\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6192",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects of Drugs - Mechanisms and Risks Factors",title:"Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects of Drugs",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Risks Factors",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is a fruit of a collaborative work from several international scientists. It will be a useful resource for researchers, students, and clinicians. Each individual chapter could serve as a prescribed reading for postgraduate students and clinicians specializing in and practicing clinical pharmacology and toxicology, pharmacotherapy and pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacovigilance, and toxicovigilance, as well as those involved in clinical research, drug discovery, and development. Every chapter in this book discusses and provides illustrations on the theme discussed based on authors' understanding and experience while summarizing existing knowledge. In doing so, each chapter provides a new insight that would benefit a novice as well as a seasoned reader in understanding the pharmacokinetic mechanisms and risk factors involved in the occurrence of adverse effects of drugs.",isbn:"978-1-78923-139-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-138-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-326-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68518",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pharmacokinetics-and-adverse-effects-of-drugs-mechanisms-and-risks-factors",numberOfPages:162,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9fd7489523195c8182a8b61caf9141b3",bookSignature:"Ntambwe Malangu",publishedDate:"May 23rd 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6192.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12737,numberOfWosCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:79,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 25th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 22nd 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 7th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 7th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 7th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"84773",title:"Prof.",name:"Ntambwe",middleName:null,surname:"Malangu",slug:"ntambwe-malangu",fullName:"Ntambwe Malangu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84773/images/system/84773.jpg",biography:"Prof Ntambwe Malangu, born in Kabinda, Congo (DRC), is a pharmacoepidemiologist with public health expertise in drug safety issues. He is currently the Head of Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the School of Public Health at Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa; and the Production Editor for PULA: Bostwana Journal for African studies as well as a reviewer for a handful of international peer-reviewed journals. He has worked in both private and public sector of the healthcare industry in several African countries. From 2006, he has been working as an international health consultant and technical advisor with major development partners. In this capacity, he has contributed to several health systems strengthening initiatives across the Anglophone, Lusophone and Francophone African countries. He is a well-known trainer in supply chain management of health commodities and pharmaceuticals as well as in pharmacy and public health practice themes. Malangu holds a Bachelor degree in Pharmacy from the University of Kinshasa (1991) and a Master of Medical Science degree (Pharmacology and Toxicology) from the Medical University of Southern Africa (2003), a PhD degree (Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, 2007) and a Doctor of Medical Sciences (Injury Epidemiology and Toxicovigilance) from the University of Limpopo (2012). Malangu has over 60 publications including scientific abstracts and letters, books, book chapters and full papers.",institutionString:"Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1188",title:"Pharmacokinetics",slug:"drug-discovery-pharmacokinetics"}],chapters:[{id:"60841",title:"Introductory Chapter: Linkages between Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects of Drugs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76511",slug:"introductory-chapter-linkages-between-pharmacokinetics-and-adverse-effects-of-drugs",totalDownloads:1995,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ntambwe Malangu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60841",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60841",authors:[{id:"84773",title:"Prof.",name:"Ntambwe",surname:"Malangu",slug:"ntambwe-malangu",fullName:"Ntambwe Malangu"}],corrections:null},{id:"60659",title:"Pharmacokinetics and Disposition of Green Tea Catechins",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74190",slug:"pharmacokinetics-and-disposition-of-green-tea-catechins",totalDownloads:1572,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Green tea reportedly possesses many health beneficial effects as a beverage. Its usage has even been elevated to therapeutic level for treatment of diseases, including cancer, after increasing the catechin constituents in green tea extract or through purified catechins compounds. However, the therapeutic effectiveness of green tea extract or catechin formulae on different diseases is still questionable and inconsistent in reported studies. One reason is the low and variable bioavailability of catechins or unknown constituents in green tea extract. The plasma levels of total catechins are usually at submicromolar level which is well below the effective dose in many in vitro studies. Besides their variable chemical structures that cause heterogeneity of absorption, green tea catechins are subject to extensive metabolism by phase II process and catabolism by colonic microbes that result in complicated pharmacokinetics. It is essential to understand the factors affecting the pharmacokinetics and metabolic profiles in plasma and tissues based on animal and human studies before green tea catechins can be applied for therapeutic use.",signatures:"Kai On Chu and Calvin C.P. Pang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60659",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60659",authors:[{id:"231722",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Calvin C.P.",surname:"Pang",slug:"calvin-c.p.-pang",fullName:"Calvin C.P. Pang"},{id:"231723",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai On",surname:"Chu",slug:"kai-on-chu",fullName:"Kai On Chu"}],corrections:null},{id:"57164",title:"A Critical Risk Factor for a Major Side Effect of Interferon-Alpha Therapy: Activated Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 is Related to Depressive Symptoms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71013",slug:"a-critical-risk-factor-for-a-major-side-effect-of-interferon-alpha-therapy-activated-indoleamine-2-3",totalDownloads:1175,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects approximately 170 million people worldwide. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a cytokine that is related to early viral infection and has both antiviral and antiproliferative properties. The current standard treatment for long-term chronic hepatitis C (CHC) consists of combination therapy with IFN-α and ribavirin, which has a broad spectrum antiviral effect. Despite the potential therapeutic benefits of IFN-α, its administration often causes many side effects, such as somatic and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Depression is a serious and frequently occurring side effect of IFN-α therapy, and this is one of the major reasons for cessation of the therapy. Therefore, in order to avoid the discontinuation of INF-α therapy owing to depressive symptoms, it is important to identify the risk factor(s) leading to the onset of associated depressive symptoms. In this chapter, we introduce our novel findings on the association between IFN treatment and the onset of depression in CHC patients as well as the potential neurobiological mechanisms by which depression may arise. We also highlight a potential approach for predicting the onset risk of depression as a side effect in these patients.",signatures:"Yuki Murakami and Yukio Imamura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57164",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57164",authors:[{id:"104157",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukio",surname:"Imamura",slug:"yukio-imamura",fullName:"Yukio Imamura"},{id:"204865",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuki",surname:"Murakami",slug:"yuki-murakami",fullName:"Yuki Murakami"}],corrections:null},{id:"59456",title:"Application of Pharmacokinetics in Early Drug Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74189",slug:"application-of-pharmacokinetics-in-early-drug-development",totalDownloads:2705,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The intention of this chapter is to provide an overview of how pharmacokinetics, also termed PK, is applied in early drug development. While there are many readily available printed and web accessible sources on pharmacokinetics, its technical terms, model definitions, and calculation methods; how the science of pharmacokinetics is used in specific situations, namely early drug development are not as readily covered. In fact, the reader will see that the continual theme in this chapter is that a small amount of pharmacokinetic data and its interpretation in the first nonclinical or clinical study is important in obtaining additional pharmacokinetic, safety, and efficacy information for the next study. The role of PK in the three phases of clinical drug development is described as well as the types of early Phase 1 studies where PK determinations are important. The PK measurements in the first in humans study (FIH) provide a tentative confirmation of safety at the measured exposures from the tested dose levels. Even if exposures from a given dose change due to food-effects, drug–drug interaction, drug-disease interactions, or use in a special population, safety can be assessed by bridging these results to the initial safety or efficacy exposures.",signatures:"Katherine Dunnington, Natacha Benrimoh, Christine Brandquist,\nNadia Cardillo-Marricco, Mike Di Spirito and Julie Grenier",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59456",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59456",authors:[{id:"232694",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine",surname:"Dunnington",slug:"katherine-dunnington",fullName:"Katherine Dunnington"},{id:"232695",title:"MSc.",name:"Nadia",surname:"Cardillo Marricco",slug:"nadia-cardillo-marricco",fullName:"Nadia Cardillo Marricco"},{id:"232697",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",surname:"Brandquist",slug:"christine-brandquist",fullName:"Christine Brandquist"},{id:"232698",title:"MSc.",name:"Mike",surname:"DiSpirito",slug:"mike-dispirito",fullName:"Mike DiSpirito"},{id:"232699",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",surname:"Grenier",slug:"julie-grenier",fullName:"Julie Grenier"}],corrections:null},{id:"57809",title:"Hepatotoxicity by Drugs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72005",slug:"hepatotoxicity-by-drugs",totalDownloads:1921,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Hepatotoxicity is the injury or liver damage caused by exposure to drugs; it is an adverse drug reaction that may be uncommon but serious. The hepatic injury can be classified into hepatocellular, cholestatic and mixed, caused by increase in alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase than upper limit of normal. The risk factors include idiosyncrasy, age, gender, alcohol consumption, concomitant use of other drugs, previous or underlying liver disease, genetic and environmental factors. Liver toxicity manifestations are generally accompanied by nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pruritus and rash. Identification of hepatotoxicity is a complex process to perform; therefore, clinical scales have been developed, such as the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (CIOMS/RUCAM) and the Clinical Diagnostic Scale (M & V CDS). Additionally, there is no specific treatment for hepatotoxicity, which is based on suspending the suspected drug and treating symptoms. The most commonly associated pharmacological groups are antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs), antidepressants and anticonvulsants. Drug-induced liver injury has been an adverse event, hard to identify, prevent and treat; thereby, the pharmacist intervention can contribute to the diminution of the deleterious effects in patient health.",signatures:"Alejandra Cano Paniagua and Pedro Amariles",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57809",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57809",authors:[{id:"34885",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Amariles",slug:"pedro-amariles",fullName:"Pedro Amariles"},{id:"211174",title:"MSc.",name:"Alejandra",surname:"Cano-Paniagua",slug:"alejandra-cano-paniagua",fullName:"Alejandra Cano-Paniagua"}],corrections:null},{id:"58357",title:"Side Effects of Glucocorticoids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72019",slug:"side-effects-of-glucocorticoids",totalDownloads:2186,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Glucocorticoids represent the most important and frequently used class of drugs in the management of many inflammatory and immunologic conditions. Beside these beneficial effects, glucocorticoids are also associated with serious side effects. Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal suppression, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, psychiatric disturbances, and immunosuppression are among the most important side effects of systemic glucocorticoids. These side effects are especially noticeable at high doses for prolonged periods. Even in low-dose therapy, glucocorticoids could lead to serious side effects. The underlying molecular mechanisms of side effects of glucocorticoids are complex, distinct, and frequently only partly understood. This comprehensive article reviews the current knowledge of the most important side effects of glucocorticoids from a clinical perspective.",signatures:"Irmak Sayın Alan and Bahadır Alan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58357",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58357",authors:[{id:"159628",title:"Dr.",name:"Irmak",surname:"Sayin Alan",slug:"irmak-sayin-alan",fullName:"Irmak Sayin Alan"},{id:"209924",title:"Dr.",name:"Bahadir",surname:"Alan",slug:"bahadir-alan",fullName:"Bahadir Alan"}],corrections:null},{id:"57945",title:"New Antidepressant Medication: Benefits Versus Adverse Effects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72003",slug:"new-antidepressant-medication-benefits-versus-adverse-effects",totalDownloads:1188,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Depression [major depressive disorder (MDD)] is a mood disturbance of multifactorial origin, associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, lack of work productivity, adverse health behaviors, and increased healthcare expenses. MDD is a leading cause of suicide, and it affects the prognosis of chronic conditions (heart diseases, diabetes, and cancer, among others). Current pharmacological treatment for MDD covers different classes of drugs, including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and atypical antidepressants. The aim of this chapter is to review the literature, highlight the side effects of newer antidepressants, and especially point out the most important aspects of the latest agents approved for the treatment of MDD in adults: desvenlafaxine, levomilnacipran, vilazodone, and vortioxetine. Desvenlafaxine is a SNRI and the primary active metabolite of venlafaxine; also a SNRI, levomilnacipran is an enantiomer of the racemate milnacipran. Vilazodone and vortioxetine are multimodal antidepressants, which combine SSRI activity with additional receptor activity. Although they have proven efficacy in treating MDD and are being investigated for other possible indications, further detailed clinical trials are needed to establish their pharmaco-toxicological profile, following prolonged administration in patients who may suffer from various comorbidities.",signatures:"Maria Bogdan, Eliza Gofita, Daniela Cornelia Calina, Adina Turcu-\nStiolica, Anca Oana Docea, Tudor Adrian Balseanu, Adrian Camen,\nGratiela Eliza Popa, Gabriela Rusu, Ina Cristofor, Liliana Pavel and\nLiliana Mititelu-Tartau",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57945",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57945",authors:[{id:"202104",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Calina",slug:"daniela-calina",fullName:"Daniela Calina"},{id:"206318",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca Oana",surname:"Docea",slug:"anca-oana-docea",fullName:"Anca Oana Docea"},{id:"206897",title:"Prof.",name:"Adina",surname:"Turcu-Stiolica",slug:"adina-turcu-stiolica",fullName:"Adina Turcu-Stiolica"},{id:"210127",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Bogdan",slug:"maria-bogdan",fullName:"Maria Bogdan"},{id:"210189",title:"Prof.",name:"Eliza",surname:"Gofita",slug:"eliza-gofita",fullName:"Eliza Gofita"},{id:"210191",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Camen",slug:"adrian-camen",fullName:"Adrian Camen"},{id:"210194",title:"Prof.",name:"Gratiela Eliza",surname:"Popa",slug:"gratiela-eliza-popa",fullName:"Gratiela Eliza Popa"},{id:"210198",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Mititelu-Tartau",slug:"liliana-mititelu-tartau",fullName:"Liliana Mititelu-Tartau"},{id:"221429",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Rusu",slug:"gabriela-rusu",fullName:"Gabriela Rusu"},{id:"221432",title:"Dr.",name:"Ina",surname:"Cristofor",slug:"ina-cristofor",fullName:"Ina Cristofor"},{id:"221433",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Pavel",slug:"liliana-pavel",fullName:"Liliana Pavel"},{id:"221434",title:"Prof.",name:"Tudor Adrian",surname:"Balseanu",slug:"tudor-adrian-balseanu",fullName:"Tudor Adrian Balseanu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5873",title:"Poisoning",subtitle:"From Specific Toxic Agents to Novel Rapid and Simplified Techniques for Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"42ddd66c136bcb87140fa1f5b60f9726",slug:"poisoning-from-specific-toxic-agents-to-novel-rapid-and-simplified-techniques-for-analysis",bookSignature:"Ntambwe Malangu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84773",title:"Prof.",name:"Ntambwe",surname:"Malangu",slug:"ntambwe-malangu",fullName:"Ntambwe Malangu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2025",title:"Drug Development",subtitle:"A Case Study Based Insight into Modern Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3760006b57975d832adcd219d5e272e5",slug:"drug-development-a-case-study-based-insight-into-modern-strategies",bookSignature:"Chris Rundfeldt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2025.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88412",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",surname:"Rundfeldt",slug:"chris-rundfeldt",fullName:"Chris Rundfeldt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5360",title:"Special Topics in Drug Discovery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7d4ff92690f87b26f5585c8999ce20",slug:"special-topics-in-drug-discovery",bookSignature:"Taosheng Chen and Sergio C. 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\r\n\tThe construction of hydraulic works in streams and rivers implies a variation of the existing flow and sediment transport regimes. For example, the construction of a dam in a river implies the formation of a reservoir upstream of the dam, which causes the reduction of river flow velocity and the trapping of sediments in the reservoir. The construction of check dams in a torrent implies sediment deposition upstream of the check dams and, consequently, the reduction of the original bed slope. A local erosion or scouring takes place downstream of the dams or checks dams, as well as at bridge piers. The scour depth is the decisive factor for taking the necessary constructive measures for the mitigation of the unfavorable consequences of scouring and the protection of the hydraulic structures. The dimensioning of the hydraulic structures constitutes a serious practical problem that can be solved satisfactorily provided that extensive appropriate hydrologic and hydraulic computations, including the quantification of the phenomena of soil erosion and sediment transport, are performed in a previous step. For example, for the prediction of the volume capacity of a detention reservoir, a suitable flood hydrograph should be defined. The same flood hydrograph can be applied for the prediction of the spillway length. For the prediction of reservoir volume capacity, the dam height and reservoir sedimentation should be taken into account. The dam break is the most unfavorable implication of the dam overflow. Additionally, for the prediction of check dam height, a sediment deposition upstream of the check dam should be taken into account. The length of stilling basins downstream of dams can be specified based on hydraulic computations regarding the hydraulic jump formed downstream of the dam, while the length of settling basins can be determined based on hydraulic computations related to, among others, discharge, basin depth, and particle settling velocity. In conclusion, the ultimate purpose of hydrologic and hydraulic computations is the dimensioning of the hydraulic structures.
