HWM results and extrapolated results (Richardon extrapolation).
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9528",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Malaria is one of the most important tropical diseases in the history of the world. This vector-borne disease has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. As such, this book provides updated information on epidemiological and public health research of malaria conducted in the last decade. Over four sections, chapters discuss such topics as diagnosis, epidemiology and surveillance, policy and prevention, and vector control and vaccines.",isbn:"978-1-83968-484-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-483-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-485-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87323",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",numberOfPages:334,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4486,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 8th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 6th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 5th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 24th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"11",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1129",title:"Epidemiology",slug:"epidemiology"}],chapters:[{id:"77221",title:"Introductory Chapter: Malaria Elimination - A Challenge with Multiple Emerging Ecosocial Challenges",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98579",slug:"introductory-chapter-malaria-elimination-a-challenge-with-multiple-emerging-ecosocial-challenges",totalDownloads:248,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Luis Andrés Salas-Matta, Wilmer E. Villamil-Gómez, Juan Pablo Escalera-Antezana, Lucia E. Alvarado-Arnez, Carlos Franco-Paredes, Juan-Carlos Navarro, Tomas Orduna and José A. Suárez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77221",authors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"},{id:"421599",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime A.",surname:"Cardona-Ospina",slug:"jaime-a.-cardona-ospina",fullName:"Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina"},{id:"421600",title:"Dr.",name:"D.",surname:"Katterine-Bonilla-Aldana",slug:"d.-katterine-bonilla-aldana",fullName:"D. Katterine-Bonilla-Aldana"},{id:"421601",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Andrés",surname:"Salas-Matta",slug:"luis-andres-salas-matta",fullName:"Luis Andrés Salas-Matta"},{id:"421602",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilmer E.",surname:"Villamil-Gómez",slug:"wilmer-e.-villamil-gomez",fullName:"Wilmer E. Villamil-Gómez"},{id:"421603",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Pablo",surname:"Escalera-Antezana",slug:"juan-pablo-escalera-antezana",fullName:"Juan Pablo Escalera-Antezana"},{id:"421604",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia E.",surname:"Alvarado-Arnez",slug:"lucia-e.-alvarado-arnez",fullName:"Lucia E. Alvarado-Arnez"},{id:"421605",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Franco-Paredes",slug:"carlos-franco-paredes",fullName:"Carlos Franco-Paredes"},{id:"421606",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan-Carlos",surname:"Navarro",slug:"juan-carlos-navarro",fullName:"Juan-Carlos Navarro"},{id:"421607",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",surname:"Orduna",slug:"tomas-orduna",fullName:"Tomas Orduna"},{id:"421608",title:"Dr.",name:"José A.",surname:"Suárez",slug:"jose-a.-suarez",fullName:"José A. Suárez"}],corrections:null},{id:"75673",title:"Point-of-Care Strategies Applied to Malaria Diagnosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96721",slug:"point-of-care-strategies-applied-to-malaria-diagnosis",totalDownloads:414,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rapid and specific diagnosis of malaria remains one of the main strategies to fight the disease. The diagnosis is made primarily by the simple and low-cost thick drop technique, considered the gold standard test. However, the requirement for good quality microscopes and well-trained personnel often lead to inaccurate diagnosis, especially in cases of mixed infections or low parasitemia. Although PCR-based tests can help in these situations, this technique requires large and sensitive equipments, being unsuitable for point of care (POC) settings. A myriad of POC diagnostic tests have being developed in the last years, relying on molecular methods but also on novel strategies. New platforms, miniaturization techniques, and multiplexing possibilities promise great potential to improve disease diagnostics through fast and accurate detection of cases, even at remote places. Here, we will address the main POC strategies developed for the diagnosis of malaria, highlighting their strengths and weakness as POC applications.",signatures:"Alexandre Dias Tavares Costa, Anna Caroline Campos Aguiar, Angelina Moraes Silva and Dhelio Batista Pereira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75673",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75673",authors:[{id:"333225",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"Costa",slug:"alexandre-costa",fullName:"Alexandre Costa"},{id:"344447",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Caroline Campos",surname:"Aguiar",slug:"anna-caroline-campos-aguiar",fullName:"Anna Caroline Campos Aguiar"},{id:"344456",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhelio Batista",surname:"Pereira",slug:"dhelio-batista-pereira",fullName:"Dhelio Batista Pereira"},{id:"344457",title:"MSc.",name:"Angelina Moraes",surname:"Silva",slug:"angelina-moraes-silva",fullName:"Angelina Moraes Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"75545",title:"Prompt and Accurate Diagnosis, A Veritable Tool in Malaria Elimination Efforts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96582",slug:"prompt-and-accurate-diagnosis-a-veritable-tool-in-malaria-elimination-efforts",totalDownloads:209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The concept of malaria elimination is to get rid of local transmission of malaria parasites in a defined geographical area. Among the measures required for malaria elimination is prompt and accurate diagnosis. Malaria diagnostic tools currently in use: clinical diagnosis, Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (mRDT) and molecular diagnosis, have limitations. Clinical diagnosis can be used as first step in making prompt malaria diagnosis, but cannot confirm cases. Malaria RDTs satisfies the need for prompt diagnosis but has low accuracy in confirming cases. Accuracy of microscopy depends on making good blood films, and accurate film interpretation. Molecular diagnosis required for species-specific diagnosis of malaria parasites, and determination of genes that confers drug resistance to Plasmodium species is not available for routine use. As part of elimination efforts, there is development of mRDT kits that utilize urine or saliva instead of blood specimen, microscopy digital image recognition and different technologies for molecular diagnosis. So far, none of these diagnostic tools has satisfied the need for prompt and accurate diagnosis. It is therefore recommended that more than one diagnostic tool is needed for malaria elimination to be achieved in a given area. This will ensure early detection and treatment of cases, as well as prevent the re-establishment of transmission.",signatures:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75545",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75545",authors:[{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche"}],corrections:null},{id:"76766",title:"Malaria Elimination: The Role and Value of Sero-Surveillance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97131",slug:"malaria-elimination-the-role-and-value-of-sero-surveillance",totalDownloads:309,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"As countries move from intense malaria transmission to low transmission there will be a demand for more sensitive tools and approaches in tracking malaria transmission dynamics. Surveillance tools that are sensitive in tracking real time infectious bites as well as infectious reservoir will be preferred to counting number of cases in the hospital or parasite prevalence. The acquisition and maintenance of anti-malarial antibodies is a direct function of parasite exposure, seroprevalence rates has been used as an efficient tool in assessing malaria endemicity and confirming malaria elimination. Plasmodium antibodies are explicit biomarkers that can be utilised to track parasite exposure over more extensive time spans than microscopy, rapid diagnostic testing or molecular testing and the conventional entomological inoculation rate. Seroprevalence studies can therefore help monitor the impact of malaria control interventions, especially when the parasite occurrence is low. As a result, antibody responses to Anopheles salivary proteins or Plasmodium species may potentially offer reliable information of recent or past exposure; recognise short-term or gradual changes in exposure to Plasmodium infection or to estimate individual-level exposure to infection. This book chapter will present about four studies we have conducted across eastern and western Africa on the efficiency of salivary gland proteins and antimalarial antibodies in tracking malaria transmission intensity. We hope that these could be used as surveillance tools in malaria elimination efforts.",signatures:"Kingsley Badu, Amma Aboagyewa Larbi and Kwadwo