WT simulated parameters at defined DFIG speeds.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"536",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Targets of CNS Tumors",title:"Molecular Targets of CNS Tumors",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Molecular Targets of CNS Tumors is a selected review of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors with particular emphasis on signaling pathway of the most common CNS tumor types. To develop drugs which specifically attack the cancer cells requires an understanding of the distinct characteristics of those cells. Additional detailed information is provided on selected signal pathways in CNS tumors.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-736-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6496-8",doi:"10.5772/1047",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"molecular-targets-of-cns-tumors",numberOfPages:688,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9397c8a0230158cb461c2ffbe6f9857d",bookSignature:"Miklos Garami",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/536.jpg",numberOfDownloads:78681,numberOfWosCitations:58,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:69,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:145,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 3rd 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 1st 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 7th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 7th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 6th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"34821",title:"Dr.",name:"Miklos",middleName:null,surname:"Garami",slug:"miklos-garami",fullName:"Miklos Garami",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/34821/images/1863_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Miklós Garami, MD., MSc., PhD.; received his MD, Ph.D. and M.Sc. at Semmelweis Medical University (Budapest, Hungary) in 1991.; 2005. and 2007. He also received his Habilitation from Semmelweis Medical University (Budapest, Hungary) in 2010.\nCurrently he is Associate Professor of Pediatrics; Head of Hungarian Pediatric Cancer Registry; Head of Unit of Pediatric Oncology and Deputy Chairman of 2nd Department of Pediatric, Semmelweis University.\nDr. Miklós Garami was awarded by Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Postdoctoral Fellowship Semmelweis University (Budapest, Hungary) in 1991-1992 and by American Heart Association (Postdoctoral Fellowship University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), California, USA) in 1992-1995.\t\t\nCurrent research activities include: Pediatric oncology, investigating gene expression profiles in pediatric malignancies (CNS tumors, NBL, Ewing sc.), information systems on microcomputers. 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Structure and Activity Relationship",slug:"the-inhibitory-effect-of-natural-stilbenes-and-their-analogs-on-catalytic-activity-of-cytochromes-p4",signatures:"Renata Mikstacka, Zbigniew Dutkiewicz, Stanisław Sobiak and Wanda Baer-Dubowska",authors:[{id:"71011",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Mikstacka",fullName:"Renata Mikstacka",slug:"renata-mikstacka"},{id:"119842",title:"Dr.",name:"Zbigniew",middleName:null,surname:"Dutkiewicz",fullName:"Zbigniew Dutkiewicz",slug:"zbigniew-dutkiewicz"},{id:"119844",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanisław",middleName:null,surname:"Sobiak",fullName:"Stanisław Sobiak",slug:"stanislaw-sobiak"},{id:"119845",title:"Prof.",name:"Wanda",middleName:null,surname:"Baer-Dubowska",fullName:"Wanda Baer-Dubowska",slug:"wanda-baer-dubowska"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1958",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",subtitle:"Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a4d422838dabdc758119a7dfc6e7a54",slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1958.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7206",title:"Corn",subtitle:"Production and Human Health in Changing Climate",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0140cb7a425a230a388fcece870e62b2",slug:"corn-production-and-human-health-in-changing-climate",bookSignature:"Amanullah and Shah Fahad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7206.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178825",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr.",surname:"Amanullah",slug:"dr.-amanullah",fullName:"Dr. Amanullah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8954",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac0eb3328820cca42cb7d6cdbfca4ec2",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi and Ramalingam Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8954.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9684",title:"Cassava",subtitle:"Biology, Production, and Use",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1dfb68fa31006e91fa3995d804e361c1",slug:"cassava-biology-production-and-use",bookSignature:"Andri Frediansyah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9684.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210767",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri",surname:"Frediansyah",slug:"andri-frediansyah",fullName:"Andri Frediansyah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1958",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",subtitle:"Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a4d422838dabdc758119a7dfc6e7a54",slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1958.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81489",title:"Simulation Analysis of DFIG Integrated Wind Turbine Control System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103721",slug:"simulation-analysis-of-dfig-integrated-wind-turbine-control-system",body:'The increasing demand for electrical power, and the rapid depletion and environmental concerns of fossil fuels have prompted the increased need for alternate forms of clean and sustainable energy sources. Globally there is an unassertive move away from unabated coal, and the rise of renewable energies from under 30% of generation in 2020 to above 40% in 2030 [1]. According to statistics (2021) put out by International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), an entire of 2,802,004 MW of electricity generation was produced worldwide in 2020, added by 53,824 MW of electricity generation from Africa [2]. The International Energy Agency (IEA) projected that the worldwide energy mandate would be twofold by 2030 [3]. The global energy generation, ingesting, and financial development (1991–2017) swing displays a direct upsurge associated with the growing development of the global economy [4]. These cited worldwide trends of financial development mutually with industrial development and countryside electrification energy requirements are reflected in South Africa. South Africa’s energy source is a mixture of 59% from carbon coal, 16% from petroleum, 3% from gasoline, 2% nuclear, and 20% from renewable resources and leftover [4, 5]. The worldwide cumulative swing of wind energy facility systems has speedily extended the wind energy facilities [6]. The wind is the gross effect of the pressure rise force, gravity, Coriolis, centrifugal and friction forces performing on the troposphere. The wind’s aerodynamic features, lift and drag, angle of attack, and the effect of a high lift to drag ratio as the highest draft feature of the turbine rotor blade for effective wind power harvesting as explained in [7].
