Calculation of annual spectral impact based on the monthly sums of irradiance of a reference year and the determined average monthly spectral impact assessed in Germany [32].
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"268",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Concepts",title:"Glaucoma",subtitle:"Basic and Clinical Concepts",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book addresses the basic and clinical science of glaucomas, a group of diseases that affect the optic nerve and visual fields and is usually accompanied by increased intraocular pressure. The book incorporates the latest development as well as future perspectives in glaucoma, since it has expedited publication. It is aimed for specialists in glaucoma, researchers, general ophthalmologists and trainees to increase knowledge and encourage further progress in understanding and managing these complicated diseases.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-591-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6568-2",doi:"10.5772/792",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"glaucoma-basic-and-clinical-concepts",numberOfPages:604,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b9a66374f7429cc798c56e9e8149a1aa",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",publishedDate:"November 11th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/268.jpg",numberOfDownloads:166786,numberOfWosCitations:50,numberOfCrossrefCitations:30,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:64,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:144,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 27th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 24th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 31st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 30th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 29th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",middleName:null,surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/54335/images/system/54335.jpg",biography:"Prof. Shimon Rumelt received his medical degree and diploma in ophthalmology from Tel Aviv University, Israel. He completed his ophthalmology residency program at Western Galilee - Nahariya Medical Center in Nahariya, Israel , then an oculoplastics fellowship at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, and vitreoretinal fellowship at Boston University. He earned a master degree in PubIic Administration (Health Systems) from Clark University, Worcester, MA. Prof. Rumelt is a senior ophthalmologist at the Western Galilee - Nahariya Medical Center and is engaged with various fields in\r\nophthalmology. He is engaged with clinical activities, surgery, research and teaching medical students, residents and fellows. Prof. Rumelt edited four books and is author and co-author of approximately 100 scientific articles and book chapters. He is a member of the editorial board of Evidence-Based Ophthalmology and a reviewer for multiple professional journals. 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The energy demand is increasing concurrently with the increase of the world’s population and meeting the increasing energy demands including managing social, economic, and ultimate environmental issues are one of the greatest challenges of the present time. Solar energy, as one of the promising renewable energy sources, is becoming an important source of energy all over the world. Its huge development potential has attracted a lot of attention and the photovoltaic (PV) industry has been experiencing a large-scale development to replace traditional energy. Also, a significant increase in energy conversion efficiency and the decrease in the price of the solar panels along with various national policies over the world enhanced the solar PV-based energy generation with the least Levelized-cost-of-energy (LCOE). However, for getting optimum output, proper resource estimation is necessary to assess the feasibility of solar PV systems in any area. The output of any PV system’s output indeed depends on the weather of its surroundings will be elaborated in this chapter.
In contrast, there are several types including different technologies of photovoltaic modules in the market. However, the technological choices are very critical in the sense of the lack of guide and forecasting tools suited to the climates and environment of the installation sites. There have been many PV system projects going to fail due to the bad choice of PV technology where failure causes are influenced by the environmental parameters, such as heat, humidity, shadow, and dust, etc. Manufacturers provide a characteristic of PV modules measured in standard test conditions (STC), however, the performance cannot reach that level in real operating conditions. Besides, the PV module’s performances and aging strongly depend on the climate and the surrounding environment of the installation site.
The investigation of PV performance under real external conditions became an important factor as a result of increasing trends of PV capacity over the world. Particularly, the performance of the PV module influence by the number of different external issues, such as, (i) spectral irradiance, i.e., the wavelength of incident light and light intensity, the efficiency of PV certainly varied with the variations in the spectrum of sunlight [1, 2, 3, 4] and light intensity directly affect the short circuit current [5]; (ii) reflectivity of the module surface, however, the reflectivity that occurred in the module surface depends on the angle between the module surface and the incident angle [6]; and (iii) module temperature, particularly temperature of the module surface increases to 60-80 °C at noon and cause of the reduction in open-circuit voltage which also depend on the light intensity and airflow [7]. Thus, in each PV field, the factors that contribute to solar cell efficiency are different and the important considerations applied in each area are different. On the other hand, some types of PV modules show the degradation of power conversion efficiency under the long-term light exposer in the field and/or elevated temperatures. Particularly, due to the above-mentioned effects, the module efficiency and/or electrical parameters are observed to deviate from the nameplate value measured under Standard Test Conditions (STC) [8] in the real external condition. Besides, there are some other causes for which the energy production capability of a PV module is affected, such as installation angle; possible shadow, dust or snow deposition, etc. However, these mostly depend more on the details of the installation, not inherent to the module type and the physical properties of the module. It could be mention that the power output could vary as an impact of the above-listed causes while different types of the module installed in the same way; alternatively, similar types of module generate different power output due to the installation in a different way or different places. The variation of PV performance has been investigated by several authors in terms of geographical variability and technology. Some authors only focused on the effect of solar irradiation while other authors consider some of the above-mentioned factors. In this study, we also only reviewed the study that focuses on the effect of solar irradiance on the different PV technology.
Solar irradiance on different locations of the earth is shown in Figure 1 [9]. The maps highlight the global horizontal irradiation (GHI) which means that the overall irradiance from the sun reaches the earth’s horizontal surface. It is related to the diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI) and direct normal irradiance (DNI) as follows [10],
Global horizontal irradiation (GHI) over the world [
Where θ is the solar zenith angle. Areas with a high proportion of GHI include South-East China, Northern Europe, and the tropical belt around the equator.
Since the electrical performance of PV devices is greatly affected by the incident light spectrum, hence, significant efforts have given by the PV community to develop methods and evaluate the impact of the spectral variations on the PV device performance over the last three decades. The parameters that have the highest impact on the spectrum distribution as well as on the PV module performance are (i) the air mass (AM), (ii) the perceptible water (PW), and (iii) the aerosols optical depth (AOD) [11].
The AM is a measure of the atmospheric absorption that affects the spectral content and the intensity of the solar radiation coming to the earth’s surface. The impact of AM on the solar spectral distribution is shown in Figure 2 [11]. Particularly, the solar spectral distribution just above the Earth’s atmosphere-in the relative vacuum of space is commonly referred to as an air mass zero (AM0). And the AM = 1.0 at sea level when the sun is directly overhead (zenith angle, θz = 0). As the θz increases, the path passes by the sun spectrum through the atmosphere become longer, and AM increases. The AM could estimate simply using a trigonometric function of the zenith angle:
Impact on the direct spectral irradiance of air mass (AM) simulated with the SMARTS model [
where θz is the angle of incidence or solar zenith angle.
The above equation is quite accurate for θz ≤80 degrees, however, more complex and precise models are necessary when the sun goes near the horizon. Moreover, the distribution of the outdoor solar spectrum varied during the day due to the presence of water vapors and aerosol in the air. Thus, the real spectrum at the earth’s surface is infrequent to fit with the AM1.5 standard solar spectrum as defined in standard IEC 60904–3 and/or ASTM GE173–03 [12]. Specifically, the spectral power distribution observed in the sun at an angle of about 48.2o is specified as AM 1.5 spectrums (as in Figure 3(a)). The power density of AM1.5 light is about 1,000 W/m2. The standard AM 1.5 spectrum is known as solar constant and is normally used in solar cell analysis. Figure 3(b) shows the spectral distribution of sunlight under the different air masses.