Boampong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76766",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76766",authors:[{id:"331951",title:"Dr.",name:"Kingsley",surname:"Badu",slug:"kingsley-badu",fullName:"Kingsley Badu"},{id:"346313",title:"Dr.",name:"Kwadwo",surname:"Boampong",slug:"kwadwo-boampong",fullName:"Kwadwo Boampong"},{id:"346314",title:"Dr.",name:"Amma Aboagyewa",surname:"Larbi",slug:"amma-aboagyewa-larbi",fullName:"Amma Aboagyewa Larbi"}],corrections:null},{id:"75830",title:"The Role of Adaptive Surveillance as a Core Intervention to Achieve Malaria Elimination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96879",slug:"the-role-of-adaptive-surveillance-as-a-core-intervention-to-achieve-malaria-elimination",totalDownloads:363,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adaptive surveillance systems are essential for national programmes to achieve their malaria elimination goals. Core principles of surveillance systems including accurate diagnosis and reporting of malaria cases, integration of health data across administrative levels and the need to link data to a response are well defined by international guidelines. Nevertheless, while the requirements of surveillance systems along the transmission continuum are clearly documented, the operationalization remains challenging for national programmes. Firstly, because the multi-level increase of surveillance efforts demanding real-time and case-based data as well as the capacity of the health force to trigger locally customized responses, is resource intensive and requires substantial investment. Secondly, because there is a gap in international alignment on best tools and practices on how to operationally implement these requirements. Recently, several initiatives have started to address this gap in international coordination, aiming to establish the operational guidance for elimination programmes to successfully implement adaptive surveillance systems.",signatures:"Arantxa Roca-Feltrer, Ann-Sophie Stratil and James K. Tibenderana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75830",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75830",authors:[{id:"214902",title:"Dr.",name:"Arantxa",surname:"Roca-Feltrer",slug:"arantxa-roca-feltrer",fullName:"Arantxa Roca-Feltrer"},{id:"332284",title:"MSc.",name:"Ann-Sophie",surname:"Stratil",slug:"ann-sophie-stratil",fullName:"Ann-Sophie Stratil"},{id:"346611",title:"Dr.",name:"James K.",surname:"Tibenderana",slug:"james-k.-tibenderana",fullName:"James K. Tibenderana"}],corrections:null},{id:"76221",title:"Increased Trends of P. vivax in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Does it Mean for Malaria Elimination?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97189",slug:"increased-trends-of-em-p-vivax-em-in-sub-saharan-africa-what-does-it-mean-for-malaria-elimination-",totalDownloads:238,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Plasmodium vivax being the most geographically spread Plasmodium species is considered sparsely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) while P. falciparum is the most prevalent species in this region. Thus, control strategies in sSA have been disproportionately targeted towards falciparum malaria. Nevertheless, with the use of more sensitive malaria diagnostic platforms, there are more reports of P. vivax and other non-falciparum malaria in sSA. In addition, P. vivax is presumed benign, however there are new findings of severe cases recorded from P. vivax single or mixed infection with other Plasmodium species. Besides, the extended dormant period (lasting for weeks or months) is a challenge for achieving effective cure for vivax infections. Although, chloroquine has been proscribed for treatment P. falciparum, it still remains the drug of choice for P. vivax in most Asian countries where it is predominant. In sSA, artemisinin combination-based therapies (ACTs) are used for treatment of falciparum malaria and, it is probable that the use of ACT could be enhancing adaptive selection for P. vivax in the face of its increasing prevalence in the population. Hence, understanding epidemiological and biological factors, and data that could be contributing to the observed steady increase in P. vivax prevalence in sSA is important. In this chapter, we discuss the mechanisms for invasion of red blood cells, trends in increasing prevalence of vivax malaria, diagnostic tools, and the public health implications of P. vivax and P. falciparum co-endemicity in Africa.",signatures:"Mary Aigbiremo Oboh, Mamadou Ndiath, Olumide Ajibola, Kolapo Oyebola and Alfred Amambua-Ngwa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76221",authors:[{id:"335612",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary",surname:"Oboh",slug:"mary-oboh",fullName:"Mary Oboh"},{id:"335772",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamadou",surname:"Ndiath",slug:"mamadou-ndiath",fullName:"Mamadou Ndiath"},{id:"335773",title:"Dr.",name:"Olumide",surname:"Ajibola",slug:"olumide-ajibola",fullName:"Olumide Ajibola"},{id:"335774",title:"Dr.",name:"Kolapo",surname:"Oyebola",slug:"kolapo-oyebola",fullName:"Kolapo Oyebola"},{id:"336147",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfred",surname:"Amambua-Ngwa",slug:"alfred-amambua-ngwa",fullName:"Alfred Amambua-Ngwa"}],corrections:null},{id:"75466",title:"Plasmodium falciparum: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches in Last 20 Years",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96529",slug:"-em-plasmodium-falciparum-em-experimental-and-theoretical-approaches-in-last-20-years",totalDownloads:344,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Malaria, the severe vector-borne disease has embedded serious consequences on mankind since ages, causing deterioration of health, leading to deaths. The causative parasite has a wide distribution aligned from tropical to subtropical regions. Out of all the five species Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum have registered about more than 600 million cases worldwide. Throughout the decades, identification of various antimalarial drugs, targets, preventive measures and advancement of vaccines were achieved. The key to executing malaria elimination is the appropriate laboratory diagnosis. Development includes positive scientific judgments for a vaccine, advanced progress of 3 non-pyrethroid insecticides, novel genetic technologies, possibilities to alter malaria parasite mediation by the mosquito, identification of drug resistance markers, initiation of Plasmodium vivax liver stage assessment, perspective to mathematical modeling and screening for active ingredients for drugs and insecticides. Although the last century witnessed many successful programs with scientific progress, however, this was matched with notable obstacles. The mutation in the genes has changed the overall gameplay of eradication. This chapter aims to examine the numerous experimental and theoretical works that have been established in the last two decades along with the ongoing methodologies consisting of detailed explanations necessary for the establishment of new targets and drugs.",signatures:"Abhichandan Das, Upasana Pathak, Sanchaita Rajkhowa and Anupam Nath Jha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75466",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75466",authors:[{id:"325925",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Anupam Nath",surname:"Jha",slug:"anupam-nath-jha",fullName:"Anupam Nath Jha"},{id:"326183",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanchaita",surname:"Rajkhowa",slug:"sanchaita-rajkhowa",fullName:"Sanchaita Rajkhowa"},{id:"345976",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhichandan",surname:"Das",slug:"abhichandan-das",fullName:"Abhichandan Das"},{id:"345977",title:"Ms.",name:"Upasana",surname:"Pathak",slug:"upasana-pathak",fullName:"Upasana Pathak"}],corrections:null},{id:"77261",title:"Malaria Lethality in Children under 5 Years of Age and Study of Risk Factors in MbujiMayi Paediatric Environment, a Neglected Deadly Epidemic in the Democratic of Republic of Congo",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98511",slug:"malaria-lethality-in-children-under-5-years-of-age-and-study-of-risk-factors-in-mbujimayi-paediatric",totalDownloads:242,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for malaria lethality in the MbujiMayi paediatric environment, a follow-up study of hospitalised cases over 5 years was conducted between January 2016 and December 2020 in the four hospitals. The case rate was 6.9% for the total (139 cases of death for 2017 cases of severe malaria for 5 years,) and varied from year to year (10.7% in 2016 to 4.6% in 2020). Cox Proportional Risk Model results including significant covariates in multivariate analysis [HR (IC95%)]. In multivariate analysis, two models were considered. The case-fatality rate was independently associated with late arrival after 48 hours [3.1 (1.9–5.1); p < 0.001], types of pre-hospital recourse such as recourse to the church [1.4 (1.1–2.1),; p = 0.042) and tradipractor [3.2 (1.8–6.1); p < 0.001] for severe malaria, children under 12 months of age [1.8 (1.2–2.8); p < 0.001], those with circulatory collapse [2.6 (1.1–6.1); p < 0.001] and those in deep coma [1.9 (1.1–3.4); p = 0.016]. The second model with the number of associated syndromes, showed that the risk was 1.7 plus for children with a complex clinical picture, made up of the combination of several signs [1.7 (1.1–2.6); p < 0.001]. These results highlight the need for more information campaigns to encourage people to seek institutional care for