Overview of representative Ni and Co based material and their performance in PCs.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9937",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Gas Chromatography",title:"Recent Advances in Gas Chromatography",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Gas chromatography is one of the most used analytical techniques in the industry. It is a powerful tool with a wide range of applications. This book presents recent advances in gas chromatography, multidimensional gas chromatography, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. It also discusses inverse gas chromatography. The main focus is the use of gas chromatography techniques to analyze petroleum fluids, biomass, and ionic liquids in medical and petrochemical industries.",isbn:"978-1-83962-603-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-602-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-613-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87748",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-advances-in-gas-chromatography",numberOfPages:122,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"2d37a39be8412d39e729669c9c73ebb8",bookSignature:"Fabrice Mutelet",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9937.jpg",numberOfDownloads:987,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 15th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 14th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 13th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 1st 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 2nd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"186677",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Mutelet",slug:"fabrice-mutelet",fullName:"Fabrice Mutelet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186677/images/system/186677.jpg",biography:"Fabrice Mutelet is an associate professor in Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics at Ecole Nationale Superieure des Industries Chimiques – University of Lorraine (ENSIC-LRGP), France. He received his doctorate in 2001 from the University of Lorraine. He is a reviewer for more than twenty leading international journals and has published more than 120 research papers. His research interests include suitable sustainable solvents for chemical processes, the reduction of CO2 emissions, and the measurement and correlation of phase diagrams for complex systems.",institutionString:"University of Lorraine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"481",title:"Instrumental Chemistry",slug:"instrumental-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"79572",title:"Introductory Chapter: Recent Advances in Gas Chromatography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101238",slug:"introductory-chapter-recent-advances-in-gas-chromatography",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fabrice Mutelet",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79572",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79572",authors:[{id:"186677",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",surname:"Mutelet",slug:"fabrice-mutelet",fullName:"Fabrice Mutelet"}],corrections:null},{id:"77897",title:"Reactive Transport and Its Implications on Heavy Oil HTGC Analysis – A Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Chemical (THC) Multiphysics Modelling Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98614",slug:"reactive-transport-and-its-implications-on-heavy-oil-htgc-analysis-a-coupled-thermo-hydro-chemical-t",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides an insight into the reactive transport in a capillary column which heavy-oil hydrocarbons undergo when analysed by high temperature gas chromatography (HTGC), and their implications on characterisation outcomes, namely thermal cracking of the injected sample; and incomplete or non-elution of heavy components from the column, by using a coupled Thermo-Hydro-Chemical (THC) multiphysics modelling approach. For this purpose, a computational coupled THC, multicomponent, multi-physics model is developed, accounting for: multiphase equilibrium using an in-house, extended thermodynamics distribution factors dataset, up to nC98H198; transport and fluid flow in COMSOL and MATLAB; and chemical reactions using kinetics and mechanisms of the thermal cracking, in CHEMKIN. The determination of the former extended dataset is presented using two complementary HTGC modes: i) High-Efficiency mode, with a long column operated at low flow rate; and ii) true SimDist mode, with a short column operated at high flow rate and elution up to nC100H202.",signatures:"Diana Margarita Hernandez-Baez, Alastair Reid, Antonin Chapoy, Bahman Tohidi, Roda Bounaceur and François Montel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77897",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77897",authors:[{id:"327106",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",surname:"Margarita Hernandez-Baez",slug:"diana-margarita-hernandez-baez",fullName:"Diana Margarita Hernandez-Baez"},{id:"327210",title:"Dr.",name:"Alastair",surname:"Reid",slug:"alastair-reid",fullName:"Alastair Reid"},{id:"327211",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonin",surname:"Chapoy",slug:"antonin-chapoy",fullName:"Antonin Chapoy"},{id:"327212",title:"Dr.",name:"Bahman",surname:"Tohidi",slug:"bahman-tohidi",fullName:"Bahman Tohidi"},{id:"327213",title:"Dr.",name:"Roda",surname:"Bounaceur",slug:"roda-bounaceur",fullName:"Roda Bounaceur"},{id:"346343",title:"Dr.",name:"François",surname:"Montel",slug:"francois-montel",fullName:"François Montel"}],corrections:null},{id:"73683",title:"Features and New Examples of Gas Chromatographic Separation of Thermally Unstable Analytes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94229",slug:"features-and-new-examples-of-gas-chromatographic-separation-of-thermally-unstable-analytes",totalDownloads:287,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The processes of thermal decomposition of analytes in gas chromatographic (GC) columns are classified and two new examples of them are considered in details. First of them is monomolecular decomposition of monoalkyl esters of benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylic (phthalic) acid (monoalkyl phthalates). This process has the analogy in chemical reactions in solutions and it may be responsible for the toxicity of phthalates. The second example is decomposition of non-substituted hydrazones of both aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds. The analytes of the second sub-group present the first example of bimolecular (second order) decomposition in a GC column: two molecules of hydrazones form stable azines and hydrazine. Besides that this process presents the particular interest, because it is accompanied by secondary chemical reactions not in an injector, but within GC column, when a by-product of decomposition is involved into secondary interaction with other constituents of the samples. It was confirmed, that visual images of all these decomposition processes on the chromatograms are rather identical and coincide with the manifestations of interconversion of isomers or tautomers. The most often expressed features of chromatographic profiles in such cases are the presence of peaks of an initial analyte and a product of its decomposition or isomerization, connected with more or less expressed diffused “plateau” or “train” between them. The decomposition processes during sample preparation prior to chromatographic separation or in the heated injector of GC instrument are not accompanied by such features. Despite of the rather “exotic” character of the examples considered, the knowledge of them seems to be useful for better revealing the analogous situations in chromatographic practice. Thermal instability of analytes is the principal restriction of GC separation of reactive compounds and we cannot eliminate it for objective reasons. However, in some cases we can evaluate the temperature limits of chromatographic columns, which should not be exceeded during GC separation of instable compounds. The simplest (low boiling) homologs of thermally unstable compounds are often characterized by “normal” boiling point at atmospheric pressure (Tb, °C) without decomposition, that means the possibility of their GC analysis unambiguously. Therefore, we can select such Tb values as GC and/or GC–MS temperature limit (Tlim) for other members of series of thermally unstable homologs. If GC separation is carried out not in isothermal, but in temperature programming conditions, so-called retention temperature (TR) of unstable analytes should not exceed the evaluated Tlim value.",signatures:"Igor G. Zenkevich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73683",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73683",authors:[{id:"325490",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor G.",surname:"Zenkevich",slug:"igor-g.