\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"325",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Alternative Fuel",title:"Alternative Fuel",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Renewable energy sources such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane, biomass from wastes or hydrogen are subject of great interest in the current energy scene. These fuels contribute to the reduction of prices and dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, energy sources such as these could partially replace the use of what is considered as the major factor responsible for global warming and the main source of local environmental pollution. For these reasons they are known as alternative fuels. There is an urgent need to find and optimise the use of alternative fuels to provide a net energy gain, to be economically competitive and to be producible in large quantities without compromising food resources.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-372-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4461-8",doi:"10.5772/851",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"alternative-fuel",numberOfPages:360,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"e6fd051beb23f469c73edd7bd22547bf",bookSignature:"Maximino Manzanera",publishedDate:"August 9th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/325.jpg",numberOfDownloads:110121,numberOfWosCitations:133,numberOfCrossrefCitations:97,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:205,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:6,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:435,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 8th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 6th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 12th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 12th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 11th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"27371",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximino",middleName:null,surname:"Manzanera",slug:"maximino-manzanera",fullName:"Maximino Manzanera",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27371/images/3570_n.jpg",biography:"Maximino Manzanera was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1972. He received a degree in Biological Sciences from the University of Granada in 1994. After his degree he began his doctoral studies at the Agricultural Sciences Institute (Estación Experimental del Zaidín) as part of the Spanish High Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC) where he received his Ph.D. in 2000. He then joined the University of Cambridge as Research Associate working in different centres of the University, including the Institute of Biotechnology and Departments of Genetics, Chemistry and CIMR. In mid-2006 he was awarded with the Ramón y Cajal Fellowship with which he joined the Institute for Water Research at the University of Granada as a Lead Researcher. Maximino is participating actively in three main lines of research: Anhydrobiotic Engineering, Rhizoremediation and Biofuels of microbial origin.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"890",title:"Renewable Energy",slug:"environmental-sciences-waste-management-renewable-energy"}],chapters:[{id:"17583",title:"Biodiesel Production by Using Heterogeneous Catalysts",doi:"10.5772/23908",slug:"biodiesel-production-by-using-heterogeneous-catalysts",totalDownloads:16643,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:25,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Rubi Romero, Sandra Luz Martínez and Reyna Natividad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17583",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17583",authors:[{id:"54382",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubi",surname:"Romero",slug:"rubi-romero",fullName:"Rubi Romero"},{id:"57495",title:"MSc.",name:"Sandra Luz",surname:"Martínez",slug:"sandra-luz-martinez",fullName:"Sandra Luz Martínez"},{id:"57496",title:"Dr.",name:"Reyna",surname:"Natividad",slug:"reyna-natividad",fullName:"Reyna Natividad"}],corrections:null},{id:"17584",title:"An Overview of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions and Alternative Feedstock for Biodiesel Production",doi:"10.5772/24057",slug:"an-overview-of-enzyme-catalyzed-reactions-and-alternative-feedstock-for-biodiesel-production",totalDownloads:5652,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maria Manuela Camino Feltes, Débora de Oliveira, Jorge Luiz Ninow and José Vladimir de Oliveira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17584",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17584",authors:[{id:"55230",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Manuela",surname:"Camino Feltes",slug:"maria-manuela-camino-feltes",fullName:"Maria Manuela Camino Feltes"},{id:"57306",title:"Prof.",name:"Débora",surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"debora-de-oliveira",fullName:"Débora De Oliveira"},{id:"57307",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge Luiz",surname:"Ninow",slug:"jorge-luiz-ninow",fullName:"Jorge Luiz Ninow"},{id:"57308",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Vladimir",surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"jose-vladimir-de-oliveira",fullName:"Jose Vladimir De Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"17585",title:"Biodiesel Fuel Production by Enzymatic Transesterification of Oils: Recent Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/21905",slug:"biodiesel-fuel-production-by-enzymatic-transesterification-of-oils-recent-trends-challenges-and-futu",totalDownloads:11063,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:26,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nevena Luković, Zorica Knežević-Jugović and Dejan Bezbradica",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17585",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17585",authors:[{id:"45320",title:"MSc",name:"Nevena",surname:"Lukovic",slug:"nevena-lukovic",fullName:"Nevena Lukovic"},{id:"57079",title:"Prof.",name:"Dejan",surname:"Bezbradica",slug:"dejan-bezbradica",fullName:"Dejan Bezbradica"},{id:"57080",title:"Dr.",name:"Zorica",surname:"Knežević-Jugović",slug:"zorica-knezevic-jugovic",fullName:"Zorica Knežević-Jugović"}],corrections:null},{id:"17586",title:"Engine Test of Bio-Diesel Manufactured from Waste Cooking Oil and Reward Preferential Benefit Analyses for Its Promotion",doi:"10.5772/21712",slug:"engine-test-of-bio-diesel-manufactured-from-waste-cooking-oil-and-reward-preferential-benefit-analys",totalDownloads:2898,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jai-Houng Leu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17586",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17586",authors:[{id:"44408",title:"Dr.",name:"Jai-Houng",surname:"Leu",slug:"jai-houng-leu",fullName:"Jai-Houng Leu"}],corrections:null},{id:"17587",title:"Waste Animal Fats with High FFA as a Renewable Energy Source for Biodiesel Production - Concept, Experimental Production and Impact Evaluation on Air Quality",doi:"10.5772/20409",slug:"waste-animal-fats-with-high-ffa-as-a-renewable-energy-source-for-biodiesel-production-concept-experi",totalDownloads:4234,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Francisc Popescu and Ioana Ionel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17587",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17587",authors:[{id:"11036",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioana",surname:"Ionel",slug:"ioana-ionel",fullName:"Ioana Ionel"},{id:"11047",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisc",surname:"Popescu",slug:"francisc-popescu",fullName:"Francisc Popescu"}],corrections:null},{id:"17588",title:"Delignification Process of Agro-Industrial Wastes an Alternative to Obtain Fermentable Carbohydrates for Producing Fuel",doi:"10.5772/22381",slug:"delignification-process-of-agro-industrial-wastes-an-alternative-to-obtain-fermentable-carbohydrates",totalDownloads:7226,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:34,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Oscar Sánchez, Roció Sierra and Carlos J. Alméciga-Díaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17588",authors:[{id:"47504",title:"MSc",name:"Oscar",surname:"Sanchez",slug:"oscar-sanchez",fullName:"Oscar Sanchez"},{id:"56842",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",surname:"Sierra",slug:"rocio-sierra",fullName:"Rocio Sierra"},{id:"56843",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Almeciga-Diaz",slug:"carlos-almeciga-diaz",fullName:"Carlos Almeciga-Diaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"17589",title:"Performance and Emission Characteristics of Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled with Ethanol and Methanol Gasoline Blended Fuels",doi:"10.5772/23176",slug:"performance-and-emission-characteristics-of-spark-ignition-engine-fuelled-with-ethanol-and-methanol-",totalDownloads:12131,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:29,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ioannis Gravalos, Dimitrios Moshou, Theodoros Gialamas, Panagiotis Xyradakis, Dimitrios Kateris and Zisis Tsiropoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17589",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17589",authors:[{id:"50923",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioannis",surname:"Gravalos",slug:"ioannis-gravalos",fullName:"Ioannis Gravalos"},{id:"57241",title:"Prof.",name:"Theodoros",surname:"Gialamas",slug:"theodoros-gialamas",fullName:"Theodoros Gialamas"},{id:"57242",title:"MSc.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Xyradakis",slug:"panagiotis-xyradakis",fullName:"Panagiotis Xyradakis"},{id:"57244",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Kateris",slug:"dimitrios-kateris",fullName:"Dimitrios Kateris"},{id:"57245",title:"MSc",name:"Zisis",surname:"Tsiropoulos",slug:"zisis-tsiropoulos",fullName:"Zisis Tsiropoulos"},{id:"101768",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Moshou",slug:"dimitrios-moshou",fullName:"Dimitrios Moshou"}],corrections:null},{id:"17590",title:"Use of Charcoal and Partially Pirolysed Biomaterial in Fly Ash to Produce Briquettes: Sugarcane Bagasse",doi:"10.5772/20505",slug:"use-of-charcoal-and-partially-pirolysed-biomaterial-in-fly-ash-to-produce-briquettes-sugarcane-bagas",totalDownloads:6827,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Silvio Rainho Teixeira, Agda Eunice de Souza, Angel Fidel Vilche Peña, Regiane Godoy de Lima and Álvaro Gil Miguel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17590",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17590",authors:[{id:"39266",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvio Rainho",surname:"Teixeira",slug:"silvio-rainho-teixeira",fullName:"Silvio Rainho Teixeira"},{id:"57428",title:"Dr.",name:"Angel Fidel",surname:"Vilche Peña",slug:"angel-fidel-vilche-pena",fullName:"Angel Fidel Vilche Peña"},{id:"57429",title:"MSc.",name:"Agda Eunice",surname:"Souza",slug:"agda-eunice-souza",fullName:"Agda Eunice Souza"},{id:"57430",title:"BSc.",name:"Alvaro",surname:"Gil Miguel",slug:"alvaro-gil-miguel",fullName:"Alvaro Gil Miguel"},{id:"57431",title:"BSc.",name:"Regiane",surname:"Godoy De Lima",slug:"regiane-godoy-de-lima",fullName:"Regiane Godoy De Lima"}],corrections:null},{id:"17591",title:"Biomass Waste as a Renewable Source of Biogas Production - Experiments",doi:"10.5772/25028",slug:"biomass-waste-as-a-renewable-source-of-biogas-production-experiments",totalDownloads:6107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Adrian Eugen Cioablă and Ioana Ionel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17591",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17591",authors:[{id:"11036",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioana",surname:"Ionel",slug:"ioana-ionel",fullName:"Ioana Ionel"},{id:"61179",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian Eugen",surname:"Cioabla",slug:"adrian-eugen-cioabla",fullName:"Adrian Eugen Cioabla"}],corrections:null},{id:"17592",title:"Influential Parameters on Biomethane Generation in Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Plants",doi:"10.5772/24681",slug:"influential-parameters-on-biomethane-generation-in-anaerobic-wastewater-treatment-plants",totalDownloads:5939,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Meisam Tabatabaei, Alawi Sulaiman, Ali M. Nikbakht, Norjan Yusof and Ghasem Najafpour",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17592",authors:[{id:"54639",title:"Prof.",name:"Alawi",surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"alawi-sulaiman",fullName:"Alawi Sulaiman"},{id:"58880",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Tabatabaei",slug:"meisam-tabatabaei",fullName:"Meisam Tabatabaei"},{id:"58882",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"M. Nikbakht",slug:"ali-m.