Different underutilized grasses, their geographical presence and perspectives uses under varying farming systems and socio-economic perspectives.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5451",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",title:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Gamma radiation has been discovered since more than a century and contributed in many achievements in human life. Continuous developments make it necessary to have more understandings and more discussions about well-established concepts as well as newly implemented hypothesis and applications of gamma rays. This book presents new visions of gamma ray spectrometry and applications. I hope this book can present part of the useful applications of gamma rays.",isbn:"978-953-51-3162-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3161-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4826-5",doi:"10.5772/62969",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"new-insights-on-gamma-rays",numberOfPages:224,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0fe8c3174bbb6d68493d39220cdec7ca",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. Maghraby",publishedDate:"May 24th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5451.jpg",numberOfDownloads:19028,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:71,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 13th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 4th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 8th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 6th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 6th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"102209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed M.",middleName:null,surname:"Maghraby",slug:"ahmed-m.-maghraby",fullName:"Ahmed M. Maghraby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/102209/images/system/102209.png",biography:"Ahmed M. Maghraby graduated from Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Egypt, in 1995, and started his career as a scientist at the National Institute of Standards (NIS), Egypt. He received his MSc in 1999 and his Ph.D. from Cairo University in 2003 for his study on the calibration and characterization of organic material for use in radiation dosimetry using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). In 1999, Dr. Maghraby worked as a guest researcher at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Maryland, USA, and as a visiting scientist at Dartmouth College (EPR center of viable system) in New Hampshire, USA, in 2008. In 2006, he worked as a guest researcher for the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany’s national metrology institute. He has led and participated in several international research projects on radiation measurements. His research interest is ionizing radiation metrology, especially ionization chambers, EPR, and thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD). He is a reviewer for several peer-reviewed journals and has supervised a number of master’s and Ph.D. theses, and was elected as the vice president of the National Committee of Physics (NPC) in Egypt.",institutionString:"National Institute of Standards",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1220",title:"High Energy Physics",slug:"high-energy-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"53780",title:"Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and the Investigation of Environmental and Food Samples",doi:"10.5772/67099",slug:"gamma-ray-spectrometry-and-the-investigation-of-environmental-and-food-samples",totalDownloads:2530,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Gamma radiation consists of high‐energy photons and penetrates matter. This is an advantage for the detection of gamma rays, as gamma spectrometry does not need the elimination of the matrix. The disadvantage is the need of shielding to protect against this radiation. Gamma rays are everywhere: in the atmosphere; gamma nuclides are produced by radiation of the sun; in the Earth, the primordial radioactive nuclides thorium and uranium are sources for gamma and other radiation. The technical enrichment and use of radioisotopes led to the unscrupulously use of radioactive material and to the Cold War, with over 900 bomb tests from 1945 to 1990, combined with global fallout over the northern hemisphere. The friendly use of radiation in medicine and for the production of energy at nuclear power plants (NPPs) has caused further expositions with ionising radiation. This chapter describes in a practical manner the instrumentation for the detection of gamma radiation and some results of the use of these techniques in environmental and food investigations.",signatures:"Markus R. Zehringer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53780",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53780",authors:[{id:"311750",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus R.",surname:"Zehringer",slug:"markus-r.-zehringer",fullName:"Markus R. Zehringer"}],corrections:null},{id:"53711",title:"Dead Time in the Gamma‐Ray Spectrometry",doi:"10.5772/67083",slug:"dead-time-in-the-gamma-ray-spectrometry",totalDownloads:1931,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A review of studies of the dead time correction on gamma-ray spectroscopy is presented. Compensate for counting losses due to system dead time is a vital step for quantitative and qualitative analysis. The gamma-ray spectroscopy system consisting of electronic devices are used for detection of radiation due to gamma rays. The dead time of the spectroscopy system is based on time limitations of these electronic devices. Firstly, a new model for determination of this electronic dead time is proposed. Secondly, two alternative methods suggested for the correction of this electronic dead-time losse.",signatures:"Salih Mustafa Karabıdak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53711",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53711",authors:[{id:"189517",title:"Dr.",name:"Salih",surname:"Karabidak",slug:"salih-karabidak",fullName:"Salih Karabidak"}],corrections:null},{id:"53981",title:"Pseudo-gamma Spectrometry in Plastic Scintillators",doi:"10.5772/67134",slug:"pseudo-gamma-spectrometry-in-plastic-scintillators",totalDownloads:2243,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"War against CBRN-E threats needs to continuously develop systems with improved detection efficiency and performances. This topic especially concerns the NR controls for homeland security. This chapter introduces how it is now possible to perform gamma identification using plastic scintillators, which are not conventionally designed for this purpose. Two distinct approaches are discussed: the first one is the chemical modifications of the scintillator itself and the second is introducing new algorithms, Specifically designed for this application.",signatures:"Matthieu Hamel and Frédérick Carrel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53981",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53981",authors:[{id:"190701",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthieu",surname:"Hamel",slug:"matthieu-hamel",fullName:"Matthieu Hamel"},{id:"194733",title:"Dr.",name:"Frédérick",surname:"Carrel",slug:"frederick-carrel",fullName:"Frédérick Carrel"}],corrections:null},{id:"54118",title:"Gamma Rays from Space",doi:"10.5772/67176",slug:"gamma-rays-from-space",totalDownloads:2089,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An overview of gamma rays from space is presented. We highlight the most powerful astrophysical explosions, known as gamma-ray bursts. The main features observed in detectors onboard satellites are indicated. In addition, we also highlight a chronological description of the efforts made to observe their high energy counterpart at ground level. Some candidates of the GeV counterpart of gamma-ray bursts, observed by Tupi telescopes, are also presented.",signatures:"Carlos Navia and Marcel Nogueira de Oliveira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54118",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54118",authors:[{id:"189908",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Navia",slug:"carlos-navia",fullName:"Carlos Navia"},{id:"243084",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcel",surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"marcel-de-oliveira",fullName:"Marcel De Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"53966",title:"Extragalactic Gamma‐Ray Background",doi:"10.5772/67335",slug:"extragalactic-gamma-ray-background",totalDownloads:1488,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The origin of the extragalactic gamma‐ray background (EGRB) is an important open issue in the gamma‐ray astronomy. There are many theories about the origin of EGRB: (1) some truly diffuse processes, such as dark matter (DM) annihilation or decay, which can produce gamma rays; (2) gamma rays produced by energetic particles accelerated through induced shock waves during structure formation of the universe; (3) a lot of unidentified sources, including normal galaxies, starbursts and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), contain a large number of energetic particles and can emit gamma rays. Among various extragalactic sources, blazars including flat spectral radio quasars (FSRQs) and BL Lac objects are one of the most possible sources for EGRB. As continuous accumulation of the data observed by the Fermi Gamma‐Ray Space Telescope, it is possible to directly construct gamma‐ray luminosity function (GLF) of the blazars involving evolution information. In this chapter, based on the largest clean sample of AGNs provided by Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), we mainly study blazar's GLFs and their contribution to EGRB. In our study, we separately construct GLFs of FSRQs and BL Lacs and then estimate the contributions to EGRB, respectively. Further, we discuss the diffuse gamma ray from other astrophysical sources and the other