-zenkevich",fullName:"Igor G. Zenkevich"}],corrections:null},{id:"75410",title:"Recent Advances in Targeting Clinical Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96436",slug:"recent-advances-in-targeting-clinical-volatile-organic-compounds-voc-",totalDownloads:264,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter introduces the significance of exploring volatile organic compounds (VOC) in clinical samples. Because exhaled-breath is easy to collect, unlimited, and instruments are already commercially available, VOC analysis in exhaled breath seems to be a promising tool for non-invasive detection of many diseases including infections, respiratory diseases, and cancers. Here, we have focused on some appropriate technologies to extract, pre-concentrate, and evaluate VOC biomarkers in exhaled breath. The second part of this chapter discusses the comprehensive GC × GC in bio-VOCs analysis and illustrates the potential of using this analytical technique.",signatures:"Imadeddine Azzouz, Mohammad Sharif Khan, Andrew C. Bishop and Khaldoun Bachari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75410",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75410",authors:[{id:"228495",title:"Dr.",name:"Imadeddine",surname:"Azzouz",slug:"imadeddine-azzouz",fullName:"Imadeddine Azzouz"},{id:"240659",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaldoun",surname:"Bachari",slug:"khaldoun-bachari",fullName:"Khaldoun Bachari"},{id:"348819",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew C.",surname:"Bishop",slug:"andrew-c.-bishop",fullName:"Andrew C. Bishop"},{id:"348820",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Sharif",surname:"Khan",slug:"mohammad-sharif-khan",fullName:"Mohammad Sharif Khan"}],corrections:null},{id:"74361",title:"Exploring the Mysteries of Cannabis through Gas Chromatography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94903",slug:"exploring-the-mysteries-of-em-cannabis-em-through-gas-chromatography",totalDownloads:272,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the last decades, cannabinoids, the active constituents of Cannabis sativa L., have been attracting a strong interest, regarding the health effects associated with the use of Cannabis and Cannabis-derived products. The progressive legalization of this species in several countries has prompted an increasing concern about the characterization and quantification of cannabinoids in diverse chemotypes of the plant, as well as the obtained final products. Therewith, Process and Product Quality Assurance (PPQA) becomes a mandatory practise to verify the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Gas chromatography is one of the most used techniques in this sense due to its high attainable resolution. However, sample complexity and the thermal lability of cannabinoids hinder the analysis. In this chapter, a fully description of the recent advances in the Cannabis sativa L. analysis by gas chromatography will be presented, including different approaches that have come up to solve the obstacles encountered.",signatures:"María Teresa García-Valverde, Verónica Sánchez de Medina, Verónica Codesido, Jesús Hidalgo-García and Carlos Ferreiro-Vera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74361",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74361",authors:[{id:"325165",title:"Dr.",name:"María Teresa",surname:"García-Valverde",slug:"maria-teresa-garcia-valverde",fullName:"María Teresa García-Valverde"},{id:"325166",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Ferreiro-Vera",slug:"carlos-ferreiro-vera",fullName:"Carlos Ferreiro-Vera"},{id:"325614",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",surname:"Sánchez de Medina",slug:"veronica-sanchez-de-medina",fullName:"Verónica Sánchez de Medina"},{id:"325615",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",surname:"Codesido",slug:"veronica-codesido",fullName:"Verónica Codesido"},{id:"325619",title:"MSc.",name:"Jesús",surname:"Hidalgo-García",slug:"jesus-hidalgo-garcia",fullName:"Jesús Hidalgo-García"}],corrections:null},{id:"80702",title:"Temperature-Dependent Linear Solvation Energy Relationship for the Determination of Gas-Liquid Partition Coefficients of Organic Compounds in Ionic Liquids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102733",slug:"temperature-dependent-linear-solvation-energy-relationship-for-the-determination-of-gas-liquid-parti",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this work, a new group contribution method was used for calculating gas-to-ionic liquid partition coefficients (log KL) of molecular solutes in ILs with a temperature-dependent linear solvation energy relationship. About 36 group parameters are used to correlate 14,762 log KL data points of organic compounds in ionic liquids. The experimental log KL data have been collected from the published literature for different solutes in ionic liquids at different temperatures within the range of 293.15–396.35 K. The calculated log KL data showed a satisfactory agreement with experimental data with an average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 6.39%.",signatures:"Amel Ayad, Fabrice Mutelet and Amina Negadi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80702",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80702",authors:[{id:"186677",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",surname:"Mutelet",slug:"fabrice-mutelet",fullName:"Fabrice Mutelet"},{id:"457753",title:null,name:"Amina",surname:"Negadi",slug:"amina-negadi",fullName:"Amina Negadi"},{id:"457754",title:null,name:"Amel",surname:"Ayad",slug:"amel-ayad",fullName:"Amel Ayad"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2114",title:"Advanced Gas Chromatography",subtitle:"Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"039ef2e529d905397d4775625fcc9ef5",slug:"advanced-gas-chromatography-progress-in-agricultural-biomedical-and-industrial-applications",bookSignature:"Mustafa Ali Mohd",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2114.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108777",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Ali Mohd",slug:"mustafa-ali-mohd",fullName:"Mustafa Ali Mohd"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2327",title:"Chromatography",subtitle:"The Most Versatile Method of Chemical Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"730549acc4ff27929bb106ba63661172",slug:"chromatography-the-most-versatile-method-of-chemical-analysis",bookSignature:"Leonardo de Azevedo Calderon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2327.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177382",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo de Azevedo",surname:"Calderon",slug:"leonardo-de-azevedo-calderon",fullName:"Leonardo de Azevedo Calderon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6379",title:"Calibration and Validation of Analytical Methods",subtitle:"A Sampling of Current Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b2accb70a1680c9d57a55484a1852a10",slug:"calibration-and-validation-of-analytical-methods-a-sampling-of-current-approaches",bookSignature:"Mark T. 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SCP is the advanced electrochemical energy storage device. At present, the lithium ion battery (LiBs), lead acid battery and SCP are the major available energy storage systems. Over the other energy storage systems, the SCP is stands out to be a promising energy storage device with very attractive properties such as high specific capacitance, high power density, moderate energy density, good cyclic stability, low cost, environmental friendly nature, etc. SCP has been utilized in various electrical applications viz. hybrid vehicles, power backup, military services, and portable electronic devices like laptops, mobile phones, roll-up displays, electronic papers, etc. [1, 2, 3].