In [8], it was discussed how the twisted and tapered propeller-type rotor blades, could improve the angle of attack, rotor speed, and efficiency while reducing drag and bending stress. Betz equation evaluation of the wind energy conversion signifies that 59% optimum efficiency in which a conventional wind turbine can extract power from the wind [9]. Wind turbines generator systems are generally classified in lift and drag type, upwind and downwind type, and horizontal and vertical axis turbines. Most power utility networks operate either as N + 1 or N + 2 configuration criteria. N-0 configuration criterion is widely practiced in radial low voltage distribution networks [10]. A grid-connected wind energy system needs to meet certain standards before being integrated into the grid. Wind turbine generators control system (WTGCS) connects wind turbine generators to the grid, with a generation scheduling in place, that regulates the generator speed consequently adjusting the generator frequency, the voltage at the grid, active and reactive power flow using rotor side converter (RSC) and the grid side converter (GSC) and at the same time prefer to disconnect the wind turbines from the grid during faults, resulting in power losses, out of synchronization, and cascaded tripping of generation facilities [11].
The study in [12], clarifies in what way the controlled rotor current on the rotor side converter and a dynamic disruption elimination control by the resources of an extended state observer (ESO) controller the real and reactive stator powers produced by a wind power transformation method. In [13], an MPPT is combined with the DFIG stator flux oriented vector control to disassociate the control of real and reactive power produced by the DFIG centered wind turbine, with the generated power plattering as the dynamic energy reference for the DFIG. In [14], unit 3 directs the symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage rise and fall of the power grid-integrated DFIG, by including further current controller loops by disintegrating the vectorial references into progressive and undesirable signal indications. In [15], an open circuit stator negative sequence rotor current control system is applied, permitting the induced stator voltage to develop as unbalanced as the grid system voltage, henceforth allowing an even linking of DFIG to the power grid system. In [16], a wind speed assessment process centered on particle swarm optimization, and support vector regression, was evaluated to allow the MPPT control. The South African Renewable Energy Grid Code (SAREGC) published narration (2.9) in November 2016 stipulates the necessities for manufacturing standards, networking reliability, and unbalanced admittance to the power grid using RPPs.
This chapter aims to investigate the impact of wind energy penetration into the distribution grid for different percentages for the different scenarios of wind energy integration into the existing grid.