possible origins of the EGRB.",signatures:"Houdun Zeng and Li Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53966",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53966",authors:[{id:"190122",title:"Dr.",name:"Houdun",surname:"Zeng",slug:"houdun-zeng",fullName:"Houdun Zeng"},{id:"194854",title:"Prof.",name:"Li",surname:"Zhang",slug:"li-zhang",fullName:"Li Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"53504",title:"Applications of Ionizing Radiation in Mutation Breeding",doi:"10.5772/66925",slug:"applications-of-ionizing-radiation-in-mutation-breeding",totalDownloads:3509,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"As a predicted result of increasing population worldwide, improvements in the breeding strategies in agriculture are valued as mandatory. The natural resources are limited, and due to the natural disasters like sudden and severe abiotic stress factors, excessive floods, etc., the production capacities are changed per year. In contrast, the yield potential should be significantly increased to cope with this problem. Despite rich genetic diversity, manipulation of the cultivars through alternative techniques such as mutation breeding becomes important. Radiation is proven as an effective method as a unique method to increase the genetic variability of the species. Gamma radiation is the most preferred physical mutagen by plant breeders. Several mutant varieties have been successfully introduced into commercial production by this method. Combinational use of in vitro tissue culture and mutation breeding methods makes a significant contribution to improve new crops. Large populations and the target mutations can be easily screened and identified by new methods. Marker assisted selection and advanced techniques such as microarray, next generation sequencing methods to detect a specific mutant in a large population will help to the plant breeders to use ionizing radiation efficiently in breeding programs.",signatures:"Özge Çelik and Çimen Atak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53504",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53504",authors:[{id:"147362",title:"Dr.",name:"Özge",surname:"Çelik",slug:"ozge-celik",fullName:"Özge Çelik"},{id:"147364",title:"Prof.",name:"Çimen",surname:"Atak",slug:"cimen-atak",fullName:"Çimen Atak"}],corrections:null},{id:"54779",title:"Neutron-Stimulated Gamma Ray Analysis of Soil",doi:"10.5772/68014",slug:"neutron-stimulated-gamma-ray-analysis-of-soil",totalDownloads:2054,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes technical aspects of neutron-stimulated gamma ray analysis of soil carbon. The introduction covers general principles, different modifications of neutron-gamma analysis, measurement system configuration, and advantages of this method for soil carbon analysis. Problems with neutron-gamma technology in soil carbon analysis and methods of investigations including Monte-Carlo simulation of neutron interaction with soil elements are discussed further. Based on the investigation results, a method of extracting the “soil carbon net peak” from the raw acquired data was developed. The direct proportional dependency between the carbon net peak area and average carbon weight percent in the upper 10 cm soil layer for any carbon depth profile was shown. Calibration of the measurement system using sand-carbon pits and field measurements of soil carbon are described. Measurement results compared to chemical analysis (dry combustion) data demonstrated good agreement between the two methods. Thus, neutron-stimulated gamma ray analysis can be used for in situ determination of near-surface soil carbon content and is applicable for precision geospatial mapping of soil carbon.",signatures:"Aleksandr Kavetskiy, Galina Yakubova, Stephen A. Prior and Henry\nAllen Torbert",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54779",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54779",authors:[{id:"38917",title:"Dr.",name:"Allen",surname:"Torbert",slug:"allen-torbert",fullName:"Allen Torbert"},{id:"190407",title:"Dr.",name:"Galina",surname:"Yakubova",slug:"galina-yakubova",fullName:"Galina Yakubova"},{id:"190408",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandr",surname:"Kavetskiy",slug:"aleksandr-kavetskiy",fullName:"Aleksandr Kavetskiy"},{id:"190409",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve",surname:"Prior",slug:"steve-prior",fullName:"Steve Prior"}],corrections:null},{id:"55119",title:"Effects of Gamma Radiation on Essential Oils: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68764",slug:"effects-of-gamma-radiation-on-essential-oils-a-review",totalDownloads:1738,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"γ-Radiation provides an effective alternative method to reduce or eliminate microbial contamination of medicinal herbs and other plant materials. However, a search in the literature is important to describe the effects of γ-radiation on the content and integrity of secondary metabolites from plants. The present work provides a review of the effects of γ-radiation on extraction yields and chemical composition of essential oils isolated from roots, rhizome and cortex, leaves, fruits, seeds, flowers, and whole plant. In addition, this review describes the effects of γ-radiation on terpenes. The informations in the present work may assist in research about essential oils and dose of γ-radiation that is able to biologically decontaminate without causing chemical changes in secondary metabolites. These reports in the literature can describe the behavior of many of these metabolites when subjected to various doses of radiation.",signatures:"Clináscia Rodrigues Rocha Araújo, Geone Maia Corrêa, Viviane\nGomes da Costa Abreu, Thiago de Melo Silva, Aura María Blandón\nOsorio, Patrícia Machado de Oliveira and Antônio Flávio de\nCarvalho Alcântara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55119",authors:[{id:"102095",title:"MSc.",name:"Viviane Gomes Costa",surname:"Abreu",slug:"viviane-gomes-costa-abreu",fullName:"Viviane Gomes Costa Abreu"},{id:"102096",title:"MSc.",name:"Geone Maia",surname:"Correa",slug:"geone-maia-correa",fullName:"Geone Maia Correa"},{id:"191024",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Aura María",surname:"Blandón Osorio",slug:"aura-maria-blandon-osorio",fullName:"Aura María Blandón Osorio"},{id:"192303",title:"Dr.",name:"Clináscia",surname:"Rodrigues Rocha Araújo",slug:"clinascia-rodrigues-rocha-araujo",fullName:"Clináscia Rodrigues Rocha Araújo"},{id:"192304",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",surname:"de Melo Silva",slug:"thiago-de-melo-silva",fullName:"Thiago de Melo Silva"},{id:"192305",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrícia",surname:"Machado de Oliveira",slug:"patricia-machado-de-oliveira",fullName:"Patrícia Machado de Oliveira"},{id:"192306",title:"Dr.",name:"Antônio Flávio",surname:"de Carvalho Alcântara",slug:"antonio-flavio-de-carvalho-alcantara",fullName:"Antônio Flávio de Carvalho Alcântara"}],corrections:null},{id:"54508",title:"Gamma Rays’ Effect on Food Allergen Protein",doi:"10.5772/67839",slug:"gamma-rays-effect-on-food-allergen-protein",totalDownloads:1447,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Many foods cause different kinds of allergies for so many people due to health problems. Recently, gamma rays have been used to minimize this problem by altering the protein allergen structure. The aim of this study is to represent the use of the gamma rays in allergen food treatment and to show what happened to food structures. It can be concluded that the use of the technique of irradiation by gamma rays may be an efficient solution for allergic foods.",signatures:"Marcia Nalesso Costa Harder and Valter Arthur",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54508",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54508",authors:[{id:"100407",title:"Dr.",name:"Valter",surname:"Arthur",slug:"valter-arthur",fullName:"Valter Arthur"},{id:"189590",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcia Nalesso Costa",surname:"Harder",slug:"marcia-nalesso-costa-harder",fullName:"Marcia Nalesso Costa Harder"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7330",title:"Topics From EPR Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b1997bf8b0968b84776a82777a3295c5",slug:"topics-from-epr-research",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. 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Okwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/971.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82027",title:"Underutilized Grasses Production: New Evolving Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105375",slug:"underutilized-grasses-production-new-evolving-perspectives",body:'Grasses biodiversity constitutes one of the critical primary sources for securing sustainable supplies of food, feed, fiber, medicines, aromatic stuffs and shelter [1, 2, 3]. Globally, humans have put to use a very limited number (less than one-third) of plant species from the recognized pool of species which diversified generations of varying cultures have been aware of for multiple uses. The origins and regions of diversification for numerous underutilized grasses have been investigated recently, but information pertaining to genetic diversity and agro-botanical traits of many species having local pertinence has remained scant. One of the underlying reasons for over-focussed staple crops might be attributed to overwhelming reliance on prime food crops which has led to food basket’s shrinking across the globe [4, 5]. This phenomenon finds its roots in the simplification and intensification of agricultural production systems. These have historically favored major grasses over others owing to their comparative and competitive advantages regarding successful production in a wider range of pedo-climatic conditions, feasible cultivation requirements, grower-friendly processing, economical storability, unmatched nutritional properties, high market demand, superior revenue generation and preferable taste [6, 7, 8].