\r\n\t
UK government has calculated approximately 10 million deaths every year and loss of $100 trillion to the global economy by 2050 due to AMR strains (anti-microbial resistance) infection given by commission’s report [1]. Quorum sensing (QS) are responsible for persistent infection on humans causing urinary tract infection, otitis media, cystic fibrosis, endocarditis, periodontitis, and implantable device infections [2]. 60% of clinical infection are caused by biofilm formation reported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) [2]. In general scenario of QS system based on the synthesis of signal molecule in the bacteria act as ligand and docked with the bacterial receptor for signal transduction. Five types of QS signalling molecules belongs to
Quorum sensing circuit involved in host-physiology interaction and host-microbiome interaction.
Biotic and abiotic factors which interfere the degradation of microbial cell signalling called quorum quenching [7]. QS-blocking approaches are meant to block bacterial virulence factor synthesis, instead of bactericidal activity and not like antibiotic medication, with perceptive to least selective pressures on AMR mutant development [8]. Four type of QS inhibition mechanism as follows (i) conventional antibiotics action on QS molecule, (ii) prevention of QS signal detection, (iii) abortion of QS signal biosynthesis and (iv) QS signals inactivation and degradation [3]. QS inhibitors act on broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria causes growth inhibition have been thoroughly studied for many years. Various studies have been discovered QS inhibitors of small molecule with high potent ability to defence against microbial growth phase were validated in animal model and other in-vivo & in-vitro experiments [1, 9]. Scenario of QS inhibitors meant for target screening of QS signal molecule and signalling pathways, such as bacterial biosensors. Screening of QS inhibitors in Gram negative bacteria, for example bioengineered strains of
Bacteria communication to each other for the reasons of conjugation, sporulation, competence, symbiosis, motility, antibiotic production, virulence, biofilm formation. In the late 1960s, quorum sensing based research started on N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL). In bacterial growth media, inhibitors of luminescence was completely wiped out with
Spontaneous gene mutations in horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can developed antibiotic resistance to bacteria [17]. Scenario of spatial biology differential complex communication signals in microbial quorum sensing system within spatial vicinity [18]. The long-range communication of signal molecule diffuse within bacterial local community using conjugative transfer for regulate traits. However in short range communication (least micron distance) stimulates horizontal gene transfer within close vicinity of extracellular fraction such as mobile genetic elements, conjugative transposon to the susceptible host cells [18]. Signal decay length scale also known as exponential decline in quorum sensing signal concentration, in which bacterial cluster of signal producers signals reduces to one order of magnitude within spatial and temporal distance [18]. Detection of quorum sensing signals degradation or attenuation into two types absorbing design and non-absorbing design [18]. Absorbing design called as irreversibly uptake of quorum sensing signal molecule immediately without sensing and preventing for spatial propagation, for example Gram-positive bacteria RNPP superfamily of peptides (PlcR, PrgX, NprR, Rap) for signal sequestering [18]. Non-absorbing design called as continuously quorum sensing molecule propagate after sensed from membrane-bound receptors and intracellularly and without action of signal sequestering, for example Gram-positive bacteria and
Saliva mucins MUC5B and MUC7 from oral cavity, mucus barriers protect teeth and soft tissue of mouth to abolish infection of
Quorum sensing enhances bacterial biofilm formation to increase tolerance against animal host immune system and antibiotics [2]. The molecular mechanism of multi-factorial microbial tolerance with perceptive of gene regulation, cell-population density fluctuation, antibiotics resistance gene expression, heterogeneous metabolic activity, restricted penetration [2].