The wind is the net result of the pressure gradient force, gravity, Coriolis, centrifugal and friction forces acting on the atmosphere. Since wind speed usually varies from one location to another and also fluctuates over time in a stochastic way, J.G. Slootweg [17] proposed a mathematical model that takes some landscape parameters to generate a wind speed
Where,
The operation of a wind turbine can be characterized by its mechanical power output
Where
Where
Where
Eq. (5) indicates that
A wounded-rotor induction motor can operate as a double-fed induction motor (DFIM) with the stator side windings openly attached to the three-phase power grid/load and the rotor side windings attached to a side-by-side moderately measured (20–30) % rating power converter as shown in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 2, an induction motor works on the interface principle between the stator and rotor magnetomotive forces (MMF). The stator side windings current produce an MMF revolving at power grid side frequency especially including an MMF in the rotor side windings. The rotor speed does not compliment the stator side MMF. This induced rotor MMF will rotate at the so-called slip frequency which possesses the subsequent value [21]:
Grid-connected DFIG [
Electrical modeling of an induction machine winding layout [
Where,
Neglecting the power losses associated with the stator and rotor resistances, the active and reactive stator powers for the DFIG are [22]:
And the active and reactive rotor powers are given by:
The overall system equations can also be re-written with relation to the rotating frames [21]:
The torque expression and the stator reactive power, which are the control objectives of the rotor-side converter control, are shown in Eqs. 17 and 18. Where,
The electromagnetic torque can be expressed using the
Considering the mechanical aspect of the wind turbine, the mechanical representation of the drive train of the entire wind turbine is complex. Following four types of the drive train in wind turbine models are generally used [24].
Six mass drive train model.
Three mass drive train model.
Two mass drive train model.
one-mass drive train model.
Of the above four types of drive train models, the one that was modeled and implemented is the simplified form of the two mass-shaft model power train systems as shown in Figure 3 consisting of a shaft and gearbox. As per the two-mass model of the drive train system described in [24], all masses are grouped into low and high-speed shafts. The inertia of the low-speed shaft comes mainly from the rotating blades and the inertia of the high-speed shaft. The input to the model for a two-mass system is established as torque
Schematic drawing of the two mass shaft drive train model [
The change in the angular speed
Where
Where,
The total inertia of the free-swinging system on the low-speed is calculated by:
So, the stiffness constant
Owing to the alterations in the timing measures of the mechanical and electrical gestures, the DFIM-centered wind power control system has a multiple-layer control arrangement, with unified sub-systems. At the uppermost developed control stage, a maximum power point tracking procedure is applied to compute the generator speed set-point
A reference current calculation and current control loop are presented as shown in Figure 4 [26] and both the reference reactive power
Reference values entered in DFIG back to back converter [
The most commonly used wind turbine control strategy is illustrated in Figure 5, and consists of four operation zones, this shows the wind speed as a function of the wind speed [27]. This resembles an operation at full load condition. Here, the mechanical power can be restricted moreover by changing the pitch or using torque control. Usually, the electromagnetic torque is retained at an insignificant value and regulates the pitch angle to retain the wind turbine at extreme speed to maintain power output at a higher than rated wind speed.
The operation zones for power point tracking for wind turbine [
The maximum power deviation with the rotational speed of DFIM is pre-established for every individual wind turbine. Owing to the intermittent character of the wind, it is vital to comprise a control unit to be able to follow maximum peak irrespective of the wind speediness. Due to the adaptive tracking and self-tuning capabilities, the two best MPC control methods are described in [27] as indirect speed control and direct speed control. The direct speed controller (DSC) as shown in Figure 6 follow the maximum power curve more narrowly with rapid dynamics. Observing the description of the tip speed ratio, the optimum VSWT rotating speed
Direct speed control [
The DFIG rotor variable’s orientation must follow the orientation of the selected orientation parameter. Here, two algorithms are implemented, stator side voltage aligned control and stator side flux aligned control. Once this parameter vector is computed in the rotor side orientation structure, its comparative angle
Reference frames used in park transform [
Vector control is applied to the rotor side converter to control the stator’s active and reactive power. The direct axis loop is used to control reactive power whereas the quadrature axis is for active power control. The rotor converter obtains evaluations of rotor circuit parameters and is accountable for handling the reactive power flow between the stator and the power grid as well as regulating the generator torque. Its input parameters are not associated with the stator orientation structure. Though, it is exactly the stator target that must be measured and controlled. For the RSC to calculate an output stable with the stator’s parameters, the rotor parameters articulated in the rotor d-q orientation structure must be revolved to be oriented with the control orientation structure. The RSC controller MATLAB block diagram is shown in Figure 8.
RSC controller MATLAB block diagram.