It is also pertinent to mention that the simplification process of agricultural production systems has abruptly lowered the quality of agricultural produces over time. However, this approach has reduced the risks of complete crop failure and multiplied successful harvests opportunities. This in turn has boosted survival human’s survival through limited but sufficiently produced yields by major grasses. The commercial-oriented farming systems focussing major grasses have caused serious decline in intra and interspecific diversity of crops. In addition, other disadvantages of over-emphasis on major grasses include higher vulnerability among growers and end-users, for whom grasses diversity have become survival necessity rather than a matter of choice due to changing climate and crop failures owing to a bunch of biotic and abiotic stresses [9, 10].
Among agriculture terminologies, perhaps underutilized term has given rise to wider discussions and debates since long. It is normally applied to grass species whose yield or usability potential remains unrealized. However, this definition might be declared inconclusive owing to missing information regarding underutilization in what sort of geographical regions, cultures and economic feasibilities. Thus, using this term inevitably needs a clarification to explicitly describe the exact meanings and applicability of the term. For instance, with respect to geographical implications of the term, a grass species might be underutilized in some regions compared to others. Regarding economic applicability, some grass species might constitute as vital component of masses daily diet, but these may largely remain underutilized in other regions owing to poor marketing conditions and lower economic turnout for growers. As far as time factor is concerned, dynamic marketing systems might improve the degree of underuse due to vigorous attention in few regions while the same species could continue to witness poor marketing owing to lesser attention of growers and researchers in some regions. For example, hulled wheat which represents the collective name of
The underutilized grasses might be defined as grasses that were traditionally grown widely in localized production systems but now their cultivation and use have seriously decline owing to cultural, genetic, agronomic, climatic, economics, globalization and market related factors. Their cultivation and consumption have reduced significantly for their being non-competitive with staple grasses in the same agro-environmental conditions. The net result is the eroding of the grass genetic pool which has narrowed down the choice of crops for improvement as well as adaptation under changing climatic scenarios.
Contrastingly, neglected grasses tend to remain restricted in their centres of origin and are primarily grown by local farmers at the subsistence level. It may be noted that few grass species could be globally; however, tend to prevail in few special niches within local ecology and traditional agricultural systems. Thus, these types of grasses have continued to be grown on limited scale under socio-cultural choices, however these have remained inadequately characterized and historically neglected by researchers, agronomists and conservationists [12].
Many of underutilized grasses have been recognized to be resilient to numerous abiotic stresses including heat stress, drought, water logging, salinity, heavy metal toxicity etc. These also offer multiple uses including food, renewable fuel, feed, fiber and contributions to ecosystem services. A variety of underutilized grasses including reed canary grass (
Additionally, grasses tend to have higher resource-use efficiency for having C-4 photosynthetic pathway which is characterized by substantially higher solar radiation capture and moisture utilization, along with being lesser nutrient demanding and have potential to conserve nutrients in underground roots during harsh climatic conditions like chilling temperatures during winters. Furthermore, many underutilized grasses by virtue of their vigorous biomass production add crop residues to the soil due to senescence, and thus provide natural mulch for controlling weeds and release of nutrients from residues after decomposition. Overall, cultivation of high yielding underutilized grasses can potentially multiply land-use-efficiency and higher productivity per unit of area. In addition, there is a great potential to still improve their performances. However, many of underutilized grasses are either undomesticated or are at earlier development stages, while in-depth studies are needed to develop their production technology package. One of the limitations of traditional breeding is the exceptionally lengthy process which might extend for over 15 years involving collection of germplasm, selection of parental lines, selective crossing to achieve desired traits and allowing evaluation cycles for random genetic mutations.
In addition to bio-energy applications of underutilized grasses, there are diversified uses of perennial grasses such as pulping as well as bleaching potential of giant reed for papermaking due to having moderate strength properties along with bleachability characteristics. In addition, miscanthus which is an underutilized grass has proved its potential and feasibility for producing various types of panel boards, building blocks of various infrastructures and medium-density fibreboard having comparable characteristics as that of wood chips. A significant equity between miscanthus and crops straw for animal bedding preparation could be achieved as far as cow comfort in the barnyard is concerned. However, the superiority of this perennial grass over straw has been established owing to higher biomass production potential compared to many cereals such as wheat, rice etc. Moreover, lignocellulosic biomass yielded by underutilized grasses might be processed into diversified products; however, lack of market development has so far hampered wider-scale implementation of the lignocellulosic biorefinery. It may be noted that lignocellulosic biomass currently fetches around 65 € per dry ton [12, 13, 14].
Thus, it becomes evident that productivity potential and the ability to generate comparable revenues of underutilized grasses would be the key drivers in farmer’s perspectives. It also follows that comprehensive real time data pertaining to yield would be critical in order to provide accurate and reliable information to researchers, growers and entrepreneurs. Moreover, underutilized grasses future will be determined on development of consistent, feasible, farmer’s friendly and affordable economic plans encompassing economically profitable plantation size and tailor-designed low-tech and easily accessible processing plants for producing market capturing products. At farm scale, advanced research for developing agronomic packages, designing breeding programs, building post-harvest logistics and bioconversion facilities are fundamental aspects that need thorough attention of researchers and governments for harnessing the potential of underutilized grasses. These will follow production of climate resilient genotypes of underutilized grasses having the potential to thrive well in a wider range of agro-environmental conditions on marginal lands without coming into competition with food crops (see Table 1).
Grasses | Technical name | Geographical presence | Perspective uses |
---|---|---|---|
Feather lovegrass | Indo-Pak subcontinent, China, South Africa | Alternate forage and preserved feed (hay and silage) for ruminants | |
Job’s tears | Philippines | Food products (porridge, coffee, wine, biscuits and variants of bread) and medicinal uses (wounds, blisters, and urinary tract infections) | |
Bermuda grass | Indo-Pak subcontinent, China, South America | Alternate forage and preserved feed for ruminants | |
Japanese sweet flag | United States of America | Low-cost and environment friendly ornamental grass | |
Pycreus grass | Indo-Pak subcontinent, China, South Africa, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey | Alternate forage and preserved feed for ruminants | |
Hairy crabgrass | Indo-Pak subcontinent, China, South America | Forage and preserved feed (hey and silage) for ruminants | |
Miscanthus | Mediterranean countries | Bioenergy production | |
Signalgrass | Indo-Pak subcontinent, China, South Africa, Australia, Southern Europe | Forage and preserved feed for ruminants | |
Switchgrass, | Mediterranean countries | Biomass crops for biofuel production | |
Wild sugarcane or Kans grass | Indo-Pak subcontinent, Nepal, Bhutan, Panama | Fencing of houses, vegetable gardens, Thatching of houses or huts roofs | |
Giant reed | Mediterranean countries | Biomass crops for biofuel production, phytoremediation of soil | |
Reed canary grass | Mediterranean countries | Biomass crops for biofuel production | |
Lemon grass | Philippines, Indonesia, Srilanka, Indo-Pak subcontinent, United Kingdom, Madagascar, Central America | Brewed into tea, use as herb in cooking for aroma, essential oils extraction and medicinal uses (antipyretic, antibacterial, and antifungal agent) | |
Chinese silvergrass | United States, South American countries | Low-cost and environment friendly ornamental grass | |
Blood grass or cogon grass | United States, South American countries | Low-cost and environment friendly ornamental grass | |
Eastern gamagrass | North America | Bioenergy production | |
Prairie cordgrass | North America | Bioenergy production | |
Big bluestem | Andropogon gerardii Vitman | North America | Biofuel production |
Pink muhly grass | United States of America, South American countries | Ornamental grass with esthetic values | |
Sand bluestem | Andropogon hallii Hack. | North America | Bioenergy production |
Little bluestem | [ | North America | Biofuel production |
Different underutilized grasses, their geographical presence and perspectives uses under varying farming systems and socio-economic perspectives.