malaria. Our results also suggest that prophylactic treatment may be advisable for children under 5 years of age.",signatures:"Félicien Ilunga-Ilunga, Alain Levêque, Vévé Mbuyi Kanyinda, Jean Paul Mbikayi Muya and Michèle Dramaix",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77261",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77261",authors:[{id:"332220",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ilunga-Ilunga",surname:"Félicien",slug:"ilunga-ilunga-felicien",fullName:"Ilunga-Ilunga Félicien"},{id:"332323",title:"Prof.",name:"Leveque",surname:"Alain",slug:"leveque-alain",fullName:"Leveque Alain"},{id:"332324",title:"Prof.",name:"Dramaix",surname:"Michèle",slug:"dramaix-michele",fullName:"Dramaix Michèle"},{id:"357379",title:"Mr.",name:"Mbuyi Kanyinda",surname:"Veve",slug:"mbuyi-kanyinda-veve",fullName:"Mbuyi Kanyinda Veve"},{id:"357380",title:"MSc.",name:"Mbikayi Muya",surname:"Jean Paul",slug:"mbikayi-muya-jean-paul",fullName:"Mbikayi Muya Jean Paul"}],corrections:null},{id:"76680",title:"New Challenges in Malaria Elimination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96532",slug:"new-challenges-in-malaria-elimination",totalDownloads:371,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, efforts to eliminate malaria has gained a tremendous momentum, and many countries have achieved this goal — but it has faced many challenges. Recent COVID-19 pandemic has compounded the challenges due to cessation of many on-field operations. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has advocated to all malaria-endemic countries to continue the malaria elimination operations following the renewed protocols. The recent reports of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum followed by indication of chloroquine resistance in P. vivax, and reduced susceptibility of synthetic pyrethroids used in long lasting insecticide nets are some issues hindering the elimination efforts. Moreover, long distance night migration of vector mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa and invasion of Asian vector Anopheles stephensi in many countries including Africa and Southeast Asia have added to the problems. In addition, deletion of histidine rich protein 2 and 3 (Pfhrp2/3) genes in P. falciparum in many countries has opened new vistas to be addressed for point-of-care diagnosis of this parasite. It is needed to revisit the strategies adopted by those countries have made malaria elimination possible even in difficult situations. Strengthening surveillance and larval source management are the main strategies for successful elimination of malaria. New technologies like Aptamar, and artificial intelligence and machine learning would prove very useful in addressing many ongoing issues related to malaria elimination.",signatures:"Susanta Kumar Ghosh and Chaitali Ghosh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76680",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76680",authors:[{id:"301164",title:"Prof.",name:"Susanta",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"susanta-ghosh",fullName:"Susanta Ghosh"},{id:"306830",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaitali",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"chaitali-ghosh",fullName:"Chaitali Ghosh"}],corrections:null},{id:"75582",title:"Elimination of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Problems and Solutions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96604",slug:"elimination-of-em-plasmodium-vivax-em-malaria-problems-and-solutions",totalDownloads:376,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Malaria is caused by multiple parasitic species of the genus Plasmodium. Although P. falciparum accounts for the highest mortality, P. vivax is the most geographically dispersed and the most common species outside of Africa. Several unique biological features make P. vivax less responsive to conventional control measures and allow it to persist even after elimination of P. falciparum. The ability of P. vivax to develop in diverse vectors at lower ambient temperatures bestows it a greater distribution range and resilience to ecological changes. Its tropism for reticulocytes often causes low-density infections below the levels detectable by routine diagnostic tests, demanding the development of more sensitive diagnostics. P. vivax produces gametocytes early enabling transmission before the manifestation of clinical symptoms, thus emphasizing the need for an integrated vector control strategy. More importantly, its dormant liver stage which engenders relapse is difficult to diagnose and treat. The deployment of available treatments for the liver hypnozoites, including primaquine and the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved tafenoquine, requires point-of-care diagnostics to detect glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among endemic human populations. Here we review the continued challenges to effectively control P. vivax and explore integrated technologies and targeted strategies for the elimination of vivax malaria.",signatures:"Liwang Cui, Awtum Brashear, Lynette Menezes and John Adams",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75582",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75582",authors:[{id:"333570",title:"Prof.",name:"Liwang",surname:"Cui",slug:"liwang-cui",fullName:"Liwang Cui"},{id:"344788",title:"Dr.",name:"Awtum",surname:"Brashear",slug:"awtum-brashear",fullName:"Awtum Brashear"},{id:"344789",title:"Prof.",name:"Lynette",surname:"Menezes",slug:"lynette-menezes",fullName:"Lynette Menezes"},{id:"344790",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Adams",slug:"john-adams",fullName:"John Adams"}],corrections:null},{id:"75791",title:"Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale in the Malaria Elimination Agenda in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96867",slug:"-em-plasmodium-vivax-em-and-em-plasmodium-ovale-em-in-the-malaria-elimination-agenda-in-africa",totalDownloads:213,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent times, several countries in sub-Saharan Africa have reported cases of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) with a considerable number being Duffy negative. Current efforts at malaria elimination are focused solely on Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) excluding non-falciparum malaria. Pv and Plasmodium ovale (Po) have hypnozoite forms that can serve as reservoirs of infection and sustain transmission. The burden of these parasites in Africa seems to be more than acknowledged, playing roles in migrant and autochthonous infections. Considering that elimination and eradication is a current aim for WHO and Roll Back Malaria (RBM), the inclusion of Pv and Po in the elimination agenda cannot be over-emphasized. The biology of Pv and Po are such that the same elimination strategies as are used for Pf cannot be applied so, going forward, new approaches will be required to attain elimination and eradication targets.",signatures:"Isaac K. Quaye and Larysa Aleksenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75791",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75791",authors:[{id:"156685",title:"Prof.",name:"Isaac K.",surname:"Quaye",slug:"isaac-k.-quaye",fullName:"Isaac K. Quaye"},{id:"348439",title:"Dr.",name:"Larysa",surname:"Aleksenko",slug:"larysa-aleksenko",fullName:"Larysa Aleksenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"75815",title:"Progress in Parasite Genomics and Its Application to Current Challenges in Malaria Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96530",slug:"progress-in-parasite-genomics-and-its-application-to-current-challenges-in-malaria-control",totalDownloads:329,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A wide deployment of malaria control tools have significantly reduced malaria morbidity and mortality across Africa. However, in the last five to seven years, there has been a resurgence of malaria in several African countries, raising the questions of whether and why current control mechanisms are failing. Since the first Plasmodium falciparum reference genome was published in 2002, few thousands more representing a broad range of geographical isolates have been sequenced. These advances in parasite genomics have improved our understanding of mutational changes, molecular structure, and genetic mechanisms associated with diagnostic testing, antimalarial resistance, and preventive measures such as vaccine development. In this chapter, we summarize the current progress on: (1) genomic characteristics of P. falciparum; (2) novel biomarkers and revolutionary techniques for diagnosing malaria infections; and (3) current vaccine targets and challenges for developing efficacious and long-lasting malaria vaccines.",signatures:"Cheikh Cambel Dieng, Colby T. Ford, Jennifer Huynh, Linda E. Amoah, Yaw A. Afrane, Daniel A. Janies and Eugenia Lo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75815",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75815",authors:[{id:"60524",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaw A.",surname:"Afrane",slug:"yaw-a.-afrane",fullName:"Yaw A. Afrane"},{id:"334184",title:"Ms.",name:"Jennifer",surname:"Huynh",slug:"jennifer-huynh",fullName:"Jennifer Huynh"},{id:"334185",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia",surname:"Lo",slug:"eugenia-lo",fullName:"Eugenia Lo"},{id:"334328",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Cheikh Cambel",surname:"Dieng",slug:"cheikh-cambel-dieng",fullName:"Cheikh Cambel Dieng"},{id:"342542",title:"Dr.",name:"Colby T.",surname:"Ford",slug:"colby-t.