-nikbakht",fullName:"Ali M. Nikbakht"},{id:"58883",title:"Prof.",name:"Ghasem",surname:"Najafpour",slug:"ghasem-najafpour",fullName:"Ghasem Najafpour"},{id:"58884",title:"Prof.",name:"Norjan",surname:"Yusof",slug:"norjan-yusof",fullName:"Norjan Yusof"}],corrections:null},{id:"17593",title:"Alternative Fuels in Cement Manufacturing",doi:"10.5772/22319",slug:"alternative-fuels-in-cement-manufacturing",totalDownloads:21654,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:25,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Moses P.M. Chinyama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17593",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17593",authors:[{id:"47232",title:"Dr.",name:"Moses",surname:"Chinyama",slug:"moses-chinyama",fullName:"Moses Chinyama"}],corrections:null},{id:"17594",title:"Waste Biomass as Alternative Bio-Fuel - Co-Firing versus Direct Combustion",doi:"10.5772/25030",slug:"waste-biomass-as-alternative-bio-fuel-co-firing-versus-direct-combustion",totalDownloads:2990,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gavrilă Trif-Tordai and Ioana Ionel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17594",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17594",authors:[{id:"11036",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioana",surname:"Ionel",slug:"ioana-ionel",fullName:"Ioana Ionel"},{id:"61182",title:"Dr.",name:"Gavrila",surname:"Trif Tordai",slug:"gavrila-trif-tordai",fullName:"Gavrila Trif Tordai"}],corrections:null},{id:"17595",title:"Nano-Porous Silicon-Based Mini Hydrogen Fuel Cells",doi:"10.5772/25272",slug:"nano-porous-silicon-based-mini-hydrogen-fuel-cells",totalDownloads:3641,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tayyar Dzhafarov and Sureyya Aydin Yuksel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17595",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17595",authors:[{id:"36681",title:"Prof.",name:"Tayyar",surname:"Dzhafarov",slug:"tayyar-dzhafarov",fullName:"Tayyar Dzhafarov"},{id:"80862",title:"Dr.",name:"Sureyya Aydin",surname:"Yuksel",slug:"sureyya-aydin-yuksel",fullName:"Sureyya Aydin Yuksel"}],corrections:null},{id:"17596",title:"Hydrogen - The Ecologically Ideal Energy Vector",doi:"10.5772/24351",slug:"hydrogen-the-ecologically-ideal-energy-vector",totalDownloads:3118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mircea Cârdu and Malvina Baica",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17596",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17596",authors:[{id:"56810",title:"Prof.",name:"Malvina",surname:"Baica",slug:"malvina-baica",fullName:"Malvina Baica"},{id:"56861",title:"Prof.",name:"Mircea",surname:"Cardu",slug:"mircea-cardu",fullName:"Mircea Cardu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"80612",slug:"corrigendum-to-risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterial",title:"Corrigendum to: Risk Assessment and Health, Safety, and Environmental Management of Carbon Nanomaterials",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80612.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80612",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80612",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80612",chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7612",leadTitle:null,title:"Electrospinning and Electrospraying",subtitle:"Techniques and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book focuses on the recent advancements in the process parameters, research, and applications of electrospinning and electrospraying. The first chapter introduces the techniques and the effect of the parameters on the morphology of the nanofiber and nanoparticles and then the subsequent chapters focus on the applications of these techniques in different areas. This book will attract a broad audience including postgraduate students and industrial and academic investigators in sciences and engineering who wish to enhance their understanding of the emerging technologies and use this book as reference.",isbn:"978-1-78984-701-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-700-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-113-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77414",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"electrospinning-and-electrospraying-techniques-and-applications",numberOfPages:120,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"77e9708250507395a4bea2c17d012982",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7612.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:5104,numberOfWosCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,numberOfTotalCitations:43,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 8th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 17th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 18th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 23rd 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 22nd 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",biography:"Dr. Sajjad Haider is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He received his MSc in 1999 and M Phil in 2004 from the Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan, and his Ph.D. degree in 2009 from the Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, South Korea. His research focuses on electrospun nanofibers, biopolymer composite, metal oxide/polymer composites, and polymer hydrogels to develop scaffolds for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and water treatment applications.",institutionString:"King Saud University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"186100",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"adnan-haider",fullName:"Adnan Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186100/images/system/186100.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adnan Haider is an assistant professor at the Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology. He received his MSc degree in 2010 from the Kohat University of Science and Technology, KPK, Pakistan; PhD degree in 2016 from the Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; and postdoctoral research in 2017 from the Department of Nano, Medical and Polymer Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, South Korea. His research work focuses on the development of scaffolds using polymer hydrogel and electrospun nanofibers for biomedical (tissue regeneration and drug delivery) and environmental applications.",institutionString:"Kohat University of Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1169",title:"Condensed Matter Physics",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-condensed-matter-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"70029",title:"Electrohydrodynamic Processes and Their Affecting Parameters",slug:"electrohydrodynamic-processes-and-their-affecting-parameters",totalDownloads:843,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}]},{id:"66975",title:"Electrospinning and Drug Delivery",slug:"electrospinning-and-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:1075,totalCrossrefCites:7,authors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou"},{id:"246280",title:"Dr.",name:"Angeliki",surname:"Siamidi",slug:"angeliki-siamidi",fullName:"Angeliki Siamidi"},{id:"298461",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sotiria",surname:"Kyriakou",slug:"sotiria-kyriakou",fullName:"Sotiria Kyriakou"}]},{id:"68337",title:"Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers and Its Composites",slug:"preparation-characterization-and-applications-of-electrospun-carbon-nanofibers-and-its-composites",totalDownloads:1216,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"247532",title:"Prof.",name:"Kim",surname:"Ick Soo",slug:"kim-ick-soo",fullName:"Kim Ick Soo"}]},{id:"67100",title:"Effect of Spray-Drying and Electrospraying as Drying Techniques on Lysozyme Characterisation",slug:"effect-of-spray-drying-and-electrospraying-as-drying-techniques-on-lysozyme-characterisation",totalDownloads:1062,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"136133",title:"Dr.",name:"Amal Ali",surname:"Elkordy",slug:"amal-ali-elkordy",fullName:"Amal Ali Elkordy"},{id:"291117",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ijeoma",surname:"Abraham",slug:"ijeoma-abraham",fullName:"Ijeoma Abraham"},{id:"299419",title:"Dr.",name:"Eman Ali",surname:"Elkordy",slug:"eman-ali-elkordy",fullName:"Eman Ali Elkordy"},{id:"299420",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",surname:"Haj Ahmad",slug:"rita-haj-ahmad",fullName:"Rita Haj Ahmad"},{id:"299421",title:"Prof.",name:"Zeeshan",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"zeeshan-ahmad",fullName:"Zeeshan Ahmad"}]},{id:"66665",title:"Using the iESP Installed on the Space Station Moving in an Irregular Gravitational Field of the Asteroids Eros and Gaspra",slug:"using-the-iesp-installed-on-the-space-station-moving-in-an-irregular-gravitational-field-of-the-aste",totalDownloads:908,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"287645",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",surname:"Starinova",slug:"olga-starinova",fullName:"Olga Starinova"},{id:"288983",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Shornikov",slug:"andrey-shornikov",fullName:"Andrey Shornikov"},{id:"288985",title:"Mrs.",name:"Elizaveta",surname:"Nikolaeva",slug:"elizaveta-nikolaeva",fullName:"Elizaveta Nikolaeva"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"225753",firstName:"Marina",lastName:"Dusevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225753/images/7224_n.png",email:"marina.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5429",title:"Electrospinning",subtitle:"Material, Techniques, and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ce8f54e9951bc68943c45e2b1622f02d",slug:"electrospinning-material-techniques-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5429.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6241",title:"Hydrogels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b3a944044e8aecbba3bd88fba1bef0b1",slug:"hydrogels",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6241.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10259",title:"Energy Storage Battery Systems",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79ba911ac0fe448019d286a56e8b96c4",slug:"energy-storage-battery-systems-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider, Mehdi Khodaei and Liang Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10259.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10412",title:"Transition Metal Compounds",subtitle:"Synthesis, Properties, and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd7287b801dc0ac77e01f66842dc1d99",slug:"transition-metal-compounds-synthesis-properties-and-application",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10412.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"397",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:"Production, Properties and Functional Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"934fe33b73b2ecba961c67d5a90021ec",slug:"nanofibers-production-properties-and-functional-applications",bookSignature:"Tong Lin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/397.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49937",title:"Dr.",name:"Tong",surname:"Lin",slug:"tong-lin",fullName:"Tong Lin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1045",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"65d477e855685ea85913e5aba0c5217e",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",bookSignature:"John Cuppoletti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1045.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49991",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Cuppoletti",slug:"john-cuppoletti",fullName:"John Cuppoletti"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3200",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"97487143b896780afaf08cfd67cd1eec",slug:"nanofibers",bookSignature:"Ashok Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3200.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7718",title:"Professor",name:"Ashok",surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashok-kumar",fullName:"Ashok Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"191",title:"Advances in Nanocomposite Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dc3407e602cdd348af663727baebe3d",slug:"advances-in-nanocomposite-technology",bookSignature:"Abbass Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3077",title:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38dd4fb088a27b2552bf3d371e8c2872",slug:"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites",bookSignature:"Satoru Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3077.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30519",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoru",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"satoru-suzuki",fullName:"Satoru Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"34569",title:"Mid-Infrared Surface-Emitting Two Dimensional Photonic Crystal Semiconductor Lasers",doi:"10.5772/33634",slug:"mid-infrared-surface-emitting-two-dimensional-photonic-crystal-semiconductor-lasers",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34569.