(a) The path length (in units of air mass) changes with the zenith angle (b) spectral distribution of solar energy [
Another important parameter that needs to be considered for understanding solar irradiance on the earth’s surface is the clearness index (KT). Particularly, KT is defined by the ratios of the solar radiation for a particular day and the extraterrestrial solar radiation for that day. It could also be defined by hourly as shown below:
Where H and I represent the total measured and Ho and Io are represent the extra-terrestrial solar radiation which could be calculated using several approaches [14]. This value of KT or kT lies between zero and one which contingent on atmospheric conditions. For clear sky conditions, KT is near 1 and if the sky is very cloudy and/or turbid and/or heavily overcast, KT becomes less than 0.4. Several laboratories have been developed computational models considering spectral direct beam during the clear sky and hemispherical diffused irradiances on a surface either horizontal or tilted condition for a certain location and time [15]. Other than the above parameters, the outdoor energy yield and performance of the PV modules further depend on a large number of on-site factors or local factors such as ambient temperature, wind, and rain. These undefined factors may also influence significantly amount of solar radiation that arrives on the surface of the PV module. Certainly, it is important to analyze the influences of all the above on-site environmental factors on the outdoor performance of different types of PV modules, for finding out the best-suited technology for a specific location and enabling more widespread deployment.
The electrical power generated in a solar cell or PV device can be modeled with a well-known equivalent circuit as shown in Figure 4 which includes a shunt resistance parallel with a diode and a series resistance [16].
Equivalent circuits for a solar cell in a single diode model, including series and shunt resistance [
This equivalent circuit can be used for either an individual cell, a multi-cell module, or an array consisting of multiple modules. Using this model and considering constant temperature and solar radiation, the current–voltage equation for a solar cell or module could be expressed as shown in Eq. (4).
Where, IL is the light generated current, Io is the dark saturation current, Rs is the series resistance, Rsh is the shunt resistance, A is the modified cell or module ideality factor that can be expressed as:
where Ns is the number of cells or modules that are connected in series, ni is the diode ideality factor for a cell, K is the Boltzmann constant, qe is the electron charge, T is the cell or module temperature.
Figure 5 shows the current–voltage (I-V) characteristic curves of a solar cell or a module. Particularly, the power generated by the solar cell or module is the product of the current (Imp) and voltage (Vmp). It should be noted that five parameters, such as IL, Io, Rs, Rsh, and A, determine the current and voltage generated in a cell or module, thus the impact of external factors, such as solar radiation and temperature could be analyzed from the change of these values. In general, the FF is directly affected by series resistance, and it is found that the fill factor of a solar cell decreases by about 2.5% for each 0.1 Ω increase in series resistance [17]. On the other hand, Rsh is reduced if the leakage current is increased in a solar cell. If there any light and temperature-activated defects available in a solar cell, then leakage current could be increased, alternatively Rsh could be reduced as the increase of irradiance intensity or temperature. Finally, FF and Voc will be reduced. For an ideal case, Rs = 0, Rsh = ∞ and ni = 1, the open-circuit voltage, Voc could be expressed as,
Typical current–voltage (I-V) and power-voltage characteristic curves of a solar cell.
For a very small applied voltage (V ≈ 0), the diode current, Io is negligible or zero, then from Eq. (6), we can find,
Where Isc is a short circuit current. Now Eq. (9) becomes,
The Voc and Isc rectangle description as shown in Figure 5 offers a useful means for characterizing the maximum power point [18]. The fill factor (FF) is defined as the ratio of the maximum power to the product of Voc and Isc and is less than one at all times. FF indicates the squareness of the I-V curves and can be defined from the ratios of two rectangles (Figure 5) as,
Where Pmp denotes the maximum power of the solar cell or module, Imp and Vmp are the current and the voltage values at the maximum power point, respectively. Moreover, the most significant Figure of merit for a solar cell or PV module is its power conversion efficiency, η, which is specified as,
Where Pin denoted the power of incident light that is determined by the characteristics of the light spectrum incident onto the solar cell or PV module. The power of the incident light spectrum, Pin can be express as,
Where A is the surface area of the solar cell or PV module and G is the total spectral irradiance, which could be defined as [19],
Where, f(λ) is the flux density (number of incident photon per unit area and unit time) for a specific wavelength of the photon with energy, ελ and wavelength, λ.
Particularly, the light to the electrical power conversion efficiency of a solar cell or a module is an inherent property that depends on the type of semiconductor material and the manufacturing process. However, this efficiency also depends on the environment of the installation site, especially on the hours of equivalent peak spectral irradiance in a day and/or temperature. The PV module characteristics that we find in the nameplate are typically measured at standard testing conditions (STC), the irradiance of 1000Wm−2 at AM 1.5 and 25 °C of cell temperature. In fact, these conditions hardly exist because the outdoor spectrum is far different from the STC condition, which also varied by location and season. The response to the spectral variation by different types of PV modules vastly depends on its material properties and structure. This response is primarily determined by the bandgap of the materials used in fabrication, which sets the upper wavelength limit of the spectral response (SR). More specifically, SR is depending on the PV material’s bandgap, cell thickness, and carrier transport mechanisms in the device. Secondly, device structure, means the position of the absorber material and other supporting layers has a significant effect on the spectral response. Also, the variation of electrical parameters of different types of PV module/device as an impact of various environmental factors depends on the technology (device structure and materials). On the whole, the PV device performance and SR is proportional for specific PV devices, where SR is defined as:
Where JL(λ) represents the light-generated current density for a specific wavelength “λ” and G(λ) is the spectral irradiance of the incident light measured in W/m2-nm. However, in state-of-the-art solar cell or PV modules, the spectral response is defined as the short-circuit current, Isc(λ), resulting from a single wavelength of light normalized by the maximum possible current [20, 21, 22, 23].
Where, q is the electronic charge 1.6 x 10–19 C, A is the surface area of the PV device and f(λ) is the incident photon flux (number of photons incident per unit area per second per wavelength). Besides, the SR of the PV devices is also estimated in terms of quantum efficiency (QE), which indicates that how efficiently a PV device converts the incident light to a charge carrier that flows through the external circuit [24], details on QE has been discussed next section. In that case,
In the case of PV modules, JL is approximately the same in value as the short-circuit current density (Jsc) [25]. Thus, with the help of the above equations, Jsc can be expressed as,
It could be seen in Eq. (16) that Jsc can be estimated by the SR for PV modules which certainly have prime importance in evaluating PV materials and device characteristics. Particularly, the degree to which the SR and the incident irradiance spectrum varies gives rise to a spectral effect on the device current and efficiency. The SR of different types of the module at AM1.5G spectrum (up to 1300 nm) is shown in Figure 6 to confirm the response is different for different technologies [10]. As seen in Eq. (16), Isc is affected by the spectrum. Particularly, the spectrum variations are also influenced the other PV output parameters, viz. FF, Voc, and η. To determine the magnitudes of these effects on different technology-based PV devices, various performance review studies were carried out [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31].
