IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
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By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
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"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
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"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
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In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
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“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
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Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10858",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are free online courses available to anyone who can sign up. MOOCs provide an affordable and flexible way to learn new skills, advance in careers, and provide quality educational experiences to a certain extent. Millions of people around the world use MOOCs for learning and their reasons are various, including career development, career change, college preparation, supplementary learning, lifelong learning, corporate e-Learning and training, and so on.",isbn:"978-1-83969-738-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-737-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-739-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95166",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",numberOfPages:198,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1872,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 24th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 21st 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 20th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 8th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 7th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101330/images/system/101330.jpg",biography:"Dragan Cvetković obtained a Ph.D. in Aeronautics from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, in 1997. To date, he has published sixty-five books, scripts, and practicums about computers and computer programs, aviation weapons, and flight mechanics. He has published many scientific papers as well. Dr. Cvetković became a full professor of Informatics and Computing at Singidunum University, Belgrade, in 2014. Since 2019, he has been the vice-rector for teaching at the same university.",institutionString:"Singidunum University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"10",institution:{name:"Singidunum University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1318",title:"Virtual Learning",slug:"virtual-learning"}],chapters:[{id:"77719",title:"What Brings about the Success of MOOCs in the Perspective of Education Service?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99053",slug:"what-brings-about-the-success-of-moocs-in-the-perspective-of-education-service-",totalDownloads:148,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"MOOCs passed through ‘inflated expectation stage of Garner’s hype cycle in 2012 and has gone ‘through of disillusionment’ stage. For jumping to the slope of enlightenment, MOOCs should be considered as education service focusing on service dominant logic and co-creation of value. This chapter aims to suggest a new perspective, education service science, to cope with the crisis of MOOCs. It focuses mainly on this suggestion: the principles of education service science could be applied in order for learners with MOOCs to take optimal learning experience. Themes of this paper are service science in education and MOOCs, education service innovation in MOOCs, education service system design for educational innovation in MOOCs, and quality management of MOOCs in the perspective of education service.",signatures:"Sung-Wan Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77719",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77719",authors:[{id:"187838",title:"Prof.",name:"Sung-Wan",surname:"Kim",slug:"sung-wan-kim",fullName:"Sung-Wan Kim"}],corrections:null},{id:"77815",title:"A Typology of Peer Support Behaviours in a MOOC",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99039",slug:"a-typology-of-peer-support-behaviours-in-a-mooc",totalDownloads:165,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter builds upon a body of previous research that has used content analysis to assess the messages exchanged between participants enrolled on a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). In particular, it focuses on uncovering the nature of the peer support that the participants provide for each other, and the social environment that they establish through their interactions. The findings of this research have led to the construction of a Typology of Peer Support Behaviours which is presented here. It is proposed that this typology can be applied across a range of contexts to assess the nature of peer support behaviours enacted by participants in those MOOCs. It is proposed that the typology could help identify any unique differences in expression of behaviours among groups of students and it could be used to assess if there is a preference towards a particular approach to, or type of, peer support.",signatures:"Kwamena Appiah-Kubi and David Cobham",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77815",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77815",authors:[{id:"356652",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Cobham",slug:"david-cobham",fullName:"David Cobham"},{id:"421378",title:"Dr.",name:"Kwamena",surname:"Appiah-Kubi",slug:"kwamena-appiah-kubi",fullName:"Kwamena Appiah-Kubi"}],corrections:null},{id:"78938",title:"Contextualized English Reading Proficiency Toolkit (CERPT): Enhance Learners’ English Reading Proficiency",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100041",slug:"contextualized-english-reading-proficiency-toolkit-cerpt-enhance-learners-english-reading-proficienc",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Department of Education has introduced numerous intervention and remediation programs to address the reading needs of learners. Despite these, data showed that majority of the learners still have reading problems when they reach higher grade levels. Henceforth, the study experimented on the innovation – Contextualized English Reading Proficiency Toolkit (CERPT) to help the learners of Kibacania Elementary School improved their reading ability level. All the pupils were exposed to CERPT. A pre-experimental research design was employed in this study. Findings revealed that the learners’ reading ability level enhanced from frustration to instructional. There was a significant difference in the learners’ reading ability levels before and after exposure to CERPT. Thus, the study commends the use of CERPT to help in the improvement of the learners’ reading ability level.",signatures:"Dr. Irene C. Culaste-Quimbo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78938",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78938",authors:[{id:"414245",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",surname:"C. Culaste-Quimbo",slug:"irene-c.