-ford",fullName:"Colby T. Ford"},{id:"345385",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda E.",surname:"Amoah",slug:"linda-e.-amoah",fullName:"Linda E. Amoah"},{id:"345386",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel A",surname:"Janies",slug:"daniel-a-janies",fullName:"Daniel A Janies"}],corrections:null},{id:"77289",title:"Using an Educational Training Module to Increase Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Malaria among Medicine Vendors in Yobe, Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98512",slug:"using-an-educational-training-module-to-increase-knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-of-malaria-among-",totalDownloads:255,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This training module focuses on providing basic guidance on the current recommended approaches regarding malaria basic information, signs/symptoms, case detection, treatment, referral, and effective prevention strategies. The module can be used for in-service training programs on malaria or to assist in improving other health educator’s work as well as serve as referral handbook for practicing health professionals. It can thus be used as a stand-alone training or together with modules dealing with other aspects of malaria control, prevention and elimination. The module uses a problem-solving approach to facilitate understanding and thereby motivate trainees on improved malaria case management. In essence, the training aims to generally improve the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the most common handlers of malaria cases in this part of the world, the training module is then expected to improve services obtained by the majority of patients on malaria. On completion of training using this module, trainees will have acquired appreciable knowledge and skills on malaria basic-information, signs/symptoms, case detection/differentials, recommended drug treatment/appropriate dosing, indication for referral of complicated cases, effective prevention methods and the need to sensitise communities to stand up against malaria.",signatures:"Yahaya Mohammed Katagum, Hayati Binti Kadir Shahar, Faisal Bin Ibrahim, Anisah Baharom and Rafee Baharudin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77289",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77289",authors:[{id:"274947",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayati Binti",surname:"Kadir Shahar",slug:"hayati-binti-kadir-shahar",fullName:"Hayati Binti Kadir Shahar"},{id:"276430",title:"Dr.",name:"Yahaya Mohammed",surname:"Katagum",slug:"yahaya-mohammed-katagum",fullName:"Yahaya Mohammed Katagum"},{id:"276433",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafee",surname:"Baharudin",slug:"rafee-baharudin",fullName:"Rafee Baharudin"},{id:"276435",title:"Prof.",name:"Faisal Bin",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"faisal-bin-ibrahim",fullName:"Faisal Bin Ibrahim"},{id:"343625",title:"Dr.",name:"Anisah",surname:"Baharom",slug:"anisah-baharom",fullName:"Anisah Baharom"}],corrections:null},{id:"75792",title:"Herding and Stampeding: The Albatross of Mosquito/Malaria Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96917",slug:"herding-and-stampeding-the-albatross-of-mosquito-malaria-control",totalDownloads:283,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Malaria is lingering globally with 3.3 billion people at risk of infection and 1.2 billion others classified as high risk. The economic burden caused by the disease and vectors is humongous globally. The epicenter is Sub-Sahara Africa which accounts for 92% of the annual death burden of 435,000 of which 61% are children of less than five years. Result of elimination activities are manifest in all other WHO regions except in Sub-Sahara Africa where efforts to control the disease/vector bear unsatisfactory testimony. This worst case scenario in the region is the handiwork of weak governments and institutions that appear to lead control strategies by showiness via information media; but in reality, they are part of the albatross that stampede the processes. Remedying the situation would require multi-tactics including arm-twisting relevant authorities in Africa by the international community and knowledge-based actions by private individuals and communities to stem the tide.",signatures:"Francis S.O. Ugwu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75792",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75792",authors:[{id:"334311",title:"Dr.",name:"Francis S.O",surname:"Ugwu",slug:"francis-s.o-ugwu",fullName:"Francis S.O Ugwu"}],corrections:null},{id:"75935",title:"T Cell-Based Vaccines: Hope for Malaria Elimination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96767",slug:"t-cell-based-vaccines-hope-for-malaria-elimination",totalDownloads:294,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Among the numerous infectious diseases, malaria still remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. Every year more than 200 million cases are registered and death toll is of around 4,00,000. The emergence of insecticide and drug resistance has surged an alarming situation to find an effective means to tackle it. From various approaches used for reducing the damage created by malaria to the society, developing effective vaccine has gained the attention of scientific community. The large genome size (24 MB), heterogeneity of the genes, complex life cycle in two different hosts, and expression of wide range of these genes are claimed to hinder the malaria vaccine development. It requires good understanding of the host-pathogen interaction and its correlation with the sterile protection. Recently, subunit vaccine have shown certain promising responses; however, the currently in use of RTS,S vaccine has failed to generate the long-term sterile protection as well as effector memory CD8+T cells. However, the success of sterile protection through vaccination has been proven long back by experimental approaches, where it could be achieved using irradiated sporozoites (RAS) in rodents and humans. Similarly, GAP (genetically attenuated parasite) and CPS (chloroquine chemoprophylaxis with Plasmodium sporozoites) have been shown to induce sterile immunity. Despite all the developments, generation of species and stage specific-CD8+ T cell responses has been modest. In order to generate long-lasting immune response, particularly, liver-stage specific-CD8+ T cells, it is indeed required to study the CD8+ T cell epitope repertoire and its implications on the host immune system. In this chapter we will discuss the current status of T cell-based vaccines and the challenges associated with it.",signatures:"Nikunj Tandel and Sarat K. Dalai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75935",authors:[{id:"229716",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarat K.",surname:"Dalai",slug:"sarat-k.-dalai",fullName:"Sarat K. Dalai"},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:{id:"5",series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",issn:"2631-6188",editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"11",institution:null}}},tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"825",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef65e8eb7a2ada65f2bc939aa73009e3",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-medicine",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4719",title:"Current Topics in Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bf40c20335433736665a335834c0ad8",slug:"current-topics-in-echinococcosis",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4719.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5750",title:"Giardiasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3aca9cea1fdff766300c4eddb46e0335",slug:"current-topics-in-giardiasis",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterial",title:"Corrigendum to: Risk Assessment and Health, Safety, and Environmental Management of Carbon Nanomaterials",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80612.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80612",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80612",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80612",chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - 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However, the current study is focused on the area where the use of wavelet methods shows a growth trend, i.e., in the solution of differential equations. Many different wavelets based methods have been introduced for solving differential and integro-differential equations. The Legendre wavelets are utilized to solve fractional differential equations in [1, 2, 3, 4] and integro-differential equations in [5, 6]. In [7, 8], the Daubechies wavelet based approximation algorithms are derived to solve ordinary and partial differential equations. In [9], the Lucas wavelets are combined with Legendre–Gauss quadrature for solving fractional Fredholm–Volterra integro-differential equations. The series solution of partial differential equations through separation of variables is developed by using the Fourier wavelets in [10]. The Riesz wavelets- based method for solving singular fractional integro-differential equations was developed in [11]. In the studies in [12], the Galerkin method was combined with the quadratic spline wavelets for solving Fredholm linear integral equations and second-order integro-differential equations. The Chebyshev wavelets method for partial differential equations with boundary conditions of the telegraph type is examined in [13].