Spectral response characteristics of different solar module technologies, modified from [
Particularly, The SR shows represent the current produced by a solar cell for per watt of irradiance at each wavelength of the photon. As seen in Figure 7 that SR towards the higher wavelength region is lower because photons in this region have energy less than the material bandgap threshold. As a result, the effect of spectral variation on the output of PV devices is most pronounced in narrow SR technologies such as a-Si and CdTe. Especially narrowest SR is seen for the a-Si that is also discussed in the literature [32, 33, 34, 35]. For simplification of SR and PV performance, research is commonly used one-dimensional terms, such as spectral mismatch factor (MMF) [32, 33, 34, 36], the useful fraction (UF) [37], average photon energy (APE) [38, 39]. In the case of MMF and UF, their values should be a known factor for a specific module understudy, however, the SR data is not available publicly and analysis complexity arises. Besides, APE is denoted by the unit of an electron volt (eV) which signifies the average incoming photon energy. The equation for calculating is as follow:
(a) variation of EQE, IQE, and reflectance with the wavelength of a c-Si solar cell (collected and modified from Wikipedia), (b) EQE of different PV solar cell technology [
Where, E(λ) represents the energy of the incident photon and f(λ) is the incident photon flux at wavelength λ, and pλ and qλ are the integration limits indicate the lower and higher absorption wavelength, which are 300 and 1200 nm as shown in Figure 7. Particularly, APE varies on a daily and seasonal basis due to the increase of air mass at sunrise and sunset compared to noon and in winter compared to summer. For example, when the sun is above the horizon, the spectral irradiance is red-shifted and the APE becomes low. APE rises again to a high around noon during the day. Moreover, the APE is higher in the summer months than in winter because the zenith angle of the sun is higher in summer. Besides, the atmospheric water, cloud cover, and/or aerosol content affect the APE due to light absorption and scattering. For most of the PV modules, the APE effect on performance seems to be linear. The spectral photon flux density denoted in joules can be expressed as below for a specific wavelength λ:
where ‘h’ is the Planck constant and ‘c’ is the light velocity in vacuum.
The SR and QE are conceptually similar to each other. Particularly, SR is the ratio of the generated current in a solar cell per unit incident power, while QE denoted the ratio of the number of generated carriers and the number of the incident photon on the solar cell. In another way, the QE of a solar cell represents the amount of current the cell produces for a particular wavelength of an incident photon. Knowing the QE of a particular PV technology is important because by integrating QE for the whole solar spectrum, the current generation capability of PV solar cells could be realized. Interestingly, the QE value could exceed 100% for a PV solar cell in the case of multiple excitation and generation (MEG). In that case, one incident photon could generate several electron–hole pairs as an impact of multiple excitations. The MEG properties are typically seen in quantum-dot solar cells [40]. However, all the incident photons on the cell surface cannot be absorbed due to surface optical properties, such as absorption and reflection. Thus, QE is divided into two terms, (i) external QE (EQE) and (ii) internal QE (IQE) which simply differ by the photons reflection properties of a PV solar cell. In the case of EQE, all photons that impinge on the cell surface are taken into account, while in the case of IQE, only photons that are absorbed (not reflected) by the solar cell are considered. The graphical representation of EQE and IQE is shown in Figure 7.
High EQE is a precondition for high-power PV applications, which depends on the absorption coefficient of the absorber material of a PV solar cell, the carrier excitation quality, and carrier recombination rate or the amount of electron transport to the electrodes. The mentioned QE in Eq. (15) is typically EQE, which is directly related to the current generation by a solar cell [41]:
Where, with q is the charge of electron and φλ(λ) the incident spectral flux density, indicating the incident number of photons of wavelength λ on the cell surface per unit of area, per unit of time and EQE could be defined as:
The relation between IQE and EQE could be defined as:
Where L is the total optical loss that occurred in a solar cell either through reflection or transmission or both. Particularly, for maximizing EQE, the optical loss should be minimized. To reduce the optical loss, anti-reflection coating, and back-reflection coating is applied in the current PV technologies.
Solar irradiance and surface air temperature are two key factors for investigating the PV module performance. Particularly, the increase in solar irradiation is a cause of the increase in air temperature and vice versa. On the other hand, the increase in solar irradiance is proportionally increased the power output of the PV module, however, module output decrease with the increase of temperature [42]. Usually, the output and temperature of the PV modules are considered to be linear. The effect of temperature mostly depends on the absorber material and its quality. From the module electrical properties, the temperature effect could be realized by observing the variation of the device parameters:
In the case of Isc and FF, there is very little change that occurred with temperature for crystalline silicon and thin-film devices. Alternatively, the Voc is highly dependent on the temperature variation, which can be described via the Voc as calculated from the one diode model as shown below:
And,
Where VT is known as thermal voltage, T is the solar cell temperature, k is the Boltzmann constant, q is the elemental charge q, n is the ideality factor and I0 is the diode saturation current. From the above diode equation, it could seem that the Voc is positively changing with the temperature, because the above-simplified diode equation typically overlooked the parasitic factors, such as solar cell series and shunt resistance. Particularly, this parasitic resistance is changed significantly over thermal variation [43] and greatly impacts the voltage and diode saturation current as reported elsewhere [44]. For understanding the impact of temperature on Voc, we have to consider the temperature-dependent diode saturation current, which in turn:
Where B is a temperature-independent empirical factor but controlled by the quality of absorber material, γ is also an empirical factor that relies on the specific carrier loss mechanism and Eg is the absorber material bandgap. The influence of irradiance and module temperature can be explored by combining the data according to these dependencies. The resulting matrix can then be used to model the annual yield for various technologies at different locations [45]. The main uncertainties, in this case, are kWp standardization and input irradiance [46].
As there are several uncertainty factors are involving, for the easy and efficient deployment of PV solar cell system, it is essential to measure and develop a model for the spectral distribution of solar radiation. Colle et al. [47] have shown that there has a linear relationship between the uncertainty of solar irradiation and the uncertainty of solar thermal and PV systems. This is a big challenge in the 21st century to develop a more efficient and robust model that could reduce the solar radiation misprint include will need fewer input parameters, will have smaller residual and can be used in a wide variety of conditions.
Indeed, the solar spectrum depends on the place, time, and condition of the atmosphere. The global solar spectrum may be divided into two spectrum models, one for direct beam radiation and the other for diffuse radiation. Particularly, the spectrum of solar incident radiation wavelengths on the PV modules corresponds to the appropriate spectral response range of the PV cells. Several reports on the effect of spectral irradiance variation and PV solar cell performance can be found elsewhere [48, 49]. The longer irradiation hours provided the better annual average electricity outputs [50]. The effect of solar spectral irradiation on the yield of several PV technologies has been documented by Nann and Emery at four separate locations [51]. Eke et al., on the other hand, found that the spectrum variance had a very limited effect on the low bandgap absorber content in PV solar cells [52]. Figures 6 and 7 shows the spectral response characteristics and EQE of different PV technologies which indicate that how the performance of PV module could change upon the variation spectral distribution.
