IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
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IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
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Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
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After a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
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Our innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\n
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Topic Focused Publications - Each topic showcases high impact subject areas
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Renowned Editorial Expertise - Series Editors, Topic Editors, and a team of international Board Members that permanently support each Book Series
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Fast Publishing - quick turnaround which is unique for book publishing
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The benefit of ISSN and ISBN for increased citation and indexing possibilities
\n
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\n
IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
We invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\n
Note: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1918",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Inference System - Theory and Applications",title:"Fuzzy Inference System",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is an attempt to accumulate the researches on diverse inter disciplinary field of engineering and management using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). The book is organized in seven sections with twenty two chapters, covering a wide range of applications. Section I, caters theoretical aspects of FIS in chapter one. Section II, dealing with FIS applications to management related problems and consisting three chapters. Section III, accumulates six chapters to commemorate FIS application to mechanical and industrial engineering problems. Section IV, elaborates FIS application to image processing and cognition problems encompassing four chapters. Section V, describes FIS application to various power system engineering problem in three chapters. Section VI highlights the FIS application to system modeling and control problems and constitutes three chapters. Section VII accommodates two chapters and presents FIS application to civil engineering problem.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0525-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6204-9",doi:"10.5772/2341",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"fuzzy-inference-system-theory-and-applications",numberOfPages:518,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f9e83f062ef44d6d01a2ac38a75f3dd5",bookSignature:"Mohammad Fazle Azeem",publishedDate:"May 9th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1918.jpg",numberOfDownloads:69148,numberOfWosCitations:59,numberOfCrossrefCitations:41,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:18,numberOfDimensionsCitations:60,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:17,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:160,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 11th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 8th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 13th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 12th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 11th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"104293",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Fazle",middleName:null,surname:"Azeem",slug:"mohammad-fazle-azeem",fullName:"Mohammad Fazle Azeem",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104293/images/2006_n.jpg",biography:"MOHAMMAD FAZLE AZEEM was born on 01st, July’ 1966 in a reputed Qazi family of Gorakhpur, UP, INDIA. He earned his Bachelor degree in electrical engineering from MMMEC, Gorakhpur in 1987, Masters degree in instrumentation & control from AMU in 1991, and Doctorate degree from Indian Institute of Teccnology, Delhi, INDIA in 2001. He had joined the department of electrical engineering, AMU, Aligarh, INDIA in December’1989 as lecturer. He has promoted to senior lecturer and associate professor in the year 1995 and 2000 respectively. Presently, he has been deputed to PA College of Engineering, Mangalore, Karnataka, INDIA as professor and academic director ECE/TCE from October’2007.\nHe has sixty six publications in his credit, published in international journals, international and national conferences. He has delivered more than twenty five technical talks in India and abroad. As a philanthropist his message to humanity is: \n“BE TOLERANT TO INCULCATE LOVE FOR HUMAN AND LIVING BEING”",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"722",title:"Fuzzy Logic",slug:"engineering-control-engineering-fuzzy-logic"}],chapters:[{id:"36626",title:"Fuzzy Logic, Knowledge and Natural Language",doi:"10.5772/36498",slug:"fuzzy-logic-knowledge-and-natural-language",totalDownloads:2970,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gaetano Licata",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36626",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36626",authors:[{id:"108558",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaetano",surname:"Licata",slug:"gaetano-licata",fullName:"Gaetano Licata"}],corrections:null},{id:"36627",title:"Applications of Fuzzy Logic in Risk Assessment - The RA_X Case",doi:"10.5772/37212",slug:"applications-of-fuzzy-logic-in-risk-assessment-the-ra-x-case",totalDownloads:3711,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Isabel L. 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1. Introduction
Senescence is a process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing [1]. It is a natural universal phenomenon affecting all living organisms (e.g., humans, animals, and plants). Senescence in cells occurs with the process of growing old (aging). It is a multifactorial process that can be induced by several stimuli including cellular stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oncogene activation.
Lifespan is a biological characteristic of every species. The lifespan of living organisms ranges from few hours (with mayfly) to potential eternity (with jellyfish and hydra). The maximum theoretical lifespan in humans is around 120 years. The lifespan in humans is influenced by multiple factors including genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle, environmental, metabolic, and endocrine factors [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
Lifespan can potentially be extended by mutations or by a variety of interventions in humans, animals, and plants. In humans, interventions such as lifestyle, reduction of several life-threatening diseases and disabilities, hormonal replacement, antioxidants, autophagy inducers, senolytic drugs, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy can potentially help to extend lifespan and eventually surpass 120 years [6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41].
This chapter presents a comparative overview of senescence and lifespan in humans, animals, and plants.
2. History of life on planet Earth
According to the core accretion theory, planet Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago (approximately one-third the age of the universe) by accretion from the solar nebula [42]. The initial Earth was a dry planet, without atmosphere and ocean components [43].