-culaste-quimbo",fullName:"Irene C. Culaste-Quimbo"}],corrections:null},{id:"78210",title:"The Acceptance of MOOC in Teaching and Learning Process: A Case Study at Malaysian Public University",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99764",slug:"the-acceptance-of-mooc-in-teaching-and-learning-process-a-case-study-at-malaysian-public-university",totalDownloads:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of these studies is to investigate the acceptance of MOOC and factors that might influence the use of MOOC at Public Universities. A quantitative technique which is a survey method was conducted at the selected public university where data were collected from 400 respondents. The analysis was then conducted by using Smart PLS software. Meanwhile, the Technology Acceptance Model was implemented as to obtain the findings of this study. The results showed that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating condition are factors influencing MOOC usage among students at the particular university. The findings also show that the acceptance level of MOOC learning at this particular university was substantial due to some factors might influence the usage and encouragement of these technologies. The result also shows that there is an area of improvement in term of MOOC learning at these universities in order to make the technologies useful and can be beneficial for long term sight and lifelong learning especially in the context of distance education.",signatures:"Nor Hafiza Haron and Yusof Hafidzan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78210",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78210",authors:[{id:"415049",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Nor Hafiza",surname:"Haron",slug:"nor-hafiza-haron",fullName:"Nor Hafiza Haron"},{id:"423583",title:"Mr.",name:"Yusof",surname:"Hafidzan",slug:"yusof-hafidzan",fullName:"Yusof Hafidzan"}],corrections:null},{id:"77728",title:"Innovative Tools to Assess a Large Number of Students in the Open Distance and e-Learning MOOCs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99040",slug:"innovative-tools-to-assess-a-large-number-of-students-in-the-open-distance-and-e-learning-moocs",totalDownloads:204,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The literature on students registered in the Open Distance and e-Learning (ODeL) institutions suggests many obstacles related to their summative-driven assessments, which give insufficient time for study, difficulties in access and use of innovative assessment tools, ineffective feedback, and lack of feedback of study materials. These challenges lead students to learn just enough to get grades without understanding the topics or acquiring knowledge and skills. On the other hand, massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) give students, who have to fulfil multiple roles and are affected by the barriers of distance, cost and time, an opportunity to pursue their studies online. This chapter employed humanistic learning theory (HLT) to present a variety of digital teaching and learning tools that enable assessment suitable for a large number of students in the ODeL MOOCs. Humanistic learning theory emphasises a shift towards considering students, their characteristics, and their influence on learning. In addressing the gap created by assessments that were not focused on the specific human capabilities, including creativity, personal growth, and choice, this chapter first presents principles of HLT linking them with the form of assessments in MOOCs. Secondly, the ways to assess a large number of students in ODeL MOOCs are outlined. Lastly, various digital tools that can assess a large number of students are discussed, considering students as sources of authority.",signatures:"Ramashego Shila Mphahlele",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77728",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77728",authors:[{id:"414063",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramashego",surname:"Shila Mphahlele",slug:"ramashego-shila-mphahlele",fullName:"Ramashego Shila Mphahlele"}],corrections:null},{id:"79401",title:"A Conceptual Model for Conformance with Accessible Gamification",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98195",slug:"a-conceptual-model-for-conformance-with-accessible-gamification",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There currently remains limited Gamification awareness and training for developers on WCAG conformance. Studies indicate an increased interest from developers to raise their acceptance, awareness, and technical abilities for designing accessible digital products. This article explores and presents a conceptual module to improve web developers’ capabilities and knowledge of accessible digital design. By leveraging the standards put forth by WCAG 2.0, developers can create accessible content for users who identify with various forms of abilities. Four primary principles comprise WCAG 2.0 and 12 standards, and 12 standards deliver fundamental objectives as best practices for developers. These guidelines were employed for gaming content design and development, permitting users to regulate reality and Gamification associations whereas immersing in the game. The goal is to apply diverse processes for each stage of the game to allow challenges and motivation for users to determine novel processes while understanding the guidelines. Assistive Technology was used to navigate each stage. To suit independence or self-reliance, the conceptual model supports players’ personalization while completing the game activities. Likewise, employing complex, advanced, and reward dashboards satisfies the proficiency component, and social network communications to other players provide the opportunity for interconnectedness. The conceptual model presented in this paper underpins Gamification and the potential to incorporate evidence-based accessibility principles developed by W3C. The previous examinations focused on instruments (e.g., software, feature, components) to achieve WCAG conformance. This examination presents a distinction from prior studies as this conceptual model recognizes consciousness and self-determination as the initial starting point.",signatures:"Keyonda Smith",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79401",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79401",authors:[{id:"325308",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Keyonda",surname:"Smith",slug:"keyonda-smith",fullName:"Keyonda Smith"}],corrections:null},{id:"80093",title:"Teachers’ Readiness for e-Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101242",slug:"teachers-readiness-for-e-learning-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-south-africa",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The event of the COVID-19 pandemic and the respective implementation of social distancing protocols resulted in a rapid transition to online teaching and learning for most education institutions around the world, independent of whether teachers were prepared. The Corona Virus Disease −19 (COVID-19) has interrupted educational processes worldwide. The impact of COVID-19 on the educational system has gained crucial relevance in research, with the intention of identifying a scientifically based solution to this problem. This study is based on the notion that, while the pandemic’s effect is broad, a unit-level analysis can provide some insight. As a result, this study thus investigated the teachers’ readiness for e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative approach, in particular a case study research design was employed, with sampling consisting of six teachers being purposively and conveniently selected. The findings revealed that teachers do not understand what e-learning is all about and how it can be implemented within the classroom. Another finding was that classrooms do not promote e-learning. The researchers recommend that; education officials need to organize continuous e-learning workshops for teachers. Classrooms need to be redesigned in order to promote e-learning.",signatures:"Melikhaya Skhephe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80093",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80093",authors:[{id:"357220",title:"Dr.",name:"Melikhaya",surname:"Skhephe",slug:"melikhaya-skhephe",fullName:"Melikhaya