Several solar spectrum models, including SPECTRAL2 [53], LOWTRAN2 [54], REST2 [55], and SMARTS2 [56], have been developed yet to date over time for clear skies. These models are usually computer programs developed to evaluate the shortwave spectrum components of surface solar irradiance in the range of 280 to 4000 nm. Some of them have high spectral resolutions, however, they need very complex calculations making them less efficient. In the case of LOWTRAN(2), detailed inputs are needed, which increases the execution time and creates some performance limitations, that’s why the use of this model is limited in engineering applications [57]. On the other hand, even a low number of parameters are needed for SPECTRAL2, however, the mean deviation associated with different aerosol models is higher than SMART2 [58]. On the other hand, transmittance parameterizations based on the SMARTS spectral model are used to build the high-performance REST2 model [57]. Particularly, more updated parametric functions and constants are used in the SMARTS2 model, for which it has a higher resolution and is showing lower deviation in the spectral analysis. SMARTS program is written in FORTRAN and depends on simplifications of the radiative transfer equation which allow very quick calculations of the irradiance of the surface. The newest versions, such as SMARTS2.9.2 and SMARTS 2.9.5 are hosted by NREL.
The SMART model uses different inputs to define the conditions of the atmosphere under which the irradiance spectra are to be measured. Ideal conditions can also be selected by the user, based on various potential model atmospheres and aerosol models. Moreover, it is also possible to determine practical conditions as inputs, based, for example, on aerosol and water vapor data supplied by a sun photometer [59]. Besides, the spectrally integrated (or ‘broadband’) irradiance values are given by this model, which can later be compared with measurements from a pyranometer (for diffuse or global radiation) or pyrheliometer (for direct radiation). Solar geometry is another vital input in this model in addition to the atmospheric condition, which is typically specified by the position of the sun (zenith angle and azimuth), the location, the air mass (AM), or by specific time and date. More details on the usage of the SMARTS model for PV applications can be found elsewhere [60, 61, 62, 63]. Particularly, this model is frequently employed to evaluate PV modules’ efficiency and mismatch factors in real-world conditions [64, 65, 66]. Figure 8 shows the direct normal irradiance spectra with SMART 2.9.5 for different air mass.
Direct normal irradiance spectra calculated with SMARTS 2.9.5 for increasing air mass (0 to 10), using the same atmospheric conditions as the ASTM G173 standard. Air mass 0 corresponds to the extraterrestrial spectrum, marked as top of atmosphere (TOA), modified from [
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) is the most prevalent PV technology on the market (c-Si). In considering crystal size and crystallinity, c-Si can be divided into two major categories, mono or single-crystalline Si (sc-S) and multi or polycrystalline Si (mc-Si). The power conversion efficiency of sc-Si is higher than mc-Si solar cells, alternatively, sc-Si is costly than mc-Si. The typical efficiency of commercial c-Si modules is between 11% and 20% which power generation varies by temperature (temperature coefficients) in the range of 0.3–0.5%/K [68]. Commercial c-Si modules consisting of 200–500 μm thick PV cells that are connected in series and/or parallel for attaining expected voltage and current. It is important to note that c-Si solar cells or PV modules can generate electrical energy for a wide range of the spectrum (350–1200 nm) as illustrated in Figure 9 [69]. However, the absorption coefficient of c-Si is below 104 cm−1 for all wavelengths larger than 500 nm as shown in Figure 9. This means that all the potential photons below 500 nm are absorbed close to the surface of the cell. Thus, it is important for the c-Si solar cell that the active region has to be located near the cell surface for absorbing all potential photons and achieving optimum efficiency. Also, it could be seen in Figure 9 that the absorption coefficient is below 2.0 x 104 for wavelength above 650 nm. As the absorption coefficient of c-Si is below 103 for wavelengths above 700 nm which indicates that photons in this range can penetrate the bulk and generate electron–hole pairs. However, their contribution to the photocurrent is very hard in the case of conventional c-Si solar cells. Thus, for collecting these bulk carriers, the configuration of conventional c-Si structure modified, by names they are passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) [70], passivated emitter and rear locally-diffused PERL [71], interdigitated back-contact (IBC) c-Si [72] solar cells.
Absorption spectrum of Si, CdTe, and CIGS solar cells, modified from [
As it has been mentioned earlier that the response to spectral variation by different types of PV modules vastly depends on its material properties and structure, c-Si solar cells also showed different characteristics depending on the irradiation properties. Several studies have been reported on the in-field energy output analysis of c-Si PV systems by Panchula et al. [73] based in Ontario, Canada; Dolara et al. [74] based in Tuscania, Italy; Fiances et al. [75] Based on a different place in Peru, Kazem et al. [76] based on the desert area of Sohar, Oman, Fuentes et al. [77] and Muñoz et al. [78] under warm climate of Spain, Bahaidarah et al. [79] based on Dhahran, Saudi Arabia and Edalati et al. [80] based on Kerman, Iran. In the above reports, they typically estimate the performance of the system based only on average monthly or yearly insolation and performance ratio varied by the location ranging from around 0.7 to 0.85. Fiances et al. [75] studied different Si technology includes sc-Si, mc-Si, a-Si, and μc-Si PV modules in the climate of Peru, and finalize that a-Si/μc-Si PV modules perform much better than others with an annual performance ratio of 0.97. Ahmed Ghitas [81] reported the effects of the spectral variations on the mc-Si module performance based on outdoor measurements in daily irradiation changes. They only consider cloud-free days in Helwan, Egypt in their measurements and also did not consider the temperature effect. The variation of Voc, Jsc, and power concerning radiation intensity is shown in Figure 10. It is evident from Figure 10 that the most affected device parameter is Isc, and output power in the case of the mc-Si PV module.
(a) Daily profile of the measured solar module short circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and electrical output power, (b) daily profile of incident solar radiation along with module output power, and (c) spectral irradiance variation versus time (a.ms) on a clear sky measurement day [
Eke and Demircan [82] have been studied mc-Si PV module performance based on winter (January) and Summer (August) for Mugla, Turkey. The operating temperature at this location is 50.5 °C in January and 80.5 °C on August 16. The power generation of the module is 30% lesser in summer than winter because of the significant difference in operating temperature. The power generation every day in January and August is shown in Figure 11. Bora et al. [83] also studied the pc-Si PV module along with a-Si, HIT-Si PV modules under the climate condition of the different parts of India. They find that all these three types of Si-based PV modules produce the highest energy yield in the cold and sunny zone.