The simplest of all wavelet-based approaches was introduced by Alfred Haar already in 1910 [14]. The Haar wavelet-based approach for solving differential and integro-differential equations was introduced in 1997 [15, 16]. Based on the Haar wavelet method (HWM), Chen and Hsiao in [15, 16] proposed an approach where the higher order derivative involved in the differential or integro-differential equations is expanded into the series of Haar wavelets. This approach is based on the nature of Haar functions. Due to the piece-wise constant nature of the Haar functions they are not differentiable but are integrable. In [15, 16], the problems of the lumped and distributed parameter system and those of linear time delayed systems were solved. The Chen and Hsiao approach-based HWM was adapted successfully for solving a wide class of differential, integro-differential and integral equations [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. Pioneering work in the development of Haar wavelet-based techniques was conducted by Lepik [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23], covering ordinary and partial differential equations [17, 19, 21], integro-differential equations [18], integral equations [20], and fractional integral equations [22]. The HWM approaches and their applications are summarized in a monograph [23]. The HWM is adapted for the analysis of nonlinear integral and integro-differential equations in [24, 25, 26, 27], covering one- and multi-dimensional problems. Solid mechanics, particularly composite structures, are examined using the HWM in [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. These studies cover free vibration analysis of orthotropic plates [28], functionally graded composite structures [30, 31, 32], delamination detection in composite beams [29], and other structures.
Some recent trends in the development and application of the HWM can be outlined as solutions of fractional differential and integro-diffrential equations [34, 35, 36, 37, 38] as well as the development of a non-uniform and adaptive grid. In the case of fractional differential or integro-differential equations, two principally different HWM approaches regarding to wavelet expansion are available in the literature. The aim of the first approach is to expand the highest order fractional derivative included in the differential equation directly into Haar wavelets, i.e., direct conversion of the Chen and Hsiao approach for fractional differential equations. In [34, 35, 36, 37, 38], the Haar wavelet operational matrix of fractional order integration is introduced and implemented for solving differential and integro- differential equations. The aim of the second approach is to utilize the definitions of fractional derivatives (Caputo derivative, etc.) and convert fractional differential terms into integrals, which contain integer derivatives only. Such an approach has been introduced by Lepik in [22] and utilized in a number of papers [39, 40, 41]. The two approaches considered are implemented and compared in [42]. It is pointed out in [42] that the two approaches have the same rate of convergence if the order of the fractional derivative exceeds one (α > 1). However, if the order of the fractional derivative is less than one (α < 1), the second approach has the rate of convergence equal to two, but the rate of convergence of the first approach is 1 + α, i.e., less than two. Thus, in the case of α < 1, the second approach has a higher convergence rate and can be preferred.
HWM with a nonuniform grid was introduced in [43] using a proportionally changing grid size. The same approach was utilized for the free vibration analysis of non-uniform axially graded beams in [44] and for solving singularly perturbed differential difference equations of neuronal variability in [45].
In most of the studies [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45], it was concluded that HWM is simple to implement. In the review paper [46], it was pointed out that the HWM is efficient and powerful in solving a wide class of linear and nonlinear reaction–diffusion equations. However, the convergence theorem and accuracy estimates derived for the HWM in [47, 48] state that the order of convergence of the Chen and Hsiao approach-based HWM is equal to two. The latter result is rather modest in the context of engineering. Comparison of the HWM with widely used numerical methods in engineering reveals that HWM needs principal improvement in order to compete with the differential quadrature method (DQM) [49].
The HOHWM as an improvement of HWM was recently introduced by Majak et al. in [50]. The convergence rate of the method was improved from 2 to 2 + 2 s, where s stands for the method parameter. This new method is currently underused, but the first results obtained have shown that a principal growth of the accuracy can be achieved with a minimum growth of complexity [51, 52, 53]. In [52], the free vibrations analysis of the Euler-Bernoulli nanobeam was performed. Figure 1 shows the numerical complexity estimates of the HWM and HOHWM solutions yielding a similar absolute error. Here the numerical complexity is determined by number of main operations of the most complex subtask - solution of discrete algebraic system of equations [52].
Numerical complexity. Free vibration analysis of the nanobeam.
The logarithmic scale is used in Figure 1 since the complexity of the HWM appears several orders higher (10ˆ8) than that of the HOHWM (10ˆ3…10ˆ5). These results were obtained using the method parameter s = 1 (i.e., fourth order convergence). In practice, one of most important factors is the computational cost. In the case of the considered problem, the computational cost of the HOHWM solution is 10ˆ3…10ˆ5 times lower than that of the HWM. The obtained results hold good in the case of all four boundary conditions considered: pinned-pinned (P–P), clamped-pinned (C-P), clamped-clamped (C-C), and clamped-free (C-F).
This section introduces the Haar functions and presents the theoretical basis of both, the HWM and the HOHWM, covering basic principles, algorithms, convergence and accuracy issues.
The HWM and the HOHWM use different approaches, but both use Haar function expansions for the approximation of derivatives. The Haar functions
where
In Eq. (3)
Formulas (4) hold for a general case where
In the case of uniform mesh the collocation points can be introduced as.
The elements of the discrete
The elements of the matrix of
where
The Chen and Hsiao approach based HWM, utilized in [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. can be considered as a commonly/widely used HWM.
Let us consider first the
Let us assume that
According to the HWM approach introduced by Chen and Hsiao in [15, 16] the highest order derivative involved in Eq. (8) is expanded into the series of Haar wavelets, i.e.,
Based on the definition of the Haar function (1)–(3), Eq. (10) can be expressed as.
The solution of the differential Eq. (8) can be obtained by integrating Eq. (11)
In Eq. (12)
The integration constants included in the boundary term
Let us consider next a partial differential equation in the general form as
where
In Eq. (15)
The boundary term
The convergence theorem for the Chen and Hsiao based HWM was proved by Majak et al. in [47].
Then, the Haar wavelet method based on the approach proposed by Chen and Hsiao in [15, 16] will be convergent, i.e., the
The proof is given in [47]. The error bound is derived as.
In the particular case where
The error bounds (19) and (20) are main/biggest error terms determining the rate of convergence. A detailed accuracy analysis of the HWM for the fourth order ordinary differential equations is performed in [48], where two error terms are pointed out as.
It appears that the second error term is the fourth order term, which does not play any role in the standard HWM application. However, this information is important in cases where extrapolation is employed for obtained solutions. For example, by applying the Richardson extrapolation, the first error term is canceled and the order of convergence increases from two to four (the value three is omitted since the third order term in error estimate is missing). Furthermore, it has been shown in [48] that the error estimate includes even order terms only. This aspect can be considered in further improvement of the HWM.
Obviously, at the same assumptions, the multi-dimensional Haar wavelet method is also convergent and the rate of convergence is equal to two.
The obtained results will be validated by a number of case studies by computing the numerical rates of convergence and comparing the obtained and theoretical results. These results are confirmed in [47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53] and in other papers.
As mentioned above, the HOHWM was introduced in [50] as an improvement of the widely used Chen and Hsiao approach based HWM. The HOHWM is based on:
higher order wavelet expansion,
algorithm for determining complementary integration constants.
It can be pointed out that utilizing the higher order wavelet expansion itself does not provide substantial increase of the rate of convergence and accuracy. The algorithm used for determining complementary integration constants plays key role.
Let us consider first the
According to the the Haar wavelet expansion is expressed as.
In the simplest case, where
The boundary terms
The integration constants
Using selected uniform grid points (nearest to the boundary from both sides).
Using selected Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto grid points (nearest to the boundary from both sides).
In the particular case
Obviously in the latter case the two algorithms considered above, coincide.
The derivations of the numerical estimates of the order of convergence, as well as extrapolation formulas can be found in [54] and are omitted herein for the sake of conciseness. Let us denote the numerical solutions on a sequence of nested grids by
if the exact solution
The accuracy of the results can be improved by employing the Richardson extrapolation formula as [54].
The accuracy of the extrapolated results
Numerical rates of convergence for the HWM and the HOHWM.