Skhephe"}],corrections:null},{id:"78156",title:"MOOCS for Lifelong Learning, Equity, and Liberation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99659",slug:"moocs-for-lifelong-learning-equity-and-liberation",totalDownloads:269,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Quality education for all is both a human right based on social justice and liberation and a force for sustainable development and peace. The goal of education for all is stated in United Nations UNESCO Sustainability Goal 4, 2030 Agenda, which aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. This chapter is based on a systematic literature review. In this chapter, the focus is on global initiatives in education as a global common. The findings support that knowledge is a universal entity constructed by individuals, and it belongs to anyone anywhere and at any time. The year 2012 was dubbed the Year of the MOOC, but because of the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 marked another milestone. MOOCs have dramatically changed the way people learn, and how to access knowledge. MOOCs offer an affordable, flexible way to learn new skills, advance a career, and deliver quality educational experiences. MOOCs have the potential to help individuals enjoy learning and acquire knowledge in a variety of ways. In the changing learning landscapes and the futures of learning, MOOCs can play a variety of roles, such as stand-alone courses in informal and non-formal learning and modules integrated into formal education. It is time to develop and offer more agile, seamless, rhizomatic learning opportunities that promote human rights equity and liberation.",signatures:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78156",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78156",authors:[{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson"}],corrections:null},{id:"79078",title:"Equality, Diversity and Inclusion – A MOOC for Academic Purposes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100314",slug:"equality-diversity-and-inclusion-a-mooc-for-academic-purposes",totalDownloads:169,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Since its fifth framework programme (1998–2002), the European Union has promoted gender equality and equal opportunities in the higher education sector and science and technological development. In its current framework programme for research and innovation, Horizon Europe (2021–2027), the EU requires scientists to systematically integrate the concepts of sex, gender and intersectionality into their research paths and to promote equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in their working environments. However, for historical reasons, following the EU requirements is challenging, particularly for scientists in STEM disciplines. The University of Genoa is planning a MOOC suited to a large research institution audience to address this problem. The MOOC’s targets are researchers, scholars, administrative personnel and students interested in advancing EDI practices in the scientific fields. It enables them to understand the basic principles underlying the gender mainstreaming adopted by the EU and integrate methods and strategies related to sex, gender and intersectionality to progress towards an EDI-sensitive institution. Supported by a learner-centred instructional strategy, this chapter explores the choices related to EDI-sensitive methods and strategies adopted to develop and implement an online education path. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.",signatures:"Rita Bencivenga, Cinzia Leone and Anna Siri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79078",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79078",authors:[{id:"334840",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Siri",slug:"anna-siri",fullName:"Anna Siri"},{id:"414321",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Bencivenga",slug:"rita-bencivenga",fullName:"Rita Bencivenga"},{id:"414323",title:"Dr.",name:"Cinzia",surname:"Leone",slug:"cinzia-leone",fullName:"Cinzia Leone"}],corrections:null},{id:"78755",title:"Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in Sub-Saharan African Higher Education Landscape: A Bibliometric Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99041",slug:"massive-open-online-courses-moocs-in-sub-saharan-african-higher-education-landscape-a-bibliometric-r",totalDownloads:199,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this study, we examined articles focused on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) implemented in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) Higher Education context that describes the different models of MOOCs enacted as an initiative to provide access and opportunity to acquire quality higher education across different disciplines within the sub-region. In addition, the review aims to identify those factors that facilitate or inhibit the success and growth of MOOCs in the SSA context to understand how MOOCs has fared between the time 2012 to 2021. Based on this premise, 30 articles were included in the review in accordance with the authors’ set criteria. Results revealed that there are very few collaborations, linkages, and relations between MOOCs researchers in SSA, similarly there is a slow growth of MOOCs production, Narrative, Conceptual and Discourse analysis are the dominant analytical methods, while the perennial challenges of poor internet connectivity, lack of policy framework, poor bandwidth and electricity and lack of personnel with the requisite competences were the major hinderances to MOOCs growth in SSA. The inferences, implications and future directions were discussed.",signatures:"Abdullahi Abubakar Yunusa, Irfan Naufal Umar and Brandford Bervell",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78755",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78755",authors:[{id:"299095",title:"Dr.",name:"Brandford",surname:"Bervell",slug:"brandford-bervell",fullName:"Brandford Bervell"},{id:"417066",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Abdullahi Abubakar",surname:"Yunusa",slug:"abdullahi-abubakar-yunusa",fullName:"Abdullahi Abubakar Yunusa"},{id:"423699",title:"Prof.",name:"Irfan Naufal",surname:"Umar",slug:"irfan-naufal-umar",fullName:"Irfan Naufal Umar"}],corrections:null},{id:"77991",title:"The Adoption of Massive Open Online Courses in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries: The Experiences of Urban Learners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99321",slug:"the-adoption-of-massive-open-online-courses-in-selected-sub-saharan-african-countries-the-experience",totalDownloads:141,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"MOOCs is slowly gaining traction in the education provisioning in SSA. Much of this is attributed to governmental and institutional aim of providing quality and affordable universal education to all learners. This chapter explores how MOOCs is affecting access to learning in SSA, with particular bias to urban education context. Evidence adduced in this chapter was adduced from secondary sources, involving review of relevant literature available from internet sources. In the internet sources visited, key search terms that were used in obtaining the relevant resources included but not limited to: ‘MOOCs and education’, ‘MOOCs in Africa’, ‘Education technologies AND MOOCs in Africa’, ‘MOOCs, OERs adoption and adaptability in Africa’, and ‘MOOCs’ challenges in Africa’ among others. It emerged that while MOOCs is gaining the needed traction in the SSA education space, the pace of its development is slow and calls for a more concerted effort from concerned education stakeholders.",signatures:"Vollan Ochieng’, Maurice