PV module performance in January (a) and august (b) 2008 for Mugla, Turkey environment [
It is important to mention that the energy yield analysis of a PV system is incomplete if their low light condition analysis is missing. Reich et al. [84] have reported the performance of c-Si at low light conditions, however, the impact of temperature is missing as they conducted the study focusing on indoor performance. The finalized that the obtained efficiency via indoor measurement and rated efficiency has a significant difference. Certainly, temperature is a dominant factor in the performance of the PV system in outdoor conditions. It should be noted that solar irradiance and ambient temperature are proportional. Chander et al. [85], and Atsu and Dhaundiyal [86] studied output yield using a detailed model that includes temperature and wind speed variation. Chander et al. [85] reported that the performance parameters of the sc-Si module such as Voc, Pmax, FF, and efficiency are decreased with temperature while the Jsc is increased. Bahaidarah et al. [73] also suggested that for achieving the highest PV performance yield in Saudi Arabia, a suitable and uniform cooling system is necessary due to the climatic conditions. A detailed study on performance variation by low light conditions along with the temperature variation effect has been presented by Pervaiz and Khan [87]. In their modeling, they used various insulation profiles for a different location in the US collected from NREL. They reported that the energy harvesting of a PV system for a specific location depends on the average peak sunlight hours of that location as shown in Figure 12. The use of the following equation for calculating energy difference concerning the variation of Equivalent Peak Sunlight Hours (EPSH).
Energy difference (D) in percent for Washington, Seattle, and Austin for years 2000–2003 [
Where Ei is the energy harvested during one year considering a constant efficiency and Ec is the energy harvested incorporating a change in efficiency. The finalized that the reduction in energy yield is reliant on the EPSH of a region where reduction factor could range from 1.5 to 5% for various regions concerning the value of the EPSH.
Cotfas and Cotfas [88] have been studied details on the performance of sc-Si and a-Si PV modules under the natural condition via years of observation, in Brasov, Romania. They reported that the average Pmax of the sc-Si module is two times greater than the a-Si module, however, on clear winter days, the values even increase near to three times greater. Also, at low irradiance, under 100 W/m2, the power gain is of sc-Si is 1.9 times greater than a-Si. The gain is over 1.9 times even for very low irradiance, under 100 W/m2. The detailed performance of the a-Si PV module including other thin-film modules as an impact of irradiance and temperature are covered in the next section. Under the Mediterranean climatic conditions of the north of Athens, Greece [89], the performance of the p-Si photovoltaic system has been investigated. There is a linear relationship between the module surface temperature and the irradiance where the average temperature about 49.9 °C in summer and 16.8 °C in winter. The efficiency of the p-Si module has been significantly dropped in summer where it ranging from 6.2% to 10.4% concerning the module temperature.
The SR of PV cells depends on the absorption coefficient and/or bandgap of the absorber materials. Similarly, the performance variation by increase or decrease of temperature also depends on the bandgap [90]. The semiconductor material with a wider bandgap, such as 1.04–1.68 eV for CIGS [91], 1.45–1.5 eV for CdTe [92, 93], and (1.7–1.9 eV for a-Si [94] shows higher temperature resistance to the increase of module temperature. As a consequence, they have a lower temperature coefficient than sc-Si and pc-Si PV modules [95], and thus, device performance is significantly affected by the temperature. The details on the effects of irradiance, spectrum, and temperature on thin-film PV modules were investigated by Gottschalk et al. [96] under the UK environment. It has been reported that the performance of a-Si is highly spectral dependent as shown in Figure 13. The relative change in short circuit current (Isc) is +10% to −20% observed for a-Si whereas the change is only ±3% for c-Si and CIGS. Environmental effects have also been shown to cause up to 15% of losses to the annual PV production. The spectral impact on different PV technologies for all single months has been investigated under the German climate condition [32]. Similar to the other reports, the spectral impact changes more for bigger bandgap a-Si PV modules as shown in Table 1. The average gains over the year are 3.4% for a-Si, 1.1% for c-Si, 0.6% for CIGS, and 2.4% for CdTe. It has been reported that CIGS and c-Si modules exhibit high gains in winter and a-Si and CdTe shows an advantage in summer attributed mostly to spectrum variation [32]. The study carried in the Netherlands [97] showed that low irradiance caused a decrease in annual energy yield of 1.2% for the CIGS modules and 1% for CdTe. This experimental study also indicated a strong effect of spectral variation on the performance of the a-Si modules.
Calculated spectral effects for the devices under test in the UK environment. The graph compares the normalized ISC divided by the irradiance measured with the pyrometer [
Gi [kWh] average monthly irradiation from the reference period | Average, relative monthly spectral impact | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a-Si (%) | CdTe (%) | c-Si (%) | High-eff. c-Si (%) | CIGS (%) | ||
1 | 38 | −2.0 | 1 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.6 |
2 | 65 | −1.3 | 0.1 | 1 | 1.4 | 1.6 |
3 | 122 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
4 | 141 | 3.5 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
5 | 166 | 4.2 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
6 | 166 | 5.1 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0 |
7 | 184 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0 |
8 | 168 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
9 | 136 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.4 |
10 | 91 | 2.8 | 3 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.3 |
11 | 43 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
12 | 35 | −2.2 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 3 | 3.3 |
Calculation of annual spectral impact based on the monthly sums of irradiance of a reference year and the determined average monthly spectral impact assessed in Germany [32].
The detail on performance variation by the influence of temperature of the different types of PV modules has been conducted by Gutkowski et al. under the low insolation climate of Poland [95]. They observed a significant difference in performance by different PV modules at temperatures 15-48 °C as shown in Figure 14(a). It is clear from Figure 14(a) that under real conditions of the high-temperature region, the power generated by CIGS thin-film technologies is higher compare to the pc-Si PV modules. Ozden et al. [98] also experimentally investigate the a-Si and CdTe thin-film PV module performance under the Turkey climate zone along with sc-Si and mc-Si. They found a significant difference in performance in that module for the sunny and cloudy days as shown in Figure 14(b). The output performance of sc-Si and mc-Si is found to be the same, but the output difference between CdTe and sc-Si modules is 60% for a sunny day and which reduces to 35% for a cloudy day indicating the impact of irradiance as well as temperature on these technologies. Moreover, the performance ratio (PR) of sc-Si is in the range of 70%–90%, a-Si is about 70% and CdTe is only 42%–72%. Alternatively, Kesler et al. [99] also conducted a performance analysis between the c-Si and thin film for another location, Antalya, Turkey, and reported that performance of the both technology is very close to each other. Even they specified the reason is the high ambient temperature of that area, however, the rated efficiency of that technologies may play an important role in this case, which means that if the rated efficiency is almost the same, their performance will be close to each other.
(a) Normalized DC power generated by the PV systems of each studied technology [
Sharma et al. [100] studied three different PV technologies, such as a-Si, pc-Si, and HIT under the tropical climate of India. They found that the best-suited PV technology for this climate is HIT and a-Si. The overall performance ratio for a-Si is 90% and for pc-Si is 83% in this region as shown in Figure 15. Interestingly, the energy yield of a-Si is 14% greater during summer, but 6% lower in winter. The effect of seasonal which in turn the effect of irradiance and temperature on the performance of a-Si may be related to its thermal annealing process [101]. The HIT modules have consistently performed better (≥ 4–12%) than p-Si over the year. Aste et al. [102] investigate PV module performance under temperate climatic conditions (Italy) where the more distinct seasonal change and/or wide temperature variation have occurred. They found that a-Si is much more sensitive to the seasonal solar spectrum rather than c-Si and HIT technology. The highest 93% of performance ratio has been reported for c-Si in this study. However, the c-Si technology has also shown seasonal variation as an exceptional case [75] and the performance ratio found 20% lower in summer than in winter as a role of temperature variation. In summer, the a-Si/mc-Si stack cell showed higher performance than the other technologies tested in this study, which may be due to its low-temperature coefficient and thermal annealing.