Many underutilized grasses if promoted appropriately hold the potential to gain local, regional, national importance in terms of generating economic activity. For promoting underutilized grasses, securing resource base in developing countries is vital for maintaining the safety net comprising of diversified products and food stuffs and thus contributing to ensuring food security strives. Another justification for promoting underutilized grasses is to ensure diversification of agricultural systems and to offer support to fragile social groups having lesser affordability to rely solely on staple commodities [1, 14]. In addition, underutilized grasses cultivation on marginal, degraded and fellow lands can serve as a poverty alleviation strategy by empowering marginal sections of farming community. These also hold bright perspectives by allowing rural communities to adopt resources-based development instead of commodity focussing development. Along with poor segments of farming community, underutilized grasses can offer additional benefits to wider strata of communities through provision of balanced diets, diversified source of income to growers and marketing agents, sustainable preservation of agro-ecosystems and putting into use large swathes of marginal lands without disturbing the cultural identity.
In designing research works and developing promotion programs for underutilized grasses, researchers and policy makers need to be prepared for coping multitude of problems and hindrances.
Lack of agricultural market globalization for novel and new agricultural products and overemphasis on a specific set of trade preferences for a certain number of cash or food crops is one of the key challenges in boosting the demand and utilization of products prepared from underutilized grasses. Lack of globalized market for novel products prepared from underutilized grasses serves as discouraging factors to researchers, growers, funding agencies and policy makers despite the fact that product development follows the market demand and keep on waiting for favorable market factors is bound to serve no purpose.
Urbanization and the associated promotion of large enterprises which have replaced small-scale commercial and economic activities can also make the promotion of underutilized grass products a daunting task by offering severe competition.
The homogenization of local cultures owing to the intensive interaction of diversified cultures by virtue of improved communication have further promoted specialization in favor of established crops and thus narrowing down the scope for entry of products developed from underutilized grasses having a comparative competitive disadvantage in terms of less market demand and little share in global trade.
Species selection of underutilized grasses constitute another big challenge as the right species selection from a broad genetic pool of potential candidates can ensure appropriate use of limited resources. The availability of incomplete and poor-quality information regarding localized grass species have further multiplied the complexity on the selection process. It may be suggested that direct involvement of end users might be considered for a successful selection of underutilized grasses species.
Another daunting challenge is securing the necessary resource base for developing ex situ and in situ approaches intended for appraising the genetic diversity and running genetic programs in order to bring desired traits enabling the underutilized grasses to survive under changing climate scenarios.
Underutilized grasses hold bright perspectives in improving the food and nutritional security of a rapidly increasing population; enhance the nutritional balance and impart sustainability to modern profit-oriented farming systems. These may also serve as grower-friendly poverty alleviation strategy by generating additional income and that too with the utilization of meager resources. Agronomy is a branch of agriculture which deals with sustainable production of food, feed, fuel and fiber crops by putting into practice biologically viable and economically attractive approaches encompassing persistently evolving production technology package and agricultural soil management, restoration and preservation. Agronomists hold critical role in boosting underutilized grasses cultivation on large scale by developing environmental friendly technology packages. Following are some of the vital roles that Agronomy and Agronomists can perform to make cultivation of underutilized grasses economically viable under changing climatic scenarios.
There exists serious research and knowledge gaps regarding the growth habits and input requirements of underutilized grasses, which have served as major constraints to the strives for promoting cultivation and creating demand of products developed from underutilized grasses. For time being, efforts are needed for raising awareness among stakeholders and encouraging them to execute research on underutilized grasses in order to redress their neglect status. Another aspect that needs thorough attention is to conduct a detailed analysis on the evolving status of species from underused grass to a well utilized crop. It becomes even more pertinent to develop criteria of a peak promotion stage at which a specific grass will cease to be underutilized. Agronomists need to shoulder the responsibility for promoting grasses that are not only biologically viable but also economically attractive to local farmers, keeping in view their technological level and size of landholdings. In addition, such a promotion package must also encompass boosting local diversity of flora and impart sustainability to production systems without compromising established farming systems and promoting cultivation of underutilized grasses on marginal lands and degraded soils that cannot support other crops of economic significance.
Planting material constitutes one of the most critical factors in determining the success of any crop and the same is the case of underutilized grasses. Agronomists would be required to strive for securing the genetic resources for establishing a diversified genetic pool of different underutilized grasses, and thereafter, intensive research might be conducted for screening out high yielding, climate resilient, stress tolerant and resource efficient genotypes. It will follow mass seed production through well planned and target-oriented seed production programs in order to improve the access of growers to quality seed at an affordable cost. Agronomists and plant breeders are required to work in liaison to run commercially feasible seed production programs.
It must be conceded that resources have always been insufficient and scarce for conserving underutilized crops and grasses at large scale. Thus, this situation and desire for process sustainability requisite integration of conservation and utilization simultaneously and this concept is famously known as conservation through use. However, collecting information pertaining to distribution patterns, utilization preferences, and evaluation of existing traditional and localized knowledge on underutilized grasses is prerequisite as this information can serve as foundation of future research programs for improving access of growers to planting materials.
Since the cultivation and utilization of most of the underutilized grasses are primarily localized, thus agronomic packages for the cultivation of underutilized grasses must be developed keeping in view locally available farming resources, growers’ technical know-how level, farm mechanization status, community needs and market scenarios. Local mechanisms that support the deployment of useful diversity will need to be strengthened. There is a dire need to develop integrated chains and networks that cohesively link Agronomists to farmers and end-users of products developed from underutilized grasses. Moreover, Agronomists need to work in liaison with agri-economists for assessing potential revenue generation from the cultivation of underutilized grasses and product development.
The underutilized grasses have the potential to provide livelihoods to thousands of farmers globally provided access to planting material and quality is ensured along with investing in infrastructure development for product development through creating the market demand of products (food, feed, fuel, fiber, medicinal, spices, aromatic, beverages, esthetic etc.) developed from underutilized grasses. The underutilized grasses are threatened biological assets having the potential to contribute significantly in poverty alleviation strives, while Agronomists hold the key to unlocking this unutilized treasure. Intensive and systematic liaison among Agronomists and policy makers for developing cost-effective production technology package under specified set of agro-environmental condition and soil productivity status through appropriate resource allocation is the need of the time. Agronomists by developing biologically viable farming approaches can convert underutilized grasses into high value commodities for meeting community’s real needs. Agronomists need to develop criteria regarding (a) the minimum technical know-how of growers required for successful cultivation of underutilized grass species, (b) compiling information that is easy to understand and repeat in different regions of the world for seed multiplication methods and real-time assessment of grasses regeneration capacity and (c) fundamental knowledge compilation on different types of insect-pests, diseases, and site-specific cultivation related hindrances. In addition, fundamental changes are needed in reporting the agricultural statistics at regional, national as well as international levels. It might be suggested that agricultural statistics year book that is compiled and published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) must be broadened in scope by adding underutilized crops and grasses. Besides compilation, wider and easy access to this information must be made available to researchers, extension workers, industry and other stakeholders. At local and regional levels, site-specific studies to optimize production technology package of underutilized crops must be supported for ensuring their publication in order to make results available to wider audience.
Crop protection constitutes one of the most vital branches of agricultural science which keeps on devising biologically viable ways and cost-effective means for controlling various types of diseases, insect-pests in order to prevent significant damage by keeping harmful organisms below threshold levels. To prevent a severe disease outbreak comprises maintaining a healthy and vigorously growing crop. Each individual plant in the field requires optimum water and fertilizer quantity, as well as an aerated, well-drained soil but lacking any of these factors, the crop may become stressed ultimately more susceptible to disease. A study revealed that microbial diseases are responsible for the ultimate crop losses up to 16%, out of these 16% microbial losses almost 70–80% were due to fungal pathogens. It is estimated that more than 100,000 plant diseases can be caused by 8000 reported fungal species. As far as the underutilized grasses needs to be maintained by characterization and research on its agronomic factors, still there is a dire need to explore the pathogens causing mild to severe diseases ultimately suffering a huge loss in its production and quality traits. A few of the major crops may responsible for nutrition as well as food security that ultimately leads to keep the agriculture system vulnerable to various biotic and abiotic stresses due to the lack of genetic diversity in these crops. As far as diseases are concerned, there may be fungal and viral diseases that may be challenging to adopt in the underutilized grasses [15, 16, 17, 18].
