Percentage of the rearranged alleles among different loci after CRISPR/Cas9-facilitated chromosome engineering.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3815",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cardiac Arrhythmias - Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Treatment",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",subtitle:"Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Treatment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is useful for physicians taking care of patients with cardiac arrhythmias and includes six chapters written by experts in their field. Chapter 1 discusses basic mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. Chapter 2 discusses the chronobiological aspects of the impact of apnoic episodes on ventricular arrhythmias. Chapter 3 discusses navigation, detection, and tracking during cardiac ablation interventions. Chapter 4 discusses epidemiology and pathophysiology of ventricular arrhythmias in several noncardiac diseases, methods used to assess arrhythmia risk, and their association with long-term outcomes. Chapter 5 discusses the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias including indications for implantation of an AICD for primary and for secondary prevention in patients with and without congestive heart failure. Chapter 6 discusses surgical management of atrial fibrillation.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1221-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7191-1",doi:"10.5772/57008",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cardiac-arrhythmias-mechanisms-pathophysiology-and-treatment",numberOfPages:162,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"fe6dad804d0257a3922593b7861a1b74",bookSignature:"Wilbert S. 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Aronow, MD, is a Professor of Medicine at New York Medical College and Director of Cardiology Research at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA. He has edited 20 books and is the author or co-author of 1653 papers, 210 book chapters, 846 commentaries, 50 letters to the editor, and 1187 abstracts. He has also presented or co-presented 1565 talks at meetings. 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New Perspectives of Prevention and Treatment",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tCraniosynostosis (CS) is defined as the premature fusion of cranial sutures, resulting in an abnormal skull shape. CS can be isolated (non-syndromic) or it can be part of multiple congenital abnormalities syndromes (syndromic craniosynostosis - SCS). Different etiologies have been reported for CS but a genetic cause is found overall in 20% of cases, especially mutations in the FGF/TWIST pathways cause the majority of these conditions of syndromic CS.
\r\n\r\n\tUnfortunately, even though in this age of molecular therapy the identification of potential targets for molecular or pharmacological therapy that could assist the delineation of a non-surgical treatment of CS, is currently still not available. Therefore, surgery is still considered the only treatment for CS. Gold standard for complex syndromic CS and for the presurgical planning is the 3D-CT scan, but nowadays it is valuable and less invasive the ultrasound examination of cranial sutures, as first-line imaging when a clinical diagnosis of craniosynostosis is suspected. Surgery should be carried out during the first year of life to achieve the best results, clinical and cosmetic, and to reduce the development of learning disabilities and symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Furthermore, even if the standard of surgical treatment for the craniosynostoses is the cranial vault remodeling, this implies for the infant a prolonged anesthesia, a risk of brisk bleeding related to the wide cranial exposure not only during surgery but also in the immediate postoperative period in case of a poor haemostasis, and a medium-long hospitalization. For these reasons, many centers are using the minimally invasive endoscopic suturectomy with postoperative helmet therapy for both single-suture and complex CS.
\r\n\r\n\tIndeed, each patient should be discussed in a multidisciplinary team, including clinical and molecular geneticist, neurosurgeon, maxillary surgeon, ophthalmologist, ENT, radiologist, pediatrician, in order to evaluate every aspect of the complexity of CS. One of the main concerns of this book is to present the state-of-the-art and to deal with the debated aspects of the craniosynostoses, especially regarding the chance to prevent the CS by identifying specific biomarkers, or the chance to treat the CS with effective target therapies, thanks to recent advances in the understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of CS.
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The presence of an extra copy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) leads to Down syndrome (DS). Due to the evolutionary conservation, orthologous regions of Hsa21 have been found in a limited number of discrete chromosomal segments in the genomes of other mammals, including mice and rats (Figure 1). These shared syntenies provide a treasure trove for genetic modeling as well as the mechanistic dissection of DS. The first rodent model generated for DS was a mutant mouse that carried an extra copy of mouse chromosome 16 (Mmu16), where many Hsa21 gene orthologs are located in this genomic region. However, given that the mouse was embryonic lethal, many groups soon turned their attention to the postnatally viable Ts65Dn mouse line, which carries an unbalanced derivative of an irradiation-induced translocation, Ts(1716)65Dn [1]. This extra chromosome contains the entire genomic region distal to
Schematic representation of Hsa21 and the syntenic regions on Mmu10, Mmu16, Mmu17, rat chromosome 11 (Rno11), and Rno20.