The origin of life question is one of the most challenging questions in science. Both ribonucleic acid and peptides played key roles in the emergence of life on Earth [44]. Although the beginning of the presence of life on Earth cannot be determined with accuracy, there is evidence that primitive life with bacteria-like organisms was present around 3.50 billion years ago (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Primitive life was likely present on Earth around 3.50 billion years ago. Copyright symkin (Николай Бибик)/Depositphotos Inc.
The evolution of species is a complex phenomenon that is supported by several theories. According to Darwin, the natural selection enabled simple life to evolve into complex life over a long period of time (Figure 2) [45].
Figure 2.
Evolution of humans. Copyright YAYImages (Alex Golke)/Depositphotos Inc.
3. Diversity of life on planet Earth
Diversity of life refers to the variety of existing living organisms in relation to their species, races, ethnicities, and habitats.
3.1 Species, races, and ethnicities
There is a variety of species (several million), races, and ethnicities on planet Earth. However, most species, including those living in the ocean, remain to be described [46]. Some species are extremely abundant, while others are moderately common or rare.
3.1.1 Humans
The historical definition of human races has evolved over more than two centuries. The initial definition of Black, Brown, Red, White, and Yellow races was at the origin of prejudice and racism. These shameful attitudes are still present in our societies.
To encourage diversity and promote uniformity and comparability of data on race and ethnicity, the National Institutes of Health in the USA has defined the following racial and ethnic categories: American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, and White. To be comprehensive with this classification, we should also include different combinations of the above races and ethnicities (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Diversity of humans. Copyright macrovector (Alejandro Sánchez Blanes)/Depositphotos Inc.
3.1.2 Animals
It is estimated that there are over 7 million animal species, but most have not been described (Figure 4). With approximately 1,000,000 described species, insects represent about 55% of all known species.
The basic animal classes include invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Within each animal species, there are several breeds. For dogs, for example, more than 300 breeds have been described.
Figure 4.
Diversity of animal species. Copyright Jim_Filim (Iakov Filimonov)/Depositphotos Inc.
3.1.3 Plants
There are close to 400,000 species of plants. The large majority of plants are vascular and flowering plants (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
Diversity of plant species. Copyright interactimages (Matthew Cole)/Depositphotos Inc.
3.2 Habitats
There are two main types of habitats for the living organisms: terrestrial (e.g., regular land, grassland, forest, desert, mountain, and polar region) and aquatic (freshwater, marine, and coastal region). Based on their habitat, living organisms can be exposed to a variety of air, sunlight, temperature, humidity, and noise (Figure 6).
Figure 6.
Organisms living in the water. Copyright Vlad61 (Владимир Голубев)/Depositphotos Inc.
4. Senescence and aging
The word senescence is derived from the Latin word “senex” (meaning old). In biology, senescence is a process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing. In addition to exiting the cell cycle, senescent cells undergo other phenotypic alterations including metabolic reprogramming, chromatin rearrangement, and autophagy modulation [1]. Senescence is a natural universal phenomenon affecting all living organisms (e.g., humans, animals, and plants). However, there is a wide range of diversity in the pattern of senescence across species. Senescence is the process of growing old (aging) with a progressive deterioration of the cell and organ functioning. Senescence is associated with a decrease in fertility and/or an increase in mortality.
4.1 Mechanisms
The underlying mechanisms of senescence and aging at the cellular level are not fully understood. Senescence is a multifactorial process that can be induced by several stimuli including cellular stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oncogene activation. The most popular theory to explain aging is the free radical theory [47]. According to this theory, continuous, unrepaired oxidative damage of macromolecules constitutes the molecular basis of aging.
4.1.1 Humans
Human senescence and aging result from accumulation over time of genetic, molecular, and cellular damages.
Aging is associated with a gradual, time-dependent, and heterogeneous decline of physiological functions ultimately leading to death (Figure 7). The human body goes through multiple changes including endothelial pro-atherosclerotic changes, an overall decrease in the size of organs, ovarian atrophy, osteopenia, sarcopenia, skin atrophy, and adipose tissue enlargement (non-exhaustive list) [7, 10, 12, 26]. Some of these changes play a role in the development of several age-related chronic diseases (e.g., ischemic heart disease, osteoporosis, and cancer) responsible for increased mortality. Senescence is emerging as a therapeutic target for several diseases.
Figure 7.
Evolution of humans with aging. Copyright cherstva (Olena Cherstva)/Depositphotos Inc.
4.1.2 Animals
Senescence and aging are also present in animals and influenced by multiple factors including genetic and environmental factors [48]. The rate and intensity of aging vary considerably among animals. Interestingly, some animals do not exhibit clear evidence of biological aging (negligible senescence) and have superior resistance to age-related diseases. These animals include ocean quahog clam, Greenland shark, Aldabra giant tortoise, rougheye rockfish, freshwater pearl mussel, and naked mole-rat (non-exhaustive list). At least two animals, jellyfish (Turritopsis dohrnii) and hydra, are considered potentially immortal [49].