In case of chemical inhibition downregulated Type IV pilus reduces phage adsorption leads to favours CRISPR immunity evolution and slow lysis of bacteria in the culture medium [32]. In mouse acute lung infection model,
Various bioactive metabolites derived from microbes of endophytic origin with help of solvents affinity, polarity, non-polar groups and semi-polar groups. Solvents are methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform deployed for metabolite extraction [5]. Extraction techniques of metabolites are ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, accelerated (or pressurised) solvent extraction [5]. Antimicrobial metabolites includes aliphatic compounds, proteins, peptides, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, quinones, alkaloids [35]. Bioactive secondary metabolites synthesis from endophytic microorganisms of plant origin includes azadirachtin, camptothecin, hypericin, podophyllotoxin, paclitaxel, deoxypodophyllotoxin for quorum quenching, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer [36].
Ajoene (4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene-9-oxide), sulphur-rich therapeutic secondary metabolite extracted from garlic act on
In
Small regulatory RNAs (sRNA) employs for quorum sensing inhibition of
Antibiotic resistance determinants encoded in core MDR bacterial genomes and associated mobile genetic elements (plasmids) constitutes mainly of efflux pumps category. Major function of efflux pumps extrudes cell signalling molecules, water metabolites, toxins, dyes, detergent and antibiotics. Efflux pumps belongs to five superfamilies categories are complex with MDR strains (i) RND (resistance-nodulation-division), ABC (ATP-binding cassette), MFS (major facilitator superfamily), SMR (small multidrug resistance) and MATE (multidrug and toxin extrusion). Proton/sodium motive force and ATP hydrolysis (ABC superfamily) are energy driven force utilised by efflux pumps mediated function within cells [54]. AcrD of
Combinatorial use of antibiotics with anti-QS strategies for development of QS inhibitors for medical treatment effective against drug efflux pump and stimulate antimicrobial resistance [5]. In mice infection model, combination of tobramycin, ajoene, iberin derivatives of horseradish extracts, furanone C-30 was evaluated in
QS inhibitors concept was derived from attenuation of human and plant pathogen virulence in early discovery of QS mutant history for therapeutic development [59]. Quorum-sensing signal can be degrade by the chemical action of enzymes and pH secreted from the microbial surrounding [7]. Quorum quenching (QQ) activities against AHLs was evaluated in
Developed a structure-based derivatization of antagonist probes were designed and termed as Іtc-11 and Іtc-12 (isothiocyanate), which covalent binds to LasR at ligand binding pocket of cysteine residue for inhibition of
Two types of MTAN inhibitor are immucillin A (ImmA) and DADMe-ImmA, which mimic early and late dissociative transition state [64]. In
Extraction and purification of desired metabolite of bacterial endophytic origin for screening quorum-sensing inhibitors. Choice of chromatographic techniques, semi-preparative and preparative HPLC such as low-pressure liquid chromatography (LPLC), medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), flash chromatography (FC), vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) [5]. Identification of extracted metabolites using various spectroscopic methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Chemical identification techniques at beginning stage using liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-NMR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-photodiode array (LC-PDA) [5]. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation imaging were coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (MALDI-imaging-HRMS) for QS molecules quantification in
Methodology of screening QSIs as follow (i) QSIs identification, (ii) in-vitro characterisation of QSI compounds, (iii) QSIs compound validation in the animal model.
High-throughput screening (HTS) system has developed for large-scale screening of novel JHSIs from
Lack of suitable animal models on drug discovery with perceptive on mode of drug action, target delivery, level of host cytotoxicity, drug stability is a matter of great concern. Successful of human gut infection and other clinical illness are increasing rapidly in the western world, due to rare phenomenal development of QS control behaviours among diverse community of microbes at the natural ecosystem, remains a key challenge for the future. For controlling microbial biofilm formation through bioprospecting of quenching quorum sensing compounds. It’s vital to understand complete chemical and kinetic mechanism of QQs would be major interface for immunological studies and drug targets. To understand various polymicrobial communities, signal calling distance, spatial conformation among microbes with perceptive of quorum quenching and therapy is still remains challenging. Scenario of understanding microbial ecological behaviour and pan-genome evolutionary sharing within species in a specified shape is important for quorum signalling. High-throughput screening of quorum quenching compounds to defence against pathogenesis of microbes and virulent anti-biofilm activity is still remain unclear. There are certain limitation in use of QQ metabolites coupled with large-scale commercial production in food packaging industry for effective against broad spectrum activity of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, it is vital to understand endophytic origin of microbial metabolites for optimum production under In-vitro fermentation process. Biggest question of evolutionary biologist, how quorum sensing can be regulated in the natural selection within bacterial community under restrictive condition with perceptive to altruism of selfish local group and uncooperative individuals gained cost fitness. Bacterial QS activity with dynamics of adaptation to surrounding environment and complexity of microbial communities will be critical factor for understanding, how to interfere with clinical infection. Human microbiome studies continues to expand rapidly to future needs for fundamental development in QS system communication and sociality. Better to know about, how ability of eukaryotic quorum quenching enzymes involved in providing fitness cost, symbiosis, competition to host microbiome through modulation of defence function. This will be crucial way to discover signal molecule-dependent interaction between microbes-host cells. Current research face challenge with perceptive to the fundamental discovery of LuxI-type QS signal synthases and small molecule inhibitors against signal transduction of AHL signals degradation. Several researchers have face obstacles in designing structure-based derivatization of non-AHL pharmacophores against LuxR-type proteins and pathways. Computer-aided screens, system biology and high throughput omics platform can modifying inhibitors at structure level for broad range of target QS specificities and enhance inhibitory activity.