Comparison of measured monthly and yearly performance ratio of each technology array tested in Indian climate condition [
The assessment carried in the Netherlands [103] showed that the CIGS modules are strongly affected by irradiance and temperature variations with a decrease in annual energy yield of 1.2%. Moreover, CdTe modules also exhibited a decrease in energy yield of about 1.0%. This experimental study also showed a significant influence of spectral variation on the efficiency of a-Si modules. Zdyb and Gutkowski studied four different types of PV modules, such as pc-Si, a-Si, CIGS, and CdTe at high latitude under East Poland climate conditions [104]. In their study, a-Si and CIGS shows the gain in performance ratio (about to 73.4% for a-Si and 90.7% for CIGS) during summer sunny and warm environment. The increase of performance ratio of a-Si PV modules has also been reported by Makrides et al. [101] studied under the Cyprus environment. On the other hand, the performance ratio of pc-Si PV modules exhibited over 80% except for December and always remain the highest among the investigated PV modules over the year as shown in Figure 16.
Performance ratio for each studied PV technology investigated in East Poland (data collected in 2018) [
The effect of spectral irradiance distribution on the performance of a-Si/mc-Si stacked photovoltaic modules has been analyzed by Minemoto et al. [105] installed at Kusatsu-city (Japan). Their study revealed that these stacked PV modules are extremely spectrally sensitive compared to pc-Si PV modules installed on the same site. Akhmad et al. [106] have been compared the performance of poly-silicon (pc-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) at Kobe, Japan, and found a-Si modules are better for this region. K. Nishioka et al. [107] compared sc-Si, pc-Si module, and heterojunction silicon at Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) under Japanese climate. They reported that the HIT technology is better suited for this region due to its low-temperature dependency. Poissant [108] has evaluated four different novels PV module technologies, (i) H-Si, (ii) IBC, (iii) a-Si/uc-Si, and (iv) c-Si under the climate of Canada. His study confirmed that the heterojunction silicon and a-Si/uc-Si technologies are less affected by temperature than the other two crystalline silicon technologies. Canete et al. [109] also performed a comparative study of four different photovoltaic module technologies, (i) amorphous silicon (a-Si), (ii) tandem structure of amorphous silicon- microcrystalline silicon (a-Si/mc-Si), (iii) polycrystalline silicon module (pc-Si) and (iv) cadmium telluride (CdTe). Their results show that the performance of thin-film modules is better than that of pc-Si modules for the location of Southern Spain. The performances of c-Si and a-Si PV modules under South Africa climate conditions have been evaluated by Maluta and Sankaran [110]. They found that both technologies give a similar and suitable performance for the climate of this region. Three different PV technologies (monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous silicon) have been evaluated under the desert climate by M. Shaltout et al. [111]. They reported that the polycrystalline silicon cells are more suitable in such a climate. All these above-mentioned studies indicate the difficulty when it comes to choosing the appropriate PV technology for a given site. Thus, the prediction of PV energy potentials before installation helps us to understand the economic advantages associated with it and for policy regulation for electric utilities.
Table 2 shows the summary of a few reported works for finding out the best PV technology by location and its climate. It should be noticed that the results reported by the various researcher as mentioned above are very difficult to compare because the work has been conducted focusing on different locations and various time scales (instantaneous, monthly, annual), different energy effects, and even the works are different by used metrics and calculation. However, it is well agreed that the impact of spectral irradiance variations on PV device performance mostly depends on its spectral response, which in turn depends on its absorber material properties and quality. Moreover, the influence of spectral irradiance on PV performance is dependent on installation sites, for instance, the spectral distribution, climate, environment, latitude, longitude, albedo, etc. of the location. Besides, the spectral distribution of specific sites again depends on the cloudiness, water-vapor and aerosol content in the sky of that sites. The analysis considering all the above factors certainly will be too difficult, thus, the researcher considers only some of the factors for simplifying their work.
Author(s) | Location | Environmental Parameters | Tested Technologies | Best Perform Technology |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dirnberger et al., 2015 [32] | Breisgau, Germany | Maritime climate, 5-25 °C, 1,117 kW/m2/year (approx.) | a- Si, sc-Si, CIGS and CdTe | a-Si |
Francis et al., 2019 [75] |
|
|
| a-Si/μc-Si |
Edalati et al., 2015 [81] | Kerman, Iran | Dry climate 68.64–198.72 kW/m2, 20 °C | sc-Si, and pc-Si | pc-Si |
Bora et al., 2018 [83] | Different parts of India | 0.82–0.87 kW/m2/day not mentioned | a-Si, HIT, and pc- Si | All (cold and sunny zone) |
Cotfas and Cotfas, 2019 [88] | Brasov, Romania | Temperate-continental climate, 2.1–1.82 Wh/m2/day, −4.0 – 24 °C | sc-Si and a-Si | sc-Si |
Louwen et al., 2016 [89] | Utrecht, Netherlands | Oceanic climate, 20.5–29.5 °C, 950–1050 W/m2 | SHJ, a- Si, sc-Si, pc-Si, CIGS, CIS and CdTe | sc-Si and SHJ |
Gulkowski et al., 2019 [95] | Lublin, Poland | Temperate climate, 950–1250 (kWh/m2)/year, 15–48 °C | CdTe, CIGS, and pc-Si | CIGS |
Aste et al., 2014 [94] | Milan, Italy | Temperate climatic, 1270 kW/m2/year, −5-32 °C | c-Si, a-Si/uc-Si, HIT | HIT |
Zdyb and Gulkowski, 2020 [103] | Lublin, Poland | Temperate climate, 950–1250 (kWh/m2)/year, 15–48 °C | pc-Si, a-Si, CIGS, and CdTe | pc-Si and CIGS |
Makrides et al., 2018 [104] | Cyprus | Mediterranean climate, 1988–2054 kWh/m2, 10-40 °C | sc-Si, pc-Si, a-Si, CIGS and CdTe | a-Si |
Minemoto et al., 2007 [105] | Kusatsu-city, Japan | Subtropical climate, 200 kW/m2, 9-33 °C | pc-Si, and a-Si | pc-Si |
Poissant, 2009 [108] | Montreal, Canada | Continental climate, 950–1050 W/m2, max. 20 to 22 °C | SHJ, IBC, a-Si/uc-Si, and c-Si | a-Si/uc-Si |
Cañete et al., 2014 [109] | Southern Spain | Dry Mediterranean climate, 3.7–7.4 kWh/m2/day, 15–30 °C | a-Si, a-Si/μc-Si CdTe, and pc-Si | a-Si and CdTe |
Summary of few reported works for finding out the best PV technology by location and climate.