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34569",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34569",totalDownloads:2488,totalViews:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:14,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 21st 2011",dateReviewed:"September 12th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 30th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/34569",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/34569",book:{id:"2244",slug:"photonic-crystals-innovative-systems-lasers-and-waveguides"},signatures:"Binbin Weng and Zhisheng Shi",authors:[{id:"96449",title:"Dr.",name:"Binbin",middleName:null,surname:"Weng",fullName:"Binbin Weng",slug:"binbin-weng",email:"binbinweng@ou.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Oklahoma",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"128609",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",fullName:"Zhisheng Shi",slug:"zhisheng-shi",email:"shi@ou.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2244",type:"book",title:"Photonic Crystals",subtitle:"Innovative Systems, Lasers and Waveguides",fullTitle:"Photonic Crystals - Innovative Systems, Lasers and Waveguides",slug:"photonic-crystals-innovative-systems-lasers-and-waveguides",publishedDate:"March 30th 2012",bookSignature:"Alessandro Massaro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2244.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0416-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4988-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:36,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"89960",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Massaro",slug:"alessandro-massaro",fullName:"Alessandro Massaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1226"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"34565",type:"chapter",title:"Angular-Resolved Optical Characteristics and Threshold Gain Analysis of GaN-Based 2-D Photonics Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers",slug:"angular-resolved-optical-characteristics-and-threshold-gain-analysis-of-gan-based-2-d-photonics-crys",totalDownloads:2269,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shih-Wei Chen, Tien-Chang Lu, Ting-Chun Liu, Peng-Hsiang Weng, Hao-Chung Kuo and Shing-Chung Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"90212",title:"Dr.",name:"Shih-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Shih-Wei Chen",slug:"shih-wei-chen"},{id:"99944",title:"Prof.",name:"Tien-Chang",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Tien-Chang Lu",slug:"tien-chang-lu"},{id:"99945",title:"Prof.",name:"Hao-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",fullName:"Hao-Chung Kuo",slug:"hao-chung-kuo"},{id:"99946",title:"Prof.",name:"Shing-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Shing-Chung Wang",slug:"shing-chung-wang"},{id:"99952",title:"Ms.",name:"Ting-Chun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Ting-Chun Liu",slug:"ting-chun-liu"},{id:"100300",title:"Mr.",name:"Peng-Hsiang",middleName:null,surname:"Weng",fullName:"Peng-Hsiang Weng",slug:"peng-hsiang-weng"}]},{id:"34566",type:"chapter",title:"980nm Photonic Microcavity Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser",slug:"980nm-photonic-microcavity-vertical-cavity-surface-emitting-laser",totalDownloads:2328,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yongqiang Ning and Guangyu Liu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111124",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Ning",fullName:"Yongqiang Ning",slug:"yongqiang-ning"}]},{id:"34567",type:"chapter",title:"Dynamic All Optical Slow Light Tunability by Using Nonlinear One Dimensional Coupled Cavity Waveguides",slug:"dynamic-all-optical-slow-light-tunability-by-using-nonlinear-one-dimensional-coupled-cavity-waveguid",totalDownloads:2155,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alireza Bananej, S. Morteza Zahedi, S. M. Hamidi, Amir Hassanpour and S. Amiri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92173",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",middleName:null,surname:"Bananej",fullName:"Alireza Bananej",slug:"alireza-bananej"}]},{id:"34568",type:"chapter",title:"The Optical Transmission of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Containing Double-Negative Materials",slug:"the-optical-transmission-of-one-dimensional-photonic-crystals-containing-double-negative-materials",totalDownloads:3561,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Petcu Andreea Cristina",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"90601",title:"Mrs.",name:"Andreea",middleName:null,surname:"Mangra (Petcu)",fullName:"Andreea Mangra (Petcu)",slug:"andreea-mangra-(petcu)"}]},{id:"34569",type:"chapter",title:"Mid-Infrared Surface-Emitting Two Dimensional Photonic Crystal Semiconductor Lasers",slug:"mid-infrared-surface-emitting-two-dimensional-photonic-crystal-semiconductor-lasers",totalDownloads:2488,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Binbin Weng and Zhisheng Shi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"96449",title:"Dr.",name:"Binbin",middleName:null,surname:"Weng",fullName:"Binbin Weng",slug:"binbin-weng"},{id:"128609",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",fullName:"Zhisheng Shi",slug:"zhisheng-shi"}]},{id:"34570",type:"chapter",title:"A Novel Compact Photonic Crystal Fibre Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for an Aqueous Environment",slug:"a-novel-compact-photonic-crystal-fibre-surface-plasmon-resonance-biosensor-for-an-aqueous-environmen",totalDownloads:2412,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Emmanuel K. Akowuah, Terry Gorman, Huseyin Ademgil, Shyqyri Haxha, Gary Robinson and Jenny Oliver",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"102694",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Akowuah",fullName:"Emmanuel Akowuah",slug:"emmanuel-akowuah"},{id:"102695",title:"Dr.",name:"Terry",middleName:null,surname:"Gorman",fullName:"Terry Gorman",slug:"terry-gorman"},{id:"102696",title:"Dr.",name:"Huseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Ademgil",fullName:"Huseyin Ademgil",slug:"huseyin-ademgil"},{id:"102698",title:"Dr.",name:"Shyqyri",middleName:null,surname:"Haxha",fullName:"Shyqyri Haxha",slug:"shyqyri-haxha"},{id:"102699",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Robinson",fullName:"Gary Robinson",slug:"gary-robinson"},{id:"102702",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenny",middleName:null,surname:"Oliver",fullName:"Jenny Oliver",slug:"jenny-oliver"}]},{id:"34571",type:"chapter",title:"On the Applicability of Photonic Crystal Membranes to Multi-Channel Propagation",slug:"on-the-applicability-of-photonic-crystal-membranes-to-multi-channel-propagation",totalDownloads:1634,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bartłomiej Salski, Kamila Leśniewska-Matys and Paweł Szczepański",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99437",title:"Dr",name:"Bartlomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Salski",fullName:"Bartlomiej Salski",slug:"bartlomiej-salski"},{id:"101282",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamila",middleName:null,surname:"Lesniewska-Matys",fullName:"Kamila Lesniewska-Matys",slug:"kamila-lesniewska-matys"},{id:"101284",title:"Prof.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Szczepanski",fullName:"Pawel Szczepanski",slug:"pawel-szczepanski"}]},{id:"34572",type:"chapter",title:"Employing Optical Nonlinearity in Photonic Crystals: A Step Towards All-Optical Logic Gates",slug:"employing-optical-nonlinearity-in-photonic-crystals-a-step-towards-all-optical-logic-gates",totalDownloads:2859,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohammad Danaie and Hassan Kaatuzian",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43312",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Kaatuzian",fullName:"Hassan Kaatuzian",slug:"hassan-kaatuzian"},{id:"93053",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Danaie",fullName:"Mohammad Danaie",slug:"mohammad-danaie"}]},{id:"34573",type:"chapter",title:"Thin Chalcogenide Films for Photonic Applications",slug:"thin-chalcogenide-films-for-photonic-applications",totalDownloads:2931,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Rossen Todorov, Jordanka Tasseva and Tsvetanka Babeva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"90330",title:"Dr.",name:"Rossen",middleName:"Nikolaev",surname:"Todorov",fullName:"Rossen Todorov",slug:"rossen-todorov"},{id:"101452",title:"Dr.",name:"Jordanka",middleName:null,surname:"Tasseva",fullName:"Jordanka Tasseva",slug:"jordanka-tasseva"},{id:"101460",title:"Dr.",name:"Tzwetanka",middleName:null,surname:"Babeva",fullName:"Tzwetanka Babeva",slug:"tzwetanka-babeva"}]},{id:"34574",type:"chapter",title:"Ultra-Broadband Time-Resolved Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Microscopy with Photonic Crystal Fiber Generated Supercontinuum",slug:"ultra-broadband-time-resolved-coherent-anti-stokes-raman-scattering-spectroscopy-and-microscopy-with",totalDownloads:2410,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hanben Niu and Jun Yin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"101832",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanben",middleName:null,surname:"Niu",fullName:"Hanben Niu",slug:"hanben-niu"},{id:"101961",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Yin",fullName:"Jun Yin",slug:"jun-yin"}]},{id:"34575",type:"chapter",title:"Photonic Crystal Coupled to N-V Center in Diamond",slug:"photonic-crystal-coupled-to-n-v-center-in-diamond",totalDownloads:3149,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luca Marseglia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"90472",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Marseglia",fullName:"Luca Marseglia",slug:"luca-marseglia"}]},{id:"34576",type:"chapter",title:"Label-Free Biosensing Using Photonic Crystal Waveguides",slug:"label-free-biosensing-using-photonic-crystal-waveguides",totalDownloads:2682,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jaime García-Rupérez, Veronica Toccafondo and Javier García Castelló",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"93287",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"García-Rupérez",fullName:"Jaime García-Rupérez",slug:"jaime-garcia-ruperez"},{id:"105521",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Toccafondo",fullName:"Veronica Toccafondo",slug:"veronica-toccafondo"},{id:"105522",title:"MSc.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"García Castelló",fullName:"Javier García Castelló",slug:"javier-garcia-castello"}]},{id:"34577",type:"chapter",title:"Photonic Crystals for Plasmonics: From Fundamentals to Superhydrophobic Devices",slug:"photonic-crystals-for-plasmonics",totalDownloads:5464,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Remo Proietti Zaccaria, Anisha Gopalakrishnan, Gobind Das, Francesco Gentile, Ali Haddadpour, Andrea Toma, Francesco De Angelis, Carlo Liberale, Federico Mecarini, Luca Razzari, Andrea Giugni, Roman Krahne and Enzo Di Fabrizio",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"93319",title:"Dr.",name:"Remo",middleName:null,surname:"Proietti Zaccaria",fullName:"Remo Proietti Zaccaria",slug:"remo-proietti-zaccaria"},{id:"95838",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Toma",fullName:"Andrea Toma",slug:"andrea-toma"},{id:"95840",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Razzari",fullName:"Luca Razzari",slug:"luca-razzari"},{id:"95842",title:"Dr.",name:"Gobind",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Gobind Das",slug:"gobind-das"},{id:"95843",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"De Angelis",fullName:"Francesco De Angelis",slug:"francesco-de-angelis"},{id:"95844",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Liberale",fullName:"Carlo Liberale",slug:"carlo-liberale"},{id:"95845",title:"Prof.",name:"Enzo",middleName:null,surname:"Di Fabrizio",fullName:"Enzo Di Fabrizio",slug:"enzo-di-fabrizio"},{id:"101478",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Gentile",fullName:"Francesco Gentile",slug:"francesco-gentile"},{id:"101481",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Haddadpour",fullName:"Ali Haddadpour",slug:"ali-haddadpour"},{id:"102512",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Krahne",fullName:"Roman Krahne",slug:"roman-krahne"},{id:"128184",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Giugni",fullName:"Andrea Giugni",slug:"andrea-giugni"}]},{id:"34578",type:"chapter",title:"Plasma Photonic Crystal",slug:"plasma-photonic-crystal",totalDownloads:3320,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Rajneesh Kumar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"90189",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajneesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Rajneesh Kumar",slug:"rajneesh-kumar"}]},{id:"34579",type:"chapter",title:"Photonic Crystal for Polarization Rotation",slug:"polarization-behavior-of-photonic-crystal-slabs",totalDownloads:2560,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bayat and Baroughi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92300",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadijeh",middleName:null,surname:"Bayat",fullName:"Khadijeh Bayat",slug:"khadijeh-bayat"}]},{id:"35415",type:"chapter",title:'Negative Index Photonic Crystals Superlattices and Zero Phase Delay Lines"',slug:"negative-index-photonic-crystals-superlattices-and-zero-phase-delay-lines",totalDownloads:1370,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"S. Kocaman, C. W. Wong, M. S. Aras, P. Hsieh, J. F. McMillan, C. G. Biris, N. C. Panoiu, M. B. Yu, D. L. Kwong, and A. Stein",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"122195",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wong",fullName:"Chee Wei Wong",slug:"chee-wei-wong"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1503",title:"Photonic Crystals",subtitle:"Introduction, Applications and Theory",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0a8d7b891f71e1ebc405cb2b3b0ee381",slug:"photonic-crystals-introduction-applications-and-theory",bookSignature:"Alessandro Massaro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1503.