Authors are thankful to Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry (affiliated to Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai) and PRIST University, Thanjavur, India.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
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\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
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\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
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The first part compares the diagnostic efficacy of traditional OCT and cross-polarization OCT (CP OCT); CP OCT and fluorescence cystoscopy (FC) for detecting flat lesions in the bladder at the early stages of cancer. The second part contains a report on achievements in application of CP OCT for detection of recurrent carcinoma in the scar area that is a hardly distinguishable form of bladder cancer using an optimized CP OCT image analysis. The third part of the chapter reviews the results on CP OCT usage for in vivo diagnosis of the bladder cancer after radiation therapy of cervical cancer.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Elena Kiseleva, Gladkova Natalia, Streltzova Olga, Kirillin Mikhail,\nMaslennikova Anna, Dudenkova Varvara, Yunusova Katerina and\nSergeeva Ekaterina",authors:[{id:"68196",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Gladkova",slug:"natalia-gladkova",fullName:"Natalia Gladkova"},{id:"191970",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kiseleva",slug:"elena-kiseleva",fullName:"Elena Kiseleva"},{id:"191990",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Streltzova",slug:"olga-streltzova",fullName:"Olga Streltzova"},{id:"191992",title:"Mrs.",name:"Varvara",middleName:null,surname:"Dudenkova",slug:"varvara-dudenkova",fullName:"Varvara Dudenkova"},{id:"191993",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Maslennikova",slug:"anna-maslennikova",fullName:"Anna Maslennikova"},{id:"191994",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",middleName:null,surname:"Yunusova",slug:"katerina-yunusova",fullName:"Katerina Yunusova"},{id:"191995",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Kirillin",slug:"mikhail-kirillin",fullName:"Mikhail Kirillin"},{id:"193422",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Sergeeva",slug:"ekaterina-sergeeva",fullName:"Ekaterina Sergeeva"}]},{id:"54019",doi:"10.5772/67309",title:"Bladder Cancer Markers and Recent Innovations",slug:"bladder-cancer-markers-and-recent-innovations",totalDownloads:1702,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Bladder cancer (urothelial carcinoma) is the most common tumor of the urinary tract. It occurs more frequently among men about 65 years old on average. Two forms of the tumor are known: a non–muscle-invasive one and a muscle-invasive one. The latter turns out to be very aggressive with a survival of 5 years average. The non–muscle-invasive form frequently recurs (60–70%) and in 15% of cases, it progresses into the invasive form. The diagnosis is made mainly by cystoscopy and urine cytology. A high number of researches were dedicated in order to find a simple test using voided urine to frequently monitor possible tumor recurrence. During the last 10 years, many tests were proposed concerning either special proteins of which the most common are the bladder tumor antigen (BTA) and the nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) or the presence of genetic mutations [most frequently, fibroblasts growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and TP53], alteration of DNA methylation, chromatin structure and, more recently, the presence of specific micro-RNA. Recently the analysis of lipids present in voided urine showed a difference in fatty acids between healthy individuals and those affected by non-invasive forms. These markers appear to have a high specificity and sensitivity: a deepening of these results could lead to the development of a test that avoids invasive treatment and the cost of cystoscopy.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Mariapia Viola-Magni, Samuela Cataldi and Daniela Marocco",authors:[{id:"192375",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariapia",middleName:null,surname:"Viola-Magni",slug:"mariapia-viola-magni",fullName:"Mariapia Viola-Magni"},{id:"197851",title:"BSc.",name:"Samuela",middleName:null,surname:"Cataldi",slug:"samuela-cataldi",fullName:"Samuela Cataldi"},{id:"197852",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Marocco",slug:"daniela-marocco",fullName:"Daniela Marocco"}]},{id:"54063",doi:"10.5772/67280",title:"Intravesical Chemohyperthermia for NMIBC: Rationale and Results of This Developing Treatment",slug:"intravesical-chemohyperthermia-for-nmibc-rationale-and-results-of-this-developing-treatment",totalDownloads:1395,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men, and the lifetime risk of getting bladder cancer is 2.4%. Approximately 75% of newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer are non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), and half of them will show recurrence and/or progression after transurethral resection. Therefore, after transurethral resection, in high-risk patients, intravesical therapy is mandatory. However, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is associated with important side effects such as systemic tuberculosis and bladder retraction. Chemohyperthermia (CHT) has shown a 60% lower recurrence rate than standard mitomycin C (MMC). However, its effectiveness in high-risk patients, especially CIS and BCG refractory patients, is even more important. CHT will probably be an option for patients unsuitable for radical cystectomy or those on whom BCG can’t be used. Two main technologies are currently available for intravesical CHT: microwaves and recirculating heated fluids. Both of them have pros and cons that should be known and evaluated by a urologist. In this chapter, we will speak about rationale, technical options, clinical results, ongoing studies, and future perspective for this interesting treatment option for intermediate and high-risk patients with NMIBC.