullName:"Morteza Bahram"},{id:"185713",title:"Dr.",name:"Naimeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohseni",slug:"naimeh-mohseni",fullName:"Naimeh Mohseni"},{id:"185714",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Moghtader",slug:"mehdi-moghtader",fullName:"Mehdi Moghtader"}]},{id:"70661",title:"Bioremediation Techniques for Polluted Environment: Concept, Advantages, Limitations, and Prospects",slug:"bioremediation-techniques-for-polluted-environment-concept-advantages-limitations-and-prospects",totalDownloads:2538,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Environmental pollution has been rising in the past few decades due to increased anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation is an attractive and successful cleaning technique to remove toxic waste from polluted environment. Bioremediation is highly involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification diverse chemical wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-inclusive and action of microorganisms. The main principle is degrading and converting pollutants to less toxic forms. Bioremediation can be carried out ex-situ and in-situ, depending on several factors, which include but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type, and concentration of pollutants. Hence, appropriate bioremediation technique is selected. Additionally, the major methodologies to develop bioremediation are biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, biopiles, and bioattenuation provided the environmental factors that decide the completion of bioremediation. Bioremediation is the most effective, economical, eco-friendly management tool to manage the polluted environment. All bioremediation techniques have its own advantage and disadvantage because it has its own specific applications.",book:{id:"9343",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",fullTitle:"Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Indu Sharma",authors:[{id:"301262",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Indu",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"indu-sharma",fullName:"Indu Sharma"}]},{id:"18275",title:"Modeling and Identification of Parameters the Piezoelectric Transducers in Ultrasonic Systems",slug:"modeling-and-identification-of-parameters-the-piezoelectric-transducers-in-ultrasonic-systems",totalDownloads:10078,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"201",slug:"advances-in-ceramics-electric-and-magnetic-ceramics-bioceramics-ceramics-and-environment",title:"Advances in Ceramics",fullTitle:"Advances in Ceramics - Electric and Magnetic Ceramics, Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment"},signatures:"Pawel Fabijanski and Ryszard Lagoda",authors:[{id:"13086",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Fabijański",slug:"pawel-fabijanski",fullName:"Pawel Fabijański"}]},{id:"60680",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:16114,totalCrossrefCites:178,totalDimensionsCites:384,abstract:"The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"14",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81742",title:"Collagen-Based Biomaterial as Drug Delivery Module",slug:"collagen-based-biomaterial-as-drug-delivery-module",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103063",abstract:"In the field of medicine, controlled drug delivery has become a major challenge due to inefficiency of drug at critical parameters such as permeability, solubility, half-life, targeting ability, bio- & hemocompatibility, immunogenicity, off-target toxicity and biodegradability. Since several decades the role of drug delivery module has been a crucial parameter of research and clinical observations to improve the effectiveness of drugs. Biomaterials- natural or artificial are mainly used for medical application such as in therapeutics or in diagnostics. Among all the biomaterials, collagen based-hydrogels/ films/ composite materials have attracted the research and innovations and are the excellent objects for drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressings and gene therapeutics etc. due to high encapsulating capacity, mechanically strong swollen structural network and efficient mass transfer properties. Substantial developments have been performed using collagen-based drug delivery systems (DDS) to deliver biomolecules with better efficacy. In spite of significant progress, several issues at clinical trials particularly targeting of intracellular molecules such as genes is still a challenge for researchers. Experimental results, theoretical models, molecular simulations will boost the fabrication/designing of collage-based DDS, which further will enhance the understanding of controlled delivery/mechanism of therapeutics at specific targets for various disease treatments.",book:{id:"10945",title:"Collagen Biomaterials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10945.jpg"},signatures:"Amit Kumar Verma"},{id:"82472",title:"Characterisation and Application of Nickel Cubic Boron Nitride Coating via Electroless Nickel Co-Deposition",slug:"characterisation-and-application-of-nickel-cubic-boron-nitride-coating-via-electroless-nickel-co-dep",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105364",abstract:"The chapter describes the characterisation and application of nickel cubic boron nitride (Ni-CBN) coatings using the electroless nickel co-deposition method. Two different types of substrates were used, that is, high-speed steel (HSS) and carbide. The characterisation of Ni-CBN coating was conducted using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) JSM-7800F coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX). As for the application, coated end mill cutting tools were inserted into DMU 50 CNC machine to conduct the machining testing. Cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut were chosen for the Taguchi L9 3-level factors. Taguchi analysis was employed to determine the optimal parameters for the Ni-CBN (HSS) surface finish. The ANOVA evaluation was used to identify the most significant effect on surface finish parameters. The FESEM images prove that the nano-CBN powders were embedded in the Ni-CBN coatings and are uniformly distributed. The findings show Ni-CBN-coated tool life is 195 minutes compared to the uncoated is 143 minutes. The surface roughness, Ra values using Ni-CBN-coated tools ranges between 0.251 and 0.787 μm, whereas the uncoated tools Ra values between 0.42 and 1.154 μm. It can be concluded that Ni-CBN HSS cutting tools reduce tool wear and extend tool life. The Taguchi optimum machining condition obtained is 1860 RPM spindle speed, 334 mm/min feed rate, and 2 mm depth of cut.