The equations used in the orientation process are [21]:
Where:
The main objective of the grid side converter control model with ideal bidirectional switches as shown in Figure 9 is to focus on the active and reactive powers delivered to the grid, keeping a constant DC-link voltage independent of the value and direction of the rotor power flow, and grid synchronization control. The grid side of the wind turbine system is composed of the grid side converter, the grid side filter, and the grid voltage. It converts voltage and currents from DC to AC, while the exchange of power can be in both directions from AC to DC (rectifier mode) and from DC to AC (inverter mode). The
Simplified converter, filter, and grid model [
The system under study is shown in Figure 10. The 2 MW, 1500 rpm, 50 Hz, 690 V, 1760 A, and 12,732 Nm torque DFIG model was used to model and simulate the systems. The simulation was used to analyze the challenges with power system stability of integrating the WTG into the grid, considering intermittent wind characteristics and the problem of slip convergence. This task was executed by creating a steady-state Matlab function, to calculate the steady-state operation points and reveals how the rotor speed of the modeled DFIG involves the power flow of the studied system. Speed array and torque array were considered as inputs into the stimulated three-blade wind turbine connected with DFIG. Two different work frames of generation strategies
Steady-state simulation program block model.
Simulations were carried out for variable wind speeds ranging from 5 m/s (cut-in speed) to 25 m/s (cut-off speed) in progressive steps of 2 m/s, with reactive power
The graph of torque (Tem) vs. rotor speed (n).
DFIG’s active power Pt (W) vs. speed n (rpm).
DFIG stator and rotor active power Ps & Pr (W) vs. speed n (rpm).
DFIG Is (A) vs. n (rpm), red plot: Qs = 0, green plot: Idr = 0.
DFIG Ir (A) vs. n (rpm), red plot: Qs = 0, green plot: Idr = 0.
DFIG Qs (VAR) vs. n (rpm), red plot: Qs = 0, green plot: Idr = 0.
DFIG Qr (VAR) vs. n (rpm), red plot: Qs = 0, green plot: Idr = 0.
DFIG Vr & vs vs. speed n (rpm), red plot: Qs = 0, green plot: Idr = 0.
Figure 11 shows the DFIG’s torque vs. speed characteristics, which stimulate the three-blade wind turbine with a minimum speed of 900 rpm and a maximum speed of 1800 rpm. The DFIG can perform above and under the synchronization speed for power generation. The generation model of DFIG matching negative torque values covers from the negative slip to the positive slip state. Therefore, the turbine target power and electromagnetic torque features of variable speed DFIGs are unlike the customized constant-speed induction machine. Figure 12 shows the plotting for the total mechanical power of the turbine shaft, which is the product of torque and speed, from sub synchronous to super synchronous speed, with a maximum power value of −2.54 MW at 1800 rpm. Figure 12 shows, the rotor’s active power
Table 1 shows the specified wind turbine DFIG speeds that are compared and used to evaluate the simulation model parameters with the steady-state model parameters as obtained from Figures 11–18. The simulation graphs shown in Figures 19 and 20 represent the torque vs. time and rotor current vs. time characteristics at 1356 rotor rpm and steady-state simulation period of 1.5 sec and 1691 rotor rpm at a steady-state simulation period of 2.0 sec for the entire modeling period of 3.0 sec. Simulated torque values −6050 Nm and − 9450 Nm, rotor current values 1200 amps and 1790 amps, and stator current values 1325 amps and 1850 amps at pre-defined speeds are close to steady-state parameter values as shown in Figures 11–18.
Sn | Speed | Torque (N-m) | Ir | Is | Vr | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steady-state | Simulation Model | Steady-state | Simulation Model | Steady-state | Simulation Model | Steady-state | Simulation Model | Steady State | Simulation Model | |
1 | 1182 | 1182 | −4550 | −4550 | 875 | 920 | 1090 | 1100 | 110 | 100 |
2 | 1356 | 1356 | −6050 | −6000 | 1160 | 1200 | 1325 | 1350 | 60 | 60 |
3 | 1691 | 1691 | −9450 | −9455 | 1770 | 1790 | 1850 | 1860 | 73 | 75 |
WT simulated parameters at defined DFIG speeds.
Torque vs. time graph @ 1356 rotor rpm and @ 1691 rotor rpm.
In this section, a 2 MW stator power DFIG model and a three-blade wind turbine model with gear ratio
WT MPPT control model.
The dynamic state WT MPPT graph of speed vs. time (sec).
WT MPPT torque vs. time characteristic curve.