The numerical rates of convergence determined are in agreement with convergence theorem for the HWM (Section 2.2.2) and relation given for the HOHWM in Section 2.3 (the rate of convergence of the HOHWM is equal to 2 + 2 s).
As pointed out above, the accuracy and numerical/time complexity are two key characteristics for any numerical method, algorithm. The computing time is often used as a measure of complexity of algorithms using particular software. More general approach applied commonly in algorithm theory is to estimate the number of basic operations required by each algorithm. The latter approach is independent of software used and does not even require execution of the algorithms. For this reason, in the current study the numerical complexity of the algorithms is estimated based on the number of basic operations.
According to the HWM and the HOHWM algorithms the solution of the differential equation is obtained from the solution of the discrete algebraic system of equations and certain additional operations for composing the linear system and evaluation of the solution in given points. The mentioned additional operations are similar for both methods and have lower asymptotic complexity than the solution of the algebraic system of equations. Thus, the numerical complexity of the HWM and the HOHWM can be compared based on number of basic operations needed for solving algebraic system of equations determined by the rank of the algebraic system of equations (systems are similar by structure).
In the case of the same number of collocations points N, the ranks of the algebraic systems corresponding to the HWM and the HOHWM are equal to N and N + 2 s (here s = 1, 2 or 3), respectively. Furthermore, in the cases where the 2 s complementary integrations constants are determined analytically, the rank of the algebraic system of equations of the HOHWM reduces to N. Thus, in the case of the same mesh used the numerical complexity of the HWM and HOHWM is similar (or equal depending on implementation). However, these solutions have principally different accuracy (see Tables 1-5) and such comparison is rather theoretical.
HWM | Extrapolated results | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Solution at point t = 0.5 | Absolute error | Converg. rate | Solution at point t = 0.5 | Absolute error | Converg. rate |
4 | 0.60256316864 | 1.72E-03 | ||||
8 | 0.60386098486 | 4.27E-04 | 2.0150 | 0.60429211947 | 4.49E-06 | |
16 | 0.60418124220 | 1.06E-04 | 2.0037 | 0.60428798114 | 3.56E-07 | 3.6598 |
32 | 0.60426104700 | 2.66E-05 | 2.0009 | 0.60428765000 | 2.44E-08 | 3.8645 |
64 | 0.60428098202 | 6.64E-06 | 2.0002 | 0.60428762718 | 1.59E-09 | 3.9385 |
128 | 0.60428596477 | 1.66E-06 | 2.0001 | 0.60428762569 | 1.02E-10 | 3.9680 |
256 | 0.60428721039 | 4.15E-07 | 2.0000 | 0.60428762560 | 6.40E-12 | 3.9901 |
HWM results and extrapolated results (Richardon extrapolation).
HOHWM(s = 1) | HOHWM (s = 2, VPA) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Solution at point t = 0.5 | Absolute error | Converg. rate | Solution at point t = 0.5 | Absolute error | Converg. rate |
4 | 0.60426829567 | 1.93E-05 | 0.60428745306474 | 1.73E-07 | ||
8 | 0.60428616352 | 1.46E-06 | 3.7247 | 0.60428762225323 | 3.34E-09 | 5.6915 |
16 | 0.60428752673 | 9.89E-08 | 3.8865 | 0.60428762553096 | 6.06E-11 | 5.7827 |
32 | 0.60428761918 | 6.41E-09 | 3.9477 | 0.60428762559057 | 1.03E-12 | 5.8780 |
64 | 0.60428762518 | 4.08E-10 | 3.9748 | 0.60428762559158 | 1.68E-14 | 5.9367 |
128 | 0.60428762557 | 2.56E-11 | 3.9876 | 0.60428762559160 | 2.69E-16 | 5.9679 |
256 | 0.60428762559 | 1.60E-12 | 4.0076 | 0.60428762559160 | 4.25E-18 | 5.9853 |
HOHWM (s = 1) and HOHWM (
HOHWM (s = 3,VPA) | |||
---|---|---|---|
N | Solution at point t = 0.5 | Absolute error | Converg. rate |
4 | 0.604287625766393 | 1.75E-10 | |
8 | 0.604287625565219 | 2.64E-11 | 2.7282 |
16 | 0.604287625591526 | 7.19E-14 | 8.5195 |
32 | 0.604287625591597 | 2.18E-16 | 8.3631 |
64 | 0.604287625591598 | 7.32E-19 | 8.2201 |
128 | 0.604287625591598 | 2.69E-21 | 8.0890 |
256 | 0.604287625591598 | 9.17E-23 | 4.8738 |
HOHWM (s = 3,VPA).
HWM | HOHWM (s = 1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Solution at point x = 0.5 | Absolute error | Converg. rate | Solution at point x = 0.5 | Absolute error | Converg. rate |
4 | 5.5271847185 | 9.63E-02 | 5.4468387805 | 1.59E-02 | ||
8 | 5.4504966936 | 1.96E-02 | 2.2961 | 5.4315095153 | 6.20E-04 | 4.6851 |
16 | 5.4355789218 | 4.69E-03 | 2.0639 | 5.4309280380 | 3.85E-05 | 4.0087 |
32 | 5.4320493805 | 1.16E-03 | 2.0155 | 5.4308919203 | 2.40E-06 | 4.0053 |
64 | 5.4311787173 | 2.89E-04 | 2.0038 | 5.4308896716 | 1.50E-07 | 4.0014 |
128 | 5.4309617728 | 7.23E-05 | 2.0010 | 5.4308895312 | 9.36E-09 | 4.0003 |
256 | 5.4309075816 | 1.81E-05 | 2.0002 | 5.4308895225 | 5.85E-10 | 4.0001 |
512 | 5.4308940366 | 4.51E-06 | 2.0001 | 5.4308895219 | 3.66E-11 | 3.9999 |
1024 | 5.4308906505 | 1.13E-06 | 2.0000 | 5.4308895219 | 2.29E-12 | 3.9968 |
Comparison of the HWM and the HOHWM (s = 1).
HWM | HOHWM (s = 1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Solution at point x = 0.5 | Absolute error | Converg. rate | Solution at point x = 0.5 | Absolute error | Converg. rate |
4 | 7.9429919221 | 2.31E-01 | 7.7081052185 | 4.12E-03 | ||
8 | 7.7555236804 | 4.33E-02 | 2.4139 | 7.7125990532 | 3.78E-04 | 3.4430 |
16 | 7.7224700620 | 1.02E-02 | 2.0789 | 7.7122525729 | 3.19E-05 | 3.5669 |
32 | 7.7147496939 | 2.53E-03 | 2.0189 | 7.7122227612 | 2.12E-06 | 3.9125 |
64 | 7.7128508612 | 6.30E-04 | 2.0047 | 7.7122207750 | 1.34E-07 | 3.9795 |
128 | 7.7123780687 | 1.57E-04 | 2.0012 | 7.7122206490 | 8.43E-09 | 3.9949 |
256 | 7.7122599897 | 3.93E-05 | 2.0003 | 7.7122206411 | 5.27E-10 | 3.9986 |
512 | 7.7122304774 | 9.84E-06 | 2.0001 | 7.7122206406 | 3.30E-11 | 3.9974 |
1024 | 7.7122230998 | 2.46E-06 | 2.0000 | 7.7122206406 | 2.13E-12 | 3.9573 |
Comparison of the HWM and the HOHWM (s = 1).
In practice, it is important to compare methods, providing the same accuracy. In the following the given accuracy is fixed by absolute error less than 2.0e-10 and the complexities of the HWM and the HOHWM are compared in Figure 3. The logarithmic scale is used in Figure 3, since the complexities of the HWM and the HOHWM differ by several magnitudes.
Numerical complexities of the HWM and the HOHWM.