The performance of SCP is strongly depends on types electrode materials i.e. active material used in supercapacitor. Based on the type of active material used and process energy storage, the SCP can be divided into three main categories, including pseudocapacitors (PCs), electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and hybrid capacitors [4, 5, 6]. In PCs metal oxides, metal hydroxides and conducting polymers are employed as active material. On the other hand, carbon base materials such carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon black, etc. are used as active material in EDLCs employed. Likewise, the used of combination of metal oxide, conducting polymer and carbon based material as active material results hybrid capacitor. The PCs delivered high specific capacitance, high energy density than EDLCs, but demonstrates poor power density and cycle stability. Nevertheless, owing to the high active surface area, the EDLCs delivered high specific capacitance but suffer poor energy density than PCs [4]. The hybrid capacitors retain the advantage of both PCs and EDLCs and hence they delivered high specific capacitance, high energy density, and large cycle life [7, 8]. Moreover, the performance of supercapacitors is equally rely on different aspect of active material viz. quality, electric conductivity, material, size, porosity, synthesis method, etc. More specifically, the synthesis method can bring many attractive advantages in active material for extraordinary electrochemical performance of supercapacitor. Therefore, synthesis of active materials with high porosity, stable performance and good electrical conductivity has a very wide research potential.
Recently, to enhance the energy density, cycle life and electrochemical performance of the supercapacitors, the use of electrode material with desired structure with uniform porosity is one of the appealing strategies. From many decades, the nanostructured single transition metal oxides such as RuO2 [9], MnO2 [10], CeO2 [11], Fe2O3 [12], Fe3O4 [13], Co3O4, Mn3O4, etc., and the nanostructured mixed ternary metal oxide (TMOs) such as ZnFe2O4, NiFe2O4 CuFe2O4, CoFe2O4, MnCo2O4 ZnCo2O4, NiCo2O4, and etc., and conducting polymers such as, polyaniline (PANi), polypyrrole (Ppy), polythiophene (Pth), etc. has been extensively used as active material for all types of supercapacitors. Out of the different materials used as the electrodes for SCp applications. The TMOs are highly studied and excessively used as active material in all types of supercapacitors. The mixed TMOs are also called the spinel metal oxide. The spinel TMOs have the general formula AB2O4. In AB2O4, the cubic crystal structure of TMOs consists of closely packed O2− anions and an octahedral and tetrahedral space of the lattice occupied by the transition metal cations A and B, respectively. Due to this closed packed structure, the mixed TMOs show the extraordinary characteristics over single metal oxides, such as two order higher electrical conductivity, superior electrochemical performance and excellent stability over single metal oxides. Moreover, the recent research reports shows the TMOs have better structural advantages and higher surface area and porosity [14]. More specifically, the TMOs show low cost, natural abundance, low toxicity and environmental friendly nature. Hence, TMOs have drowned more research attention in recent years. In addition, the extraordinary electrochemical performance of TMOs in solid as well liquid electrolyte makes it a promising and potential candidate as electrode material for PCs. The various mixed TMOs viz. ZnFe2O4, NiFe2O4 CuFe2O4, CoFe2O4, MnCo2O4 ZnCo2O4, NiCo2O4, etc. has been utilized as electrode material for PCs. Out of the different TMOs the nickel and cobalt based TMOs have gained more research attention as electrode material in supercapacitors due to their attracting properties such as low cost, natural abundance, low toxicity and environmental friendly nature. More specifically, these materials show variable structures, diverse morphologies, high specific surface and uniform porosity and outstanding electrical conductivity. The NiCo2O4 demonstrated high electrical conductivity due to the presence of Ni in it. Whereas, Co enhances the electrochemical activity of oxides, further, the synergistic effect among Ni in Co offers high electrical conductivity with an excellent electrochemical behavior in supercapacitors [12]. The NiCo2O4 demonstrated a high theoretical capacity [15]. The nickel and cobalt based TMOs show diverse morphologies, this includes various nanostructures ranging from 0 to 3 D architectures viz. quantum dots, nanowires, nanosheets, platelets like nanoparticles, porous network like framework, coral- like porous crystals, ordered mesoporous particles, urchin-like microstructures and urchin-like nanostructures. Till date many recent attractive reviews have presented recent development in mixed TMOs as electrode material for SCs [7, 16, 17, 18, 19]. We recommend few of them for readers who are new to this field of energy research.