This study was to focus on investigating the influences of the integration of wind power generators into the power grid systems. The rotor side converter control unit is utilized for, real and reactive power control by regulating the rotor current and the speed of the DFIG. With the computed stator voltage, stator current, rotor current, and the rotor location by encoder response signal the active PI measured and controlled procedure results in a considerable enhancement in control system sturdiness and advances its indemnity to produced system noise. The engaged PI control unit attests to the grid side converter control by sustaining the stable generated power frequency and voltage with the grid frequency and voltage. The controller scheme and the simulation mode controller employed for the study assure the wind generator supplying into the grid at varying wind speeds behaves like a synchronous generator, at a zero Hz rotor frequency.
I wish to thank the almighty God for giving me life and enabling me to reach the heights that I have reached.
I wish to thank my parents and my siblings, for their tireless and relentless love, continuous support, and the countless sacrifices they have made on my behalf. To my family, for being great inspirations and believing in us even when we have stopped believing in ourselves. This would not have been possible without the family’s help.
Finally, I wish to everyone not mentioned above but directly or indirectly contributed to our work, your input is much acknowledged.
DFIGs | Double Fed Induction Generators |
DSC | Direct Speed Control |
ESO | Extended State Observer |
GSC | Grid Side Converter |
IEA | International Energy Agency |
IRENA | International Renewable Energy Agency |
MMF | Magnetomotive Force |
MPPT | Maximum Power Point Tracking |
PCC | Point of Common Coupling |
RSC | Rotor Side Converter |
SARGEC | The South African Renewable Energy Grid Code |
VSCF | Variable Sped Constant Frequency |
WECS | wind energy control System |
WT | Wind Turbines |
WTGCS | Wind turbine generators control system |
Cf | Turbine blade density constant |
Cp | |
E | |
Ks | |
Ds | |
Ps | |
Pr | |
Qs | |
Qr | |
R | |
Te | Per-unit electromagnetic torque in d-q park reference newton/meter |
Tf | Turbine friction torque in newton/meter |
Tmmax | Turbine maximum torque in Newton/meter |
Vm(t) | Wind Speed in meter/sec |
Vw(t) | Wind Speed of air mass of m Kg in meter/sec |
Vwt(t) | Wind Speed turbulence component speed in meter/sec |
Vwa(t) | Wind Speed constant component speed in meter/sec |
Vgt(t) | Wind Speed gust component in meter/sec |
ρ | Air density in Kg/m3 |
β | Turbine blade pitch angle |
λ | Turbine blade tip speed ratio |
ωtur | Turbine rotational angular speed in mechanical radian/sec |
ωslip | Slip frequency |
ωmmfstator | Slip frequency corresponding to the frequency of rotor current and voltage in radian/sec |
ωrotor | Rotor rotating frequency in radian/sec |
ωr | Rotor speed in radian/sec |
ωg | Generator speed in radian/sec |
Ψs | |
Ψr |
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Anatomically, the hippocampus extends along a longitudinal axis that shows a combination of graded and specific interconnections with neocortical and subcortical brain areas. Functionally, place cells are found all along the longitudinal axis and exhibit gradients of properties including an increasing dorsal-to-ventral place field size. We propose a view of hippocampal function in which fine-dorsal to coarse-ventral overlapping representations collaborate to form a multi-level representation of spatial and episodic memory that is dominant during navigation in large and complex environments or when encoding complex memories. This view is supported by the fact that the effects of ventral hippocampal damage are generally only found in larger laboratory-scale environments, and by the finding that human virtual navigation studies associate ventral hippocampal involvement with increased environmental complexity. Other mechanisms such as the ability of place cells to exhibit multiple fields and their ability to scale their fields with changes in environment size may be utilized when forming large-scale cognitive maps. Coarse-grained ventral representations may overlap with and provide multi-modal global contexts to finer-grained intermediate and dorsal representations, a mechanism that may support mnemonic hierarchies of autobiographical memory in humans.",book:{id:"6250",slug:"the-hippocampus-plasticity-and-functions",title:"The Hippocampus",fullTitle:"The Hippocampus - Plasticity and Functions"},signatures:"Bruce Harland, Marcos Contreras and Jean-Marc Fellous",authors:[{id:"210681",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce",middleName:null,surname:"Harland",slug:"bruce-harland",fullName:"Bruce Harland"},{id:"210682",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",slug:"marco-contreras",fullName:"Marco