Mutisya and Caroline Thiong’o",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77991",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77991",authors:[{id:"415565",title:"Dr.",name:"Vollan",surname:"Ochieng",slug:"vollan-ochieng",fullName:"Vollan Ochieng"},{id:"425875",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurice",surname:"Mutisya",slug:"maurice-mutisya",fullName:"Maurice Mutisya"},{id:"425876",title:"Ms.",name:"Caroline",surname:"Thiong'O",slug:"caroline-thiong'o",fullName:"Caroline Thiong'O"}],corrections:null},{id:"78635",title:"Metacognitive Assessment Model for Student Project-Based Learning through the Blended Learning Practice MOOCs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98996",slug:"metacognitive-assessment-model-for-student-project-based-learning-through-the-blended-learning-pract",totalDownloads:200,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Online or blended learning assessments through LMS-MOOCs carried out in the world of education today tend to be multiple-choice assessments that are only based on low-level cognitive. In fact, to measure the metacognitive of students is quite difficult, if only using the form of multiple choice questions. Therefore, it takes the form of questions and assessments that allow students to explore their reflective and metacognitive thinking according to the characteristics of the education they are attending. Vocational education tends to apply a project-based learning (PjBL) model that requires authentic and performance-based learning assessment methods. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an appropriate blended metacognitive skill assessment rubric instrument for vocational education. Metacognitive assessment was developed using research and development procedures, with students as subjects in vocational education in Makassar, Indonesia. The integration between elements of metacognitive skills: planning, monitoring, and evaluation with self-peer-teacher assessment can be an assessment method to measure students’ metacognitive thinking skills in PjBL. Especially metacognitive assessment through blended learning practice MOOCs that are in accordance with the characteristics of vocational education and can be adopted by general education.",signatures:"Ridwan Daud Mahande, Fitrah Asma Darmawan and Jasruddin Daud Malago",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78635",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78635",authors:[{id:"357204",title:"Dr.",name:"Ridwan",surname:"Daud Mahande",slug:"ridwan-daud-mahande",fullName:"Ridwan Daud Mahande"},{id:"357205",title:"Mr.",name:"Fitrah",surname:"Asma Darmawan",slug:"fitrah-asma-darmawan",fullName:"Fitrah Asma Darmawan"},{id:"357206",title:"Prof.",name:"Jasruddin",surname:"Daud Malago",slug:"jasruddin-daud-malago",fullName:"Jasruddin Daud Malago"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in 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actuators and their applications. New coverage of dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators, polymeric microgripper based on the cascaded V-shaped electrothermal actuators, ionic polymer actuators, wideband actuators and energy harvesters, electromagnetic actuators and shape memory alloy actuators are comprehended. The book is structured in four sections: design, fabrication and simulation; control systems; medical applications and fault detection. Seven chapters are published following a rigorous selection process. In the first section, a study carried out to investigate experimentally and by numerical simulations a microscale plasma actuator; the design, fabrication, numerical simulations, and experimental investigations of a polymeric microgripper designed using the cascaded V-shaped electrothermal actuators; a review of the development of ionic polymer actuator with introduction of two kinds of typical polymer actuators - ionic polymer-metal composites and bucky gel actuator - with their basic principle and fabrication process and typical applications and a methodology of designing and testing wideband actuators and energy harvesters, treated as one mechanical resonator, with a discussion on shock harvester, resonant harvester and energy transmission system, are presented. The second section has a chapter dedicated to modeling, system identification and control of electromagnetic actuators with main focus on the actuators used in magnetic levitation, in fuel injection systems and in variable valve timing. The third section presents a study focused on quantifying the decline in tactile sensation associated with diabetic neuropathy and developed a measurement device that used a thin-shaped memory alloy wire as the actuator. The fourth section includes a chapter presenting a two-level fault diagnosis and root-cause analysis scheme for a class of interconnected invertible dynamic systems, which aims at detecting and identifying actuator fault and causes.",isbn:"978-1-78923-429-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-428-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-583-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71518",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"actuators",numberOfPages:160,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"33056f58590b5920dd938eff4810e8dc",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",publishedDate:"July 11th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6603.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:8032,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfTotalCitations:17,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 17th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 7th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 6th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 27th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 26th 2018",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"12",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"116",title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"60383",title:"Dielectric Barrier Discharge Microplasma Actuator for Flow Control",slug:"dielectric-barrier-discharge-microplasma-actuator-for-flow-control",totalDownloads:1276,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"26245",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuo",surname:"Shimizu",slug:"kazuo-shimizu",fullName:"Kazuo Shimizu"},{id:"228925",title:"Dr.",name:"Marius",surname:"Blajan",slug:"marius-blajan",fullName:"Marius Blajan"}]},{id:"60132",title:"An SU-8 Microgripper Based on the Cascaded V-Shaped Electrothermal Actuators: Design, Fabrication, Simulation and Experimental Investigations",slug:"an-su-8-microgripper-based-on-the-cascaded-v-shaped-electrothermal-actuators-design-fabrication-simu",totalDownloads:959,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"232999",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodica",surname:"Voicu",slug:"rodica-voicu",fullName:"Rodica Voicu"}]},{id:"59893",title:"Ionic Polymer Actuators: Principle, Fabrication and Applications",slug:"ionic-polymer-actuators-principle-fabrication-and-applications",totalDownloads:1587,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"219021",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanjie",surname:"Wang",slug:"yanjie-wang",fullName:"Yanjie Wang"},{id:"242367",title:"Dr.",name:"Takushi",surname:"Sugino",slug:"takushi-sugino",fullName:"Takushi Sugino"}]},{id:"62102",title:"Development of Resonators with Reversible Magnetostrictive Effect for Applications as Actuators and Energy Harvesters",slug:"development-of-resonators-with-reversible-magnetostrictive-effect-for-applications-as-actuators-and-",totalDownloads:1091,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"220028",title:"MSc.",name:"Przemysław",surname:"Wiewiórski",slug:"przemyslaw-wiewiorski",fullName:"Przemysław