In the present chapter we provide the recent advancements in synthesis of nanostructured nickel and cobalt base mixed TMOs and their composites with conducting polymer based materials as electrode material for supercapacitors predominantly described in the recent literature. Moreover, here our special emphasis will be on new methods of synthesis, nanostructuring, and self-assembly using surfactant and modifiers. In addition, we provide a summary of structural and morphological advancements regarding the electrochemical properties of supercapacitors. Finally, we link our discussion to the recent applications in powering the light weight, flexible and wearable electronics real world applications.
Compared to the micro sized the nanostructured cobalt and nickel based TMOs show higher specific capacitance and long cycle life. Therefore many recent research strategies have drowned to synthesized nanosize mixed cobalt and nickel based TMOs. The various synthesis methods for synthesis of nanostructured cobalt and nickel based mixed TMOs viz., hydrothermal method sol–gel, thermal evaporation method, chemical bath deposition, electrodeposition, oil/water interfacial self-assembly strategy, etc. have been extensively reported in literature. Hydrothermal method is one of the excessively adopted synthesis methods for hierarchical nanostructure synthesis. This method is cost effective, simple, and easy to scale-up at room temperature. This method is mostly used for fine tuning the morphology and controlling the size of nanostructures. Agglomeration of NiCo2O4 results in low electrical conductivity and decreases the specific capacitance and cycle life of SCp [20]. Therefore, to enhance the electrical conductivity the use of high surface area with high porosity conductive substrates are highly recommended. These substrates enhance the contact between electrode and electrolyte and allowed more electrolyte ions penetration in active material. The various conductive substrates such as textiles, sponges, carbon clothes, carbon fibers, conventional paper, cables, etc. are used as substrates to fabricate SCs. Such conductive substrates are advantageous for enhancing the electrochemical performance via providing short diffusion path, high electrical conductivity, ample electroactive sites [21]. In this regard, Yang
The morphology of NiCo2O4 is reported to be nanoflower-like. The fabricated 3D electrode provides fast ions and electrons transfer rate and enhances the electroactive surface area of the NiCo2O4 via forming a complex 3D network. In addition, the nickel foam as substrate adds the electric conductivity whereas the gelatin based carbon on the nickel foam provides high surface area for uniform growth of NiCo2O4 during synthesis. In our previous study, we have reported the synthesis of nanostructured NiCo2O4 via surfactant assisted hydrothermal method and studied the effect surfactant and reaction parameters on the morphology of nanostructured NiCo2O4. From this synthesis, we got two distinct morphologies viz. platelet-like and nanorod-like using surfactants TEA ethoxylate and polyethylene glycol (PEG), respectively. We further used this nanostructured NiCo2O4 for SCp applications [18].
In addition to the hydrothermal method, the combustion method is one of the simple and easy to scalable synthesis methods. Over the hydrothermal method the combustion method does not requires Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclaves and centrifuge for product washing, is less time consuming and provides high phase purities. This regard, Kumar
For enhancing the surface area and porosity and electrochemical activities of NiCo2O4, the formation of composites of NiCo2O4 with carbon based material is one of the appealing strategies, for example, NiCo2O4/CNT, NiCo2O4/MWCNT, NiCo2O4/graphene, NiCo2O4/reduced graphene oxides (r-GO), etc. demonstrated to be a potential candidates for SCp applications. Carbon base material viz. CNT, MWCNT, graphene, r-GO, etc. provide excellent flexibility, high specific surface areas, remarkable electrical conductivity, good thermal and chemical stability [5, 25, 26, 27]. For example, Li
Recently, PCs received considerable attention due to the one order higher capacitance, higher volumetric capacitance, higher energy density and use of low cost and easily synthesized active material than EDLCs. [28, 29, 30]. For example, Eskandari
Sr. No. | Material | Method of synthesis | Electrolyte | Voltage window (V) | Specific capacitance (Fg−1) at current density-scan rate | Energy density Whkg−1 | Retention of capacitance at (current density) (cycle numbers) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | NiCo2O4 | Hydrothermal | 1 M Na2SO4 | 0–0.6 V | 479/ 5 mVs−1 | 21.3 | 87.21% (5000) | [30] |
2. | NiCo2O4 | Hydrothermal | 1 M Na2SO4 | 0–0.4 V | 320 0.1 mVs−1 | 16.1 | 95.34%, (1000) | [32] |
3. | NiCo2O4 /NiCo2S4 | Molecular design | — | 0.1–0.6 V | 1296 1 Ag−1 | 44.8 | 93.2% (6000) 10 Ag−1, | [1] |
4. | NiCo2O4 | Hydrothermal | 3 M KOH | 0.0–0.6 V | 3143 2 mVs−1 | 56 | 48% (5000) 10 Ag−1, | [33] |
5. | NiCo2O4 @α-Co(OH)2 nanowires | Hydrothermal | 2 M KOH | −0.2 -0.5 V | 1298-1 Ag−1 | 39.7 | 83% (5000) 2 Ag−1 | [34] |
6. | Mesoporous NiCo2O4 nano-needles | Hydrothermal | — | 0.0–0.5 V | 1410 Fg−1-1 Ag−1 | 94.7% (3000) 20 Ag−1 | [35] | |
7. | NiCo2O4 nanosheets | Solvothermal | — | — | 2690 Fg−1 | 52.6 | 80.9% (3,000) 20 mA cm−2. | [36] |
8. | NiCo2O4 PANi | Hydrothermal and in-situ polymerization | 6 M KOH | 0–0.5 V | 3108 1 mA·cm−2. | 77.57 | 96.1% (1000) | [37] |
9. | NiCo2O4 nanoneedles | Hydrothermal via annealing approach | 1 M KOH | 0–0.7 V | 1076 0.5 Ag−1 | 30.5 | 14% (1000) 10 Ag−1 | [38] |
10. | NiCo2O4 nanoneedles | Pulsed laser ablation | 3 M KOH | 0–0.6 V | 1650 Fg−1 1 Ag−1 | 56.7 | 91.78%, (12,000) 10 Ag−1 | [39] |
Overview of representative Ni and Co based material and their performance in PCs.