Contreras"},{id:"210683",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Fellous",slug:"jean-marc-fellous",fullName:"Jean-Marc Fellous"}]},{id:"61465",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76603",title:"The Importance of Distinguishing Allocentric and Egocentric Search Strategies in Rodent Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Memory Paradigms: Getting More Out of Your Data",slug:"the-importance-of-distinguishing-allocentric-and-egocentric-search-strategies-in-rodent-hippocampal-",totalDownloads:1427,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"While the brain works as a dynamic network, with no brain region solely responsible for any particular function, it is generally accepted that the hippocampus plays a major role in memory. Spatial memory operates through the hippocampus with communication with the prefrontal and parietal cortices. This chapter will focus on two separate reference frames involved in spatial memory, egocentric and allocentric, and outline the differences of these reference frames and associated search strategies with relevance to behavioural neuroscience. The importance of dissociating these search strategies is put forward, and steps researchers can take to do so are suggested. Neurophysiological and clinical differences between these spatial reference frames are outlined to further support the view that distinguishing them would be beneficial.",book:{id:"6250",slug:"the-hippocampus-plasticity-and-functions",title:"The Hippocampus",fullTitle:"The Hippocampus - Plasticity and Functions"},signatures:"Adrienne M. Grech, Jay Patrick Nakamura and Rachel Anne Hill",authors:[{id:"230389",title:"Dr.",name:"Rachel",middleName:null,surname:"Hill",slug:"rachel-hill",fullName:"Rachel Hill"},{id:"230394",title:"Ms.",name:"Adrienne",middleName:null,surname:"Grech",slug:"adrienne-grech",fullName:"Adrienne Grech"},{id:"230395",title:"Mr.",name:"Jay",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",slug:"jay-nakamura",fullName:"Jay Nakamura"}]},{id:"57312",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70854",title:"The Hippocampus as a Neural Link between Negative Affect and Vulnerability for Psychostimulant Relapse",slug:"the-hippocampus-as-a-neural-link-between-negative-affect-and-vulnerability-for-psychostimulant-relap",totalDownloads:1557,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Psychostimulant dependence (including cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine) is a chronic relapsing disorder with significant personal, health, and financial burdens. Attempts at abstinence produce a severe and protracted withdrawal syndrome characterized by stress hypersensitivity that can facilitate drug craving, anxiety, and dysphoria. These negative withdrawal symptoms can induce relapse, maintaining the addiction cycle. The hippocampus mediates cognitive, emotional, and endocrine responses to stressors. The ventral hippocampus is in a pivotal position to regulate the mesoaccumbal dopamine reward system, and interacts with serotonergic and glucocorticoid systems that mediate anxiety and stress responsiveness. Psychostimulant actions on the hippocampus induce long-term changes to these systems and impact the process of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which may facilitate drug dependence by altering drug-cue learning and emotional regulation. Multiple studies indicate that psychostimulant-induced hippocampal neuroadaptations heighten hippocampal-mesoaccumbal activity to amplify drug- and drug-cue responses while persistent dysregulation of hippocampal emotional systems potentiate negative affect. Understanding how psychostimulants modulate the hippocampus to alter hippocampal-mesoaccumbal activity—and how hippocampal neurogenesis influences drug-related memories and reward—is important for identifying novel treatment strategies that can ameliorate negative affect and relapse vulnerability in psychostimulant addiction.",book:{id:"6250",slug:"the-hippocampus-plasticity-and-functions",title:"The Hippocampus",fullTitle:"The Hippocampus - Plasticity and Functions"},signatures:"Jeffrey L. Barr, Brenna Bray and Gina L. Forster",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"219827",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Barr",slug:"jeffrey-barr",fullName:"Jeffrey Barr"},{id:"219828",title:"BSc.",name:"Brenna",middleName:null,surname:"Bray",slug:"brenna-bray",fullName:"Brenna Bray"}]},{id:"54143",doi:"10.5772/67127",title:"Plasticity of Dendritic Spines. Not Only for Cognitive Processes",slug:"plasticity-of-dendritic-spines-not-only-for-cognitive-processes",totalDownloads:1353,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Excitatory synaptic transmission is associated with the input of “new” information at synaptic junctions established by dendritic spines. The role that