4.1.3 Plants
Senescence and aging in plants are associated with a complex deterioration of cellular metabolism that includes loss of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and proteins, and an increase in lipid peroxidation and membrane permeability, leading to a decline in photosynthesis. Multiple factors including phytohormones, sunlight, temperature, and water play a role in plant senescence [50].
5. Lifespan
Lifespan is a biological characteristic of every species. It is determined by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The lifespan of living organisms ranges from few hours (animals) to few thousand years (animals and plants) or to eternity (animals). Phenotypic plasticity can affect the long lifespan of both animals and plants [48].
5.1 Lifespan by species
5.1.1 Humans
The lifespan in humans is influenced by multiple factors including genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle, environmental, metabolic, and endocrine factors [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
The maximum theoretical lifespan in humans is around 120 years. Very few individuals reach this theoretical age since several events can impact lifespan (e.g., diseases, suicide, accident, and war).
Centenarians are subjects living 100 years or older. They represent a model of successful aging [9, 31, 51, 52]. Semi-supercentenarians are those who reach an age of 105–109 years (Figure 8). A very small fraction of centenarians (up to 0.5%) will live 110 years or older (supercentenarians) [5, 52]. The oldest supercentenarian with well-documented age was Jeanne Louise Calment (1875–1997) from Arles (France) who lived 122 years. The second oldest supercentenarian was Sarah DeRemer Knauss (1880–1999) from Hollywood, Pennsylvania (USA) who lived 119 years.
Figure 8.
A semi-supercentenarian Chinese woman (105 years old) and her great granddaughter. Copyright ChinaImages (IMAGINECHINA LIMITED)/Depositphotos Inc.
According to United Nations estimates, in 2020, the number of centenarians in the world was approximately 573,000 (mainly from the USA). This number could reach approximately 3,676,000 by 2050 (mainly from China).
5.1.2 Animals
The lifespan in animals is between few hours to potential eternity. The shortest lifespan is seen with mayfly (1 day). Aside from jellyfish (Turritopsis dohrnii) (Figure 9) and hydra which are considered potentially immortal animals, the longest lifespan has been observed with glass sponge (around 10,000 years) (Table 1) [49].
Figure 9.
Jellyfish (Turritopsis dohrnii) is considered a potentially immortal animal. Copyright Winston (Sergey Belov)/Depositphotos Inc.
Animal
Lifespan
Jellyfish
Potentially immortal
Hydra
Potentially immortal
Glass sponge
10,000 years
Coral
4,000 years
Clam
500 years
Shark
270 years
Giant tortoise
250 years
Rougheye rockfish
200 years
Parrot
100 years
Crocodile
70 years
Elephant
50 years
Monkey
45 years
Camel
40 years
Horse
30 years
Cow
20 years
Snake
20 years
Cat
18 years
Lion
15 years
Tiger
15 years
Dog
13 years
Rabbit
12 years
Chicken
10 years
Pigeon
5 years
Ant
4 years
Rat
2 years
Mosquito
6 weeks
Fly
1 month
Mayfly
1 day
Table 1.
Lifespan (average or record) in animals ranked by descending order of duration (non-exhaustive list).
5.1.3 Plants
The lifespan in plants ranges from few weeks (in annuals) to few thousand years (in trees). Bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva), a tree found in the higher mountains of California (USA), is among the plants with the longest lifespan (around 5,000 years) (Figure 10).
Figure 10.
Bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) can live around 5,000 years. Copyright mkopka (Melissa Kopka)/Depositphotos Inc.
5.2 Evolution of lifespan
The important increase in human lifespan over the past 100 years is one of the greatest achievements of humanity [53]. The evolution of human lifespan over time is reported in Table 2.
Period
Lifespan
Pre-historic
30 years
Early 16th century (developed countries)
40 years
Early 20th century (developed countries)
50 years
Early 21st century (worldwide)
73 years
Table 2.
Evolution of average lifespan in humans throughout the history of mankind.
5.3 Interventions to extend lifespan
Although lifespan is a biological characteristic of every species, it can be modified by mutations or by a variety of interventions in humans, animals, and plants.
Extending lifespan while keeping health and vitality has always been a dream for mankind. The “successful aging” is aging without any disabilities and severe diseases (Figure 11) [27, 53].
Figure 11.
Healthy old couple. Copyright nicoletaionescu (Nicoleta Ionescu)/Depositphotos Inc.
There are several ways to potentially extend the lifespan of humans and eventually surpass the maximum theoretical lifespan of 120 years. The tools that can be proposed include lifestyle, reduction of several life-threatening diseases and disabilities, hormonal replacement, antioxidants, autophagy inducers, senolytic drugs, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy (Table 3) (Figure 12) [6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41].