Even if the Ni and Co based TMOs are advantageous for SCp applications, however, in the long cycling process the rapid degradation of NiCo2O4 electrode materials is the major obstacle among the commercialization of NiCo2O4 based SCp. By increasing the electrical conductivity of NiCo2O4 this hurdle can be minimized and the higher rate capabilities can be attained. Therefore, from the last two decades, researchers devoted more efforts to enhance the electrical conductivity of NiCo2O4, this includes fabrication of hybrid composite with other conducting electrode materials, viz. carbon based material (CNts, SWCNts, MWCNts, activated carbon, doped and undoped reduced graphene oxides, etc.), conducting polymers, etc. In addition, recent formation of composite of NiCo2O4 with other mixed TMOs has gain enormous attention. For example, Mary
Sr.No. | Material | Method of synthesis | Electrolyte | Voltage window (V) | Specific capacitance (Fg−1) at current density/ scan rate | Energy density Whkg−1 | Retention of capacitance (cycle numbers) at current density | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NiCo2O4 CNT | Hydrothermal | 2 M KOH | −0.1- 0.5 | 574.3 0.5 Ag−1 | — | 111.5% (1000) | [25] | |
2 | NiCo2O4 @MWCNT | Hydrothermal | 0.5 M K2SO4 | — | 374 2 Ag−1 | 95 | 74.85% (3000) | [28] |
3 | 3D NiCo2O4 /MWCNT | Sol–gel | 2 M KOH | 0–0.5 V | 1010 0.1 Ag−1 | 37.7 | 83.4% (2000) 2 Ag−1 | [40] |
4 | Ordered Mesoporous Carbon/NiCo2O4 | co-precipitation | 6 mol· L−1 KOH | 0–0.6 V | 577.0 1 Ag−1 | — | 92.7%. (2000) 2 Ag−1, | [41] |
5 | NiCo2O4- nanoporous carbon. | Chemical | 1 M KOH | −0.2-0.6 V | 89 0.1 - Ag−1 | 28 | 85% (2000) | [42] |
6 | Mesoporous carbon - NiCo2O4 | hydrothermal followed by calcination | 3 M KOH | −0.45-0.45 | 204.28 1 - Ag− 1 | 5.75 | 90.35% (3000) 20 Ag−1 | [43] |
7 | Hallow bamboo-shaped NiCo2O4 | Template | 6 M KOH | 0.0–0.6 V | 680.1C g−1 1 Ag−1 | 59.82 | 99.7% (5000) 10 Ag−1. | [44] |
8. | rGO- NiCo2O4 quantum dots | Chemical | 1 M Na2SO4 | 0.0–1.6 V | 265 0.73 Ag−1 | 47 | 69% (1000) | [45] |
9. | Oxygen-vacancy-rich NiCo2O4/nitrogen-deficient graphitic carbon nitride hybrids | Chemical | 6 M KOH | 0.0–0.6 V | 1998 2 Ag−1 | 70.22 | 95.22% (5000) | [46] |
10 | NiCo2O4@Ppy/CC | Hydrothermal | 2 M KOH | 0.0–0.5 V | 155.4 mAh g−1 1 mA cm−1 | 22.3 | 71% (8000) 10 mA cm−2 | [47] |
Overview of representative Ni and Co based material and their performance hybrid supercapacitor.
The symmetrical SCp limits their specific capacitance due to narrow potential windows. Moreover, the use of aqueous base liquid electrolyte in symmetrical SCp decreases the specific capacitance energy density and cycle life. To overcome such drawback the fabrication of SCp with two different kinds of active material based electrode is demonstrated to be an effective strategy. The SCp fabricated using two different electrodes is termed an asymmetric supercapacitor. In asymmetric SCp positive electrode is fabricated using metal oxide base material, while negative electrode is fabricated by carbon based material. The combination of different active materials in a single device with higher operating potential result in higher the specific capacitance and energy density [40]. However, aqueous-based symmetric supercapacitors suffer from narrow potential windows, due to the limitation of the water decomposition. Therefore, an effective way is to construct asymmetric supercapacitor, which consists of two kinds of electrode materials, for instance positive electrode having pseudocapacitive nature and negative electrode having electric double layer capacitance with higher operating potential, for obtaining higher energy density [19, 20]. In the case of positive electrode materials, transition metal oxide based nanoparticles, conducting polymers based materials have been widely utilized, which exhibits pseudocapacitance as well as reversible redox Faradaic reaction. As negative electrode materials, carbon based materials like carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene oxide (GO), activated carbon, and mesoporous carbon materials displaying electric double layer capacitance have been used. Among the carbon allotropes, mesoporous carbons have been extensively used as negative electrode material due to its high surface area and good electrical conductivity. For more understanding the recent advancements in NiCo2O4 and their composites and their performance in asymmetric SCp are summarized in Table 3.