Chromosome engineering enables the generations of deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations in a particular genome of interest, which in turn are used as research tools for the genetic modeling and dissection of human diseases and disorders caused by chromosomal alterations. These models act as invaluable resources for researchers, aiding in the identification of causative genes and cellular mechanisms that underlie the presentation of clinical phenotypes associated with these genomic abnormalities, such as in DS. Using traditional Cre/
For the aforementioned reasons, CRISPR/Cas9 may have the potential to play an important role in mammalian chromosome engineering, which complements the current approach. Specifically, it may offer opportunities to obtain mutants for other less commonly used animal models by direct zygote injection of the CRISPR/Cas9 components without involving ES cells [12, 13, 14]. This new approach may also facilitate chromosome engineering in mice from different strain backgrounds than those currently available with the Cre/
Organism | Mice | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region of interest | ||||||||
Fragment size | 9.4 kb* | 65 kb | 155 kb | 545 kb | 1.15 Mb | 16.8 kb | 226 kb | 1.1 Mb |
F0-deletion | 10% | 16% | 24% | 18% | 30% | 50% | 19.5% | 3%*** |
F0-inversion | 30% | 18% | 21% | 0% | 0% | 3% | ||
F0-duplication | 2% | 1% | 0% | 0% | 2.4%** | 0%*** |
Percentage of the rearranged alleles among different loci after CRISPR/Cas9-facilitated chromosome engineering.
Two sgRNAs were used here while all others use four sgRNAs (two 2-sgRNA sets) for the experiments.
F1 mouse carries duplication detected by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), although it is not detected in F0 mouse.
One mouse with duplication and deletion was obtained from a second round of microinjection.
Although in Cre
The CRISPR/Cas9 system consists of three basic components: (1) CRISPR RNA (crRNA), guiding Cas9 complex to the target sequence; (2) trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA), hybridizing with crRNA for Cas9 complex targeting; and (3) Cas9 endonuclease, cleaving target double-strand DNA. The damaged DNA will be recognized and repaired in two manners: nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR) (Figure 2) [15, 16]. Besides the aforementioned, there are other considerations that should be noted when designing the CRISPR/Cas9-related experiments, such as the use of bridge sequence, choosing between direct ES cell or zygote injection, and the genotyping strategies through PCR primer designs.
Two types of DNA repairs occur
To expedite CRISPR/Cas9-facilitated genome manipulation, several groups initially developed a chimeric single guide RNA containing both the crRNA and traccrRNA (sgRNA) [15, 16]. Due to its convenience, the sgRNA has now become the most extensively used RNA template for CRISPR/Cas9-based editing. The sgRNA contains a RNA scaffold with a pre-designed 20 bp RNA sequence, which can bind to the region of interest. Cas9 endonuclease is directed by sgRNA to the targeted sequence and cuts the double-strand DNA. Typically, 10–100 ng/μl of sgRNA has been used in CRISPR/Cas9 system for zygote injection of rodents to generate large structure variations in a genome [7, 8, 9].
The number of guide RNA pairs used to target a specific site affects the efficiencies in generating structural variants. It was found by Boroviak et al. [8] that additional double-strand breaks at each endpoint would elevate the frequency of generating structural variants. First, they designed a set of two sgRNAs (2-sgRNA set) for each endpoint that are within 50–200 bp of each other and located on opposite strands of the DNA and then compared the frequency of deletions being generated between different numbers of double-strand breaks (one or two breaks at each endpoint). A 9.4 kb region was cut with two sgRNAs, with one sgRNA at each endpoint, and the deletion efficiency was found to be 10%, but the frequency of a 65 kb deletion at the same genomic region was increased to 16% when four sgRNAs, with a 2-sgRNA set at each endpoint, were used (see Table 2). Boroviak et al. [8] attributed the increase in efficiency to extend the temporal window of DNA breaks before repairing, which provides more opportunities for complete cycles of error-prone repair, and thus resulting in chromosome rearrangement. Birling et al. also believed a 2-sgRNA set at each endpoint would increase the probability of obtaining double-strand breaks [17]. They implemented this strategy to obtain large structural variations in mice and rats using a 2-sgRNA set at each endpoint with a distance of less than 150 bp between the two sgRNAs.