Tool
Example
Lifestyle
Diet (rich in vegetables, fruits, and fiber, poor in saturated fat and red meat), Caloric restriction, Exercise, Clean and stress-free environment
Reduction of life-threatening diseases
Treatment of Ischemic heart disease, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cancer, Overweight/Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Osteoporosis, etc.
Hormonal replacement
Estrogen, Dehydroepiandrosterone
Antioxidants
Resveratrol, Curcumin, etc.
Autophagy inducers
Caloric restriction, Exercise, Vitamin D, Resveratrol, Metformin, Rapamycin, etc.
Senolytic drugs
Dasatinib, Quercetin, Fisetin, Navitoclax, etc.
Stem cell therapy
Stem cells
Gene therapy
Gene editing, Viral or Non-viral vectors
Table 3.
Tools proposed for the potential extension of the lifespan in humans (non-exhaustive list).
Figure 12.
Regular exercise can be very beneficial for the extension of lifespan. Copyright kornetka (Svetlana Ivanova)/Depositphotos Inc.
Clinical trials using anti-senescent therapies are in progress. Results from early pilot studies suggest that senolytic drugs can decrease senescent cells, reduce inflammation, and alleviate frailty. Stem cell therapy represents a new emerging era in medicine that has the potential to delay the aging process and, therefore, extend lifespan, by better treating life-threatening diseases that impact lifespan. Genetic interventions, although promising, may be difficult to implement in humans without the knowledge of all the potential health consequences during entire life.
6. Conclusions
Senescence is a process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing. It is a natural universal phenomenon affecting all living organisms (e.g., humans, animals, and plants). Senescence is the process of growing old (aging). It can be induced by several stimuli including cellular stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oncogene activation. The most popular theory to explain aging is the free radical theory.
Lifespan is a biological characteristic of every species. The lifespan of living organisms ranges from few hours (with mayfly) to potential eternity (with jellyfish and hydra). The maximum theoretical lifespan in humans is around 120 years. The lifespan in humans is influenced by multiple factors including genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle, environmental, metabolic, and endocrine factors. The lifespan in animals is between few hours to potential eternity. The lifespan in plants ranges from few weeks to few thousand years.
There are tools that can potentially extend the lifespan of humans and eventually surpass 120 years. They include lifestyle, reduction of several life-threatening diseases and disabilities, hormonal replacement, antioxidants, autophagy inducers, senolytic drugs, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"senescence, aging, lifespan, humans, animals, plants",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82112.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82112.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82112",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82112",totalDownloads:7,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"February 1st 2022",dateReviewed:"May 3rd 2022",datePrePublished:"June 15th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"June 3rd 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The word senescence is derived from the Latin word “senex” (meaning old). In biology, senescence is a process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing. Senescence is a natural universal phenomenon affecting all living organisms (e.g., humans, animals, and plants). It is the process of growing old (aging). The underlying mechanisms of senescence and aging at the cellular level are not fully understood. Senescence is a multifactorial process that can be induced by several stimuli including cellular stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oncogene activation. The most popular theory to explain aging is the free radical theory. Senescence plays a role in the development of several age-related chronic diseases in humans (e.g., ischemic heart disease, osteoporosis, and cancer). Lifespan is a biological characteristic of every species. The lifespan of living organisms ranges from few hours (with mayfly) to potential eternity (with jellyfish and hydra). The maximum theoretical lifespan in humans is around 120 years. The lifespan in humans is influenced by multiple factors including genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle, environmental, metabolic, and endocrine factors. There are several ways to potentially extend the lifespan of humans and eventually surpass the maximum theoretical lifespan of 120 years. The tools that can be proposed include lifestyle, reduction of several life-threatening diseases and disabilities, hormonal replacement, antioxidants, autophagy inducers, senolytic drugs, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82112",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82112",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",book:{id:"10935",type:"book",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan M. Heshmati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-051-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-050-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-052-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"313921",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan M.",middleName:null,surname:"Heshmati",slug:"hassan-m.-heshmati",fullName:"Hassan M. 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Senescence and aging",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.1 Mechanisms",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"4.1.1 Humans",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"4.1.2 Animals",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"4.1.3 Plants",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14",title:"5. Lifespan",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"5.1 Lifespan by species",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"5.1.1 Humans",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_3",title:"5.1.3 Plants",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"5.2 Evolution of lifespan",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"5.3 Interventions to extend lifespan",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_25",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Herranz N, Gil J. Mechanisms and functions of cellular senescence. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2018;128:1238-1246. DOI: 10.1172/JCI95148'},{id:"B2",body:'Sebastiani P, Perls TT. The genetics of extreme longevity: Lessons from the New England Centenarian Study. 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All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\\n\\n
Conversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\\n\\n
CHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\\n\\n
If it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\\n\\n
AFFILIATION
\\n\\n
Authors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
Substantially contribute to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work
\n\t
Participate in drafting or revising the work
\n\t
Approve the final version of the work to be published.