Sr. No. | Material | Method of synthesis | Electrolyte | Voltage window (V) | Specific capacitance (Fg−1) at current density/ scan rate | Energy density Whkg−1 | Retention of capacitance (cycle numbers) at current density | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NiCo2O4/C composites // activated carbon (AC) | Hydrothermal | 6 M KOH | 0–1.4 V | 995.2 10 Ag−1, | 20.87 | 83.04% (5000) 100 mVs−1 | [20] | |
2 | NiCo2O4 quantum dots // reduced graphene oxide (rGO) | Hydrothermal | 1 M Na2SO4 | 0–2.4 V | 362, 0.5 Ag−1. | 69.5 | 86% (1000) | [22] |
3 | NiCo2O4 //AC | Hydrothermal | — | 0–0.5 V | 153.2 (1 Ag−1), | 22.5 | 97.1% (1000) 1 Ag−1 | [23] |
4 | NiCo2O4/ gelatin-based carbonenickel foam //AC | Hydrothermal | 0–0.5 V | 1416 (1 Ag−1) | 48.6 | 88.5% (10,000) 5 Ag−1. | [24] | |
5 | NiCo2O4@Ni foam// sugar-derived carbon (SC) | Combustion | 6 M KOH | 0–0.5 V | 169, 1.5 Ag−1 | 48 | 96.5% (3000) | [6] |
6. | MWCNTs intermingled NiCo2O4// Cu2WS4 | Hydrothermal | 3 M KOH | 0–0.5 V | 116 mAh g−1, 1 Ag−1 | 87 | ~88%, (10,000) | [5] |
7. | NiCo2O4 nanoparticles and nanowires | Hydrothermal and wet chemical | 1 M Na2SO4 | 0–1.6 V | 1066.03 Ag−1 | 59.56 | 77% (5000) 6.66 Ag−1 | [48] |
8 | NiCo2O4- carbon nanofiber | — | 2 M KOH | — | 991.96 5 Ag−1 | 37.23 | 97.02% (3000) 30 Ag−1 | [15] |
9 | NiCo2O4/ r-GO | Hydrothermal | 1 M KOH | 0.0–1.6 V | 702 0.5 Ag−1 | — | 92% (1000) 4 mA cm−1 | [49] |
10 | NiCo2O4/ rGO | Co-precipitation | 1 M KOH | 0.0–0.6 V | 1380 1 Ag−1 | — | 90% (1000) 5 Ag−1 after | [50] |
Overview of representative Ni and Co based material and their performance asymmetric supercapacitor.
With ever increasing energy demands, day by day the SCp gaining much interest as an energy storage device. From a many years, the nickel and cobalt based TMOs and their composites have been studied and successively employed as an active material in all types of SCp. The nanostructured NiCo2O4 is low cost, in abundance, environmentally friendly in nature and has high electrical conductivity. In addition, due to the enhanced mobility of charge carriers the nanostructured NiCo2O4 demonstrated to be higher electrochemical performance than the single metal oxides. In this regard, the recent advances in synthesis of pristine NiCo2O4 and their composites with diverse morphologies and their applications for electrochemical performance in all types of SCp have been summarized in this chapter. Out of the different synthesized methods used for synthesis nanostructured NiCo2O4, the hydrothermal method is found to be excessively used. Moreover, the hydrothermal method is demonstrated to be more advantageous for the synthesis of diverse morphologies ranging from 0 D to 3 D, and resulted in high specific surface area and uniform porosity. The pristine nanostructured NiCo2O4 has many limitations for its commercial supercapacitor applications. Therefore, advanced strategies like synthesis of hierarchical nanostructures of NiCo2O4 and the fabrication of composite with other mixed TMOs, carbon based material and conducting polymers can enhance the specific capacitance, energy density and rate capability of Ni and Co based supercapacitors.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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In such flooding techniques, the minimum miscibility pressure determined through multiple contact experiments and swelling test to determine the optimum injection conditions.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Abdelaziz Nasr El-hoshoudy and Saad Desouky",authors:[{id:"201556",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelaziz",middleName:"Nasr",surname:"El-Hoshoudy",slug:"abdelaziz-el-hoshoudy",fullName:"Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy"},{id:"253401",title:"Prof.",name:"Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Desouky",slug:"saad-desouky",fullName:"Saad Desouky"}]},{id:"62458",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79336",title:"Enhancing Carbon Sequestration Using Organic Amendments and Agricultural Practices",slug:"enhancing-carbon-sequestration-using-organic-amendments-and-agricultural-practices",totalDownloads:1933,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Carbon sequestration (CS) is an important strategy for the mitigation of climate change (CC) as well as for improving the soil fertility of agricultural soils. Carbon sequestration in crop lands and rangelands requires a certain amount of organic matter (OM) presence in the soil called soil organic matter (SOM). Organic amendments like animal and poultry manures, the incorporation of different crop residues, different types of compost, sugarcane bagasse, peat soils, different wood chips, biochar and good agricultural practices like cover crops, nutrient management, mulching, zero and no-tillage techniques, soil biota management and mulching are effectively used for this purpose. These enhance the SOM and improve the soil’s physical and chemical properties which help to sequester more C in soil which ultimately contributes towards CS and CC mitigation.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Sabir, Nukshab Zeeshan,\nKhurram Naveed and Muhammad Mahroz Hussain",authors:[{id:"250964",title:"Mr.",name:"Zia Ur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Farooqi",slug:"zia-ur-rahman-farooqi",fullName:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi"},{id:"261006",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sabir",slug:"muhammad-sabir",fullName:"Muhammad Sabir"},{id:"261007",title:"Mr.",name:"Nukshab",middleName:null,surname:"Zeeshan",slug:"nukshab-zeeshan",fullName:"Nukshab Zeeshan"}]},{id:"63073",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79347",title:"Carbon Sequestration in Soils: The Opportunities and Challenges",slug:"carbon-sequestration-in-soils-the-opportunities-and-challenges",totalDownloads:3898,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Recently, the contributions of the soil in various ecosystems have become more prominent with the recognition of its role as a carbon sink and the potential of that in reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a vital greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere. Conversely, the soil capacity to increase the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere through mineralization of organic matter is also a source of concern. Mineralization of only 10% of the soil organic carbon pool globally is believed to be equivalent to about 30 years of anthropogenic emissions. This underscores the need to preventing carbon loss (emission) from the soil resource. Globally, the soil contains a large carbon pool estimated at approximately 1500Gt of organic carbon in the first one meter of the soil profile. This is much higher than the 560 Gt of carbon (C) found in the biotic pool and twice more than atmospheric CO2. By holding this huge carbon stock, the soil is preventing carbon dioxide build up in the atmosphere which will confound the problem of climate change. There are a lot of strategies used in sequestering carbon in different soils, however, many challenges are being encountered in making them cost effective and widely acceptable.