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89960",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Massaro",slug:"alessandro-massaro",fullName:"Alessandro Massaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"34165",title:"How Nature Produces Blue Color",slug:"how-nature-produces-blue-colors",signatures:"Priscilla Simonis and Serge Berthier",authors:[{id:"91416",title:"Dr.",name:"Priscilla",middleName:null,surname:"Simonis",fullName:"Priscilla Simonis",slug:"priscilla-simonis"},{id:"138545",title:"Prof.",name:"Serge",middleName:null,surname:"Berthier",fullName:"Serge Berthier",slug:"serge-berthier"}]},{id:"34166",title:"Basics of the Photonic Crystal Gratings",slug:"basics-of-the-photonic-crystal-gratings",signatures:"Andriy E. Serebryannikov",authors:[{id:"101210",title:"Dr.",name:"Andriy",middleName:null,surname:"Serebryannikov",fullName:"Andriy Serebryannikov",slug:"andriy-serebryannikov"}]},{id:"34167",title:"Resonant Guided Wave Networks",slug:"resonant-guided-wave-networks",signatures:"Eyal Feigenbaum, Stanley P. Burgos and Harry A. Atwater",authors:[{id:"100579",title:"Dr.",name:"Eyal",middleName:null,surname:"Feigenbaum",fullName:"Eyal Feigenbaum",slug:"eyal-feigenbaum"},{id:"100582",title:"Prof.",name:"Harry",middleName:null,surname:"Atwater",fullName:"Harry Atwater",slug:"harry-atwater"},{id:"128827",title:"Mr.",name:"Stanley",middleName:null,surname:"Burgos",fullName:"Stanley Burgos",slug:"stanley-burgos"}]},{id:"34168",title:"Optical Logic Devices Based on Photonic Crystal",slug:"optical-logic-devices-based-on-photonic-crystal",signatures:"Kabilan Arunachalam and Susan Christina Xavier",authors:[{id:"98406",title:"Prof.",name:"Arunachalam",middleName:null,surname:"Kabilan",fullName:"Arunachalam Kabilan",slug:"arunachalam-kabilan"},{id:"101398",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Xavier",fullName:"Susan Christina Xavier",slug:"susan-christina-xavier"}]},{id:"34169",title:"MEMS Based Deep 1D Photonic Crystal",slug:"mems-based-deep-1d-photonic-crystal",signatures:"Maurine Malak and Tarik Bourouina",authors:[{id:"94162",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurine",middleName:null,surname:"Malak",fullName:"Maurine Malak",slug:"maurine-malak"},{id:"98911",title:"Prof.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Bourouina",fullName:"Tarik Bourouina",slug:"tarik-bourouina"}]},{id:"34170",title:"Photonic Crystal Waveguides and Bio-Sensors",slug:"photonic-crystal-waveguides-and-bio-sensors",signatures:"Alessandro Massaro",authors:[{id:"89960",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Massaro",fullName:"Alessandro Massaro",slug:"alessandro-massaro"}]},{id:"34171",title:"EIT-Based Photonic Crystals and Photonic Logic Gate Design",slug:"eit-based-photonic-crystals-and-photonic-logic-gate-design",signatures:"Teh-Chau Liau, Jin-Jei Wu, Jian Qi Shen and Tzong-Jer Yang",authors:[{id:"97646",title:"Dr.",name:"Teh-Chau",middleName:null,surname:"Liau",fullName:"Teh-Chau Liau",slug:"teh-chau-liau"},{id:"101277",title:"Prof.",name:"Jin-Jei",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Jin-Jei Wu",slug:"jin-jei-wu"},{id:"101279",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian Qi",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",fullName:"Jian Qi Shen",slug:"jian-qi-shen"},{id:"102324",title:"Dr.",name:"Tzong-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Tzong-Jer Yang",slug:"tzong-jer-yang"}]},{id:"34172",title:"Photonic Crystal Fibre Interferometer for Humidity Sensing",slug:"photonic-crystal-fiber-interferometer-for-humidity-sensing",signatures:"Jinesh Mathew, Yuliya Semenova and Gerald Farrell",authors:[{id:"91025",title:"Mr.",name:"Jinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Mathew",fullName:"Jinesh Mathew",slug:"jinesh-mathew"},{id:"100876",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuliya",middleName:null,surname:"Semenova",fullName:"Yuliya Semenova",slug:"yuliya-semenova"},{id:"100879",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerald",middleName:null,surname:"Farrell",fullName:"Gerald Farrell",slug:"gerald-farrell"}]},{id:"34173",title:"Arc Fusion Splicing of Photonic Crystal Fibres",slug:"arc-fusion-splicing-of-photonic-crystal-fibers",signatures:"Krzysztof Borzycki and Kay Schuster",authors:[{id:"103617",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Borzycki",fullName:"Krzysztof Borzycki",slug:"krzysztof-borzycki"},{id:"128575",title:"Dr.",name:"Kay",middleName:null,surname:"Schuster",fullName:"Kay Schuster",slug:"kay-schuster"}]},{id:"34174",title:"Optical Solitons from a Photonic Crystal Fiber and Their Applications",slug:"optical-solitons-from-a-photonic-crystal-fiber-and-their-applications",signatures:"Naoki Karasawa and Kazuhiro Tada",authors:[{id:"96682",title:"Prof.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Karasawa",fullName:"Naoki Karasawa",slug:"naoki-karasawa"},{id:"128503",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Tada",fullName:"Kazuhiro Tada",slug:"kazuhiro-tada"}]},{id:"34175",title:"Long-Period Gratings Based on Photonics Crystal Fibers and Their Applications",slug:"long-period-gratings-based-on-photonics-crystal-fibers-and-applications",signatures:"Chun-Liu Zhao",authors:[{id:"93751",title:"Prof.",name:"Chun-Liu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Chun-Liu Zhao",slug:"chun-liu-zhao"}]},{id:"34176",title:"Multi-Wavelength Photonic Crystal Fiber Laser",slug:"multi-wavelength-photonic-crystal-fiber-laser",signatures:"S. Shahi, M. R. A. Moghaddam and S. W. Harun",authors:[{id:"93270",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharifeh",middleName:null,surname:"Shahi",fullName:"Sharifeh Shahi",slug:"sharifeh-shahi"}]},{id:"34177",title:"Overview of Computational Methods for Photonic Crystals",slug:"overview-of-computational-methods-for-photonic-crystals",signatures:"Laurent Oyhenart and Valérie Vignéras",authors:[{id:"98541",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Oyhenart",fullName:"Laurent Oyhenart",slug:"laurent-oyhenart"},{id:"131105",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Vigneras",fullName:"Valerie Vigneras",slug:"valerie-vigneras"}]},{id:"34178",title:"Coupled Mode Theory of Photonic Crystal Lasers",slug:"coupled-mode-theory-of-photonic-crystal-lasers-",signatures:"Marcin Koba and Pawel Szczepanski",authors:[{id:"94488",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Koba",fullName:"Marcin Koba",slug:"marcin-koba"},{id:"101453",title:"Prof.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Szczepanski",fullName:"Pawel Szczepanski",slug:"pawel-szczepanski"}]},{id:"34179",title:"Fourier Factorization in the Plane Wave Expansion Method in Modeling Photonic Crystals",slug:"fourier-factorization-in-the-plane-wave-expansion-method-in-modeling-photonic-crystals",signatures:"Roman Antos and Martin Veis",authors:[{id:"101200",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Antos",fullName:"Roman Antos",slug:"roman-antos"},{id:"101214",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Veis",fullName:"Martin Veis",slug:"martin-veis"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1533",title:"Nd YAG Laser",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db0c2af1b51a92668c5ab54719f12745",slug:"nd-yag-laser",bookSignature:"Dan C. Dumitras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1533.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114118",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan C.",surname:"Dumitras",slug:"dan-c.-dumitras",fullName:"Dan C. Dumitras"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1537",title:"Solid State Laser",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d1bd2eb05971cc7dd6487b76b2df1279",slug:"solid-state-laser",bookSignature:"Amin H. Al-Khursan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1537.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99105",title:"Prof.",name:"Amin",surname:"Al-Khursan",slug:"amin-al-khursan",fullName:"Amin Al-Khursan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1568",title:"Photodetectors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92efb7e38a0edd4d28c7dbb530b14212",slug:"photodetectors",bookSignature:"Sanka Gateva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1568.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103718",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanka",surname:"Gateva",slug:"sanka-gateva",fullName:"Sanka Gateva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1611",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1996056f2eafba51ac41d52290731f92",slug:"nonlinear-optics",bookSignature:"Natalia Kamanina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1611.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28159",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Kamanina",slug:"natalia-kamanina",fullName:"Natalia Kamanina"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1612",title:"Recent Interferometry Applications in Topography and Astronomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dce41f98bb81e7d2e49a3c9ddda734ff",slug:"recent-interferometry-applications-in-topography-and-astronomy",bookSignature:"Ivan Padron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1612.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105600",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Padron",slug:"ivan-padron",fullName:"Ivan Padron"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2244",title:"Photonic Crystals",subtitle:"Innovative Systems, Lasers and Waveguides",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4b76d54a6aa8ed0a8b5a798f280e48d5",slug:"photonic-crystals-innovative-systems-lasers-and-waveguides",bookSignature:"Alessandro Massaro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2244.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89960",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Massaro",slug:"alessandro-massaro",fullName:"Alessandro Massaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7515",title:"Photonic Crystals",subtitle:"A Glimpse of the Current Research Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1dcab6021cb88bdb66e9588e2fc24d19",slug:"photonic-crystals-a-glimpse-of-the-current-research-trends",bookSignature:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"205744",title:"Dr.",name:"Pankaj",surname:"Kumar Choudhury",slug:"pankaj-kumar-choudhury",fullName:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81298",title:"Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103798",slug:"roles-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-cancer-metastasis",body:'
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are traditionally classified into three types: exosomes (Exo), microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic vesicles. Several theories exist on how tumor cells alter their neighboring cells and matrix ultimately changing their behavior into an invasive one. This typically would involve the transport of materials from tumor cells to their adjacent surroundings. These materials include a wide range of soluble cytokines, RNA species, enzymes, and proteins. Most of which are carried in nano-sized carriers such as EVs. EVs are classified according to their size and the mechanism of genesis. The first class of EVs known as MVs or when secreted from cancer cells, are called oncosomes [1]. MVs formation is originated by the outward budding of the cell surface at specific regions along the plasma membrane enriched with high concentrations of lipids, such as cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, and proteins such as Flotillin-1 and 2 [2]. Exo represent the second major class of EVs [3]. They are formed when multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in the endo-lysosomal pathway accumulate intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that consist of proteins and nucleic acids. Exo are smaller in size and range from 30 to 50 nm.