Besides numerous diseases, a few need more attention as to be more severe in the grasses which must be investigated to find out biologically viable solution for keeping these below the threshold level. Rust caused by the species of genus Puccinia and is obligate plant pathogen. This genus contains more than 4000 species based on their hosts. Considering lemongrass as an example of underutilized grasses the rust caused by
Similarly blast is another important fungal disease on grasses especially on millet caused by
Among nematode disease cereal cyst nematodes among one of the oldest genus named Heterodera are the more important that may infect small cereal grain crops like oat, barley, wheat, rye, and triticale. Cereal cyst nematodes complex widely distributed on family Poaceae includes several species. Among these species oldest reported specie was
Generally, the best management practice to normalize the effect of cereal cyst nematode may include crop rotation with a non-host crop. The eggs of cyst may become dormant inside the cyst for many years but have a very narrow host range, therefore rotation led to the best cultural practice. Furthermore, clean fallows, sanitation of fields, weed control, sowing time to escape egg hatching and trap cropping should be effective. Use of resistant varieties and chemical nematicides directly minimize the population density of nematode. Studies revealed that the use of nematophagous fungi should be an alternative of chemical control as to target the cyst nematodes with the use of these biological control agents.
Food science belongs to basic as well as applied sciences of food and its scope significantly overlaps with agricultural science along with nutritional science leading through different vital scientific aspects pertaining to food processing and food safety along with persistent development of economically feasible technologies for food processing. Regarding underutilized grasses, food sciences can potentially play a vital role through product development and creating market demand for food products developed from underutilized grasses like lemon grass. There is an increasing pressure on agriculture to produce greater yields of feed, food and biofuel from limited land resources for the estimated population of nine billion people on the globe by 2050 [1, 2, 3]. So it is proposed that production from agricultural sources has to be increased to manage an estimated 40% increase in the world’s population. About 90% of this progress is likely to result from improved cropping and high crop yields, while the remaining has to be produced from land resources presently not utilized for farming. The diversification of crops from the poaceae family having nutritional value can also cope with the problem of food insecurity. The diversification into other grass crops could lead to sustainable agriculture by enhancing economic, ecological, nutritional and social conditions.
In comparison to the staple grasses, neglected or undervalued grasses are of immense importance in the food industry for developing valuable products. Food Science and technology has a wide range of applications for utilizing different undervalued grasses for the production of edible sugars and glucose from non-used rice and wheat residues which are usually wasted or burnt, and has been recently introduced for the successful production of food grade sugars. Similarly, Green Grass juice from underutilized barley and wheat is another essentially therapeutic food product with functional food ingredients. Green juice from grasses contains chlorophyll which is considered as green blood as it is a substitute of hemoglobin. So, the utilization of these grasses for juice production in the juice industry can achieve a wide range of objectives, including maintaining consumer’s health. The active ingredients in these juices also hold functional properties of immense importance for the juice processing industry. However, their contributions should be studied in order to enhance the precision. Cereal grass juices must be encouraged as a functional beverage in diet-based therapies against different lifestyle-related disorders [29, 30, 31].
Another wonderful candidate from Poaceae family is lemon grass. Lemongrass is primarily cultivated and grown for its essential oil (EO) that has multiple medicinal (anticancer, analgesic and antimicrobial) and cosmetic uses. It is also utilized in the form of herbal tea (green tea) as it contains a variety of vitamins and minerals which are essential for health. Lemongrass derivatives in aqueous or dried extract form can be used for the preparation of acceptable mixed beverages. This valuable product could be developed to improve the antioxidant activity, nutritional aspects, and health benefits. Usually, grains from grasses are utilized but grasses are ignored as a waste. Barley grass powder has a huge potential of utilization as a functional food ingredient in food preparations. Barley grass is rich in vitamins and minerals and can be developed as a powdered supplement to treat many chronic diseases. Also, food industries can utilize the barley powder for fortification purposes. Infect some effective strategies of food scientists are required that can guide futuristic research on production of functional foods from barley grass for prevention and treatment of chronic diseases [32].
Recently, Denmarkʼs National Food Institute contributed towards the novel application of grass protein as a food for human consumption. As it will be a cheaper and valuable source of protein to cope with the issues of food insecurity and alternatively protein deficiency malnutrition around the globe [33]. Interestingly, grass protein powder is a profitable and sustainable concept for serving humanity on the earth. Researchers claimed that grass protein has similar amino acid profile to that of egg, soya and whey proteins. For grass proteins ryegrass is an ideal candidate as it contains the right amino acids composition that can be turned out as a good protein source for human consumption. It is of prime interest that protein powder from rye grass can be utilized in a wide range of food products. As a novel food item grass protein powder must be approved by the European Food Safety Authority to ensure the powder is safe for human consumption. Researchers and food technologists are ambitious to develop grass protein as a food ingredient as it will be of great contribution towards an economical, approachable and sustainable solution to solve Food insecurity issues.
Plant breeding is a set of scientifically driven procedures and techniques for developing new genotypes through process called crop improvement, cultivar development and seed improvement. It assists to create multi-generations of genetically diverse populations generally through human triggered selection for creating the adapted plants having new combinations of desirable traits. There is an urgent need of developing the grass species having potential to yield higher under rapidly changing climate scenarios. This can be achieved by imparting traits of tolerance against abiotic and biotic stresses in order to fulfill the rising demands of food for rapidly growing populations. In the mid era of twentieth century, conventional breeding methods of plants had resulted in the historical green revolution since very high yielding crop varieties were produced by breeders. However, now under the scenario of climate change, conventional methods of breeding plant species are not sufficient. Molecular tools and techniques have evolved for developing plant-species with enhanced nutritional value through direct transfer of desirable genes controlling the demanded traits. Genetically engineered or modified crops, conventionally named the genetically-modified-crops (GMOs) can effectively supplement the conventional methods for producing improved quality plants for food and feed. Crop-species can be developed by genetic engineering for enhanced yield, nutritional qualities as well as the enhanced resistance to different environmental stresses. Breeding strategies for improved forage species is different from major crops since it requires a long-duration and demands the integrated use of the other disciplines such as; genetics, breeding, biotechnology, agronomy, entomology, physiology, pathology and animal-nutrition [34].
Breeding programs for underutilized grass species require complete knowledge of species-genetic-relationship, chromosomal composition, polyploidy and the, degree of existing gene-recombination or genetic variation for further selection and hybridization. Hence, the overall strategy differs among the species. However, a remarkable progress in the areas of modern molecular gene engineering tools has opened new horizons. Molecular approaches using biotechnological tools to produce improved forage crop varieties were started in the late-eighties. Such biotechnological tools include: Molecular techniques to observe the genetic composition, foreign or distant-gene insertion directly into the targeted plant-genome, and micro propagation from single cells in vitro. Various other such techniques such as embryo rescue, haploid plant production and creation of new variations aid in different steps involved conventional breeding methods consequently minimizing time required for conventional breeding methods. Additionally, the plants bred through such techniques do not conflict with the interests of the individuals who oppose the genetically -modified -organisms. For production of hybrids of Lolium-Festuca, the embryo-rescue technique has been exploited efficiently. There are several classic techniques of molecular breeding viz.; restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified- fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP), and isozymes which are frequently exploited for characterization of germplasm, quality trait loci (QTL) identification, detection of hybrids, cultivar identification, gene tagging, and genetic mapping. The molecular characterization of the genetic structure of forage crops as well as weeds is equally important. Since, if the gene identified from one plant species or living-organism contains the similarity in its sequence offers ease in its transfer into the target species through gene transformation [35].