In the case of the HWM the absolute error 2.0e-10 was reached by use of 16,384 collocation points (corresponding algebraic system has 16,384 equations). In the case of the HOHWM the same accuracy was achieved by use just 64, 16 or 4 collocations points corresponding to the s = 1, s = 2 or s = 3, respectively (i.e. the algebraic system needed to solve is reduced to 64, 16 or 4 equations). Thus, it can be concluded, that making use of the HOHWM instead of the HWM will lead to principal reduction of numerical complexity of the solution.
The practical value of the developed HOHWM approach is reduction of computational cost of the solution by several magnitudes (directly determined by numerical complexity). It should be noted that making use of the HOHWM instead of the HWM, especially in the cases s > 1 will increase implementation complexity, but not substantially.
In the following, the two case studies are performed in order to validate the accuracy and convergence of the recently introduced HOHWM and compare results with HWM.
As a rule, the new methods are validated on the samples where the exact solution is known. Herein, the linear ordinary differential equations are considered as the first sample problem. Let us consider a sample problem solved in [17] by applying the HWM
where
In the case of the HWM, the second order derivative is expanded into Haar wavelets as
In Eq. (32),
where the elements of the matrix
In the case of the HOHWM and s = 1, the fourth order derivative is expanded into Haar wavelets as
The solution of the differential Eq. (31) is obtained by integrating relation (35) four times with respect to
The remaining two integration constants in Eq. (36) can be determined by satisfying Eq. (31) at the boundary points
The numerical results obtained by utilizing the HWM and the HOHWM are compared in Tables 1-3.
It can be observed from Tables 1-3 that in the case of the HWM, the order of convergence tends to two and in the case of the HOHWM, it tends to 2 + 2 s, i.e., to four if s = 1, to six if s = 2 and to eight if s = 3. Use of HOHWM provides a principal increase of accuracy. The maximum accuracy obtained by the use of the HWM at 256 collocation points (N = 256) has been achieved by using the HOHWM at 16 collocation points if s = 1, and at 4 collocation points if s = 2. In the case of the HOHWM and s = 3, the accuracy achieved at 4 collocation points was significantly higher than that of the HWM with 256 collocation points.
In Figure 4 are shown the error ratios for different mesh (N = 4,16,64 and 256). The absolute error of the HWM is divided by error of the HOHWM, where blue, green and gray colors correspond to the HOHWM parameter s values 1,2 and 3, respectively. Thus, in the case of mesh N = 4, making use of the HOHWM instead of the HWM reduced the absolute error 8.91E+01 (s = 1) to 9.83E+06 (s = 3) times. In the case of mesh N = 256, the use of the HOHWM reduced the absolute error 2.59E+05 (s = 1) to 4.53E+15 (s = 3) times. Since the error ratio depends strongly on the mesh used, the logarithmic scale was used in Figure 4.
Ratios of the absolute error of the HWM and the HOHWM.
The numerical analysis is performed using MATLAB software. Since the accuracy achieved by the use of the HOHWM in the case of s = 2 and s = 3 exceeds the limits of the double precision computing, the variable precision computing (VPA) was used.
Note that this is needed only in the case of particular problems and large mesh where the accuracy exceeds the limits of double precision computing.
The nonlinear differential equation given as
is known as the Lienard equation. In the following, it is assumed that
In the current study the nonlinear differential Eq. (37) is linearized by applying the quasi-linearization technique as [55].
Obviously, Eq. (39) can be solved iteratively with respect to
In the case of the HWM, the second order derivative is expanded into Haar wavelets
and the solution of the Lienard Eq. (37) can be derived as
In the case of the HOHWM and
and the solution of the Lienard Eq. (37) can be derived as
In Eqs. (41) and (43), the value of the parameter
then the exact solution is
Next let us consider the following boundary conditions.
In the latter case, the exact solution is
It can be observed from Tables 4, 5 that the rates of convergence of the HWM and the HOHWM (with s = 1) tend to two and four, respectively. The accuracy obtained using the HWM with maximum resolution 2 M = 1024 is achieved in the case of the HOHWM with only 32 collocation points.
The HOHWM introduced recently by authors as an improvement of the HWM in order to compete with the numerical methods widely used in engineering. It was shown that using the HOHWM instead of the HWM will improve principally the accuracy of the solution and increase the rate of convergence in the case of all problems studied. It was found that the rate of convergence of the HOHWM depends on the model parameter s and is equal to 2 + 2 s.
From a practical point of view, it is important that the HOHWM can achieve the same accuracy as the HWM with significantly lower mesh and reduced computational cost.
In the simplest case of the HOHWM where s = 1, the order of the convergence of the HOHWM is equal to four. The user can select suitable s value depending on the accuracy requirements of a particular problem considered.
In future study, the new method proposed can be extended/adapted for solving a wide class of differential and integro-differential equations, including fractional differential equations, multidimensional problems, nonlinear boundary value problems arising in engineering design.
The study was supported by Estonian Centre of Excellence in Zero Energy and Resource Efficient Smart Buildings and Districts, ZEBE, TK146 funded by the European Regional Development Fund (grant 2014–2020.4.01.15–0016).
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Consequently, knowledge of exoplanets is considerably more limited than Solar System planets. This chapter reviews the essential characteristics of Solar System planets and associated data derived from a variety of observational approaches. Exoplanet characteristics and their comparison to Solar System planets are provided as well as general detection methods and planned probes to gather additional data.",book:{id:"10210",slug:"solar-system-planets-and-exoplanets",title:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets",fullTitle:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets"},signatures:"Joseph Bevelacqua",authors:[{id:"115462",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:"John",surname:"Bevelacqua",slug:"joseph-bevelacqua",fullName:"Joseph Bevelacqua"}]},{id:"65725",title:"On the Deviation of the Lunar Center of Mass to the East: Two Possible Mechanisms Based on Evolution of the Orbit and Rounding Off the Shape of the Moon",slug:"on-the-deviation-of-the-lunar-center-of-mass-to-the-east-two-possible-mechanisms-based-on-evolution-",totalDownloads:1025,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"It is known that the Moon’s center of mass (COM) does not coincide with the geometric center of figure (COF) and the line “COF/COM” is not directed to the center of the Earth, but deviates from it to the South-East. Here, we discuss two mechanisms to explain the deviation of the lunar COM to the East from the mean direction to Earth. The first mechanism considers the secular evolution of the Moon’s orbit, using the effect of the preferred orientation of the satellite with synchronous rotation to the second (empty) orbital focus. It is established that only the scenario with an increase in the orbital eccentricity e leads to the required displacement of the lunar COM to the East. It is important that high-precision calculations confirm an increase e in our era. In order to fully explain the shift of the lunar COM to the East, a second mechanism was developed that takes into account the influence of tidal changes in the shape of the Moon at its gradual removal from the Earth. The second mechanism predicts that the elongation of the lunar figure in the early era was significant. As a result, it was found that the Moon could have been formed in the annular zone at a distance of 3–4 radii of the modern Earth.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Boris P. Kondratyev",authors:[{id:"277909",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:"Petrovich",surname:"Kondratyev",slug:"boris-kondratyev",fullName:"Boris Kondratyev"}]},{id:"68357",title:"Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Resource Utilization: System Analyses, Vehicles, and Moon Bases for Saturn Exploration",slug:"solar-system-exploration-augmented-by-in-situ-resource-utilization-system-analyses-vehicles-and-moon",totalDownloads:853,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Human and robotic missions to Saturn are presented and analyzed with a range of propulsion options. Historical studies of space exploration, planetary spacecraft and astronomy, in situ resource utilization (ISRU), and industrialization all point to the vastness of natural resources in the solar system. Advanced propulsion is benefitted from these resources in many ways. While advanced propulsion systems were proposed in these historical studies, further investigation of nuclear options using high-power nuclear electric and nuclear pulse propulsion as well as advanced chemical propulsion can significantly enhance these scenarios. Updated analyses based on these historical visions are presented. At Saturn, nuclear pulse propulsion with alternate propellant feed systems and Saturn moon exploration with chemical propulsion and nuclear electric propulsion options are discussed. Issues with using in situ resource utilization on Saturn’s moons are discussed. At Saturn, the best locations for exploration and the use of the moons as central locations for Saturn moon exploration