EVs can function in an autocrine, paracrine, and even endocrine fashion, and were shown to impact various cancer cell phenotypes, increasing their cell growth and promoting metastasis [4]. This secretome is released into the microenvironment and acts as cell-cell communicators. Tumor derived Exo (TDE) has appeared as imperative facilitators in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, host immune suppression, and drug resistance [5]. TDE typically consists of high sphingolipids and cholesterol contents that contain major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, heat shock proteins, and tetraspanin (CD63, CD81, and CD9). Additionally, tumor antigens such as Mart1, gp100, TRP, and Her2-neu have been discovered in TDE [5]. TDE also contains surface and soluble proteins and RNA species such as mRNAs and miRNAs. mRNAs conveyed in EVs result in proteins synthesis in target cells, while miRNAs alter their gene expression [6]. The
Tumor development is a multistep process that starts by cellular reprogramming of cells to acquire the hallmarks of cancer cells to gain and maintain abnormal growth and invasive capacity [8]. The complex process of tumor formation and spreading additionally requires a rewiring of the surrounding stromal cells. This can be induced by intrinsic cell events such as genetic or epigenetic aberrations or by external factors from direct or indirect cell communication [9]. In cancer, EVs especially Exo, have been shown to be essential for various steps during tumor initiation and progression. EVs disrupt signaling and gene expression regulation in the recipient cell by horizontally transferring bioactive chemicals between cancer cells and the surrounding stroma. As a result, malignant cells can change the phenotype of surrounding benign cells to one that supports tumor growth and metastasis, creating a favorable environment for cancer progression and spread. EVs play several roles in priming the surrounding environment preparing it for metastasis and invasion. The role of EVs in promoting tumor progression has been elucidated in studies on mixed populations of EVs. The function of EVs largely depends on their bioactive cargo, in particular the shuttling of tumor-specific proteins to the surrounding cells. While researchers have mainly studied the RNA content of EVs, however, the focus is starting to shift towards the EVs proteome [10].
The protein content of MVs within mixed populations of EVs was discovered to be significantly diverse from that of the Exo proteome, and is supplemented in proteins involved in microtubule, actin, and cytoskeleton networks, ARF6, its effector phospholipase D2, and parts of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport family (ESCRT-I) [11] By transporting these molecules, MVs can impact nearby tumor cells and stromal cells.
One example in which MVs shed by the cancer cells were shown to enhance tumor cell proliferation is in multiple myeloma. This effect was shown to be related to the amelioration of the Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer (EMMPRIN/CD147) on the tumor MVs. This protein is known to be overexpressed in solid tumors, some lymphomas, and leukemias [12]. Another study in breast cancer cells found that the highly glycosylated version of EMMPRIN exists in high quantities in breast cancer cell-derived MVs and enhances tumor invasion through activation of p38/MAPK signaling [11]. Interestingly, it was found that MVs from patient Blood with metastatic breast cancer had a similar high-EMMPRIN expression, along with the tumor marker Mucin-1 (MUC1/CA 15-3) [11]. Additionally, the truncated oncogenic form of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), EGFRvIII, commonly expressed in aggressive brain tumor cells, is associated with pro-tumorigenic tumor–tumor crosstalk via MVs. It was discovered that EGFRvIII was present in MVs released by U373 glioma cells, allowing them to transfer malignant features from highly aggressive tumor cells to the more benign tumor cells, EGFRvIII-negative, thereby facilitating their oncogenic transformation [11]. Hence, MVs are convenient communicators within the TME, as they can either mediate the horizontal transfer of oncogenic material or activate oncogenic signaling pathways in neighboring cancer cells, enhancing their survival, proliferative, and angiogenic potential and triggering their transformation into an aggressive phenotype.
Alongside the tumor–tumor communication, MVs were proven to facilitate the crosstalk between the tumor and its surrounding stroma and immune cells which ultimately leads to cancer immune evasion. In breast cancer cells, the secretion of both tumor MV and TDE induced the expression of Wnt5a in tumor-associated macrophages. Macrophage Wnt5a promoted ß-catenin-independent Wnt signaling in breast cancer cells when delivered by macrophage-derived MVs and Exo, resulting in enhanced tumor invasion. This shows how EV-based cell-cell communication can drive tumor-associated immune cells to stimulate tumor growth [11]. MVs-enriched preparations induced the differentiation of monocytes producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. In line with this, early stimulation with tumor MV triggered macrophage polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype with decreased anti-tumor cytotoxic potential. Additionally, as T cells represent the first line of the immune defense, tumor cells appear to suppress T cell activity and diminish antitumoral immune response via MVs-mediated cell-cell communication. For instance, leukemia-derived MVs deliver miRNAs to T cells, which alters T cell phenotype [13] (Figure 1). Moreover, MVs released by irradiated breast cancer cells were shown to carry abundant immune-suppressive proteins, such as programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) which inhibited cytotoxic T cell activity and enabled tumor growth (Figure 1)[14].
Exosome PD-L1 (similar to tumor PD-L1) can bind to PD-1 on T cells, induce T cell apoptosis, and inhibit T cell activation and proliferation [
TDEs, through their miRNAs proteins, DNAs, mRNAs lncRNAs, initiate the transformation of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells. This transformation was due to the loss of epithelial E-cadherin expression, cell-cell adhesion and cell polarity, and gaining of vimentin expression [16].
The complex and heterogeneous microenvironment of both primary or metastatic tumor is comprised of a network of cellular and acellular constituents. The cellular compartment consists of tumor cells and assorted non-transformed cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), macrophages, and endothelial cells. The non-cellular part is formed by secreted factors and components of the ECM. The tumor microenvironment modulates tumor progression by providing inhibitory or stimulatory growth signals [17]. Thus pre-metastatic niche refers to the microenvironment, that is primed to allow tumor cells to colonize in and disseminate to distant sites. The main machineries of the premetastatic niche formation include tumor-derived secreted factors (TDSFs), EVs bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), suppressive immune cells and host stromal cells [4], and inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a driving force for tumor development and metastasis. Thus, the local inflammatory microenvironment is one of the essential factors for the pre-metastatic niche formation and driving force for metastasis.
Tumor development and metastasis are aided by chronic inflammation. As a result, one of the most important variables in the establishment of a pre-metastatic niche is the local inflammatory microenvironment. Tumor cells can be induced to create TDSFs such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and interleukin-2 by the local inflammatory microenvironment. These TDSFs then exert a paracrine effect on myeloid cells, initiating their migration to potential pre-metastatic niche formation sites [18]. Host stromal cells in the pre-metastatic niche may upregulate the expression of inflammatory factors in response to TDSF activation. The recruitment of BMDCs or immune cells to the pre-metastatic niche speeds up the release of inflammatory factors. Exo from tumors also transport inflammatory substances into the bloodstream, where they reach the pre-metastatic niche. In the pre-metastatic niche, an inflammatory milieu supportive to tumors is eventually generated [18].
In a study conducted by Hoshino, he showed that the proinflammatory cytokine s100 was upregulated up to four folds when Kupffer cells were treated with integrin intact Exo, as compared to those treated with integrin knocked out Exo. Hoshino speculated that the activation of Src, and its phosphorylation might be a causative pathway [19].
TDE and MV were also shown to modify fibroblasts in the tumor stroma. When normal human fibroblasts were exposed to oral squamous carcinoma derived MV [20] the fibroblasts were altered into a cancer phenotype. This switch to CAFs was largely mediated via metabolic reprogramming of the fibroblasts to aerobic glycolysis, with an increase in glucose uptake and lactate secretion. Some TDEs contain surface TGF-β along with betaglycan, which could trigger SMAD-dependent signaling and regulate the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts [21]. This was further proved by co-culturing the generated CAF with cancer cells which led to enhanced cancer cell invasion and migration, creating a bidirectional cross-talk that favors tumor promotion and spread. The MVs-induced fibroblast activation and spreading seem to occur in the matrix milieu in the tumor periphery [22]. In prostate cancer, TDE were shown to induce the expression of RANKL and Metalloproteinases in CAFs, through miR-100, -21, and -139, further promoting its metastasis [23]. Hypoxia seems to stimulate prostate cancer cells to release protein-rich Exo which further induces activation of CAFs [24], promotes epithethelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness, and angiogenesis by prostate cancer cells.
Additionally, TDE were also described as regulators of metabolism in the tumor microenvironment, for example, breast cancer tumors could suppress glucose uptake by lung fibroblasts, via secretion of Exo containing miR-122, increasing glucose availability and facilitating metastasis [25]. The cell-to-cell communication mediated by Exo is also affected by the genetic profile of the recipient fibroblasts. For example, fibroblasts lacking the BRCA1, a tumor suppressor gene, internalize larger amounts of serum-derived Exo when compared to BRCA1 containing fibroblasts [26]. Furthermore, these cells were found to undergo a malignant transformation when exposed to Exo derived from sera of cancer patients, implying that oncosuppressor genes can prevent exosome information from tumor cells from being integrated and thus shelter these cells from their pro-oncogenic signals [26].