Although, characterization of available germplasm is crucial particularly under the changing climates scenario, the gene-tagging and genetic-mapping in forage species is much lagging behind. For traits which are under the control of a single gene, gene tagging is essential, but in the case of forages most of the desirable agronomic traits are under the control of many genes and are thus very difficult to tag. Gene identification for the genes controlling apomixes in grass-breeding is a key to produce hybrid seed of underutilized grass species. Cloning and functional identification of these genes can be patented by breeder and can also be used for fixing heterosis in various species and offers time saving for hybrid seed production each year. Famous example is the Napier x Bajra hybrid, which was produced by the cross between
Recent progresses in the areas of genomics complemented with high-throughput and precision phenotyping facilitate the identification of genes controlling economic agronomic traits. The detection of these genes can be combined with genome editing techniques for the speedy development of climate change resilient plant species. Currently, genome editing is applied in major food crops and this technique has the potential for rapid improvement of underutilized crop plants, specially, targeting the current and future challenges of climate change. The success of genomics in improving a given plant species is also influenced by the nature of the trait under study. For example, traits intensely affected by the environment and genotypic and the environmental interaction are more challenging to study and modify [36]. Another approach could be intercropping underutilized grasses with staple cereals and legumes as this approach has the potential to boost soil fertility, total yield, and economic turnouts along with numerous other ecological benefits such as improvement in soil microbial population [37, 38, 39, 40].
Transgenic technology allows the transfer of foreign genes from unrelated species and thus offers enormous scope to improve underutilized grass species. The development of more detailed gene maps of different species, using genomics and allied molecular tools will help in the identification of genes or gene sequences that might be associated with responses to changing climate stress. Although the biosafety and health hazards linked with GM crops have been questioned, a number of crop species have already been genetically-engineered and carefully tested and possess no obvious risk. Integrated use of modern biotechnology, with conventional agricultural in a sustainable way, can lead to achieving the ultimate goal of achieving food security for current and future populations. Transgenic approaches have been employed to improve these species in the following aspects: significant improvement of dry matter digestibility in the case of tall fescue, alfalfa, and perennial ryegrass. By efficient integration of novel germplasm into practical breeding programs, transgenic cultivars offer the potential to play a potential role in fulfilling the growing demand for animal products as well as renewable fuels in the coming years.
A participatory approach integrating different disciplines including Agronomy, crop protection, plant breeding molecular genetics and food sciences to promote the cultivation and market demand of products developed from underutilized grasses is the need of time. It becomes even more important as studies on underutilized grasses have remained neglected historically and constitute one of the biggest challenges in crop genetic resource history. The destiny changing phenomenon of the green revolution holds witness to the fact that inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary approaches integrated in a coherent way to boost underutilized grass production is one of the most feasible, doable and viable options. It must be recognized that underutilized grass species will never command the same prime undertaking as a major crops which requisites a different but integrated approach for their viable promotion. Such an approach must link all stakeholders and research activities pertaining to local grass agro-botanical and pathological information collection, research trials, product development, nutritional assessment of developed products for safety and taste, product utilization policy and marketing as well as commercialisation plans. A chain of researchers from Agronomy, crop protection, plant breeding and food sciences can conduct interconnected research for boosting cultivation of underutilized grasses and develop products keeping in view the needs and demands of local, regional, national and international markets.
There is a very critical role of international organizations such as FAO for the sharing of findings acquired in region with equal benefits to other regions in terms of grasses cultivation and product development. The participatory approaches formulated collectively through larger brainstorming among stakeholders and implemented under localized conditions occupies the strategic position for making the best utilization of existing resources and promoting synergism across different regions. Underutilized grasses also constitute a class of grasses that are ignored socially and therefore, generalized masses and farmers are bound to attract towards multi-disciplinary research teams instead of working in isolation. The inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary researchers put a halt to the persistent decline in genetic erosion of grasses. Even extension workers can perform strategic role by collecting information regarding underutilized grasses from farmers of far-flung areas and thereafter Agronomists and Food Technologist can work cohesively to reveal the true potential of underutilized grasses through the production of quality products having rich perspectives in localized and regional markets.
Additionally, Agronomist need to work in loop with crop protection researchers to analyze the constraint factors related to insect-pest and diseases incidence, leading to the development of a technology package enabling grasses to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses effectively under a changing climate. The participatory approach involving Agronomists with Breeders may contribute to enhancing the see and germplasm selection, production, multiplication, supply, processing, product development and commercialisation. Furthermore, inclusive strategies hold the perspectives to develop rapid marketing demand for products from underutilized grasses through intensive cooperation with the private sector. The participatory approaches must attempt to explore options to grasses conservation and use simultaneously in order to secure a resource base for boosting underutilized grass cultivation and production. The approaches may differ, depending on whether the crop is seed propagated or clonally propagated, annual or perennial, outbreeding or self-pollinated. It is worth mentioning that a participatory approach must encompass information on the smallest size of ex situ collection that may ensure genetic diversity along with the ways and techniques to economically maintain the genetic diversity. Moreover, it is also vital to determine the extent of diversity that must be included in the production systems along with developing monitoring criteria in order to make the successful cultivation of underutilized grasses on a wider scale.
Besides agronomic packages, technologies entailing molecular genetics and GIS might play their role in developing the conservation techniques and utilization strategies for underutilized crops. As implied in the case of inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary approaches, it is also needed to initiate sustainable linkages among researchers, research and development organizations, farmers and consumers. It is always unlikely that researchers belonging to a specific discipline have all the expertise, while any single organization can also ill-afford to support research work on a large scale for boosting underutilized grass production and product development. Ultimately, it must be recognized that underutilized grasses present unique a set of problems and potential opportunities under varying socio-economic conditions, and thus participatory approaches can improve conservation and utilization of underutilized grasses under changing climate scenarios.
The commercial-oriented farming systems encompassing the cultivation of major grasses have caused a serious decline in the intra and interspecific diversity of crops. In addition, the decline of grasses biodiversity has led to higher vulnerability among growers and end-users while the changing climate has made it mandatory to promote underutilized grasses (Feather lovegrass, job’s tears, bermuda grass, Japanese sweet flag, pycreus grass, hairy crabgrass, signalgrass, switchgrass, miscanthus, giant reed, reed canary grass, lemon grass, Chinese silvergrass, big bluestem, wild sugarcane etc.) diversity in order to ensure food security and economic viability of modern farming systems. The panacea lies in a participatory approach entailing integration of agronomic practices with crop protection, food sciences and plant breeding in order to develop sustainable technology packages for ensuring economic production of food, beverage and medicinal products from underutilized grasses. Moreover, creating market demand for novel products of underutilized grasses coupled with sustainable supplies of raw material along with processing, packaging and branding facilities hold key in booting cultivation and utilization of underutilized grasses under changing climate. Last but not least, United Nation’s envisaged sustainable goals of zero hunger and poverty alleviation might also be addressed by boosting cultivation and utilization of underutilized grasses.
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\n\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nQUALITY CONTENT
\n\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\n\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\n\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\n\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\n\nACCESS
\n\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
\n\nYOUR WORK, YOUR COPYRIGHT
\n\nThe utilization of CC licenses allow researchers to retain copyright to their work. Researchers are free to use, adapt and share all content they publish with us. You will never have to pay permission fees to reuse a part of an experiment that you worked so hard to complete and are free to build upon your own research and the research of others. The Edited Volume helps bring together research from all over the world and compiles that research into one book - accessible for all. The research presented in chapter one can inspire the author of chapter three to take his or her research to the next level. It is about sharing ideas, insights and knowledge.