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Ahmed Chinade Abdullahi, Chamhuri Siwar, Mohamad Isma’il\nShaharudin and Isahak Anizan",authors:[{id:"242472",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"Chinade",surname:"Abdullahi",slug:"ahmed-abdullahi",fullName:"Ahmed Abdullahi"},{id:"243316",title:"Prof.",name:"Chamhuri",middleName:null,surname:"Siwar",slug:"chamhuri-siwar",fullName:"Chamhuri Siwar"},{id:"243317",title:"Dr.",name:"Anizan",middleName:null,surname:"Isahak",slug:"anizan-isahak",fullName:"Anizan Isahak"},{id:"243318",title:"Mr.",name:"Shaharuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamad",slug:"shaharuddin-mohamad",fullName:"Shaharuddin Mohamad"}]},{id:"705",doi:"10.5772/5307",title:"Assessment of Air Quality in an Urban Area of Belgrade, Serbia",slug:"assessment_of_air_quality_in_an_urban_area_of_belgrade__serbia",totalDownloads:5169,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3597",slug:"environmental_technologies",title:"Environmental Technologies",fullTitle:"Environmental Technologies"},signatures:"Mirjana Tasic, Slavica Rajsic, Milica Tomasevic, Zoran Mijic, Mira Anicic, Velibor Novakovic, Dragan M. Markovic, Dragan A. Markovic, Lazar Lazic, Mirjana Radenkovic and Jasminka Joksic",authors:null},{id:"61834",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78237",title:"Blue Carbon on Polar and Subpolar Seabeds",slug:"blue-carbon-on-polar-and-subpolar-seabeds",totalDownloads:1557,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"When marine organisms eat and grow they capture and store carbon, termed blue carbon. Polar seas have extreme light climates and sea temperatures. Their continental shelves have amongst the most intense phytoplankton (algal) blooms. This carbon drawdown, storage and burial by biodiversity is a quantifiable ‘ecosystem service’. Most of that carbon sinks to be recycled by microbes, but some enters a wider food web of zooplankton and their predators or diverse seabed life. How much carbon becomes stored long term or buried to become genuinely sequestered varies with a wide range of factors, e.g. geography, history, substratum etc. The Arctic and Antarctic are dynamic and in a phase of rapid but contrasting, complex physical change and marine organismal carbon capture and storage is altering in response. For example, an ice shelf calving a 5000 km2 iceberg actually results in 106 tons of additional blue carbon per year. Polar blue carbon increases have resulted from new and longer climate-forced, phytoplankton blooms driven by sea ice losses and ice shelf collapses. Polar blue carbon gains with sea ice losses are probably the largest natural negative feedback against climate change. Here the current status, variability and future of polar blue carbon is considered.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"David Keith Alan Barnes",authors:[{id:"244831",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:"K A",surname:"Barnes",slug:"david-barnes",fullName:"David Barnes"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"75768",title:"Introductory Chapter: Green Computing Technologies and Industry in 2021",slug:"introductory-chapter-green-computing-technologies-and-industry-in-2021",totalDownloads:511,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"10455",slug:"green-computing-technologies-and-computing-industry-in-2021",title:"Green Computing Technologies and Computing Industry in 2021",fullTitle:"Green Computing Technologies and Computing Industry in 2021"},signatures:"Albert Sabban",authors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}]},{id:"62098",title:"CO2 Miscible Flooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery",slug:"co2-miscible-flooding-for-enhanced-oil-recovery",totalDownloads:2002,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Carbon capture aims to mitigate the emission of CO2 by capturing it at the point of combustion then storing it in geological reservoirs or applied through enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in a technology known as miscible flooding, so reduce CO2 atmospheric emissions. Miscible CO2-EOR employs supercritical CO2 to displace oil from a depleted oil reservoir. CO2 improve oil recovery by dissolving in, swelling, and reducing the oil viscosity. Hydrocarbon gases (natural gas and flue gas) used for miscible oil displacement in some large reservoirs. These displacements may simply amount to “pressure maintenance” in the reservoir. In such flooding techniques, the minimum miscibility pressure determined through multiple contact experiments and swelling test to determine the optimum injection conditions.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Abdelaziz Nasr El-hoshoudy and Saad Desouky",authors:[{id:"201556",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelaziz",middleName:"Nasr",surname:"El-Hoshoudy",slug:"abdelaziz-el-hoshoudy",fullName:"Abdelaziz El-Hoshoudy"},{id:"253401",title:"Prof.",name:"Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Desouky",slug:"saad-desouky",fullName:"Saad Desouky"}]},{id:"62458",title:"Enhancing Carbon Sequestration Using Organic Amendments and Agricultural Practices",slug:"enhancing-carbon-sequestration-using-organic-amendments-and-agricultural-practices",totalDownloads:1915,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Carbon sequestration (CS) is an important strategy for the mitigation of climate change (CC) as well as for improving the soil fertility of agricultural soils. Carbon sequestration in crop lands and rangelands requires a certain amount of organic matter (OM) presence in the soil called soil organic matter (SOM). Organic amendments like animal and poultry manures, the incorporation of different crop residues, different types of compost, sugarcane bagasse, peat soils, different wood chips, biochar and good agricultural practices like cover crops, nutrient management, mulching, zero and no-tillage techniques, soil biota management and mulching are effectively used for this purpose. These enhance the SOM and improve the soil’s physical and chemical properties which help to sequester more C in soil which ultimately contributes towards CS and CC mitigation.