Tumor MVs extravasate through the vessel wall in pancreatic cancer, reach the liver microcirculation and are picked up by perivascular macrophages to prime the liver metastatic niche in a CD36-dependent manner. Furthermore, tumor MVs produced from the B16F10 melanoma cell line was discovered to cause metastases in BALB/c mice, which are generally resistant to the B1610 tumor cell line [27]. TDEs also protect cancer cells from apoptosis by selectively effluxing apoptosis inducer proteins that are delivered by T cells or natural killer (NK) cells. TDEs also reduce the effects of therapy by preventing drug efflux or concealing the binding site of monoclonal antibodies, which could lead to the emergence of chemotherapy-resistant cell populations [28].
Exosome-derived programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 have been linked to an immunological escape mechanism in recent years. PD-1 is mostly found on macrophages, activated T cells, and B cells, whereas PD-L1 is abundant in tumor tissues, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and stromal cells [29]. T lymphocytes can recognize and destroy tumor cells in normal circumstances. When PD-1 attaches to PD-L1, however, it sends an inhibitory signal to T cells, causing them to die and inhibiting their activation and proliferation. As a result, blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may boost the immune response by increasing the killing effect of T cells [30]. T lymphocytes can recognize and destroy tumor cells in normal circumstances. When PD-1 attaches to PD-L1, however, it sends an inhibitory signal to T cells, causing them to die and inhibiting their activation and proliferation (Figure 1). As a result, blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may boost the immune response by increasing the killing effect of T cells. As a result, Exo containing PD-L1 suppress the immune system in the pre-metastatic milieu and promote the establishment of a pre-metastatic niche [31].
Angiogenesis within the primary tumor is also influenced by tumor MVs and TDE. Normal endothelial cells (ECs) were shown to endocytose tumor EVs, which triggered PI3K/Akt signaling and increased EC motility and tube formation ability [32]. Tumor MVs and TDE also release VEGF, a pro-angiogenic substance that stimulates ECs [33]. Similarly, MVs produced from multiple myeloma cells have been demonstrated to transfer CD138, a myeloma cell marker, to ECs, promoting their proliferation, invasion, and production of the angiogenic mediators IL-6 and VEGF, resulting in tube formation [50] (Figure 2). MVs change the environment around the main tumor and create pre-metastatic niches from afar. This was originally attributed to their procoagulant activity, which encouraged the production of microthrombi and facilitated the extravasation of trapped circulating tumor cells. ECs are important components of the tumor microenvironment because they provide a pathway for nutrients and trophic substances [34].
Possible mechanisms of pre-metastatic niche formation. The figure delineates how TDEs can modulate its surroundings of ECM, cancer-CAFs, immune cells, ECs, and MSCs all in favor of tumor support and progression. TDE can carry integrins to distant sites and create a pre-metastatic niche.
TDE enriched in vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 has been demonstrated to regulate the process of neovascularization in myeloid leukemia [35]. Furthermore, enhanced vascularization has been linked to the packaging of miR-92a in Exo derived from leukemia[36] and CO-029/D6.1A Tetraspanin in Exo produced from pancreatic cancer [37]. Upregulation of Heparanase in tumor cells, such as myeloma and breast malignancies, has also been linked to increased exosome production and exosomal packing of Syndecan-1, VEGF, and hepatocyte growth factor, resulting in enhanced endothelial invasion through the ECM [38]. Exo produced from skin cancer can also enhance angiogenesis by transferring the EGFR [39] and miR-9 to ECs [26]. Furthermore, melanoma-derived Exo have been found to condition sentinel lymph nodes prior to the installation of melanoma cells and subsequent metastasis by upregulating Collagen 18 and Laminin 5, as well as producing angiogenic growth factors [26].
Another significant component in altering tumor-EC communication is hypoxia. Hypoxic glioblastoma cells, for example, release Exo that interact with ECs, promoting proliferation and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo [40], and also prompting tissue factor/Factor VIIa dependent activation of hypoxic ECs [26].
Exo from melanoma cause pulmonary vascular leakiness and upregulate tumor cell recruitment genes such Stabilin 1, Vitronectin, Integrins, and Ephrin receptor b4 in lymph nodes, forming pre-metastatic niches [41]. Furthermore, breast cancer-derived Exo enriched in miR-105 alter the expression of Claudin 5, Zonula Occludens protein 1, and Occludin, which promotes metastasis by disrupting vascular endothelial barriers [42]. Exo produced from brain tumors include miR-181c, which regulates EC actin dynamics and promotes the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier by three times. Protein Kinase-1 Degradation Requires Phosphoinositol [43]. Similarly, glioblastoma cells release Exo with high quantities of VEGF-A, which promote EC permeability and angiogenesis in vitro [44].
TDE can promote pro-tumorigenic microenvironments via promoting tumor-stem/progenitor cell contact, in addition to its well-known actions in differentiated cells. Melanoma-derived Exo, for example, stimulate BMDCs by transferring the oncoprotein MET, resulting in the mobilization of vasculogenic and hematopoietic bone marrow progenitor cells to ensure vascular proliferation and immunosuppression at pre-metastatic niches [45]. Communication between tumor stem/progenitor cells is also critical in bone metastasis. Exo from bone metastatic prostate cancer PC3 cells were found to influence the process of bone metastasis by modulating both osteoclast genesis and osteoblast proliferation. Exo generated from osteoblasts, on the other hand, have been demonstrated to stimulate PC3 prostate cancer cell proliferation [46].
TDE was also demonstrated to influence the development of myeloid precursor cells into myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are known to aid tumor progression by permitting immune escape [47]. Exo produced from breast carcinomas have been found to be taken up by bone marrow cells and to convert these cells\' development pathways toward MDSCs via Prostaglandin E2 and TGF-β, boosting COX2, IL6, VEGF, and Arginase1 accumulation by MDSCs [48].
TDE can also cause alterations in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which help to promote and maintain tumor-promoting inflammatory environments. For example, HSP70+ lung tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) activate NF-kB and cause MSCs to secrete IL-6, IL-8, and MCP1 via TLR2-mediated signaling, causing MSCs to become more inflammatory and tumor supportive [49]. According to De Veirman et al. [50], myeloma-derived Exo transfer miR-146a to mesenchymal cells, stimulating them to secrete numerous cytokines and chemokines including CXCL1, IL6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, and CCL-5 (Figure 2). Another example is Exo produced by KMBC cholangiocarcinoma cells, which cause MSCs to upregulate IL-6, and hence KMBC cell proliferation [51].
One of the proposed mechanisms of tumorigenicity of TDE is the induction of tumor cell proliferation. Studies involving various cancer cells such as, chronic myeloid leukemia and in human gastric cancer, showed that this proliferative potential is via an autocrine induction through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. Additionally, through the transference of lncRNAs (reviewed in [49]).
In addition, glioblastoma-derived Exo were shown to induce proliferation of the human glioma U87 cell line [40] in a mechanism dependent on the chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (CLIC1) [52]. In a more specific context linked to prostate cancer treatment, prostate cancer LNCaP cells grown in the presence of androgens generate Exo high in CD9, which enhance the growth of androgen-depleted LNCaP cells. Another example involves the promotion of in vivo growth of murine melanomas by systemic treatment of mice with melanoma-derived Exo, which accelerated growth and inhibited apoptosis of melanoma tumors in vivo [26].
TDE can alter the migratory behavior of recipient malignant cells. Exo produced from nasopharyngeal cancer-bearing EMT-inducing signals such as TGF-β and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1a) [53], matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Notch1, LMP1 Casein Kinase II and Annexin A2, were shown to enhance the migratory capacity of the tumor recipient cells. Another example involves Exo derived from hypoxic prostate cancer cells, which prompted invasiveness and motility of naïve human prostate cancer cells (reviewed in [26]) through the neighboring stroma and to nearby cells.
Exo have been found to have a role in tumor-tumor communication by transferring chemoresistance. Exo have been linked to the transfer of Docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer since Corcoran and colleagues first discovered it [54]. The transfer of cisplatin resistance in lung cancer is achieved by donor resistant cells producing Exo with low levels of miR-100-5p, which leads to enhanced expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein and chemoresistance in recipient cells [55].
MiRNA packed in Exo from drug-resistant cells can modulate the expression of specific target genes in breast cancer, such as miR-23a targeting Sprouty2, miR-222 targeting PTEN, miR-452 targeting APC4, and miR-24 targeting p27, thereby modulating chemoresistance in recipient cells that integrate these Exo. In fact, exosomal miR-222 plays a key role in this process, as the silencing of miR-221/222 prevents the transmission of resistance [56].
In addition to miRNAs, the transfer of exosomal mRNAs that encode drug-resistant proteins may result in chemoresistance in the receiving cell. GSTP1 exosomal mRNA from Adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cells, for example, confers resistance to previously susceptible cells. The presence of GSTP1 in circulating Exo from patients\' peripheral blood was linked to a worse outcome in breast cancer patients receiving Adriamycin [57]. A supporting stroma is required for an optimum metabolic and physiological environment for tumor growth. Fibroblasts are the most abundant cells in most solid tissues, participating in environmental cue responses and being a common target of tumor-derived signals [58].
Integrins are a wide family of cell adhesion receptor proteins such as alpha3beta1, alpha6beta1, alpha6beta4, and alpha7beta1. Their roles have been implicated in tumor metastasis and mesenchymal transformation. TDE carry these integrins from primary tumor sites to distant sites such as lung, lymph nodes, brain, and bone creating pre-metastatic niches (Figure 2) [59].
TDEs are involved in the advancement of several forms of cancer. Because of their abundance, TDEs may serve as noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic tools for various cancers. Additionally, blocking exosome secretion can slow the growth of some malignancies. Hence, Exo have been a popular target for developing cancer treatment techniques because of this property. Decreasing the expression of the exosomal proteins, Rab27a and Rab27b, inhibit exosome secretion without matching changes in soluble proteins secretions [60]. Several drugs used in the pharmaceutical industry such as Ketoconazole (an anti-fungal) sphingomyelinase (a hydrolase enzyme that is responsible for degrading sphingomyelin) [61], are additionally Rab27a inhibitors. These drugs can be re-directed as cancer modulators for their possible effects on attenuating TDE tumor progressive effects.