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Sousa-Escandón Manuel Alejandro, Flores Carbajal Javier, Sousa-\nGonzález Daniel and Rodriguez Gómez Silvia",authors:[{id:"191356",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa-Escandón",slug:"alejandro-sousa-escandon",fullName:"Alejandro Sousa-Escandón"}]},{id:"54147",doi:"10.5772/67443",title:"Lymphadenectomy in Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer",slug:"lymphadenectomy-in-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:1273,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Bladder cancer is the second most common genitourinary malignancy with urothelial cancer comprising nearly 90% of primary bladder tumors. Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the fifth most common malignancy in the United States, with an estimated 76,960 new cases and 163,900 deaths in 2016. Radical cystectomy with lymph node dissection remains the standard treatment for patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, and also for nonmuscle-invasive disease, refractory to intravesical therapy. The current approaches to pelvic lymph node dissections are based on the removal of lymph nodes most commonly harboring metastatic disease, notably the external iliac, obturator, and hypogastric lymph nodes. The boundaries for a standard pelvic lymph node dissection generally include the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels superiorly and the genitofemoral nerve laterally. Extended pelvic lymph node includes the removal of lymph nodes between the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels and the level of the aortic bifurcation, sometimes including distal aortic and caval nodes up to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery, as well as presacral nodes. Extended and superextended dissection has been reported to be associated with superior survival outcome.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Mustafa Ozan Horsanali and Kutan Ozer",authors:[{id:"59702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa Ozan",middleName:null,surname:"Horsanali",slug:"mustafa-ozan-horsanali",fullName:"Mustafa Ozan Horsanali"},{id:"192699",title:"Dr.",name:"Kutan",middleName:null,surname:"Ozer",slug:"kutan-ozer",fullName:"Kutan Ozer"}]},{id:"59222",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73515",title:"Development of Oncolytic Adenoviruses for the Management of Prostate Cancer",slug:"development-of-oncolytic-adenoviruses-for-the-management-of-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:1121,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men globally. Androgen receptor (AR) signalling plays a vital role in initiation and progression and antiandrogens are standard of care first-line therapeutics. However, resistance frequently develops resulting in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Management of CRPC is currently chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy but is mostly palliative due to rapid development of resistance. The need for novel approaches to eliminate mCRPC is compelling; a promising option is replication-selective (oncolytic) adenoviruses with demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models of multidrug-resistant PCa. The safety of various viral mutants has been confirmed in numerous clinical trials with minimal toxicity in patients. Importantly, oncolytic adenoviruses synergise with the current standard of care for mCRPC even in treatment-resistant cells. In early phase I–II clinical trials, promising efficacy in patients with localised PCa was reported after intratumoural administration, and phase III trials are underway. To enable systemic delivery, for targeting of mCRPC, further developments are necessary because of the short half-life of the adenoviral mutants in human blood. Current progress in preventing the high-affinity binding of adenovirus to erythrocytes, hepatocyte uptake, and elimination by hepatic Kupffer cells will be described.",book:{id:"6423",slug:"prostate-cancer",title:"Prostate Cancer",fullTitle:"Prostate Cancer"},signatures:"Ahmed A. Ali and Gunnel Halldén",authors:[{id:"80427",title:"Dr.",name:"Gunnel",middleName:null,surname:"Hallden",slug:"gunnel-hallden",fullName:"Gunnel Hallden"},{id:"232386",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"ahmed-ali",fullName:"Ahmed Ali"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70881",title:"Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy: Evolving Techniques",slug:"robot-assisted-partial-nephrectomy-evolving-techniques",totalDownloads:494,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy is now embraced in urology as a recommended treatment option for small localised renal tumours. There is an increasing trend towards setting up robotic-assisted services in urological centres across the world. Our aim is to review the available published common robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy techniques. We present our institutions’ established step-by-step technique for performing robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy, in order to guide aspiring urologists interested in performing robotic-assisted partial nephrectomies. The importance of pre-operative review of imaging in a multi-disciplinary approach is critical. We emphasise certain tips inperforming a safer procedure.",book:{id:"6424",slug:"evolving-trends-in-kidney-cancer",title:"Evolving Trends in Kidney Cancer",fullTitle:"Evolving Trends in Kidney Cancer"},signatures:"Mohammed Kamil Quraishi, Edward Ramez Latif, Milan Thomas, Ben Eddy, Elio Mazzone and Alexandre Mottrie",authors:[{id:"277566",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed Kamil",middleName:null,surname:"Quraishi",slug:"mohammed-kamil-quraishi",fullName:"Mohammed Kamil Quraishi"},{id:"277570",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"milan-thomas",fullName:"Milan Thomas"},{id:"277571",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben",middleName:null,surname:"Eddy",slug:"ben-eddy",fullName:"Ben Eddy"}]},{id:"54132",title:"Cross-Polarization OCT for In Vivo Diagnostics and Prediction of Bladder Cancer",slug:"cross-polarization-oct-for-in-vivo-diagnostics-and-prediction-of-bladder-cancer",totalDownloads:1118,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter contains three parts covering recent efforts to increase the accuracy of optical coherence tomography (OCT) differential diagnostics of bladder pathologies. The first part compares the diagnostic efficacy of traditional OCT and cross-polarization OCT (CP OCT); CP OCT and fluorescence cystoscopy (FC) for detecting flat lesions in the bladder at the early stages of cancer. The second part contains a report on achievements in application of CP OCT for detection of recurrent carcinoma in the scar area that is a hardly distinguishable form of bladder cancer using an optimized CP OCT image analysis. The third part of the chapter reviews the results on CP OCT usage for in vivo diagnosis of the bladder cancer after radiation therapy of cervical cancer.