Wiewiórski"},{id:"233089",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",surname:"Kaleta",slug:"jerzy-kaleta",fullName:"Jerzy Kaleta"},{id:"233090",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafał",surname:"Mech",slug:"rafal-mech",fullName:"Rafał Mech"}]},{id:"60702",title:"Modeling, System Identification, and Control of Electromagnetic Actuators",slug:"modeling-system-identification-and-control-of-electromagnetic-actuators",totalDownloads:1102,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"231141",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Alexandru",surname:"Forrai",slug:"alexandru-forrai",fullName:"Alexandru Forrai"}]},{id:"59804",title:"Quantitative Tactile Examination Using Shape Memory Alloy Actuators for the Early Detection of Diabetic Neuropathy",slug:"quantitative-tactile-examination-using-shape-memory-alloy-actuators-for-the-early-detection-of-diabe",totalDownloads:959,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"233419",title:"Dr.",name:"Junichi",surname:"Danjo",slug:"junichi-danjo",fullName:"Junichi Danjo"},{id:"240550",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonoko",surname:"Danjo",slug:"sonoko-danjo",fullName:"Sonoko Danjo"},{id:"240551",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideyuki",surname:"Sawada",slug:"hideyuki-sawada",fullName:"Hideyuki Sawada"},{id:"240552",title:"BSc.",name:"Keiji",surname:"Uchida",slug:"keiji-uchida",fullName:"Keiji Uchida"},{id:"240553",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"yu-nakamura",fullName:"Yu Nakamura"}]},{id:"61005",title:"Root Cause Analysis of Actuator Fault",slug:"root-cause-analysis-of-actuator-fault",totalDownloads:1058,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"231651",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"mei-zhang",fullName:"Mei Zhang"},{id:"241715",title:"Prof.",name:"Ze-Tao",surname:"Li",slug:"ze-tao-li",fullName:"Ze-Tao Li"},{id:"241716",title:"Prof.",name:"Boutaib",surname:"Dahhou",slug:"boutaib-dahhou",fullName:"Boutaib Dahhou"},{id:"241718",title:"Prof.",name:"Michel",surname:"Cabassud",slug:"michel-cabassud",fullName:"Michel Cabassud"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"220813",firstName:"Danijela",lastName:"Sakic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220813/images/6092_n.jpg",email:"danijela.s@intechopen.com",biography:"As Author Services Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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1. Introduction
Drought is a worldwide natural hazard and has a detrimental impact on society, the environment, and the economy [1]. Extreme hydrological events both high (flood) and low (drought) flow are of particular concern globally. Of these hydrological extremes, drought is the most complex and widespread [2]. It is one of the most common natural events that has devastating negative impacts on agriculture and water resources [3].
There is no universal definition for drought due to its complexity [4]. Therefore, meteorologists defined drought as a scarcity of precipitation [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]; hydrologists have defined hydrological drought as scarcity of surface and subsurface water [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]; agriculturalists and agronomists defined agricultural drought as related to soil moisture deficiency [3, 16, 17] and sociologists and economists defined the overall welfare crisis of the society caused by drought to be socioeconomical drought [4, 18, 19, 20, 21]. These types of droughts have accumulating effects, thus meteorological drought results in losses, such as crop stress, predation by pests, and disease due to low moisture, to the agricultural systems while hydrological drought causes the shortage of water supply, decrease in reservoir water level and groundwater volume, lower irrigation and hydropower production [14]. The accumulation of meteorological and hydrological drought results in socioeconomical drought in which the overall ecosystem will be disturbed and human and animal lives will be negatively impacted and even lost [15].
Historically, Ethiopia has faced multiple seasonal drought events due to erratic rainfall and climate change [22]. The most drought-prone areas in Ethiopia are in Northeast Ethiopia and the Upper Blue Nile basin, including the Northern Tigray region, some parts of Amhara regions, such as South Wollo, North Wollo, South Gondar, and Afar Region, most parts of Somalia Region, and Eastern parts of Oromia Region [1, 3, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Drought in Ethiopia occurs at a recurrence interval of 3–10 years [1], and even though this frequent recurrence is common, there still lacks any firmly established drought mitigation measure for these events. Only short-term response efforts are provided in the form of food aid when food supplies have decreased significantly due to extended drought.
Meteorological drought analysis has been studied frequently, yet hydrological and agricultural drought analysis and monitoring are not studied adequately. It is thought that Ethiopia is a water tower in East Africa but water resource management over the region is not well developed. This aggravates the natural hazard, such as drought impact on human life. Hydrological drought has a great influence on water supply irrigation and power production by reducing the availability of surface and subsurface water. There are few dams and reservoirs in the country and most of them are hydropower plants. But there is a lack of water conservation to reduce drought impact when it occurs. Generally, drought monitoring and forecasting studies are untouched and need a thorough investigation to alleviate socioeconomic problems related to drought.
The objective of this review chapter is to assess the status of hydrological drought studies in Ethiopia by reviewing different previously studied article papers related to drought. A total of 24 article papers was reviewed and the master plan of the eight-river basin was also reviewed. Of these, only two papers were related to hydrological drought and the remains were about meteorological and other drought-related topics. This implies that hydrological drought studies in Ethiopia require further analysis, monitoring, and forecasting investigation. Therefore, it is important to do this kind of review to show the gap of drought studies over the region for future researchers, stakeholders, and planners to develop a suitable early warning system.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Description of the study area
Ethiopia has an ample amount of water resources when compared to other African countries yet the development is still poor. There are 12 major river basins in the country which generate an annual runoff of 123 BM3 (Table 1). From these, Aysha and Ogaden river basins are dry and the Mereb and Denakle have insignificant streamflow over the year, the border basins from North to East direction (Figure 1). Eight river basins have a well-organized master plan, however, only the three river basins (Abbay, Awash, and Tekeze) are popularly studied for the development of irrigation, water supply, and hydropower projects. Different types of drought studies were also relatively studied in these river basins. In the Wabishebele river basin, one hydrological drought analysis was studied by Awas [26]. Abbay and Awash basins have good hydrometeorological data and are highly invested when compared to other river basins. This review is focused on the assessment of hydrological drought analysis and the drought mitigation approach of previous research in Ethiopia, related to drought.