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Sabir, Nukshab Zeeshan,\nKhurram Naveed and Muhammad Mahroz Hussain",authors:[{id:"250964",title:"Mr.",name:"Zia Ur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Farooqi",slug:"zia-ur-rahman-farooqi",fullName:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi"},{id:"261006",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sabir",slug:"muhammad-sabir",fullName:"Muhammad Sabir"},{id:"261007",title:"Mr.",name:"Nukshab",middleName:null,surname:"Zeeshan",slug:"nukshab-zeeshan",fullName:"Nukshab Zeeshan"}]},{id:"63073",title:"Carbon Sequestration in Soils: The Opportunities and Challenges",slug:"carbon-sequestration-in-soils-the-opportunities-and-challenges",totalDownloads:3893,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Recently, the contributions of the soil in various ecosystems have become more prominent with the recognition of its role as a carbon sink and the potential of that in reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a vital greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere. Conversely, the soil capacity to increase the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere through mineralization of organic matter is also a source of concern. Mineralization of only 10% of the soil organic carbon pool globally is believed to be equivalent to about 30 years of anthropogenic emissions. This underscores the need to preventing carbon loss (emission) from the soil resource. Globally, the soil contains a large carbon pool estimated at approximately 1500Gt of organic carbon in the first one meter of the soil profile. This is much higher than the 560 Gt of carbon (C) found in the biotic pool and twice more than atmospheric CO2. By holding this huge carbon stock, the soil is preventing carbon dioxide build up in the atmosphere which will confound the problem of climate change. There are a lot of strategies used in sequestering carbon in different soils, however, many challenges are being encountered in making them cost effective and widely acceptable.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Ahmed Chinade Abdullahi, Chamhuri Siwar, Mohamad Isma’il\nShaharudin and Isahak Anizan",authors:[{id:"242472",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"Chinade",surname:"Abdullahi",slug:"ahmed-abdullahi",fullName:"Ahmed Abdullahi"},{id:"243316",title:"Prof.",name:"Chamhuri",middleName:null,surname:"Siwar",slug:"chamhuri-siwar",fullName:"Chamhuri Siwar"},{id:"243317",title:"Dr.",name:"Anizan",middleName:null,surname:"Isahak",slug:"anizan-isahak",fullName:"Anizan Isahak"},{id:"243318",title:"Mr.",name:"Shaharuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamad",slug:"shaharuddin-mohamad",fullName:"Shaharuddin Mohamad"}]},{id:"62027",title:"Chemical Absorption by Aqueous Solution of Ammonia",slug:"chemical-absorption-by-aqueous-solution-of-ammonia",totalDownloads:1208,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Carbon capture is proposed as a viable way of exploiting the fossil resources for power plants and industrial processes. The post-combustion capture by chemical absorption in amine aqueous solutions has been in use in chemical and petrochemical areas for decades. As an alternative, the absorption in aqueous ammonia has received great attention recently. The carbon capture by aqueous ammonia is based on the conventional absorption-regeneration scheme applied to the ternary system CO2–NH3–H2O. It can be implemented in a chilled and a cooled process, depending upon the temperatures in the absorber and, hence, the precipitation of salts. The process simulation can be conducted in two manners: the equilibrium and the rate-based approaches. The specific heat duty is as low as 3.0, for the cooled process, and 2.2 MJ/kgCO2, for the chilled one. Moreover, the index SPECCA is as low as 2.6, for the cooled, and 2.9 MJ/kgCO2, for the chilled one. The overall energy performances from the simulations in the rate-based approach, compared against those in the equilibrium approach, result only slightly penalized. From an economic perspective, the carbon capture via chemical absorption by aqueous ammonia is a feasible retrofitting solution, yielding a cost of electricity of 82.4 €/MWhe and of avoided CO2 of 38.6 €/tCO2 for the chilled process.",book:{id:"6804",slug:"carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration",title:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration",fullTitle:"Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"},signatures:"Gianluca Valenti and Davide Bonalumi",authors:[{id:"214376",title:"Prof.",name:"Gianluca",middleName:null,surname:"Valenti",slug:"gianluca-valenti",fullName:"Gianluca Valenti"},{id:"243535",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Bonalumi",slug:"davide-bonalumi",fullName:"Davide Bonalumi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"784",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. from Integral University, Lucknow, India, with his work titled ‘Development and evaluation of silymarin nanoformulation for hepatic carcinoma’. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics, at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. He has been teaching PharmD, BPharm, and MPharm students and conducting research in the novel drug delivery domain. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than twenty-four original journal articles, two edited books, four book chapters, and several scientific articles to his credit. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"14",type:"subseries",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). 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Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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