are assessed. Environmental issues on Titan’s surface may present extreme challenges for some ISRU processes. In-space bases for moon-orbiting propellant processing and ground-based processing will be assessed.",book:{id:"7338",slug:"planetology-future-explorations",title:"Planetology",fullTitle:"Planetology - Future Explorations"},signatures:"Bryan Palaszewski",authors:[{id:"279275",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Bryan",middleName:null,surname:"Palaszewski",slug:"bryan-palaszewski",fullName:"Bryan Palaszewski"}]},{id:"65534",title:"Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Resource Utilization: Lunar Base Issues",slug:"solar-system-exploration-augmented-by-in-situ-resource-utilization-lunar-base-issues",totalDownloads:1131,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Creating a presence and an industrial capability on the Moon is essential for the development of humankind. There are many historical study results that have identified and quantified the lunar resources and analyzed the methods of obtaining and employing those resources. The idea of finding, obtaining, and using these materials is called in situ resource utilization (ISRU). The ISRU research and development efforts have led to new ideas in rocket propulsion. Applications in chemical propulsion, nuclear electric propulsion, and many other propulsion systems will be critical in making the initial lunar base and future lunar industries more sustainable and will lead to brilliant futures for humanity.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Bryan Palaszewski",authors:[{id:"279275",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Bryan",middleName:null,surname:"Palaszewski",slug:"bryan-palaszewski",fullName:"Bryan Palaszewski"}]},{id:"32533",title:"Measuring the Isotopic Composition of Solar Wind Noble Gases",slug:"measuring-the-isotopic-composition-of-solar-wind-noble-gases",totalDownloads:2785,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1617",slug:"exploring-the-solar-wind",title:"Exploring the Solar Wind",fullTitle:"Exploring the Solar Wind"},signatures:"Alex Meshik, Charles Hohenberg, Olga Pravdivtseva and Donald Burnett",authors:[{id:"114740",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Meshik",slug:"alexander-meshik",fullName:"Alexander Meshik"},{id:"115300",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"Burnett",slug:"donald-burnett",fullName:"Donald Burnett"},{id:"115301",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Hohenberg",slug:"charles-hohenberg",fullName:"Charles Hohenberg"},{id:"115302",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Pravdivtseva",slug:"olga-pravdivtseva",fullName:"Olga Pravdivtseva"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"98",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82332",title:"Access to Space, Access to the Moon – Two Sides of the Same Coin?",slug:"access-to-space-access-to-the-moon-two-sides-of-the-same-coin-",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105175",abstract:"The dynamics of human expansion towards space are going through Earth external layers, orbital space and the Moon. With its low gravity, slingshot effect relative to Earth, on-site resources and relative proximity to Earth in the solar system, the renewed space race is effectively returning first to the Moon. A psychological bridge to enlarge our civilization with a permanent bridge to our natural satellite. The development of this Earth-Moon system, requires enormous amount of finances, energy, science, technology, but over all, opportunities. This chapter deals with the efforts and the mental changes that may eventually result from all of these changes.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Yann-Henri Chemin"},{id:"81141",title:"Modeling Radiation Damage in Materials Relevant for Exploration and Settlement on the Moon",slug:"modeling-radiation-damage-in-materials-relevant-for-exploration-and-settlement-on-the-moon",totalDownloads:32,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102808",abstract:"Understanding the effect of radiation on materials is fundamental for space exploration. Energetic charged particles impacting materials create electronic excitations, atomic displacements, and nuclear fragmentation. Monte Carlo particle transport simulations are the most common approach for modeling radiation damage in materials. However, radiation damage is a multiscale problem, both in time and in length, an aspect treated by the Monte Carlo simulations only to a limited extent. In this chapter, after introducing the Monte Carlo particle transport method, we present a multiscale approach to study different stages of radiation damage which allows for the synergy between the electronic and nuclear effects induced in materials. We focus on cumulative displacement effects induced by radiation below the regime of hadronic interactions. We then discuss selected studies of radiation damage in materials of importance and potential use for the exploration and settlement on the Moon, ranging from semiconductors to alloys and from polymers to the natural regolith. Additionally, we overview some of the novel materials with outstanding properties, such as low weight, increased radiation resistance, and self-healing capabilities with a potential to reduce mission costs and improve prospects for extended human exploration of extraterrestrial bodies.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Natalia E. Koval, Bin Gu, Daniel Muñoz-Santiburcio and Fabiana Da Pieve"},{id:"80241",title:"The Evolution of the Moon’s Orbit Over 100 Million Years and Prospects for the Research in the Moon",slug:"the-evolution-of-the-moon-s-orbit-over-100-million-years-and-prospects-for-the-research-in-the-moon",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102392",abstract:"As a result of solving the problem of interaction of Solar-system bodies, data on the evolution of the Moon’s orbit were obtained. These data were used as the basis for the development of a mathematical model for the Moon representing its motion over an interval of 100 million years. A program of exploration of the Moon with the aim of creating a permanent base on it is outlined. Such a base is intended for exploring the Earth, the Sun, and outer space.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Joseph J. Smulsky"},{id:"80217",title:"Educational and Scientific Analog Space Missions",slug:"educational-and-scientific-analog-space-missions",totalDownloads:87,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101392",abstract:"Analog space missions in Poland include international scientific, technological, and business projects designed and realized by a private research company Analog Astronaut Training Center Ltd. (AATC) devoted to the future Moon and Mars exploration. Growing experience in educational aspect of the training as well as continuous development of the habitat and its professional space science laboratory equipment correspond to increased interest of educational organizations, universities, and individual students. We serve unique practical platform for space engineering, space master, and even space doctoral theses. In addition to a wide range of training courses offered for future astronauts, for example, diving, skydiving, rocket workshops, and stratospheric missions, AATC provides a private laboratory to simulate the space environment. It carries out scientific experiments focused on biology and space medicine, as well as addressing several multidisciplinary issues related to the Moon and Mars exploration, including space mining. The main goal of each our analog simulation is to get publishable results, what means that our analog astronauts obtain not only certification of completion of the training but also ability to continue studies and to perform it individually. This chapter summarizes methodology used by us, didactic tools, and obtained results for both educational and scientific analog simulations.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Agata Maria Kołodziejczyk and M. Harasymczuk"},{id:"79544",title:"Regolith and Radiation: The Cosmic Battle",slug:"regolith-and-radiation-the-cosmic-battle",totalDownloads:126,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101437",abstract:"This chapter discusses regolith utilization in habitat construction mainly from the point of view of radiation protection of humans on missions of long duration. It also considers other key properties such as structural robustness, thermal insulation, and micrometeoroid protection that all have to be considered in parallel when proposing regolith-based solutions. The biological hazards of radiation exposure on the Moon are presented and put in the context of lunar exploration-type missions and current astronaut career dose limits. These factors guide the research in radiation protection done with lunar regolith simulants, which are used in research and development activities on Earth due to the reduced accessibility of returned lunar samples. The ways in which regolith can be used in construction influence its protective properties. Areal density, which plays a key role in the radiation shielding capacity of a given material, can be optimized through different regolith processing techniques. At the same time, density will also affect other important properties of the construction, e.g. thermal insulation. 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He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). 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He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",slug:"cecilia-cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"gil-goncalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",slug:"johann-f.-osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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