\n
\n\n
All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\n\n
Conversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\n\n
CHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\n\n
If it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\n
AFFILIATION
\n\n
Authors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\n\n
Policy last updated: 2017-05-29
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They accumulate in the sera of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and have been associated with CKD progression and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Therapeutic strategies for lowering IS and PCS include increased clearance (enhanced dialysis), gastrointestinal sequestration (oral adsorbents), reduced synthesis (dietary protein restriction, dietary fibre augmentation and pre-, pro- or synbiotics), antioxidants and organic anion transporter modulators. This review will discuss the roles of IS and PCS as therapeutic targets and examine the clinical evidence for different treatment options and their effects on CKD and cardiovascular disease risk. We will include our group’s research with pre-, pro- and synbiotic interventions to mitigate serum uraemic toxin accumulation and modify cardiovascular and renal risk.",book:{id:"5955",slug:"chronic-kidney-disease-from-pathophysiology-to-clinical-improvements",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Kidney Disease - from Pathophysiology to Clinical Improvements"},signatures:"Melissa Nataatmadja, Yeoungjee Cho, Katrina Campbell and David\nW. Johnson",authors:[{id:"50425",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"david-johnson",fullName:"David Johnson"},{id:"183338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yeoungjee",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",slug:"yeoungjee-cho",fullName:"Yeoungjee Cho"},{id:"205845",title:"Dr.",name:"Melissa",middleName:null,surname:"Nataatmadja",slug:"melissa-nataatmadja",fullName:"Melissa Nataatmadja"},{id:"205846",title:"Dr.",name:"Katrina",middleName:null,surname:"Campbell",slug:"katrina-campbell",fullName:"Katrina Campbell"}]},{id:"56960",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70611",title:"Inflammation in Nonimmune-Mediated Chronic Kidney Disease",slug:"inflammation-in-nonimmune-mediated-chronic-kidney-disease",totalDownloads:1421,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Regardless of its etiology, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by proteinuria, serum creatinine retention, glomerulosclerosis (GS), and tubulointerstitial damage. Notably, the last one has been correlated more closely with the evolution to kidney failure than the extent of glomerular injury. Tubulointerstitial inflammation comprises the activation of tubular epithelial cells, which release inflammatory mediators and chemokines promoting the influx of leukocytes in the renal parenchyma and the activation/proliferation of resident fibroblasts, leading to excessive production of extracellular matrix (EM), fibrosis, and renal function loss. Therefore, inflammation exerts a key role in the pathogenesis of CKD, although the mechanisms by which this process is activated and perpetuated, even when the initial insult is not immune-mediated, such as in the hypertensive nephrosclerosis, in the diabetic nephropathy, and in the crystal-induced renal disease, remain unclear. This chapter provides an overview on inflammation and CKD development not related to autoimmunity or caused by presence of foreign antigens. Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in different pathways and its potential therapeutic targets to detain the progression of inflammation and fibrosis in CKD are also presented ahead as a contribution in this book.",book:{id:"5955",slug:"chronic-kidney-disease-from-pathophysiology-to-clinical-improvements",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Kidney Disease - from Pathophysiology to Clinical Improvements"},signatures:"Camilla Fanelli, Ayman Noreddin and Ane Nunes",authors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"},{id:"202420",title:"Dr.",name:"Camilla",middleName:null,surname:"Fanelli",slug:"camilla-fanelli",fullName:"Camilla Fanelli"},{id:"211577",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"Noreddin",slug:"ayman-noreddin",fullName:"Ayman Noreddin"}]},{id:"55757",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69298",title:"Disorders in the System of Mineral and Bone Metabolism Regulators—FGF-23, Klotho and Sclerostin—in Chronic Kidney Disease: Clinical Significance and Possibilities for Correction",slug:"disorders-in-the-system-of-mineral-and-bone-metabolism-regulators-fgf-23-klotho-and-sclerostin-in-ch",totalDownloads:1145,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The chapter discusses the current understanding of the system of mineral and bone metabolism regulators—FGF-23, Klotho and sclerostin—disturbances in chronic kidney disease (CKD). In the chapter we presented the date, including our own results, which allow to suggest the change in the ratio of FGF-23-Klotho-sclerostin in CKD as an early biomarker not only for the chronic kidney damage but also for high cardiovascular (CV) risk. Results of studies show that disorders in FGF-23-Klotho-sclerostin ratio correlate with the frequency and severity of hypertension, vascular calcification, cardiac remodelling, anaemia, malnutrition, inflammation and strong aggravate CV risk in CKD. It was found independent from blood pressure (BP) action of increased serum FGF-23 on the myocardium as well as the correlation of serum high-sensitive troponin I with increased serum FGF-23 and low Klotho levels in CKD patients. At the same time, it was shown that renoprotective therapy, including renin-angiotensin blockers, low-protein diet with amino/keto acid supplementation and phosphate binders, erythropoiesis stimulators, vitamin D metabolites used to get the target levels of BP, serum phosphorus, haemoglobin, parathyroid hormone and nutritional status disorders correction can reduce the risk of CV events, as the major cause of death in CKD patients.",book:{id:"5955",slug:"chronic-kidney-disease-from-pathophysiology-to-clinical-improvements",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Kidney Disease - from Pathophysiology to Clinical Improvements"},signatures:"Ludmila Y. Milovanova, Victor V. Fomin, Lidia V. Lysenko\n(Kozlovskaya), Nikolay A. Mukhin, Svetlana Y. Milovanova, Marina\nV. Taranova, Yuriy S. Milovanov, Vasiliy V. Kozlov and Aigul Zh.