Organism | Mice | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region of interest | |||||
Fragment size | 9.4 kb* | 65 kb | 155 kb | 545 kb | 1.15 Mb |
F0-deletion | 10% | 16% | 24% | 18% | 30% |
Imprecise deletion | 10% | 12% | 15% | 15% | 13% |
Precise deletion | 0% | 4% | 9% | 3% | 17% |
Percentage of the precise deletion and imprecise deletion after the introduction of the bridging sequence.
Two sgRNAs were used here while all others use four sgRNAs (two 2-sgRNA sets) for the experiments.
Although sgRNAs have been widely utilized, it is still controversial whether the cleavage efficiency of sgRNA is comparable to those of dual-crRNA:tracrRNA. Unlike sgRNA, in dual-crRNA:tracrRNA, crRNA and tracrRNA are synthesized separately, and then annealed together to be used as the guide RNA [15, 18, 19]. Recently, a few reports have demonstrated that a dual-crRNA:tracrRNA combined with Cas9 protein can increase the efficiency of genome editing, especially the frequency of HDR [18, 19, 20]. Therefore, dual-crRNA:tracrRNA should still be considered when planning chromosome rearrangement projects.
So far, most of the rodent models with engineered chromosomes have been produced via a one-time injection of Cas9 mRNA and guide RNAs into the zygote cytoplasm. Based on the current literature, 10–200 ng/μl of Cas9 mRNA seems to be sufficient to generate chromosome rearrangements [7, 8]. This approach is both fast and robust, but carries with it the potential complication of genetic mosaicism [21], which may result in different cell populations in F0 founder animals carrying different mutations [8, 22]. For example, up to six different alleles from one single founder have been detected by Birling et al. [17]. Boroviak et al. [8] also showed that many F0 founder mice were genetically mosaic, with up to 4–5 alleles detected. The genetic mosaicism may be due to two possibilities, one being that Cas9 mRNA must first be translated prior to cleavage of the double-strand DNA; however, transcription and translation activity is suppressed in the mouse zygote and de novo translation of Cas9 mRNA might be delayed until second cell stage [21, 23]. The second possibility might be that the functionality of Cas9 and its guide RNA may linger into the 2–4 cell stage and beyond. Likewise, injection of a vast excess of guide RNAs and Cas9 mRNA may result in repeating the cleavage-repair cycles until the targeting site is destroyed by an insertion or deletion (INDEL) or a structural variant [8]. Therefore, zygote injection of Cas9 protein instead of the mRNA may help to reduce mosaicism in founders [21], because Cas9 protein-RNA complex is more likely to degrade rapidly, leading to a shorter half-life than Cas9 mRNA [24, 25, 26, 27]. The results from some recent studies support such reasoning [18, 19, 20, 26].
Double-strand DNA breaks produced by Cas9 endonuclease are repaired by two major pathways: nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) and homolog-directed repair (HDR) (Figure 2). NHEJ is error-prone and often leads to unpredictable insertions and deletions (INDELs), while HDR introduces precise genetic modification when a template DNA is available [28, 29]. As those unpredictable INDELs might bring out unexpected effects on cells, it is desirable to generate structural variations with nucleotide precision through HDR to repair double-strand DNA breaks. Boroviak et al. [8] established mouse models of deletions with precise endpoints by providing a single strand oligonucleotide DNA as repair template. These oligonucleotides were 120 bp in length and were designed to bridge the deletion juncture. The sequence was designed directly adjacent to the most external guide RNA site but omitting the Cas9 cleavage sites to avoid repeated CRISPR/Cas9 cutting. Boroviak et al. [8] reported a total of 17 out of 53 (32%) deletion mice were born with a precise deletion juncture (Table 2).