\n\nCan collaboration be inspired by a publishing format? At IntechOpen, the answer is yes. The way the research is published, the way it is accessed, it’s all part of our mission to help academics make a greater impact by giving readers free access to all published work.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Adsorption kinetics is one of the main factors that must be understood before the applicability of any adsorbent. In every adsorption process, linear or non-linear analysis of the kinetics is applied. The goodness of fit index (coefficient of correlation or sum of squares) is applied to access the best model. The usage of linear or non-linear from of the adsorption kinetics has an impact on the distribution of error function. Almost in every adsorption study, linear forms have been used to conclude the best kinetic model that influence the adsorption mechanism—which might be an error. Therefore, this review highlights the mistakes in the usage of linear and non-linear models. The applicability of the adsorption kinetics in wastewater treatment is also illuminated.",book:{id:"7486",slug:"advanced-sorption-process-applications",title:"Advanced Sorption Process Applications",fullTitle:"Advanced Sorption Process Applications"},signatures:"George William Kajjumba, Serkan Emik, Atakan Öngen, H. 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De Oliveira, D.A.C. Albuquerque, T.G.S. Cruz, F.M. Yamaji and F.L. 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However, its large band gap energy, ca. 3.2 eV limits its absorption of solar radiation to the UV light range which accounts for only about 5% of the solar spectrum. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 is also limited by the rapid recombination of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs. When used in water treatment applications, TiO2 has a poor affinity toward organic pollutants, especially hydrophobic organic pollutants. Several strategies have been employed to reduce its band gap energy, its electron-hole recombination rates as well as enhance its absorption of organic pollutants. In this chapter, we review some of the most recent works that have employed the doping, decoration, and structural modification of TiO2 particles for applications in photocatalysis. Additionally, we discuss the effectiveness of these dopants and/or modifiers in enhancing TiO2 photoactivity as well as some perspective on the future of TiO2 photocatalysis.",book:{id:"7478",slug:"photocatalysts-applications-and-attributes",title:"Photocatalysts",fullTitle:"Photocatalysts - Applications and Attributes"},signatures:"John Moma and Jeffrey Baloyi",authors:[{id:"250026",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Moma",slug:"john-moma",fullName:"John Moma"},{id:"250963",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Baloyi",slug:"jeffrey-baloyi",fullName:"Jeffrey Baloyi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68496",title:"Moisture Sorption Isotherms and Isotherm Model Performance Evaluation for Food and Agricultural Products",slug:"moisture-sorption-isotherms-and-isotherm-model-performance-evaluation-for-food-and-agricultural-prod",totalDownloads:2001,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Moisture sorption characteristics of agricultural and food products play important roles in such technological processes as drying, handling, packaging, storage, mixing, freeze-drying and other processes that require the prediction of food stability, shelf life, glass transition and estimation of drying time and texture and prevention of deteriorative reactions. They are useful in the computation of thermodynamic energies of moisture in the products. An understanding of moisture sorption phenomena in products, moisture sorption isotherm (MSI) determination techniques and moisture sorption isotherm model evaluation procedures would be useful in the development or selection, modeling and controlling as well as optimization of appropriate processes to make for enhanced efficiency. The phenomena addressed in this chapter are equilibrium moisture content (EMC)-water activity (aw) relationships and MSI types, temperature influence on isotherms and occurrence of moisture sorption hysteresis. MSI measurement techniques highlighted are the gravimetric, vapor pressure manometric (VPM), hygrometric and inverse gas chromatographic and the use of AquaLab equipment. Commonly used moisture sorption isotherm models (BET, GAB, modified GAB, Hailwood-Horrobin, modified Hailwood-Horrobin, modified Halsey, modified Henderson, modified Chung-Pfost and modified Oswin) were selected, and their evaluation procedures using moisture sorption data were outlined. Static gravimetric technique involving the use of saturated salt solution appears to be the most widely used and recommended method of determining the EMC of agricultural and food products. Most of the MSI models can be fitted to moisture sorption data thorough linearization by logarithmic transformation, while others can be solved using such expression as second-order polynomial. Model goodness of fit can be determined using standard (SE) error of estimate, coefficient of determination (R2), mean relative percentage deviation (P) and fraction explained variation (FEV). The acceptance of a model depends on the nature of its residual plots. A model is considered acceptable if the residual plots show uniform scatter around the horizontal value of zero showing no systemic tendency towards a clear pattern. A model is better than another model if it has lower SE, lower P, higher R2 and higher FEV. Although it appears as if a generalized MSI model is yet to exist, it is recommended that the Ngoddy-Bakker-Arkema (NBA) model should be given thorough going and extensive testing on the MSI of different categories of food as it could prove true to its generalized model posture due to the fundamental nature of its derivation.",book:{id:"8012",slug:"sorption-in-2020s",title:"Sorption in 2020s",fullTitle:"Sorption in 2020s"},signatures:"Ndubisi A. Aviara",authors:[{id:"303694",title:"Prof.",name:"Ndubisi",middleName:null,surname:"Aviara",slug:"ndubisi-aviara",fullName:"Ndubisi Aviara"}]},{id:"63788",title:"Disinfection Methods",slug:"disinfection-methods",totalDownloads:3236,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Water must be made safe to drink, and an important step in ensuring water safety is disinfection. Disinfectants are added to water to kill disease-causing microorganisms. Ground water sources can be disinfected by “The Water Treatment Rule,” which requires public water systems for disinfection. Chlorination, ozone, ultraviolet light, and chloramines are primary methods for disinfection. However, potassium permanganate, photocatalytic disinfection, nanofiltration, and chlorine dioxide can also be used. Organic material is naturally present in water. Certain forms of chlorine can react with these organic materials and result in the formation of harmful by-products; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has anticipated maximum levels for these contaminants.",book:{id:"7478",slug:"photocatalysts-applications-and-attributes",title:"Photocatalysts",fullTitle:"Photocatalysts - Applications and Attributes"},signatures:"Muhammad Saqib Ishaq, Zobia Afsheen, Amjad Khan and Amjad\nKhan",authors:[{id:"228353",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saqib",middleName:null,surname:"Ishaq",slug:"muhammad-saqib-ishaq",fullName:"Muhammad Saqib Ishaq"},{id:"246559",title:"Dr.",name:"Zobia",middleName:null,surname:"Afsheen",slug:"zobia-afsheen",fullName:"Zobia Afsheen"},{id:"246561",title:"Mr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"amjad-khan",fullName:"Amjad Khan"},{id:"271289",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"amjad-khan",fullName:"Amjad Khan"}]},{id:"41887",title:"Microbial Techniques for Hydrocarbon Exploration",slug:"microbial-techniques-for-hydrocarbon-exploration",totalDownloads:6618,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"2351",slug:"hydrocarbon",title:"Hydrocarbon",fullTitle:"Hydrocarbon"},signatures:"M.A. Rasheed, D.J. Patil and A.M. Dayal",authors:[{id:"143475",title:"Dr",name:"Mohammed Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Rasheed",slug:"mohammed-abdul-rasheed",fullName:"Mohammed Abdul Rasheed"},{id:"144630",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayal",middleName:null,surname:"Anurodh",slug:"dayal-anurodh",fullName:"Dayal Anurodh"}]},{id:"58999",title:"The DFT+U: Approaches, Accuracy, and Applications",slug:"the-dft-u-approaches-accuracy-and-applications",totalDownloads:4543,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:"This chapter introduces the Hubbard model and its applicability as a corrective tool for accurate modeling of the electronic properties of various classes of systems. The attainment of a correct description of electronic structure is critical for predicting further electronic-related properties, including intermolecular interactions and formation energies. The chapter begins with an introduction to the formulation of density functional theory (DFT) functionals, while addressing the origin of bandgap problem with correlated materials. Then, the corrective approaches proposed to solve the DFT bandgap problem are reviewed, while comparing them in terms of accuracy and computational cost. The Hubbard model will then offer a simple approach to correctly describe the behavior of highly correlated materials, known as the Mott insulators. Based on Hubbard model, DFT+U scheme is built, which is computationally convenient for accurate calculations of electronic structures. Later in this chapter, the computational and semiempirical methods of optimizing the value of the Coulomb interaction potential (U) are discussed, while evaluating the conditions under which it can be most predictive. The chapter focuses on highlighting the use of U to correct the description of the physical properties, by reviewing the results of case studies presented in literature for various classes of materials.",book:{id:"6193",slug:"density-functional-calculations-recent-progresses-of-theory-and-application",title:"Density Functional Calculations",fullTitle:"Density Functional Calculations - Recent Progresses of Theory and Application"},signatures:"Sarah A. Tolba, Kareem M. Gameel, Basant A. Ali, Hossam A.