Furthermore, TDE owing to its small size, cancer-homing, and nontoxic nature, TDE can be re-directed to serve as a drug delivery system. Exo have been proven in several investigations to act as drug delivery vehicles, transporting anti-cancer chemicals to target cells [62]. For example, adriamycin and paclitaxel, target cancer cells via exosomal encapsulation and have low toxicity and immunogenicity [63].
EVs modulate the environment that favors tumor growth and progression. EVs provide a method of cell-cell communication, and through their rich cargo of ECM proteins, cell adhesion proteins, tyrosine kinases, chaperones, signaling proteins, DNA and RNA binding proteins, they create a pre-metastatic niche. By priming nearby and distant cells into becoming cancerous, they promote tumor metastasis. Several mechanisms have been discovered for their actions including, promotion of migratory behavior, chemoresistance, anti-apoptosis, vascular leakage, and immune modulation. Understanding how TDE and MVs create a pre-metastatic niche and how halting the trafficking of such vesicles can produce a revolutionizing new era in the field of cancer therapeutics. By preventing TDE-promoted metastasis and tumor progression, coupled with conventional radio and chemotherapy, the survival rates of cancer patients can significantly improve.
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
The Internet has irrevocably changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing. Consequently, we find it necessary to indicate, unambiguously, our definition of what we consider to be a published scientific work.
",metaTitle:"Prior Publication Policy",metaDescription:"Prior Publication Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/prior-publication-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\\n\\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\\n\\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\\n\\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\\n\\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\\n\\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\\n\\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\\n\\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\\n\\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\\n\\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\\n\\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\\n\\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\\n\\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\\n\\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\\n\\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\\n\\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\\n\\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\\n\\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\\n\\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\\n\\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\\n\\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\\n\\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\n\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\n\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\n\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\n\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\n\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\n\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11645",title:"Neural Tube Defects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"08d6ba70d97767769a97cfeeb52dac78",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11645.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12214",title:"Phagocytosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79d7747d6e3aa6a3623ab710a7634588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12214.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12216",title:"Cell Proliferation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d5e37e8c90c4c6cb33c25d4445574ac0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12216.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12217",title:"Protein Interactions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8514f8e3d3dd0e22e87b0c4c84a6cc3a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12217.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12218",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8cb2e6bb3d9c717bb8dc44e35ed774c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12174",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5922df051a2033c98d2edfb31dd84f8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12174.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12177",title:"Epigenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"185b00910074e8beeedd2276900a911a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12177.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12310",title:"Advances in Transcriptome Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9b0d98cf9a47e93524dbaa2eedbbcf46",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12310.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12332",title:"Resveratrol - Recent Advances, Application, and Therapeutic Potential",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3b7fe05be184ecb8d7d79fda19259829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12332.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12333",title:"Alkaloids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"50ba29b67f4b54e2e38088c223b35305",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12333.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12368",title:"Histones",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b6890021008f436dcc47bf04c8e57b34",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12368.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12369",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5a82dedbd96e152e777bd10a244e5d57",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:46},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:107},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1037",title:"Immunogenetics",slug:"immunogenetics",parent:{id:"184",title:"Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology",slug:"immunology-allergology-and-rheumatology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:80,numberOfWosCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitations:50,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1037",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7475",title:"Immunogenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd50ca8b9158dc45b6b23fcae43d1daa",slug:"immunogenetics",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3207",title:"Genes and Autoimmunity",subtitle:"Intracellular Signaling and Microbiome Contribution",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3f99e5e0aaeb582b7c17c19982015f7",slug:"genes-and-autoimmunity-intracellular-signaling-and-microbiome-contribution",bookSignature:"Spaska Angelova Stanilova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69749",title:"Prof.",name:"Spaska",middleName:null,surname:"Stanilova",slug:"spaska-stanilova",fullName:"Spaska Stanilova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2517",title:"Autoimmune Diseases",subtitle:"Contributing Factors, Specific Cases of Autoimmune Diseases, and Stem Cell and Other Therapies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a212e9ae7688cbe123bfb1936b3e3cd4",slug:"autoimmune-diseases-contributing-factors-specific-cases-of-autoimmune-diseases-and-stem-cell-and-other-therapies",bookSignature:"James Chan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135686",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",slug:"james-chan",fullName:"James Chan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"60651",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75951",title:"Immunoassay Techniques Highlighting Biomarkers in Immunogenetic Diseases",slug:"immunoassay-techniques-highlighting-biomarkers-in-immunogenetic-diseases",totalDownloads:1559,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases is crucial for the clinician and the patient alike. The immunoassay techniques most commonly used for this purpose are immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and Western blotting. For the detection of more specific biomarkers or the discovery of new ones for diagnostic purposes and as therapeutic targets, microarray techniques are increasingly used, for example, protein microarray, Luminex, and in recent years, surface plasmon resonance imaging. All of these technologies have undergone changes over time, making them easier to use. Similar technologies have been invented but responding to specific requirements for both diagnostic and research purposes. The goals are to study more analytes in the same sample, in a shorter time, and with increased accuracy. The reproducibility and reliability of the results are also a target pursued by manufacturers. In this chapter, we present these technologies and their utility in the diagnosis of immunogenetic diseases.",book:{id:"7475",slug:"immunogenetics",title:"Immunogenetics",fullTitle:"Immunogenetics"},signatures:"Emilia Manole, Alexandra E. Bastian, Ionela D. Popescu, Carolina Constantin, Simona Mihai, Gisela F. Gaina, Elena Codrici and Monica T. Neagu",authors:[{id:"52215",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Teodora Neagu",slug:"monica-teodora-neagu",fullName:"Monica Teodora Neagu"},{id:"52218",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Constantin",slug:"carolina-constantin",fullName:"Carolina Constantin"},{id:"89397",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilia",middleName:null,surname:"Manole",slug:"emilia-manole",fullName:"Emilia Manole"},{id:"216223",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Codrici",slug:"elena-codrici",fullName:"Elena Codrici"},{id:"216226",title:"Dr.",name:"Ionela Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"ionela-daniela-popescu",fullName:"Ionela Daniela Popescu"},{id:"216227",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Mihai",slug:"simona-mihai",fullName:"Simona Mihai"},{id:"233495",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Eugenia Bastian",slug:"alexandra-eugenia-bastian",fullName:"Alexandra Eugenia Bastian"},{id:"242747",title:"Dr.",name:"Gisela",middleName:null,surname:"Gaina",slug:"gisela-gaina",fullName:"Gisela Gaina"}]},{id:"43387",doi:"10.5772/54218",title:"Biomarkers of Inflammatory Arthritis and Proteomics",slug:"biomarkers-of-inflammatory-arthritis-and-proteomics",totalDownloads:2767,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3207",slug:"genes-and-autoimmunity-intracellular-signaling-and-microbiome-contribution",title:"Genes and Autoimmunity",fullTitle:"Genes and Autoimmunity - Intracellular Signaling and Microbiome Contribution"},signatures:"Opeyemi S. Ademowo, Lisa Staunton, Oliver FitzGerald and Stephen R. Pennington",authors:[{id:"89766",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Pennington",slug:"stephen-pennington",fullName:"Stephen Pennington"},{id:"161739",title:"Dr.",name:"Opeyemi Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Ademowo",slug:"opeyemi-stella-ademowo",fullName:"Opeyemi Stella Ademowo"},{id:"161740",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"FitzGerald",slug:"oliver-fitzgerald",fullName:"Oliver FitzGerald"},{id:"167692",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Staunton",slug:"lisa-staunton",fullName:"Lisa Staunton"}]},{id:"38027",doi:"10.5772/48161",title:"Central Nervous System Resident Cells in Neuroinflammation: A Brave New World.",slug:"central-nervous-system-resident-cells-in-neuroinflammation-a-brave-new-world-",totalDownloads:1884,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"2517",slug:"autoimmune-diseases-contributing-factors-specific-cases-of-autoimmune-diseases-and-stem-cell-and-other-therapies",title:"Autoimmune Diseases",fullTitle:"Autoimmune Diseases - Contributing Factors, Specific Cases of Autoimmune Diseases, and Stem Cell and Other Therapies"},signatures:"J.P.S. Peron, D. Oliveira, W. N. Brandão, A. Fickinger, A. P. Ligeiro de Oliveira, L. V. Rizzo and N.O.S. Câmara",authors:[{id:"139849",title:"PhD.",name:"Jean Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Peron",slug:"jean-pierre-peron",fullName:"Jean Pierre Peron"}]},{id:"63838",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80731",title:"Dynamic Interaction between Immune Escape Mechanism and HLA-Ib Regulation",slug:"dynamic-interaction-between-immune-escape-mechanism-and-hla-ib-regulation",totalDownloads:935,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"HLA molecules scan the intracellular proteome and present self- or non-self-peptides to immune effector cells. HLA-Ia (HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C) are the most polymorphic genes, resulting in various numbers of allelic variants expressed on the surface of almost all nucleated cells. In contrast to HLA-Ia molecules that activate the immune system during pathogenic invasion, the marginal polymorphic HLA-Ib molecules (HLA-E, HLA-F and HLA-G) are upregulated during pathogenic episodes and mediate immune tolerance. A fine tuning between downregulation of HLA-Ia and upregulation of HLA-Ib can be observed through