Two routes have been used to establish rodent models using CRISPR/Cas9-facilitated chromosome engineering: (1) those produced through transfection of expression vectors containing guide RNAs and Cas9 into embryonic stem cells (ESCs) [9] and (2) models obtained directly from fertilized zygotes injected with guide RNAs and Cas9 mRNA [7, 8].
Kraft et al. [9] introduced the process of using CRISPR/Cas9 technology for generation of structural variations in mouse ESCs. They successfully generated genomic rearrangements across intervals spanning from 1 kb to 1.6 Mb and later showed germline transmission of these rearrangements. Kraft et al. [9] stated that this method for generating structural variations in mice could be accomplished in as short as 10 weeks, yet it is still more time-consuming compared with the method involving direct zygote injection. Boroviak et al. [8] and Birling et al. [7] described their chromosome engineering efforts in mice or rats through cytoplasmic injection of zygotes with Cas9 mRNA and sgRNAs. Both works demonstrated that structural variants of 1 Mb can be efficiently achieved by zygote injection of the CRISPR/Cas9 components. However, the efficiency for generating desired chromosomal duplications appeared less robust when compared to the generation of deletions and inversions. One of the possible reasons is two homologs of the affected chromosome may be involved in generation of a duplication.
With these new genetic engineering methods, standard PCR is still primarily the method of choice to identify the structural variants no matter if in ES cell clones or founder mice and rats using CRISPR/Cas9. Since all three types of structural variants, deletion, inversion, and duplication, result in the alteration of the junction region, the approach based on PCR mainly focused on detecting the fragment around the breakpoints in those chromosomes. Selections of appropriate PCR primers are a crucial factor to successfully detect and distinguish different DNA structural variants. The strategy of designing primers is shown in Table 3. Usually primers are designed near but outside the areas targeted by guide RNAs or 2 guide RNA sets at each endpoint of the rearrangement fragment. The primer sets near the Cas9 cleavage sites at the head (proximal endpoint closer to the centromere) of the region of interest, forward primer 1 (F1) and reverse primer 1 (R1), and the primer sets at the tail (distal endpoint further from the centromere) of the region of the interest, forward primer 2 (F2), and reverse primer 2 (R2), can be used to identify upstream and downstream double-strand breaks [7]. Different combinations of primers located at proximal and distal ends of the region are required to recognize the structural variation junctions [8]. The combinations are shown in Table 3. F1 + R2 primer sets are utilized for deletion analysis, while F1 + F2 and R1 + R2 are for inversion breakpoints. For duplication characterization, different primer sets might be used to distinguish different possibilities. If combining with other primer sets, the direction of the duplication in the genome can be determined. (1) F1 + R1 & F2 + R1 & F2 + R2 could identify the duplication with head-to-tail and head-to-tail orientation as shown in Table 3, Dup1. (2) F1 + F2 & R1 + F2 & R1 + R2 primer sets could detect the duplication with tail-to-head and tail-to-head orientation as shown in Table 3, Dup2. (3) F1 + F2 & R1 + R1 & F2 + R2 sets could detect the duplication with tail-to-head and head-to-tail orientation as shown in Table 3, Dup3. (4) F1 + R1 & F2 + F2 &R1 + R2 sets could detect the duplication with head-to-tail and tail-to-head orientation as shown in Table 3, Dup4.
PCR strategies for identifying the rearranged alleles after CRISPR/Cas9-facilitated recombination.
Del, deletion; Dup, duplication; F1, forward primer 1; F2, forward primer 2; Inv, inversion; R1, reverse primer 1; R2, reverse primer 2.