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Elena Kiseleva, Gladkova Natalia, Streltzova Olga, Kirillin Mikhail,\nMaslennikova Anna, Dudenkova Varvara, Yunusova Katerina and\nSergeeva Ekaterina",authors:[{id:"68196",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Gladkova",slug:"natalia-gladkova",fullName:"Natalia Gladkova"},{id:"191970",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kiseleva",slug:"elena-kiseleva",fullName:"Elena Kiseleva"},{id:"191990",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Streltzova",slug:"olga-streltzova",fullName:"Olga Streltzova"},{id:"191992",title:"Mrs.",name:"Varvara",middleName:null,surname:"Dudenkova",slug:"varvara-dudenkova",fullName:"Varvara Dudenkova"},{id:"191993",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Maslennikova",slug:"anna-maslennikova",fullName:"Anna Maslennikova"},{id:"191994",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",middleName:null,surname:"Yunusova",slug:"katerina-yunusova",fullName:"Katerina Yunusova"},{id:"191995",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Kirillin",slug:"mikhail-kirillin",fullName:"Mikhail Kirillin"},{id:"193422",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Sergeeva",slug:"ekaterina-sergeeva",fullName:"Ekaterina Sergeeva"}]},{id:"61307",title:"Genetics in the Prostate Cancer",slug:"genetics-in-the-prostate-cancer",totalDownloads:1138,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Any disruption in the intracellular functions ranging from DNA transcription to protein ligand binding as well as intercellular communication may cause cellular transformation to malignant cell in the proper microenvironment when it could escape from the immune system. In this chapter, specifically, genetic alterations playing role in the prostate cancer are intended to be reviewed briefly under the subheadings of genomic instability and the hallmarks of cancer which are sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling the replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and progression to metastatic disease, reprogramming of the energy metabolism and evading immune destruction.",book:{id:"6423",slug:"prostate-cancer",title:"Prostate Cancer",fullTitle:"Prostate Cancer"},signatures:"Hikmet Köseoğlu",authors:[{id:"111496",title:"Dr.",name:"Hikmet",middleName:null,surname:"Köseoǧlu",slug:"hikmet-koseolu",fullName:"Hikmet Köseoǧlu"}]},{id:"54587",title:"Genital Organs‐Sparing Radical Cystectomy in Female Patients with Muscle Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder",slug:"genital-organs-sparing-radical-cystectomy-in-female-patients-with-muscle-invasive-urothelial-carcino",totalDownloads:1296,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"There has been considerable interest in urethral‐sparing cystectomy and preservation of the gynecological tract to maintain continence mechanism, sexual function, and reproductive function in young patients who undergo radical cystectomy for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer and this new technique gained acceptance in many centers. The issue of oncological safety of a urethra and anterior vaginal wall‐sparing cystectomy in selected patients has been addressed by several authors. The chapter will discuss the following items: (I) Technique of genital‐sparing radical cystectomy in female patients with muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. (II) Definition and rationale of genital‐sparing radical cystectomy in female patients. (III) Rational and value of urethral preservation in genital‐sparing cystectomy in female patients with urothelial carcinoma. (IV) Previous reports about genital‐sparing cystectomy in patients with urothelial carcinoma. (V) Value of preservation of the internal genital organs in female patients undergoing radical cystectomy.",book:{id:"5516",slug:"bladder-cancer-management-of-nmi-and-muscle-invasive-cancer",title:"Bladder Cancer",fullTitle:"Bladder Cancer - Management of NMI and Muscle-Invasive Cancer"},signatures:"Hosni Khairy Salem",authors:[{id:"96052",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosni",middleName:"Khairy",surname:"Salem",slug:"hosni-salem",fullName:"Hosni Salem"}]},{id:"67209",title:"Robotic Surgery and Successful Set-Up: A Stepwise Approach",slug:"robotic-surgery-and-successful-set-up-a-stepwise-approach",totalDownloads:690,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Robot purchase, implementation, and sustainability require a number of key challenges to overcome. We provide our experience of managing a potentially daunting task, summarizing the key steps to help deliver such an exciting project. We will take you through team approach options for purchase and safe implementation in the current financial climate.",book:{id:"6424",slug:"evolving-trends-in-kidney-cancer",title:"Evolving Trends in Kidney Cancer",fullTitle:"Evolving Trends in Kidney Cancer"},signatures:"Christopher J. Anderson and Hiten R.H. Patel",authors:[{id:"288771",title:"Dr.",name:"Hilten",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",slug:"hilten-patel",fullName:"Hilten Patel"},{id:"290986",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"chris-anderson",fullName:"Chris Anderson"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1165",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard Tissue, Peri-implant Soft Tissue, Restorative Materials, Prosthesis Design, Prosthesis, Patient Satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"