\nUsubalieva",authors:[{id:"64184",title:"Dr.",name:"Ludmila",middleName:"Urievna",surname:"Milovanova",slug:"ludmila-milovanova",fullName:"Ludmila Milovanova"},{id:"200575",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuriy",middleName:null,surname:"Milovanov",slug:"yuriy-milovanov",fullName:"Yuriy Milovanov"},{id:"207619",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Mukhin",slug:"nikolay-mukhin",fullName:"Nikolay Mukhin"},{id:"207620",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Milovanova",slug:"svetlana-milovanova",fullName:"Svetlana Milovanova"},{id:"207621",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Taranova",slug:"marina-taranova",fullName:"Marina Taranova"},{id:"207622",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Fomin",slug:"victor-fomin",fullName:"Victor Fomin"}]},{id:"58425",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72716",title:"Inflammation and Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Approaches and Recent Advances",slug:"inflammation-and-chronic-kidney-disease-current-approaches-and-recent-advances",totalDownloads:2107,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Despite being a “silent epidemic” disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered one of the major causes of mortality, together with its main complication, the cardiovascular disease, which contributes to the poor prognosis of these patients. Inflammation has been recognized as an essential part of CKD and is closely linked to cardiovascular complications. The identification of novel biomarkers using omics technologies is rapidly advancing and could improve the early detection in renal diseases. Omics approaches, including proteomics, could provide novel insights into disease mechanisms, identifying at the same time accurate inflammatory biomarker panels with an essential role in disease monitoring and follow-up. Recent advances highlight the gut microbiota as an important source of inflammation in kidney diseases. An increasing body of evidence reveals the cross talk between microbiota and host in CKD; in addition, gut dysbiosis may represent an underappreciated cause of inflammation and subsequently could lead to malnutrition, accelerated cardiovascular disease and CKD progression. This chapter discusses the relationship between inflammation and CKD and highlights the novel approaches regarding microbiota involvement in CKD pathology, as well as their potential to facilitate improving the quality of life.",book:{id:"5955",slug:"chronic-kidney-disease-from-pathophysiology-to-clinical-improvements",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Kidney Disease - from Pathophysiology to Clinical Improvements"},signatures:"Simona Mihai, Elena Codrici, Ionela Daniela Popescu, Ana-Maria\nEnciu, Laura Georgiana Necula, Gabriela Anton and Cristiana\nTanase",authors:[{id:"76152",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristiana",middleName:null,surname:"Pistol-Tanase",slug:"cristiana-pistol-tanase",fullName:"Cristiana Pistol-Tanase"},{id:"80114",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Anton",slug:"gabriela-anton",fullName:"Gabriela Anton"},{id:"215418",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Enciu",slug:"ana-maria-enciu",fullName:"Ana-Maria Enciu"},{id:"216223",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Codrici",slug:"elena-codrici",fullName:"Elena Codrici"},{id:"216226",title:"Dr.",name:"Ionela Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"ionela-daniela-popescu",fullName:"Ionela Daniela Popescu"},{id:"216227",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Mihai",slug:"simona-mihai",fullName:"Simona Mihai"},{id:"223988",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura Georgiana",middleName:null,surname:"Necula",slug:"laura-georgiana-necula",fullName:"Laura Georgiana Necula"}]},{id:"57259",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71194",title:"Subjective Wellbeing Assessment in People with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis",slug:"subjective-wellbeing-assessment-in-people-with-chronic-kidney-disease-undergoing-hemodialysis",totalDownloads:2126,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between satisfaction with life in general and the sociodemographic and emotional factors and components of quality of life in people with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. A cross-sectional and correlational study was performed on a sample of 171 people with chronic kidney disease in two hemodialysis units at a Clinic in Lisbon between May and June 2015. Subjective wellbeing (personal wellbeing index) is positively related with subjective happiness, positive affect, and quality of life and is negatively associated with negative affect. Subjective happiness, negative affect, and the physical component of quality of life influence subjective wellbeing. These conclusions can assist us in understanding that people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) encounter greater feelings of wellbeing, mainly related to pleasant affect (subjective happiness and positive affect).",book:{id:"5955",slug:"chronic-kidney-disease-from-pathophysiology-to-clinical-improvements",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Kidney Disease - from Pathophysiology to Clinical Improvements"},signatures:"Luís Manuel Mota de Sousa, Ana Vanessa Antunes, Cristina Rosa\nSoares Lavareda Baixinho, Sandy Silva Pedro Severino, Cristina\nMaria Alves Marques-Vieira and Helena Maria Guerreiro José",authors:[{id:"220206",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luís",middleName:"Manuel Mota",surname:"Sousa",slug:"luis-sousa",fullName:"Luís Sousa"},{id:"220843",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Vanessa",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes",slug:"ana-vanessa-antunes",fullName:"Ana Vanessa Antunes"},{id:"220844",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandy",middleName:"S P",surname:"Severino",slug:"sandy-severino",fullName:"Sandy Severino"},{id:"220847",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina M. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Marques-Vieira",slug:"cristina-m.-a.-marques-vieira",fullName:"Cristina M. A. Marques-Vieira"},{id:"220848",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina R. S. L.",middleName:null,surname:"Baixinho",slug:"cristina-r.-s.-l.-baixinho",fullName:"Cristina R. S. L. Baixinho"},{id:"220849",title:"Prof.",name:"Helena M. G.",middleName:null,surname:"José",slug:"helena-m.-g.-jose",fullName:"Helena M. G. José"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"61976",title:"Metabolic Alkalosis",slug:"metabolic-alkalosis",totalDownloads:1458,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Metabolic alkalosis is a disorder where the primary defect, an increase in plasma bicarbonate concentration, leads to an increase in systemic pH. Here we review the causes of metabolic alkalosis with an emphasis on the inherited causes, namely Gitelman syndrome and Bartter syndrome and syndromes which mimic them. We detail the importance of understanding the kidney pathophysiology and molecular genetics in order to distinguish these syndromes from acquired causes. In particular we discuss the tubular transport of salt in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct. The effects of salt wasting, namely an increase in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis are discussed in order to explain the biochemical phenotypes and targeted treatment approaches to these conditions.",book:{id:"6790",slug:"fluid-and-electrolyte-disorders",title:"Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders",fullTitle:"Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders"},signatures:"Holly Mabillard and John A. Sayer",authors:null},{id:"62184",title:"Hyponatremia and Psychotropic Drugs",slug:"hyponatremia-and-psychotropic-drugs",totalDownloads:1924,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Given the widespread use of psychotropic drugs in the population, it’s important to consider hyponatremia as an avoidable and reversible adverse effect and include the detection of high-risk subjects to establish safer medications, as well as early detection measures in routine clinical practice. Although hyponatremia has been especially associated with serotonergic antidepressants (SSRIs), there is also an elevated risk with tricyclics, duals and heterocyclic antidepressants, due to the different mechanisms of action at the renal tubular level and the release of ADH. Hyponatremia secondary to tricyclics with slow CYP2D6 metabolizers have higher plasma concentrations of antidepressants metabolized by CYP2D6. Hyponatremia secondary to SSRIs appears in the first week of treatment, it is “not dose-dependent” and normalization of natremia occurs between 2 and 20 days after stopping the medication. Bupropion, trazodone, mianserin, reboxetine and agomelatine are a safe alternative. Also antiepileptics have been related to hyponatremia. Both typical and atypical antipsychotics have been exposed to an increased risk of hyponatremia, even after adjusted factors such as age, sex and comorbidity. Other factors that favor the onset of hyponatremia act synergistically with psychotropic drugs, such as: advanced age, female sex, concomitant diuretic intake, low body weight and low sodium levels; NSAID, ACEIs, and warm.",book:{id:"6790",slug:"fluid-and-electrolyte-disorders",title:"Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders",fullTitle:"Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders"},signatures:"Mireia Martínez Cortés and Pedro Gurillo Muñoz",authors:null},{id:"62743",title:"Fluids and Sodium Imbalance: Clinical Implications",slug:"fluids-and-sodium-imbalance-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:1996,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Fluids and electrolytes are basic components of the human body and essential for the survival of most species. Any imbalance can potentially lead to serious conditions and death. The replacement of fluids and electrolytes has been used since the ancient age. Modern medicine still requires certain degree of expertise in these areas, which ranges from simple replacement in patients with mild illness to a more complex management in critically ill or hospitalized patients. Training and education in the evaluation and management of patients with fluids and electrolyte abnormalities are fundamental for patient’s outcomes. Severe sodium abnormalities are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and they are markers of poor outcomes. This review presents a concise discussion of frequently asked questions in the evaluation and management of patients with fluids and sodium abnormalities.",book:{id:"6790",slug:"fluid-and-electrolyte-disorders",title:"Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders",fullTitle:"Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders"},signatures:"Gilda Diaz-Fuentes, Bharat Bajantri and Sindhaghatta Venkatram",authors:null},{id:"55595",title:"Fluid Overload in Peritoneal Dialysis",slug:"fluid-overload-in-peritoneal-dialysis",totalDownloads:1685,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has