PCR assay is convenient, but it may not be able to reveal extensive information on the chromosome rearrangements. Boroviak et al. [8] reported that in some cases, only one end of the inversion could be detected rather than two ends. Birling et al. [17] also mentioned that deletion of
With the addition of the techniques of CRISPR/Cas9-facilitated chromosome engineering beyond the current tools, it is reasonable to predict that many important insights of DS will be revealed in the near future, which will surely be a welcome news since they may be instrumental for developing next therapeutic strategies for this important genetic disorder.
The projects in Eugene Yu’s laboratory were supported in part by grants from Roswell Park Alliance Foundation, the Children’s Guild Foundation, the NIH (R01HL91519, R01NS66072, R21GM114645, and P30CA16056).
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The chapter describes the design, implementation and integration of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) using a software defined radio (SDR) platform into the aerial drone. The chapter?s goal is first to tackle in detail the development of a custom-designed lightweight GPR by approaching interplay between hardware and software radio on an SDR platform. The SDR-based GPR system results on a much lighter sensing device compared against the conventional GPR systems found in the literature and with the capability of re-configuration in real-time for different landmines and terrains, with the capability of detecting landmines under terrains with different dielectric characteristics. Secondly, the chapter introduce the integration of the SDR-based GPR into an autonomous drone by describing the mechanical integration, communication system, the graphical user interface (GUI) together with the landmine detection and geo-mapping. This chapter approach completely the hardware and software implementation topics of the on-board GPR system given first a comprehensive background of the software-defined radar technology and second presenting the main features of the Tx and Rx modules. 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Examples of such applications are object detection, environment representation, scene understanding, human/pedestrian detection, activity recognition, semantic place classification, object modeling, among others. Robotic perception, in the scope of this chapter, encompasses the ML algorithms and techniques that empower robots to learn from sensory data and, based on learned models, to react and take decisions accordingly. The recent developments in machine learning, namely deep-learning approaches, are evident and, consequently, robotic perception systems are evolving in a way that new applications and tasks are becoming a reality. Recent advances in human-robot interaction, complex robotic tasks, intelligent reasoning, and decision-making are, at some extent, the results of the notorious evolution and success of ML algorithms. This chapter will cover recent and emerging topics and use-cases related to intelligent perception systems in robotics.",book:{id:"7227",slug:"applications-of-mobile-robots",title:"Applications of Mobile Robots",fullTitle:"Applications of Mobile Robots"},signatures:"Cristiano Premebida, Rares Ambrus and Zoltan-Csaba Marton",authors:[{id:"203409",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Premebida",slug:"cristiano-premebida",fullName:"Cristiano Premebida"},{id:"254880",title:"Dr.",name:"Rares",middleName:null,surname:"Ambrus",slug:"rares-ambrus",fullName:"Rares Ambrus"},{id:"254881",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltan-Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Marton",slug:"zoltan-csaba-marton",fullName:"Zoltan-Csaba Marton"}]},{id:"67705",title:"Advanced UAVs Nonlinear Control Systems and Applications",slug:"advanced-uavs-nonlinear-control-systems-and-applications",totalDownloads:1971,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Recent development of different control systems for UAVs has caught the attention of academic and industry, due to the wide range of their applications such as in surveillance, delivery, work assistant, and photography. In addition, arms, grippers, or tethers could be installed to UAVs so that they can assist in constructing, transporting, and carrying payloads. In this book chapter, the control laws of the attitude and position of a quadcopter UAV have been derived basically utilizing three methods including backstepping, sliding mode control, and feedback linearization incorporated with LQI optimal controller. The main contribution of this book chapter would be concluded in the strategy of deriving the control laws of the translational positions of a quadcopter UAV. The control laws for trajectory tracking using the proposed strategies have been validated by simulation using MATLAB®/Simulink and experimental results obtained from a quadcopter test bench. Simulation results show a comparison between the performances of each of the proposed techniques depending on the nonlinear model of the quadcopter system under investigation; the trajectory tracking has been achieved properly for different types of trajectories, i.e., spiral trajectory, in the presence of unknown disturbances. Moreover, the practical results coincided with the results of the simulation results.",book:{id:"7792",slug:"unmanned-robotic-systems-and-applications",title:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Abdulkader Joukhadar, Mohammad