each type of spine plays in the transmission of the synaptic impulses is different. Indeed, there is a close relationship between the shape of spines and the differential processing of the excitatory synaptic information that is relayed to them, influencing in turn the transmission of synaptic information related to several psychoneural processes.",book:{id:"5521",slug:"synaptic-plasticity",title:"Synaptic Plasticity",fullTitle:"Synaptic Plasticity"},signatures:"Ignacio González-Burgos, Dulce A. Velázquez-Zamora, David\nGonzález-Tapia, Nallely Vázquez-Hernández and Néstor I. Martínez-\nTorres",authors:[{id:"190521",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Burgos",slug:"ignacio-gonzalez-burgos",fullName:"Ignacio Gonzalez-Burgos"},{id:"196267",title:"Dr.",name:"Dulce A",middleName:null,surname:"Velázquez-Zamora",slug:"dulce-a-velazquez-zamora",fullName:"Dulce A Velázquez-Zamora"},{id:"196269",title:"MSc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"González-Tapia",slug:"david-gonzalez-tapia",fullName:"David González-Tapia"},{id:"196270",title:"MSc.",name:"Nallely",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez-Hernández",slug:"nallely-vazquez-hernandez",fullName:"Nallely Vázquez-Hernández"},{id:"196271",title:"MSc.",name:"Nestor I",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Torres",slug:"nestor-i-martinez-torres",fullName:"Nestor I Martínez-Torres"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58530",title:"Sleep Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"sleep-disorders-in-multiple-sclerosis",totalDownloads:1154,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have multiple causes of poor sleep and potential triggers may relate to MS-related symptoms, co-morbidities and adverse effects from medication. Sleep disorders may occur independently of demographic factors, gender and clinical condition. The real frequency of sleep disturbances in MS and their impact on the patients’ quality of life are unknown. The prevalence of sleep problems in the population with MS ranges between 47 and 62% and is more frequent in women, as well as having a higher risk of mortality. High psychological burden has been associated with poor sleep and with increased risk of co-morbid conditions such as heart disease, obesity, dyslipidemia and diabetes, which may have a profound impact on long-term health. The poor sleeping patients with MS were more likely to report fatigue and sleepiness. Insomnia is present in mood disorders, restless leg syndrome (RLS), pain, nocturia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), in patients with MS. All the symptoms are intermixed, and it is not possible to discern the precipitating factor or the perpetuating factor. Clinicians should routinely ask about sleep when forming a comprehensive care plan for patients with MS. Sleep specialty referrals should be considered for management of conditions that require polysomnography (PSG) diagnosis.",book:{id:"6092",slug:"neuroplasticity-insights-of-neural-reorganization",title:"Neuroplasticity",fullTitle:"Neuroplasticity - Insights of Neural Reorganization"},signatures:"Montserrat González Platas and María Yaiza Pérez Martin",authors:[{id:"202099",title:"Dr.",name:"Montserrat",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Platas",slug:"montserrat-gonzalez-platas",fullName:"Montserrat Gonzalez Platas"},{id:"231355",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Yaiza",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Martín",slug:"maria-yaiza-perez-martin",fullName:"Maria Yaiza Perez Martín"}]},{id:"53927",title:"GABAergic Synapse Dysfunction and Repair in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy",slug:"gabaergic-synapse-dysfunction-and-repair-in-temporal-lobe-epilepsy",totalDownloads:1637,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Severe medial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is often associated with pharmacoresistant seizures, impaired memory and mood disorders. In the hippocampus, GABAergic inhibitory interneuron dysfunction and other neural circuit abnormalities contribute to hyperexcitability, but the mechanisms are still not well understood. Experimental approaches aimed at correcting deficits in hippocampal circuits in mTLE include attempts to replace GABAergic interneurons through neural stem cell transplantation. Evidence from studies in rodent mTLE models indicates that transplanted GABAergic progenitor cells integrate into the hippocampus, form inhibitory synapses, reduce seizures and improve cognitive deficits. Here, we review current work in this field and describe potential molecular mechanisms underlying successful transplantation.",book:{id:"5521",slug:"synaptic-plasticity",title:"Synaptic Plasticity",fullTitle:"Synaptic Plasticity"},signatures:"Meghan A. Van Zandt and Janice