River basin
Area (km2)
Annual runoff (BM3)
Terminus
Abbay
199,912
52.6
Mediterranean
Awash
110,000
4.6
Within the country
Baro
75,912
23.6
Mediterranean
Genale Dawa
172,259
5.8
Indian Ocean
Omo Gibe
79,000
17.9
Lake Turkana
Tekeze
82,350
7.6
Mediterranean
Rift Valley
52,000
5.6
Chew Bahir
Wabishebele
202,220
4.6
Indian Ocean
Mereb
5900
0.26
Sudanese Wetland
Denakle
64,380
0.86
Within the country
Aysha
2223
0
Ogaden
77,120
0
Total
1,123,276
123.42
Table 1.
Characteristics of Ethiopian major river basins.
Source: River Basin Master Plan; Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity, Ethiopia.
Figure 1.
Drought study information of Ethiopian river basins.
Figure 2.
Seasonal variation of streamflow over Ethiopian river basins.
Spatially, the Abbay river basin is the largest and it covers 43.1% of the surface runoff of the country. The general characteristics of each river basin in the country are given in Table 1. In Ethiopia, there is a high seasonal flow and rainfall variation. As shown in Figures 2 and 3, Abbay and Omo gibe river basins have a high flow when compare to other river basins and overall the maximum flow is obtained during the summer season from June to August (JJA).
Ethiopia has 12 major river basins, most of which are transboundary rivers except the Awash river. The total surface water is estimated at 124 BM3 and the groundwater potential is estimated near 30 BM3 [28]. Up to 70% of the surface water is originated from the central and western highlands on the western sides of the Great Rift Valley flow to the west into the Nile river basin system that covers 39% of the landmass and the remaining 30% of surface water originated from eastern highlands flow into east that covers 61% of the landmass.
Figure 3.
Mean monthly rainfall of eight river basins in Ethiopia.
2.2 Historical drought in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is experienced severe drought problems for the last decades. According to Mohammed et al., the most drought years in North East Highlands of Ethiopia were 1984, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1993, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2007, and 2008 [1]. Bayissa et al. also found that 1984/85 and 2003/04 were the extreme drought years in the Upper Blue Nile basin in Ethiopia [29]. Based on EM-DAT, 2014, the most severe drought years in Ethiopia from 1900 to 2013 were 1965, 1969, 1973, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, and 2012 with an average recurrence interval of 4 years [30]. Generally, the year 1984 was a bad drought event in Ethiopia and it was globally known. Here, all the above-stated drought years were analyzed based on meteorological drought indicators, especially standardized precipitation index (SPI) and palm drought severity index (PDSI).
2.3 Data collection and analysis
To review the status of hydrological drought conditions in Ethiopia, important data were collected from the Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Electricity, department of Basin Development Authority. The river basin master plan was thoroughly reviewed and previous drought-related studies in Ethiopia were also assessed.
During this review, 24 articles and conference papers related to drought studies in Ethiopia were collected. From these, nine papers are meteorological drought studies, seven papers are general drought impact studies, and the remaining eight were agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic drought studies (Tables 2 and 3). Surprisingly, except for some general drought studies related to drought impact over the country, other drought studies were conducted in some specific parts of the country. Especially meteorological drought studies were highly focused on the Abbay river basin (Upper Blue Nile) and Awash river basin. Agricultural and socioeconomic drought studies slightly tried to see the overall drought conditions in Ethiopia. However, these are also not studied in-depth.
Recent drought and precipitation tendencies in Ethiopia
General
18
Getachew et al., 2020
Application of artificial neural networks in forecasting a standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index for the Upper Blue Nile basin
Meteorological
19
Getachew, 2018
Drought and its impacts in Ethiopia
Socioeconomic
20
Temam et al., 2019
Long-term drought trends in ethiopia with implications for dryland agriculture
Agricultural
21
Dawit et al., 2019
Comparison of meteorological and agriculture-related drought indicators across Ethiopia
Meteorological and agricultural
22
Y.A. Bayissa et al., 2018
Developing a satellite-based combined drought indicator to monitor agricultural drought: a case study for Ethiopia
Agricultural
23
IDA GRANT-H0280, 2011
Emergency drought recovery project (EDRP) in Ethiopia
General
24
Sara Pantuliano and Mike Wekesa, 2008
Improving drought response in pastoral areas of Ethiopia
General
Table 2.
Summary of selected literature related to drought studies in Ethiopia for this review.
N0.
Basin
Article related to meteorological drought
Articles related to hydrological drought
1
Abbay
3
1
2
Awash
2
3
Omo-Gibe
1
4
Rift Valley
1
5
Tekeze
2
6
Wabishebele
1
Table 3.
Different types of drought studies status in each river basin.
Agricultural and socioeconomic drought studies were not focused on a particular river basin. Total 13 articles, including agricultural, socioeconomic, and general concepts, and drought impacts in Ethiopia were covered in some parts of the country without specifying a particular river basin.
3. Result and discussion
3.1 Hydrological drought status of the country
Ethiopia has been affected by drought many times over the last few centuries. However, drought studies and mitigation measurement investigation are still limited. Although there are few drought studies in the country; it is insufficient. Especially agricultural, hydrological and socioeconomic drought studies are untouched. As shown in Table 4 and Figure 4, most drought studies in Ethiopia are focused on meteorological drought and other general drought-related impact assessments. Meteorological drought is highly varying within the short-period scale in a month depending on the precipitation variability. Therefore, drought analysis from a short-time scale may lead to an erroneous conclusion. But hydrological drought study requires a long-term time scale greater than 6-month cumulative drought conditions of the study area. Mostly hydrological drought analysis is conducted annually based on and above, which will give some concrete information about the drought situation of a particular study area. From this review, hydrological drought studies were covered only 8.33%, which implies that it needs further study (one article in Abbay subbasin and one article from Wabishebele basin). Almost 78% of the study were concentrated in North Eastern and Upper Blue Nile basin, Tekeze and Abbay, and Awash river basin and which is meteorological drought (Table 3). Two researchers have been studied, hydrological drought in Abbay and Wabishebele basins (Table 3). But the remaining six basins are still not studied. Now the government of Ethiopia is planning to transform from agricultural lead to industrial transformation. This will have achieved when the natural resource will be properly managed and utilized. Water is the central part of all infrastructures development. However, the master plan of major river basins in Ethiopia focused only on the potential assessment of irrigation and hydropower, and there is no drought trend analysis and future hydrological drought forecasting. Hydrological drought affects irrigation, water supply, hydropower, and other water-related sectors. So, it is important to study the historical hydrological drought characteristics, such as frequency, magnitude, duration, severity, and future probability of the basin streamflow to satisfy all demands.