\nAlmossalami and Nageh K. Allam",authors:[{id:"175824",title:"Dr.",name:"Nageh",middleName:"K.",surname:"Allam",slug:"nageh-allam",fullName:"Nageh Allam"},{id:"398157",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah A.",middleName:null,surname:"Tolba",slug:"sarah-a.-tolba",fullName:"Sarah A. Tolba"},{id:"398158",title:"Dr.",name:"Kareem M.",middleName:null,surname:"Gameel",slug:"kareem-m.-gameel",fullName:"Kareem M. Gameel"},{id:"398162",title:"Dr.",name:"Basant A.",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"basant-a.-ali",fullName:"Basant A. Ali"},{id:"398163",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossam A.",middleName:null,surname:"Almossalami",slug:"hossam-a.-almossalami",fullName:"Hossam A. Almossalami"}]},{id:"40233",title:"Ammonia as a Hydrogen Source for Fuel Cells: A Review",slug:"ammonia-as-a-hydrogen-source-for-fuel-cells-a-review",totalDownloads:9336,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:null,book:{id:"2795",slug:"hydrogen-energy-challenges-and-perspectives",title:"Hydrogen Energy",fullTitle:"Hydrogen Energy - Challenges and Perspectives"},signatures:"Denver Cheddie",authors:[{id:"141157",title:"Dr.",name:"Denver",middleName:null,surname:"Cheddie",slug:"denver-cheddie",fullName:"Denver Cheddie"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"86",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81713",title:"Transition Metals-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks, Synthesis, and Environmental Applications",slug:"transition-metals-based-metal-organic-frameworks-synthesis-and-environmental-applications",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104294",abstract:"This work illustrates examples of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived from transition metals and their environmental applications in areas of catalysis, sorption, and hydrogen evolution. Explanation of some of the techniques employed for their synthesis has been discussed. On the other hand, the advantages of the use of hybrid materials such as the metal-organic frameworks are exposed in this book as well a detailed description of the different linkers and metals used for the synthesis of this kind of porous materials going through the methodologies and techniques utilized by different authors to obtain good-quality crystalline applicable materials. Adjustments of linker geometry, length, ratio, and the functional group can tune the size, shape, and internal surface property of an MOF for a targeted application. The uses of MOFs are exploring new different areas of chemistry such as catalysis, adsorption, carrier systems, hydrogen evolution, photocatalysis, and more. Different examples of MOFs from Scandium to Zinc are well described in this book, and finally, a brief description of some common environmental applications such as metals and azo dyes sorption, hydrogen evolution, and catalyst in the transesterification process of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel is explored and commented.",book:{id:"11216",title:"Sorption - From Fundamentals to Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11216.jpg"},signatures:"Lidia E. Chiñas-Rojas, Guadalupe Vivar-Vera, Yafeth F. Cruz-Martínez, Seth Limón Colohua, José María Rivera and Eric Houbron"},{id:"81332",title:"Adsorption of Chromium from an Aqueous Solution onto Chitosan Beads Modified with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)",slug:"adsorption-of-chromium-from-an-aqueous-solution-onto-chitosan-beads-modified-with-sodium-dodecyl-sul",totalDownloads:25,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104093",abstract:"The goal of this research is to make chitosan beads that have been treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to remove chromium (Cr) from an aqueous solution effectively. The successful synthesis of the SDS-chitosan was proven through characterization, which were carried out using by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption of Cr on the SDS material was investigated by varying experimental conditions such as pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage. The maximum adsorption capacity of SDS-chitosan for Cr(III) was estimated to be 3.42 mg·g−1 and 3.23 mg·g−1 for Cr(VI). Based on the results of adsorption kinetics and isothermal models, the adsorption process conform to the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm models. This indicates that the adsorption of Cr on SDS-chitosan is mainly dominated by chemical adsorption and monolayer reaction. In addition, according to thermodynamic analyses, the adsorption of Cr is an endothermic reaction. These results show that the new adsorbent has obvious application prospect for removing Cr.",book:{id:"11216",title:"Sorption - From Fundamentals to Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11216.jpg"},signatures:"Naoki Kano, Zou Ming, David Eva Vanessa Anak and Muhammad Nabil Md Sari"},{id:"81111",title:"Coconut Shell Charcoal Adsorption to Remove Methyl Orange in Aqueous Solutions",slug:"coconut-shell-charcoal-adsorption-to-remove-methyl-orange-in-aqueous-solutions",totalDownloads:34,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102898",abstract:"Activated charcoal was prepared and characterized from residues of coconut peel (CACC) to remove by adsorption the Methyl Orange (AM) dye in aqueous solution. The charcoal was activated with phosphoric acid. The morphology and structure of the pores of the carbon obtained were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a surface analyzer. The adsorption data were evaluated by the BET, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, finding the Langmuir type I model. The surface area of the activated carbon was 526 m2/g with a pore volume of 0.234 cm3/g and an average pore diameter of 1.78 nm, according to BET, which indicates the presence of micropores. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of the AM dye in CACC is a spontaneous process at room temperature and that physisorption and chemisorption are probably involved. The adsorption tests were followed by UV–visible spectrophotometry. The effects of the adsorbate concentration (AM) and the heat treatment (450–500°C) with an air atmosphere were investigated, keeping constant the stirring time and the H3PO4/sample weight ratio. The results obtained indicate that the activated carbon obtained could be used as an alternative low-cost adsorbent in the removal of AM from effluents in aqueous solution.",book:{id:"11216",title:"Sorption - From Fundamentals to Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11216.jpg"},signatures:"Isabel Cristina Páez-Pumar Romer, Isabella Victoria Plazola Santana, Rosa María Rodríguez Bengoechea and Miguel Manuel Pérez Hernández"},{id:"80319",title:"Sorption Isotherms and Some Functional Properties of Cowpea Varieties Flour",slug:"sorption-isotherms-and-some-functional-properties-of-cowpea-varieties-flour",totalDownloads:58,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101902",abstract:"In sub-Sahara, preservation of processed cowpea flour remained a challenge, and there are no standard isotherm conditions for drying cowpea flour. This study aims to define the optimum isotherm conditions for cowpea flour and assess their functional properties. Adsorption isotherms of three varieties of cowpea at temperatures 30, 40, and 50°C and in each case with six different applications depending on the constant relative humidity of the medium were executed. Water and oil absorption capacities including swelling index were determined. Results show that water content at equilibrium is inversely proportional to the temperature, and at the same temperature, the water content increases when water activity augments. The adsorption isotherms are of type II according to the fitted BET and GAB models. The absorption capacities ranged from 1.06 ± 0.01, 1.08 ± 0.02, and 1.09 ± 0.01(mL/g), respectively, for CS133, CS032, and control. However, the swelling index was significantly separated (P < 0.05). The adsorption isotherm curve of the sample CS032 at 50°C shows a stronger correlation (R2 = 0.9274) than the other varieties regardless of the mathematical isotherm model used. It can be concluded that depending on some functional properties of cowpea variety flour, these varieties seemed to behave separately vis-a-vis their sorption isotherm.",book:{id:"11216",title:"Sorption - From Fundamentals to Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11216.jpg"},signatures:"Issoufou Amadou"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:4},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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