immunological episodes that require to remain unrecognized by immune effector cells. While HLA-Ia molecules collaborate by presenting a wide range of peptides, every HLA-Ib molecule is highly specialized in its protective immune function and seems to be restricted in the presentation of peptides. Additionally, Ia molecules are expressed ubiquitously while the expression of HLA-Ib molecules is strictly restricted to certain tissues and occurs instantly on demand of the cells/tissue that attempt to be hidden from the immune system. The more knowledge becomes available for the function of HLA-Ib molecules; the question emerges if the molecular typing of HLA-Ib molecules would be reasonable to take a decision post treatment for personalized cellular therapies.",book:{id:"7475",slug:"immunogenetics",title:"Immunogenetics",fullTitle:"Immunogenetics"},signatures:"Gia-Gia Toni Ho, Funmilola Heinen, Florian Stieglitz, Rainer Blasczyk and Christina Bade-Döding",authors:[{id:"72037",title:"Prof.",name:"Rainer",middleName:null,surname:"Blasczyk",slug:"rainer-blasczyk",fullName:"Rainer Blasczyk"},{id:"169291",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Bade-Doeding",slug:"christina-bade-doeding",fullName:"Christina Bade-Doeding"},{id:"268556",title:"BSc.",name:"Funmilola",middleName:null,surname:"Heinen",slug:"funmilola-heinen",fullName:"Funmilola Heinen"},{id:"268557",title:"MSc.",name:"Gia-Gia Toni",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",slug:"gia-gia-toni-ho",fullName:"Gia-Gia Toni Ho"},{id:"268558",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Florian",middleName:null,surname:"Stieglitz",slug:"florian-stieglitz",fullName:"Florian Stieglitz"}]},{id:"66722",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85505",title:"Introductory Chapter: Immunogenetics",slug:"introductory-chapter-immunogenetics",totalDownloads:1231,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"7475",slug:"immunogenetics",title:"Immunogenetics",fullTitle:"Immunogenetics"},signatures:"Amene Saghazadeh and Nima Rezaei",authors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"},{id:"301367",title:"Dr.",name:"Amene",middleName:null,surname:"Saghazadeh",slug:"amene-saghazadeh",fullName:"Amene Saghazadeh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60651",title:"Immunoassay Techniques Highlighting Biomarkers in Immunogenetic Diseases",slug:"immunoassay-techniques-highlighting-biomarkers-in-immunogenetic-diseases",totalDownloads:1559,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases is crucial for the clinician and the patient alike. The immunoassay techniques most commonly used for this purpose are immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and Western blotting. For the detection of more specific biomarkers or the discovery of new ones for diagnostic purposes and as therapeutic targets, microarray techniques are increasingly used, for example, protein microarray, Luminex, and in recent years, surface plasmon resonance imaging. All of these technologies have undergone changes over time, making them easier to use. Similar technologies have been invented but responding to specific requirements for both diagnostic and research purposes. The goals are to study more analytes in the same sample, in a shorter time, and with increased accuracy. The reproducibility and reliability of the results are also a target pursued by manufacturers. In this chapter, we present these technologies and their utility in the diagnosis of immunogenetic diseases.",book:{id:"7475",slug:"immunogenetics",title:"Immunogenetics",fullTitle:"Immunogenetics"},signatures:"Emilia Manole, Alexandra E. Bastian, Ionela D. Popescu, Carolina Constantin, Simona Mihai, Gisela F. Gaina, Elena Codrici and Monica T. Neagu",authors:[{id:"52215",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Teodora Neagu",slug:"monica-teodora-neagu",fullName:"Monica Teodora Neagu"},{id:"52218",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Constantin",slug:"carolina-constantin",fullName:"Carolina Constantin"},{id:"89397",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilia",middleName:null,surname:"Manole",slug:"emilia-manole",fullName:"Emilia Manole"},{id:"216223",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Codrici",slug:"elena-codrici",fullName:"Elena Codrici"},{id:"216226",title:"Dr.",name:"Ionela Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"ionela-daniela-popescu",fullName:"Ionela Daniela Popescu"},{id:"216227",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Mihai",slug:"simona-mihai",fullName:"Simona Mihai"},{id:"233495",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Eugenia Bastian",slug:"alexandra-eugenia-bastian",fullName:"Alexandra Eugenia Bastian"},{id:"242747",title:"Dr.",name:"Gisela",middleName:null,surname:"Gaina",slug:"gisela-gaina",fullName:"Gisela Gaina"}]},{id:"66722",title:"Introductory Chapter: Immunogenetics",slug:"introductory-chapter-immunogenetics",totalDownloads:1231,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"7475",slug:"immunogenetics",title:"Immunogenetics",fullTitle:"Immunogenetics"},signatures:"Amene Saghazadeh and Nima Rezaei",authors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"},{id:"301367",title:"Dr.",name:"Amene",middleName:null,surname:"Saghazadeh",slug:"amene-saghazadeh",fullName:"Amene Saghazadeh"}]},{id:"43369",title:"Microbiome and Autoimmunity",slug:"microbiome-and-autoimmunity",totalDownloads:1937,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3207",slug:"genes-and-autoimmunity-intracellular-signaling-and-microbiome-contribution",title:"Genes and Autoimmunity",fullTitle:"Genes and Autoimmunity - Intracellular Signaling and Microbiome Contribution"},signatures:"Natalie Cherepahina, Zaur Shogenov, Mariya Bocharova, Murat Agirov, Jamilyia Tabaksoeva, Mikhail Paltsev and Sergey Suchkov",authors:[{id:"49135",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalie",middleName:null,surname:"Cherepahina",slug:"natalie-cherepahina",fullName:"Natalie Cherepahina"},{id:"49136",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamiliya",middleName:null,surname:"Tabaksoeva",slug:"jamiliya-tabaksoeva",fullName:"Jamiliya Tabaksoeva"},{id:"49137",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Agirov",slug:"murat-agirov",fullName:"Murat Agirov"},{id:"155909",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Suchkov",slug:"sergey-suchkov",fullName:"Sergey Suchkov"},{id:"158987",title:"BSc.",name:"Mariya",middleName:null,surname:"Bocharova",slug:"mariya-bocharova",fullName:"Mariya Bocharova"},{id:"160426",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaur",middleName:null,surname:"Shogenov",slug:"zaur-shogenov",fullName:"Zaur Shogenov"},{id:"160429",title:"Prof.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Paltsev",slug:"mikhail-paltsev",fullName:"Mikhail Paltsev"}]},{id:"43367",title:"Immune Synapses Between Lymphocytes and Target Cells in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases",slug:"immune-synapses-between-lymphocytes-and-target-cells-in-autoimmune-thyroid-diseases",totalDownloads:1996,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3207",slug:"genes-and-autoimmunity-intracellular-signaling-and-microbiome-contribution",title:"Genes and Autoimmunity",fullTitle:"Genes and Autoimmunity - Intracellular Signaling and Microbiome Contribution"},signatures:"Iwona Ben-Skowronek and Roman Ciechanek",authors:[{id:"37123",title:"Dr",name:"Iwona",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Skowronek",slug:"iwona-ben-skowronek",fullName:"Iwona Ben-Skowronek"}]},{id:"38017",title:"New Therapeutic Challenges in Autoimmune Diseases",slug:"new-therapeutic-challenges-in-autoimmune-diseases",totalDownloads:3153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"2517",slug:"autoimmune-diseases-contributing-factors-specific-cases-of-autoimmune-diseases-and-stem-cell-and-other-therapies",title:"Autoimmune Diseases",fullTitle:"Autoimmune Diseases - Contributing Factors, Specific Cases of Autoimmune Diseases, and Stem Cell and Other Therapies"},signatures:"Eun Wha Choi",authors:[{id:"140501",title:"Dr.",name:"Eun Wha",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",slug:"eun-wha-choi",fullName:"Eun Wha Choi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1037",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11675",title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",hash:"e1d9662c334dd78ab35bfb57c3bf106e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"281317",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Iannotti",slug:"fabio-iannotti",fullName:"Fabio Iannotti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:9,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:19,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",slug:"human-microbiome",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",volumeInSeries:20,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:8},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:10}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"dinh-hoa-nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"hongbin-ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",slug:"yasushi-kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81412",title:"Mathematical Morphology and the Heart Signals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104113",signatures:"Taouli Sidi Ahmed",slug:"mathematical-morphology-and-the-heart-signals",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81360",title:"Deep Learning Algorithms for Efficient Analysis of ECG Signals to Detect Heart Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103075",signatures:"Sumagna Dey, Rohan Pal and Saptarshi Biswas",slug:"deep-learning-algorithms-for-efficient-analysis-of-ecg-signals-to-detect-heart-disorders",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81068",title:"Characteristic Profiles of Heart Rate Variability in Depression and Anxiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104205",signatures:"Toshikazu Shinba",slug:"characteristic-profiles-of-heart-rate-variability-in-depression-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80691",title:"Applications of Quantum Mechanics, Laws of Classical Physics, and Differential Calculus to Evaluate Source Localization According to the Electroencephalogram",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102831",signatures:"Kristin S. Williams",slug:"applications-of-quantum-mechanics-laws-of-classical-physics-and-differential-calculus-to-evaluate-so",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80643",title:"EEG Authentication System Using Fuzzy Vault Scheme",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102699",signatures:"Fatima M. Baqer and Salah Albermany",slug:"eeg-authentication-system-using-fuzzy-vault-scheme",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80529",title:"Effective EEG Artifact Removal from EEG Signal",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102698",signatures:"Vandana Roy",slug:"effective-eeg-artifact-removal-from-eeg-signal",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80505",title:"Soft Tissue Image Reconstruction Using Diffuse Optical Tomography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102463",signatures:"Umamaheswari K, Shrichandran G.V. and Jebaderwin D.",slug:"soft-tissue-image-reconstruction-using-diffuse-optical-tomography",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"79881",title:"Control of Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Cancer through a Combination of Cytoskeletal Components",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101624",signatures:"Ban Hussein Alwash, Rawan Asaad Jaber Al-Rubaye, Mustafa Mohammad Alaaraj and Anwar Yahya Ebrahim",slug:"control-of-cytoskeletal-dynamics-in-cancer-through-a-combination-of-cytoskeletal-components",totalDownloads:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"79580",title:"Dotting the “i” of Interoperability in FAIR Cancer-Registry Data Sets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101330",signatures:"Nicholas Nicholson, Francesco Giusti, Luciana Neamtiu, Giorgia Randi, Tadeusz Dyba, Manola Bettio, Raquel Negrao Carvalho, Nadya Dimitrova, Manuela Flego and Carmen Martos",slug:"dotting-the-i-of-interoperability-in-fair-cancer-registry-data-sets",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"79550",title:"Urologic Cancer Molecular Biology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101381",signatures:"Pavel Onofrei, Viorel Dragoș Radu, Alina-Alexandra Onofrei, Stoica Laura, Doinita Temelie-Olinici, Ana-Emanuela Botez, Vasile Bogdan Grecu and Elena Carmen Cotrutz",slug:"urologic-cancer-molecular-biology",totalDownloads:96,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"79450",title:"Identification of Biomarkers Associated with Cancer Using Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101432",signatures:"Arpana Parihar, Shivani Malviya and Raju Khan",slug:"identification-of-biomarkers-associated-with-cancer-using-integrated-bioinformatic-analysis",totalDownloads:156,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/34569",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"34569"},fullPath:"/chapters/34569",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()