Alchehabi and Adnan Jejeh",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"22",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82223",title:"Biomechanical Design Principles Underpinning Anthropomorphic Manipulators",slug:"biomechanical-design-principles-underpinning-anthropomorphic-manipulators",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105434",abstract:"The biomechanical design of an artificial anthropomorphic manipulator is the focus of many researchers in diverse fields. Current electromechanical artificial hands are either in the research stage, expensive, have patents, lack severely in function, and/or are driven by robotic/mechanical principles, which tend to ignore the biological requirements of such designs. In response to the challenges addressed above this chapter discusses the potential of current technology and methods used in design to bridge the chasm that exists between robot manipulators and the human hand. This chapter elucidates artificial anthropomorphic manipulator design by outlining biomechanical concepts that contribute to the function, esthetics and performance of artificial manipulators. This chapter addresses joint stabilization, tendon structures and tendon excursion in artificial anthropomorphic manipulators.",book:{id:"11455",title:"Recent Advances in Robot Manipulators",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11455.jpg"},signatures:"Mahonri William Owen and Chikit Au"},{id:"82056",title:"Learning Robotic Ultrasound Skills from Human Demonstrations",slug:"learning-robotic-ultrasound-skills-from-human-demonstrations",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105069",abstract:"Robotic ultrasound system plays a vital role in assisting or even replacing sonographers in some cases. However, modeling and learning ultrasound skills from professional sonographers are still challenging tasks that hinder the development of ultrasound systems’ autonomy. To solve these problems, we propose a learning-based framework to acquire ultrasound scanning skills from human demonstrations1. First, ultrasound scanning skills are encapsulated into a high-dimensional multi-modal model, which takes ultrasound images, probe pose, and contact force into account. The model’s parameters can be learned from clinical ultrasound data demonstrated by professional sonographers. Second, the target function of autonomous ultrasound examinations is proposed, which can be solved roughly by the sampling-based strategy. The sonographers’ ultrasound skills can be represented by approximating the limit of the target function. Finally, the robustness of the proposed framework is validated with the experiments on ground-true data from sonographers.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Miao Li and Xutian Deng"},{id:"82057",title:"An Episodic-Procedural Semantic Memory Model for Continuous Topological Sensorimotor Map Building",slug:"an-episodic-procedural-semantic-memory-model-for-continuous-topological-sensorimotor-map-building",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104818",abstract:"For humans to understand the world around them, learning and memory are two cognitive processes of the human brain that are deeply connected. Memory allows information to retain and forms an experiences reservoir. Computational models replicating those memory attributes can lead to the practical use of robots in everyday human living environments. However, constantly acquiring environmental information in real-world, dynamic environments has remained a challenge for many years. This article proposes an episodic-procedure semantic memory model to continuously generate topological sensorimotor maps for robot navigation. The proposed model consists of two memory networks: i) episodic-procedural memory network (EPMN) and ii) semantic memory network (SMN). The EPMN comprises an Incremental Recurrent Kernel Machines (I-RKM) that clusters incoming input vectors as nodes and learns the activation patterns of the nodes for spatiotemporal encoding. The SMN then takes neuronal activity trajectories from the EPMN and task-relevant signals to update the SMN and produce more compact representations of episodic experience. Thus, both memory networks prevent catastrophic forgetting by constantly generating nodes when the network meets new inputs or updating node weights when the incoming input is similar to previously learned knowledge. In addition, idle or outlier nodes will be removed to preserve memory space.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Wei Hong Chin, Naoyuki Kubota and Chu Kiong Loo"},{id:"81922",title:"Skill Acquisition for Resource-Constrained Mobile Robots through Continuous Exploration",slug:"skill-acquisition-for-resource-constrained-mobile-robots-through-continuous-exploration",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104996",abstract:"We present a cognitive mobile robot that acquires knowledge, and autonomously learns higher-level abstract capabilities based on play instincts, inspired by human behavior. To this end, we (i) model skills, (ii) model the robot’s sensor and actuator space based on elementary physical properties, and (iii) propose algorithms inspired by humans’ play instincts that allow the robot to autonomously learn the skills based on its sensor and actuator capabilities. We model general knowledge in the form of competencies (skills) of the mobile robot based on kinematic properties using physical quantities. Thus, by design, our approach has the potential to cover very generic application domains. To connect desired skills to the primitive capabilities of the robot’s sensors and actuators, it playfully explores the effects of its actions on its sensory input, thus autonomously learning relations and dependencies and eventually the desired skill. KnowRob is used for knowledge representation and reasoning, and the robot’s operation is based on ROS. In the experiments, we use a millirobot, sized 2 cm2, equipped with two wheels, motion, and distance sensors. We show that our cognitive mobile robot can successfully and autonomously learn elementary motion skills based on a playful exploration of its wheels and sensors.