The weather and/or solar irradiance of the earth is significantly different from one location to another. Again, solar irradiance varies for a specific location by season and/or common weather phenomenon, such as dust, rain, wind, cloud, fog, and snow, etc. Thus, every year solar irradiance also not the same in amount and as an impact of the above factors, the energy yield of different PV technology is affected differently and prediction is very complicated. However, numerous studies could help us to predict which PV technology is better suited for a certain location. It should be noticed that all the incident solar radiations absorbed by PV cells are not able to convert into electricity, some of them are increase temperature, thus the performance varied. As discussed in this book chapter, most of the study showed that summer months when irradiation becomes high that leads to an increase of module temperature, a-Si technology show better performance than c-Si PV modules. It may be due to the metastable defects generated during the dangling bond compensation are decreased upon module temperature increase and as a result, the module performs better in elevated temperature. Also, CIGS PV modules show similar behavior to the a-Si PV modules. The performance gain observed in CIGS technology in summer or at elevated temperatures may be related to the larger bandgap and lower temperature coefficient. Particularly, the optical bandgap of CIGS thin film is higher than a-Si and the higher bandgap has a lower temperature coefficient. Also, CIGS modules can convert the blue light part of the solar spectrum due to a larger bandgap that may assist to perform better in hot summer. Alternatively, c-Si have a narrow bandgap, as the defect density increases upon high irradiance and high temperature in hot summer, the dark saturation current and/or leakage current is increased. Consequently, the performance decrease in summer. However, it has been seen that c-Si perform very in high irradiance with cold weather. It should be noticed that the module with a higher leakage current is highly affected by low irradiance. Since a-Si solar cells inherently have high defect density and/or high leakage current than c-Si solar cells, thus the power gain by c-Si at very low irradiance is significantly higher than a-Si as discussed in the above section. Overall, CdTe modules are performed much poorer than others probably due to the consequence of early degradation of the module as reported in the previous section. All these above-mentioned studies specify the difficulty of choosing an appropriate PV technology for a given site. Thus, the prediction of PV energy potentials before installation is very important concerning the economic advantages and for policy regulation for electric utilities.
The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (MoHE) for providing the Long Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS) with the code of LRGS/1/2019/UKM-UNITEN/6/2 to support this research. The authors also acknowledge the publication support from the iRMC of Universiti Tenaga Nasional (@UNITEN), Malaysia. The authors would also like to acknowledge the Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya (@UM) for other supports.
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\\n\\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
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\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\\n\\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
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\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\\n\\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\\n\\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\\n\\nNON-FINANCIAL
\\n\\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
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\\n\\nEXAMPLES:
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\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
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\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
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\n\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\n\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\n\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\n\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\n\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\nNON-FINANCIAL
\n\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
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\n\nEXAMPLES:
\n\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
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More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. 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The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts. The adjustment is ok, but may be replaced with –‘ Herbal medicine was once termed primitive by western medicine but through scientific investigations there is a better understanding of its therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from it. Major obstacles to the use of African medicinal plants are their poor quality control and safety. Traditional medical practices are still shrouded with much secrecy, with few reports or documentations of adverse reactions. 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Formal recognition and integration of traditional medicine into conventional medicine will hold much promise for the future.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ozioma-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"76640",title:"Control of Clinical Laboratory Errors by FMEA Model",slug:"control-of-clinical-laboratory-errors-by-fmea-model",totalDownloads:1214,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Patient safety is an aim for clinical applications and is a fundamental principle of healthcare and quality management. The main global health organizations have incorporated patient safety in their review of work practices. The data provided by the medical laboratories have a direct impact on patient safety and a fault in any of processes such as strategic, operational and support, could affect it. To provide appreciate and reliable data to the physicians, it is important to emphasize the need to design risk management plan in the laboratory. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient technique for error detection and reduction. Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) licensed a technical specification for medical laboratories suggesting FMEA as a method for prospective risk analysis of high-risk processes. FMEA model helps to identify quality failures, their effects and risks with their reduction/elimination, which depends on severity, probability and detection. Applying FMEA in clinical approaches can lead to a significant reduction of the risk priority number (RPN).",book:{id:"9808",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 1"},signatures:"Hoda Sabati, Amin Mohsenzadeh and Nooshin Khelghati",authors:[{id:"340486",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Sabati",slug:"hoda-sabati",fullName:"Hoda Sabati"},{id:"348872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohsenzadeh",slug:"amin-mohsenzadeh",fullName:"Amin Mohsenzadeh"},{id:"348874",title:"MSc.",name:"Nooshin",middleName:null,surname:"Khelghati",slug:"nooshin-khelghati",fullName:"Nooshin Khelghati"}]},{id:"64762",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:10470,totalCrossrefCites:107,totalDimensionsCites:247,abstract:"Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6231,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:31230,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"3",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83136",title:"Vector Control: Insights Arising from the Post-Genomics Findings on Insects’ Reproductive Biology",slug:"vector-control-insights-arising-from-the-post-genomics-findings-on-insects-reproductive-biology",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106273",abstract:"The high prevalence of neglected vector-borne diseases, such as Chagas disease and dengue fever, imposes enormous health and financial burdens in developing countries. Historically, and still, to this day, the main effective methods to manage those diseases rely on vector population control. Although early efforts in understanding vector-specific biology resulted in important advancements in the development of strategies for the management of vector-borne diseases, studies regarding the complex physiology of local vector species were weakened by the expanding use of insecticide-based tools, which were, at the time, proven simpler and effective. The rising threat of insecticide resistance and climate change (which can expand endemic areas) has reemphasized the need to rely on thorough species-specific vector biology. One approach to controlling vector populations is to disrupt molecular processes or antagonize the metabolic targets required to produce viable eggs. Here, we discuss new findings arising from post-genomics molecular studies on vector reproductive biology and discuss their potential for the elaboration of new effective vector control interventions.",book:{id:"11227",title:"New Advances in Neglected Tropical Diseases",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11227.jpg"},signatures:"Isabela Ramos and Fabio Gomes"},{id:"82798",title:"Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"biomarkers-in-multiple-sclerosis",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106052",abstract:"Clinical, biological, and radiological evidence are currently needed to diagnose MS, but lack of preclinical biomarkers hinders the earliest possible diagnosis and treatment. Conventional biomarkers target immunity, blood-brain barrier disruption, demyelination, and neuronal and axonal damage, as well as mitochondrial activity. An increase of specific brain metabolites with 30–40% is registered before detection of MRI lesions in MS. Potential lipid biomarkers are fatty acids, phospholipids, and oxysterols. The role of proteoforms in the pathogenesis of MS was confirmed. Serum neurofilament light chains (sNfL) are currently being studied as a readily available biomarker for prognosis and response to treatment in MS. The sNfL levels reflect ongoing neuroaxonal damage caused by inflammation, and the sNfL levels predict disease activity over the next few years. The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning is reliable as a biomarker of disability worsening. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and CRP are also MS biomarkers. The development of rationally targeted therapeutic agents that allow preventive treatment to stop the disease is also delayed without definite biomarkers.",book:{id:"11312",title:"Multiple Sclerosis - Genetics, Disease Mechanisms and Clinical Developments",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11312.jpg"},signatures:"Valentina Ignatova"},{id:"83129",title:"Airborne Transmission and Control of Influenza and Other Respiratory Pathogens",slug:"airborne-transmission-and-control-of-influenza-and-other-respiratory-pathogens",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106446",abstract:"Despite uncertainty about the specific transmission risk posed by airborne, spray-borne, and contact modes for influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and other respiratory viruses, there is evidence that airborne transmission via inhalation is important and often predominates. An early study of influenza transmission via airborne challenge quantified infectious doses as low as one influenza virion leading to illness characterized by cough and sore throat. Other studies that challenged via intranasal mucosal exposure observed high doses required for similarly symptomatic respiratory illnesses. Analysis of the Evaluating Modes of Influenza Transmission (EMIT) influenza human-challenge transmission trial—of 52 H3N2 inoculated viral donors and 75 sero-susceptible exposed individuals—quantifies airborne transmission and provides context and insight into methodology related to airborne transmission. Advances in aerosol sampling and epidemiologic studies examining the role of masking, and engineering-based air hygiene strategies provide a foundation for understanding risk and directions for new work.",book:{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg"},signatures:"Jacob Bueno de Mesquita"},{id:"82831",title:"Survival Fate of Hepatic Stem/Progenitor and Immune Cells in a Liver Fibrosis/Cirrhosis Animal Model and Clinical Implications",slug:"survival-fate-of-hepatic-stem-progenitor-and-immune-cells-in-a-liver-fibrosis-cirrhosis-animal-model",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106220",abstract:"This chapter provides novel information about the survival features of hepatic resident stem/progenitor cells (NG2+ HSPs) during liver fibrosis/cirrhotic development. A well-defined diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver fibrosis/cirrhotic/cancer mouse model was developed to evaluate the fate of the HSPs and its clinical implications. This model possess three time-zones during the disease development: fibrosis (3–5 weeks post-DEN), cirrhosis (6–10 weeks post-DEN), and cancers (up to 10 weeks post-DEN). During this process, the model represents histological patterns similar to those described in humans and shows better survival of the HSPs in the fibrotic zone, which was correlated with inflammatory signals, as compared to the cirrhotic zone. It has also been discovered that immune CD8+ T cells in the fibrotic zone are beneficial in liver fibrosis resolution, suggesting that the fibrotic time zone is important for mobilizing endogenous HSPs and cell-based therapy. As such, we hypothesize that clinical strategies in fibrotic/cirrhotic liver treatment are necessary either in time at the fibrotic phase or to adopt an approach of regulating HSP viability when the disease develops into the cirrhotic phase.",book:{id:"11711",title:"Animal Models and Experimental Research in Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11711.jpg"},signatures:"Min Yan, Deyu Hu, Zhenyu Wu, Jiejuan Lai, Leida Zhang, Hongyu Zhang, Sijin Li and Lianhua Bai"},{id:"83119",title:"Exploration of Multi-Aspect Development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Management",slug:"exploration-of-multi-aspect-development-of-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-pathogenesis-diagno",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106643",abstract:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable, and treatable chronic respiratory disease, which is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms. Pathological changes are mainly airway and/or alveolar structural abnormalities. Numerous factors, such as exposure to harmful particles or gases, genetic susceptibility, abnormal inflammatory responses, and abnormal lung development, are involved in the pathogenesis of COPD, those which determine the heterogeneity of COPD. Individuals show different pathophysiological changes, different disease evolution rules, and different clinical manifestations due to different etiologies, different susceptibility genes, and different chronic processes of “injury-inflammation-repair.” Therefore, disease managers need to conduct a multifaceted assessment of the whole body and the local area from the individual characteristics of COPD. With the sustained advancement of new technologies, from multiple perspectives, including genomics, exposomes, transcriptomics, mechanisms related to inflammation and immune regulation, microbiota, metabolomics, imaging features and radiomics, and the interaction of lungs and systemic organs to further explore the law of the occurrence and development of COPD, and finally, form an optimized prevention and treatment strategy. On the basis of thorough exploration, a COPD evaluation system that can meet clinical needs will be finally formed, so as to formulate scientific and effective individualized management strategies.",book:{id:"11827",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - A Compendium of Medicine and the Humanities",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11827.jpg"},signatures:"Lei Zhang, Xiang He, Jiliu Liu, Yi Zhang, Xiaohui Zuo and Guoping Li"},{id:"77607",title:"Mentorship in Postgraduate Medical Education",slug:"mentorship-in-postgraduate-medical-education",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98612",abstract:"Mentorship is critical to the development and professional growth of graduate medical education (GME) trainees. It is a bidirectional relationship between a mentor and a mentee. Mentorship has consistently been shown to be beneficial for both the mentor and mentee, with the mentee gaining valuable skills in education, personal growth, and professional support, and the mentor attaining higher career satisfaction and potentially greater productivity. Yet, there is a lack of research and in-depth analysis of effective mentorship and its role in postgraduate medical education. This chapter outlines different approaches toward mentorship and provides the reader with basic concepts relevant to the effective and competent practice of mentorship. The authors discuss the challenges that physician mentors and mentees face, the organizational models of mentorship, the approaches and techniques for mentorship, and the deleterious effects of mentorship malpractice. Our general discussion touches on best practices for both the mentor and mentee to allow for self-improvement and lifelong learning. The variety of applicable models makes it difficult to measure effectiveness of mentorship in GME, but there is an ongoing need for expanded research on the benefits of mentorship, as greater amount of supporting evidence will likely incentivize organizations to create mentorship-friendly policies and support corresponding institutional changes.",book:{id:"6947",title:"Contemporary Topics in Graduate Medical Education - Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6947.jpg"},signatures:"Lena Deb, Shanaya Desai, Kaitlyn McGinley, Elisabeth Paul, Tamam Habib, Asim Ali and Stanislaw Stawicki"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:775},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. This research has received competitive public grants from the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the Valencia Region Government, and the University of Alicante.",institutionString:"University of Alicante",institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:45,paginationItems:[{id:"83122",title:"New Perspectives on the Application of Chito-Oligosaccharides Derived from Chitin and Chitosan: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106501",signatures:"Paul Edgardo Regalado-Infante, Norma Gabriela Rojas-Avelizapa, Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana, Daniel Tapia-Maruri, Andrea Margarita Rivas-Castillo, Régulo Carlos Llarena-Hernández and Luz Irene Rojas-Avelizapa",slug:"new-perspectives-on-the-application-of-chito-oligosaccharides-derived-from-chitin-and-chitosan-a-rev",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"83015",title:"Acute Changes in Lipoprotein-Associated Oxidative Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106489",signatures:"Ngoc-Anh Le",slug:"acute-changes-in-lipoprotein-associated-oxidative-stress",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Anh",surname:"Le"}],book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"83041",title:"Responses of Endoplasmic Reticulum to Plant Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106590",signatures:"Vishwa Jyoti Baruah, Bhaswati Sarmah, Manny Saluja and Elizabeth H. 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Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. 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He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). 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In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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