R. Naegele",authors:[{id:"154904",title:"Prof.",name:"Janice",middleName:null,surname:"Naegele",slug:"janice-naegele",fullName:"Janice Naegele"},{id:"194530",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Meghan",middleName:null,surname:"Van Zandt",slug:"meghan-van-zandt",fullName:"Meghan Van Zandt"}]},{id:"54067",title:"Neuroplasticity in Bipolar Disorder: Insights from Neuroimaging",slug:"neuroplasticity-in-bipolar-disorder-insights-from-neuroimaging",totalDownloads:1605,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Background: Advances in neuroimaging techniques have produced evidence about disrupted frontolimbic circuits related to emotional regulation. These neuroimaging studies may suggest impairments in cellular plasticity in bipolar disorder (BD) patients. However, the long-term use of mood stabilizers may restore these dysfunctions by neurotrophic effects",book:{id:"5521",slug:"synaptic-plasticity",title:"Synaptic Plasticity",fullTitle:"Synaptic Plasticity"},signatures:"Marlos Vasconcelos Rocha, Fabiana Nery, Amanda Galvão-de-\nAlmeida, Lucas de Castro Quarantini and Ângela Miranda-Scippa",authors:[{id:"192139",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marlos",middleName:"Vasconcelos",surname:"Rocha",slug:"marlos-rocha",fullName:"Marlos Rocha"},{id:"192876",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiana",middleName:null,surname:"Nery-Fernandes",slug:"fabiana-nery-fernandes",fullName:"Fabiana Nery-Fernandes"},{id:"192877",title:"Prof.",name:"Ângela",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda-Scippa",slug:"angela-miranda-scippa",fullName:"Ângela Miranda-Scippa"},{id:"192878",title:"Prof.",name:"Lucas",middleName:null,surname:"De Castro Quarantini",slug:"lucas-de-castro-quarantini",fullName:"Lucas De Castro Quarantini"},{id:"192879",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",middleName:null,surname:"Ladeia-Rocha",slug:"giovanna-ladeia-rocha",fullName:"Giovanna Ladeia-Rocha"},{id:"192880",title:"Prof.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Galvão-de Almeida",slug:"amanda-galvao-de-almeida",fullName:"Amanda Galvão-de Almeida"}]},{id:"59437",title:"Music and Brain Plasticity: How Sounds Trigger Neurogenerative Adaptations",slug:"music-and-brain-plasticity-how-sounds-trigger-neurogenerative-adaptations",totalDownloads:2097,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"This contribution describes how music can trigger plastic changes in the brain. We elaborate on the concept of neuroplasticity by focussing on three major topics: the ontogenetic scale of musical development, the phenomenon of neuroplasticity as the outcome of interactions with the sounds and a short survey of clinical and therapeutic applications. First, a distinction is made between two scales of description: the larger evolutionary scale (phylogeny) and the scale of individual development (ontogeny). In this sense, listeners are not constrained by a static dispositional machinery, but they can be considered as dynamical systems that are able to adapt themselves in answer to the solicitations of a challenging environment. Second, the neuroplastic changes are considered both from a structural and functional level of adaptation, with a special focus on the recent findings from network science. The neural activity of the medial regions of the brain seems to become more synchronised when listening to music as compared to rest, and these changes become permanent in individuals such as musicians with year-long musical practice. As such, the question is raised as to the clinical and therapeutic applications of music as a trigger for enhancing the functionality of the brain, both in normal and impaired people.",book:{id:"6092",slug:"neuroplasticity-insights-of-neural-reorganization",title:"Neuroplasticity",fullTitle:"Neuroplasticity - Insights of Neural Reorganization"},signatures:"Mark Reybrouck, Peter Vuust and Elvira Brattico",authors:[{id:"196698",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Reybrouck",slug:"mark-reybrouck",fullName:"Mark Reybrouck"},{id:"209976",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvira",middleName:null,surname:"Brattico",slug:"elvira-brattico",fullName:"Elvira Brattico"},{id:"209977",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Vuust",slug:"peter-vuust",fullName:"Peter Vuust"}]},{id:"54566",title:"Introductory Chapter: Mechanisms and Function of Synaptic Plasticity",slug:"introductory-chapter-mechanisms-and-function-of-synaptic-plasticity",totalDownloads:2200,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"5521",slug:"synaptic-plasticity",title:"Synaptic Plasticity",fullTitle:"Synaptic Plasticity"},signatures:"Thomas Heinbockel",authors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1175",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:289,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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