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Markus D. Kobelrausch and Axel Jantsch"},{id:"81693",title:"The Neo-Mechanistic Model of Human Cognitive Computation and Its Major Challenges",slug:"the-neo-mechanistic-model-of-human-cognitive-computation-and-its-major-challenges",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104995",abstract:"The neo-mechanistic theory of human cognition is currently one of the most accepted major theories in fields, such as cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience. This proposal offers an account of human cognitive computation, and it has been considered by its proponents as revolutionary and capable of integrating research concerning human cognition with new evidence provided by fields of biology and neuroscience. However, some complex cognitive capacities still present a challenge for explanations constructed by using this theoretical structure. In this chapter, I make a presentation of some of the central tenets of this framework and show in what dimensions it helps our understanding of human cognition concerning aspects of capacities, such as visual perception and memory consolidation. My central goal, however, is to show that to understand and explain some particular human cognitive capacities, such as self-consciousness and some conscious informal reasoning and decision making, the framework shows substantial limitations. I conclude the chapter by suggesting that to fully understand human cognition we will need much more than what the neo-mechanistic framework is actually able to provide.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Diego Azevedo Leite"},{id:"81719",title:"Service Robots in Healthcare Settings",slug:"service-robots-in-healthcare-settings",totalDownloads:21,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104640",abstract:"Robots will play a part in all aspects of healthcare. The presence of service robots in healthcare demands special attention, whether it is in the automation of menial labour, prescription distribution, or offering comfort. In this chapter, we examine the several applications of healthcare-oriented robots in the acute, ambulatory and at-home settings. We discuss the role of robotics in reducing environmental dangers, as well as at the patient’s bedside and in the operating room, in the acute setting. We examine how robotics can protect and scale up healthcare services in the ambulatory setting. Finally, in the at-home scenario, we look at how robots can be employed for both rural/remote healthcare delivery and home-based care. In addition to assessing the current state of robotics at the interface of healthcare delivery, we describe critical problems for the future where such technology will be ubiquitous. Patients, health care workers, institutions, insurance companies, and governments will realize that service robots will deliver significant benefits in the future in terms of leverage and cost savings, while maintaining or improving access, equity, and high-quality health care.",book:{id:"10657",title:"Advances in Service Robots",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg"},signatures:"Rohit Singla and Christopher Nguan"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:7},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. 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Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:{name:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"203609",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hanna",middleName:null,surname:"Gorska-Warsewicz",slug:"hanna-gorska-warsewicz",fullName:"Hanna Gorska-Warsewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD9pQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-14T11:58:32.jpeg",biography:"Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at Warsaw University of Life Sciences and Head of Department of Food Market and Consumption Research. She specializes in the subject of brands, brand equity, and brand management in production, service, and trade enterprises. She combines this subject with marketing and marketing management in both theoretical and practical aspects. Prof. Hanna Górska-Warsewicz also analyzes brands in the context of trademarks, legal regulations and the protection of intangible. She is an author or co-author of over 200 publications in this field, including 8 books. 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He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral Health, Dental Care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Early Diagnosis, Oral Cancer, Conservative Treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive Dental Care, Complementary Therapies, Holistic Health",scope:"\r\n\tThis topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). 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