Type of drought
Number of studies
Percentage (%)
Meteorological drought
9
37.5
Hydrological drought
2
8.33
Agricultural drought
3
12.5
Socioeconomic drought
3
12.5
General related to drought impact
7
29.16
Total articles reviewed
24
100
Table 4.
Types of drought studies over Ethiopia.
Figure 4.
Percentage of drought studies in Ethiopia (MD = meteorological drought, HD = hydrological drought, AD = agricultural drought, SED = socioeconomical drought, and GD = general drought-related studies).
As far as reviewed from the basins master plan report and previous pieces of literature, there is no method adopted to analyze the hydrological drought in the region. But for sustainable water resource development, mitigation measurements of the extreme hydrological events, such as floods and drought, are impropriated. Otherwise, simply constructing any structure in the basin alone may not be a solution to improve poverty over the country.
3.2 Meteorological and agricultural drought
From the reviewed papers, 37.5% was covered meteorological drought analysis and monitoring studies, and agricultural drought studies were covered 12.5% (Table 4). Ethiopia is highly dependent on rainfed agriculture; so, meteorological and agricultural drought analysis, monitoring, and early warning system development are crucial. But still, there is no well-adopted drought analysis technique for a nationwide or a regional level. As a result, the development of drought early warning system has lacked. At the same time, hydrological drought analysis and monitoring is also key point for river basin development and water resource management. But due to its large input data requirement, hydrological drought study is not further investigated.
3.3 General drought-related studies
The socioeconomic of Ethiopia is continuously affected by frequent drought disasters. It is difficult to cope with subsequent years after drought has occurred. Up to 29.16% of the reviewed papers were related to drought impact, attribution, economics resilience to drought, extreme drought assessment, trend, and periodicity of drought in Ethiopia [4, 18, 19, 20]. Except for some articles, most of the reviewed articles were conducted in some parts of the country and did not give good information about the effect of drought in the country.
4. Conclusion
During any river basin master planning, considering extreme hydrological events, such as floods and drought, are the important issues for sustainable water resource development. Otherwise, simply focusing on the investigation and assessment of the available natural resources in a specific river basin and utilization of the resource will never bring development. Particular attention is to be given to drought-affected areas and conjunctive use of ground and surface water is encouraged. Aridity is the general characteristic of an arid climate and represents a (relatively) permanent condition, while drought is temporary. In an arid climate, drought can still occur when local conditions are even drier than normal. But 90% of the reviewed studies in Ethiopia were conducted on arid and semiarid areas of the region. Generally, hydrological drought study lacked in the country. Therefore, in the future, it is important to focus on hydrological drought monitoring and forecasting to achieve the sustainable utilization of available water resources in Ethiopia.
Acknowledgments
All the river basin master plan documents were freely accessed from the Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Electricity of Ethiopia. Therefore, great gratitude is given to all the staff members of the ministry, especially for Basin Development Authority Department.
Conflict of interest
We declared that we have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this chapter.
\n',keywords:"hydrological drought, drought mitigation, Ethiopian river basins",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80924.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80924.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80924",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80924",totalDownloads:62,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"December 17th 2021",dateReviewed:"January 19th 2022",datePrePublished:"March 22nd 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"March 22nd 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Drought is a complex natural disaster unlike flood, which covers a large area when it occurred. This review was conducted on hydrological drought analysis and monitoring status in Ethiopia by reviewing the master plan of eight major river basins and previous research related to drought. A total of 24 article papers was reviewed and it is found that hydrological drought analysis studies cover only 8.33% of all of the river basins in Ethiopia. Researchers in the region have focused primarily on meteorological drought (37.5%) rather than hydrological and agricultural drought analysis. Although Ethiopia has long been dependent on rainfed agriculture for its economy and remains the primary livelihood of the population, the Ethiopian government has begun focusing on transitioning to an industrial economy, placing pressure on the water resource. In a region plagued by drought, drought analysis, and monitoring, drought early warning systems and effective mitigation measures are still limited and even lacking in some areas. Therefore, emphasis on hydrological drought analysis and development of suitable drought mitigation measurements is important to implement strategies for effective and sustainable water resource management by which water may remain available during the long dry seasons and the impacts of hydrological drought may be lessened.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80924",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80924",signatures:"Kassa Abera and Admasu Gebeyehu",book:{id:"11131",type:"book",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Drought - Impacts and Management",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Murat Eyvaz, Dr. Ahmed Albahnasawi, Dr. Mesut Tekbaş and Dr. Ercan Gürbulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-544-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-543-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-545-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Materials and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Description of the study area",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Historical drought in Ethiopia",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Data collection and analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Result and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1 Hydrological drought status of the country",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 Meteorological and agricultural drought",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.3 General drought-related studies",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Mohammed Y, Yimer F, Tadesse M, Tesfaye K. Meteorological drought assessment in north east highlands of Ethiopia. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 2018;10:142-160'},{id:"B2",body:'Belayneh A, Adamowski J, Khalil B, Ozga-zielinski B. Long-term SPI drought forecasting in the Awash river basin in Ethiopia using wavelet neural network and wavelet support vector regression models. Journal of Hydrology. 2014;508:418-429'},{id:"B3",body:'Araya A, Stroosnijder L. Assessing drought risk and irrigation need in northern Ethiopia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2011;151:425-436'},{id:"B4",body:'Mera GA. Drought and its impacts in Ethiopia. Weather and Climate Extremes. 2018;22:24-35'},{id:"B5",body:'Keskin ME, Terzi Ö, Taylan ED, Küçükyaman D. Meteorological drought analysis using artificial neural networks. Academic Journals. 2011;6:4469-4477'},{id:"B6",body:'Shen H, Yuan FEI, Ren L, Kong HAO, Tong RUI. Regional drought assessment using a distributed hydrological model coupled with standardized runoff index. Remote Sensing and GIS for Hydrology and Water Resources (IAHS Publ). 2015;368:397-402'},{id:"B7",body:'Svoboda MD, Fuchs BA. Handbook of Drought Indicators and Indices. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization (WMO); 2017. ISBN 9781351967525'},{id:"B8",body:'Pashiardis S, Michaelides S. Implementation of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the reconnaissance drought index (RDI) for regional drought assessment: A case study for. European Water. 2008;23:57-65'},{id:"B9",body:'Mohammed Y. Meteorological drought assessment in north east highlands of Ethiopia. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 2018;10(1):121-141. DOI: 10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2017-0059'},{id:"B10",body:'Zargar A, Sadiq R, Naser B, Khan FI. A review of drought indices. NRC Research Press. Environmental Reviews. 2004;19:333-349'},{id:"B11",body:'Khanna M. Hydrological Drought Indices. New Delhi, India: Water Technol. Centre, Indian Agric. Res; 2010'},{id:"B12",body:'Trambauer P, Werner M, Winsemius HC, Maskey S, Dutra E, Uhlenbrook S. Hydrological drought forecasting and skill assessment for the Limpopo river basin, Southern Africa. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2015;19:1695-1711'},{id:"B13",body:'Abcdef IWY, Adef MB. Hydrological Drought Index Based on Reservoir Capacity—Case Study of Batujai Dam in Lombok Island. Indonesia: West Nusa Tenggara; 2018'},{id:"B14",body:'Van Loon AF. Hydrological drought explained. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water. 2015;2:359-392'},{id:"B15",body:'Boudad B, Sahbi H, Manssouri I. Analysis of meteorological and hydrological drought based in SPI and SDI index in the Inaouen Basin (Northern Morocco). Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences. 2018;9:219-227'},{id:"B16",body:'Tsige DT, Uddameri V, Forghanparast F. Comparison of meteorological and agriculture-related drought indicators across Ethiopia. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI Water; 2019'},{id:"B17",body:'Bayissa Y, Maskey S, Tadesse T, van Andel SJ, Moges S, van Griensven A, et al. Comparison of the performance of six drought indices in characterizing historical drought for the upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Geosciences. 2018;8:81'},{id:"B18",body:'Zeleke TT. Trend and periodicity of drought over Ethiopia. International Journal of Climatology. 2017. DOI: 10.1002/joc.5122'},{id:"B19",body:'Viste E, Korecha D, Sorteberg A. Recent drought and precipitation tendencies in Ethiopia. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s00704-012-0746-3'},{id:"B20",body:'Teshome A. Increase of extreme drought over Ethiopia under climate warming. Hindawi: Advances in Meteorology. 2019;2019:18. DOI: 10.1155/2019/5235429'},{id:"B21",body:'Ali A. Economics of Resilience to Drought—Somalia Analysis. USA: USAID; 2017. pp. 1-45'},{id:"B22",body:'Philip S, Kew SF, van Oldenborgh GJ, Otto F, O’Keefe S, Haustein K, et al. Attribution analysis of the Ethiopian drought of 2015. Journal of Climate. 2018;31:2465-2486'},{id:"B23",body:'Chemeda D, Mukand E, Babel S. Drought analysis in the Awash river basin, Ethiopia. Water Resources Management. 2010;24:1441-1460'},{id:"B24",body:'Gebrehiwot T, van der Veen A, Maathuis B. Spatial and temporal assessment of drought in the Northern highlands of Ethiopia. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2011;13:309-321'},{id:"B25",body:'Gissila T, Black E, Grimes DIF, Slingo JM. Seasonal forecasting of the Ethiopian summer rains. International Journal of Climatology. 2004;24:1345-1358'},{id:"B26",body:'Awass AA. Hydrological Drought Analysis—Occurrence, Severity, Risks: The Case of Wabi Shebele River Basin. German: University of Siegen; 2009 [Dissertation]'},{id:"B27",body:'Van Lanen HAJ, Enyew B. Assessment of the impact of climate change on hydrological drought in Lake Tana catchment, Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Journal of Geosciences. 2014;03:174'},{id:"B28",body:'Berhanu B, Seleshi Y, Melesse AM. Nile River Basin: Ecohydrological Challenges, Climate Change and Hydropolitics. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1-718'},{id:"B29",body:'Bayissa YA, Moges SA, Xuan Y, Van Andel SJ, Maskey S, Solomatine DP, et al. Influence de la durée des chroniques météorologiques sur la caractérisation des sécheresses météorologiques du bassin supérieur du Nil Bleu (Ethiopie). Hydrological Sciences Journal. 2015;60:1927-1942'},{id:"B30",body:'Masih I, Maskey S, Trambauer P. A Review of Droughts in the African Continent: A Geospatial and Long-Term Perspective. European Geosciences Union. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. Copernicus Publications; 2014'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Kassa Abera",address:"kassaabera21@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Wollo University, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, KIoT, Ethiopia
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, AAiT, Ethiopia
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, AAiT, Ethiopia
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For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
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Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
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Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
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Dissemination and Promotion
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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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