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Norsilawati Ngah, Nor Bahiyah Baba, Nor Azinee Said, Mohd Habir Ibrahim and Na’ain Shari"},{id:"82482",title:"Boron-Based Cluster Modeling and Simulations: Application Point of View",slug:"boron-based-cluster-modeling-and-simulations-application-point-of-view",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105828",abstract:"Among sub-nanometer clusters, boron-based clusters and their atom-doped counterparts have attracted great attention due to their mechanical, physical, and chemical properties as well as their applications. Molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations and ab initio methods, including density functional theory (DFT) calculations, have been used to understand the physical and chemical properties of different materials. Much research has recently been conducted by using various methods to determine the different properties of boron clusters. In this chapter, we briefly introduce the relevant modeling and simulation methods, then review very recent theoretical researches on the application of small boron clusters, such as gas sensors, electrodes, H2 storage, drug delivery, and catalytic applications.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Nasim Hassani, Mohammad Reza Hassani and Mehdi Neek-Amal"},{id:"82145",title:"Slope Casting Process: A Review",slug:"slope-casting-process-a-review",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102742",abstract:"Semi solid processing is a near net shape casting process and one of the promising techniques to obtain dendritic free structure of metals. Semi solid casting gives numerous advantages than solid processing and liquid processing. Semi solid casting process gives, Laminar flow filling of die without turbulence, Lower metal temperature, Less shrinkage, Less porosity, Higher mechanical properties. Semi solid casting process is industrially successful, producing a variety of products with good quality. Slope Casting process is a simple technique to produce semi solid feed-stoke with globular microstructure and dendrite free structure castings. Slope casting process depends on different process parameters like slope length, slope angle, pouring temperature etc. The present study mainly focuses on review of various explorations made by researchers with different process parameters of the Slope casting process and explain the mechanisms that lead to microstructural changes which leads to good mechanical properties.",book:{id:"11119",title:"Casting Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11119.jpg"},signatures:"Mukkollu Sambasiva Rao and Amitesh Kumar"},{id:"82363",title:"High Entropy Thin Films by Magnetron Sputtering: Deposition, Properties and Applications",slug:"high-entropy-thin-films-by-magnetron-sputtering-deposition-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105189",abstract:"Surface coating is of a great interest to increase the performances of the materials and extend its lifetime. High entropy films (HEFs) become the hot spot for developing surface engineering applications due to their good performances. They are reported to have superior properties such as good corrosion, wear resistance and excellent high temperature oxidation. Various deposition techniques have been exploited to fabricate HEFs such as laser cladding, spraying, sputter deposition and electrochemical deposition. These techniques are known to be an easy process to achieve a rapid quenching. Magnetron sputtering is seen as the most efficient methods to deposit the HEFs. Different gas can be used to prepare the ceramic materials. Besides, the deposition parameters reveal a strong influence on the physicochemical properties of HEFs. Working pressure, substrate temperature, bias voltage and gas mixture flow ratios have been reported to influence the morphology, microstructure, and functional properties of HEFs. The chapter overviews the development of the recent HEFs prepared by magnetron sputtering technique. First, it describes the principal of the technique. Then, it reports the classes of HEFs followed by the effect of the deposition parameters on their different properties. Applications have been developed using some HEFs for biomaterials and machining process.",book:{id:"11468",title:"High Entropy Alloys - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg"},signatures:"Mohamed El Garah, Frederic Schuster and Frederic Sanchette"},{id:"82371",title:"Tunable Multifuctionality in Heusler Alloys by Extreme Conditions",slug:"tunable-multifuctionality-in-heusler-alloys-by-extreme-conditions",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104960",abstract:"The multifunctional materials have demonstrated various properties such as shape memory effect (SME), magneto caloric effect (MCE), magneto resistance (MR), piezoresistance (PR), exchange bias (EB), half metallic ferromagnetism (HMF), and spin polarization. Among many Heusler compounds, Ni-Mn-Ga alloys provide SME, MCE, PR, and MR behaviors. These properties can be tuned by some external/internal perturbations such as pressure, magnetic field, and chemical composition. These alloys are prepared using an arc melting furnace under by melting the high-purity starting elements (99.99%). The aim of the book chapter is to enhance the multicaloric properties (MCE and PR) nearer to ambient temperature by the application of some external parameters. Hence, we have chosen few Heusler alloys. These materials are investigated under extreme conditions (hydrostatic pressure, high magnetic field, and low temperature). All the doped and undoped Ni-Mn-Ga alloy series alloys exhibit conventional MCE. The application of external magnetic field increases the magnetization for both alloys. The hydrostatic pressure influences Ms and broadens the hysteresis width in both the samples. The observed metamagnetic transition at ambient pressure gets suppressed at higher pressure. Also, high pressure induces larger magneto crystalline anisotropy. The effect of pressure on MCE is decreased for both Ni2–xMn1+xGa (x = 0 and 0.15) alloys. These alloys exhibit –ve PR (x=0 @ 30 kbar) and +ve PR (x = 0.15@ 28 kbar) when subjected to hydrostatic pressure. The rate of change of T and resistivity with respect to pressure are calculated and show positive values for both the samples. The residual resistivity and electron-electron scattering factor are found to be decreased with pressure for x = 0, and it exhibits metallic behavior. However, both parameters increase for x = 0.15 alloy, and it may be related to static disorder effects and spin fluctuations.",book:{id:"11469",title:"Recent Advances in Perovskite Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11469.jpg"},signatures:"Devarajan Uthiran and Arumugam Sonachalam"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:91},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
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He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/35887",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"35887"},fullPath:"/chapters/35887",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()