increased globally to 10% due to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and stroke. When chronic kidney disease (CKD) maintenance therapy fails, patients require renal replacement therapy (RRT) to survive, such as peritoneal dialysis (PD), hemodialysis, and renal transplantation. The most common therapy in Mexico is PD because it is a feasible, low-cost, and easy-to-perform procedure; however, fluid overload is a frequent condition in patients with this RRT modality. The usual adverse comorbidities in patients with PD are cardiovascular diseases (CVD) associated to atherosclerosis, uremia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Fluid overload is intimately associated to hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and worsening of kidney failure, leading to increased hospital admissions, higher cardiovascular mortality, and reduced life expectancy. Two main pathologies are involved in the deterioration of both heart and kidney functions, namely, cardiorenal syndrome and uremic cardiomyopathy. Along with these phenomena, patients in PD with rapid peritoneal transport have reduced ultrafiltration, increased glucose absorption, and albumin loss in the dialysate, which lead to overhydration, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and malnutrition. This review focuses on the clinical, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms involved in fluid overload of patients with CKD undergoing PD.",book:{id:"5955",slug:"chronic-kidney-disease-from-pathophysiology-to-clinical-improvements",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Kidney Disease - from Pathophysiology to Clinical Improvements"},signatures:"Leonardo Pazarin-Villaseñor, Francisco Gerardo Yanowsky-Escatell,\nJorge Andrade-Sierra, Luis Miguel Roman-Pintos and Alejandra\nGuillermina Miranda-Diaz",authors:[{id:"178033",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra Guillermina",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda-Diaz",slug:"alejandra-guillermina-miranda-diaz",fullName:"Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Diaz"},{id:"184047",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Roman-Pintos",slug:"luis-miguel-roman-pintos",fullName:"Luis Miguel Roman-Pintos"},{id:"202793",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Pazarín-Villaseñor",slug:"leonardo-pazarin-villasenor",fullName:"Leonardo Pazarín-Villaseñor"},{id:"202794",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Yanowski-Escatell",slug:"francisco-yanowski-escatell",fullName:"Francisco Yanowski-Escatell"},{id:"202798",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Sierra",slug:"jorge-andrade-sierra",fullName:"Jorge Andrade-Sierra"}]},{id:"58425",title:"Inflammation and Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Approaches and Recent Advances",slug:"inflammation-and-chronic-kidney-disease-current-approaches-and-recent-advances",totalDownloads:2107,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Despite being a “silent epidemic” disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered one of the major causes of mortality, together with its main complication, the cardiovascular disease, which contributes to the poor prognosis of these patients. Inflammation has been recognized as an essential part of CKD and is closely linked to cardiovascular complications. The identification of novel biomarkers using omics technologies is rapidly advancing and could improve the early detection in renal diseases. Omics approaches, including proteomics, could provide novel insights into disease mechanisms, identifying at the same time accurate inflammatory biomarker panels with an essential role in disease monitoring and follow-up. Recent advances highlight the gut microbiota as an important source of inflammation in kidney diseases. An increasing body of evidence reveals the cross talk between microbiota and host in CKD; in addition, gut dysbiosis may represent an underappreciated cause of inflammation and subsequently could lead to malnutrition, accelerated cardiovascular disease and CKD progression. This chapter discusses the relationship between inflammation and CKD and highlights the novel approaches regarding microbiota involvement in CKD pathology, as well as their potential to facilitate improving the quality of life.",book:{id:"5955",slug:"chronic-kidney-disease-from-pathophysiology-to-clinical-improvements",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Kidney Disease - from Pathophysiology to Clinical Improvements"},signatures:"Simona Mihai, Elena Codrici, Ionela Daniela Popescu, Ana-Maria\nEnciu, Laura Georgiana Necula, Gabriela Anton and Cristiana\nTanase",authors:[{id:"76152",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristiana",middleName:null,surname:"Pistol-Tanase",slug:"cristiana-pistol-tanase",fullName:"Cristiana Pistol-Tanase"},{id:"80114",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Anton",slug:"gabriela-anton",fullName:"Gabriela Anton"},{id:"215418",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Enciu",slug:"ana-maria-enciu",fullName:"Ana-Maria Enciu"},{id:"216223",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Codrici",slug:"elena-codrici",fullName:"Elena Codrici"},{id:"216226",title:"Dr.",name:"Ionela Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"ionela-daniela-popescu",fullName:"Ionela Daniela Popescu"},{id:"216227",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Mihai",slug:"simona-mihai",fullName:"Simona Mihai"},{id:"223988",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura Georgiana",middleName:null,surname:"Necula",slug:"laura-georgiana-necula",fullName:"Laura Georgiana Necula"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1396",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 23rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. 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