Types of decisions according to managerial level.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5420",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Terahertz Spectroscopy - A Cutting Edge Technology",title:"Terahertz Spectroscopy",subtitle:"A Cutting Edge Technology",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The terahertz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum was largely unexplored due to the lack of technology needed to generate and detect the radiation. However, in the last couple of decades, there has been a dramatic increase in tools needed to harness the radiation. This remarkable progress made in the development of terahertz sources, components, and detectors has resulted in an ever-increasing inquisitiveness of the applications of terahertz technology in a wide range of fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals, security, sensing, and quality assurance. This book, Terahertz Spectroscopy - A Cutting Edge Technology, presents an overview of the recent advances in terahertz technology and their application in a vast array of fields. The scientists and students are encouraged to read and share the content of this volume. The book also provides a good starting point for researchers who are new to the terahertz regime. The various chapters of the book have been written by renowned scientists in different parts of the world who are at the forefront of terahertz research fields. It is our (InTech publisher, editor, and authors) hope that this book will enhance knowledge and stimulate more interest and future research in terahertz technology.",isbn:"978-953-51-3032-1",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3031-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6699-3",doi:"10.5772/62805",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"terahertz-spectroscopy-a-cutting-edge-technology",numberOfPages:318,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"cd948b49de5a1ffd8178dc68346d49a7",bookSignature:"Jamal Uddin",publishedDate:"March 13th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5420.jpg",numberOfDownloads:31980,numberOfWosCitations:32,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:53,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:111,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 4th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 25th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 30th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 28th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 27th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"126741",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamal",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"jamal-uddin",fullName:"Jamal Uddin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126741/images/5251_n.png",biography:"Dr. Jamal Uddin is a Professor of Coppin State University, Department of Natural Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland. He is the founder and director of the Center for Nanotechnology, CSU. He has been teaching chemistry, physical science, environmental science and nanotechnology since 2005 in the Department of Natural Science. He is also working as a Visiting Scientist, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baltimore. Dr. Uddin’s research interest is in the areas of Solar energy, Laser Photochemistry, Nanomaterials, Quantum dots, Carbon Nanotube, Graphene, Dendrimer, Fluorescence spectroscopy and Metal enhance fluorescence. Some of his significant publications focused on Electron Transfer Chemistry in Donor-Acceptor complexes. He is a member of the American Chemical Society (ACS) and corresponding secretary of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) Coppin State University, Maryland chapter. Dr. Uddin was the recipient of the 2012and 2016 Daily Record Innovator of the Year for Maryland individuals who have had a positive effect and tremendous impact in Maryland, USA.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Coppin State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"762",title:"Wireless Communication System",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-wireless-communication-system"}],chapters:[{id:"54052",title:"Terahertz (THz) Spectroscopy: A Cutting‐Edge Technology",doi:"10.5772/67031",slug:"terahertz-thz-spectroscopy-a-cutting-edge-technology",totalDownloads:4310,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"William Ghann and Jamal Uddin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54052",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54052",authors:[{id:"126741",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamal",surname:"Uddin",slug:"jamal-uddin",fullName:"Jamal Uddin"}],corrections:null},{id:"53269",title:"Terahertz Nanoantennas for Enhanced Spectroscopy",doi:"10.5772/66349",slug:"terahertz-nanoantennas-for-enhanced-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:1982,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Terahertz spectroscopy has great potential for sensing a wide range of elementary excitations. However, terahertz studies are practically limited to macroscopic ensembles of compounds (e.g., thick pellets of crystallized molecules or highly concentrated solutions of nanomaterials) due to the long radiation wavelength (about 300 μm at 1 THz). In this chapter, we show how terahertz nanoantennas can overcome the current limitations of terahertz spectroscopy such as low sensitivity and low spatial resolution. We briefly discuss how to design the resonance characteristics of a dipole nanoantenna through a Fabry-Pérot model, and then we present the experimental characterization of the spectral response of ordered arrays of such devices. Furthermore, we demonstrate how nanoantenna arrays enable the possibility of retrieving the spectroscopic signature of a monolayer of quantum dots and, in principle, of many other organic or inorganic compounds. This technique, based on the idea of increasing the sensitivity through local field enhancement, is named nanoantenna-enhanced terahertz spectroscopy (NETS). A Fano-like interference between the fundamental mode of the nanoantennas and the phonon resonance of the quantum dots is observed, together with an enhancement of the absorption of the dots up to more than a million. Finally, we show how to extract the main spectroscopic information of the quantum dots through a simple coupled harmonic oscillator model. This novel technique can be widely applied in terahertz spectroscopic studies of nanocrystals and molecules, where extremely low concentrations are of concern.",signatures:"Riccardo Piccoli, Andrea Rovere, Andrea Toma, Roberto Morandotti\nand Luca Razzari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53269",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53269",authors:[{id:"95838",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Toma",slug:"andrea-toma",fullName:"Andrea Toma"},{id:"190099",title:"Dr.",name:"Riccardo",surname:"Piccoli",slug:"riccardo-piccoli",fullName:"Riccardo Piccoli"},{id:"191118",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Rovere",slug:"andrea-rovere",fullName:"Andrea Rovere"},{id:"191120",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Morandotti",slug:"roberto-morandotti",fullName:"Roberto Morandotti"},{id:"191121",title:"Prof.",name:"Luca",surname:"Razzari",slug:"luca-razzari",fullName:"Luca Razzari"}],corrections:null},{id:"54367",title:"Research on Hydrogen-Bonded Materials Using Terahertz Technology",doi:"10.5772/67640",slug:"research-on-hydrogen-bonded-materials-using-terahertz-technology",totalDownloads:1456,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We measured terahertz (THz) characterization of hydrogen-bonded materials using THz time domain spectroscopy (TDS) with a gas-cooling cryostat. The temperature and frequency dependencies of the complex dielectric constants of icy materials were measured over a wide temperature range. We checked the dielectric parameters of ices and gas hydrates using a mathematical model. Ice exhibits increasing absorption with frequency in the THz range because of the low-frequency tail of the infrared-absorption band. This behavior is also observed in gas hydrates. The parameters describing the frequency dependence of ε″ are treated as functions of temperature. From the THz spectroscopy on gas hydrates, we showed that the dielectric constants of the gas hydrates in the THz range can be analyzed using methods for ice. The complex dielectric constants in the THz range contribute to the infrared polarization and phonon absorption of the water molecules on the hydrogen-bonding matrices, so we suggest that THz-TDS is useful for physical and chemical studies of gas hydrates.",signatures:"Kei Takeya and Kodo Kawase",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54367",authors:[{id:"188250",title:"Dr.",name:"Kei",surname:"Takeya",slug:"kei-takeya",fullName:"Kei Takeya"},{id:"194965",title:"Prof.",name:"Kodo",surname:"Kawase",slug:"kodo-kawase",fullName:"Kodo Kawase"}],corrections:null},{id:"53360",title:"Terahertz Fiber Sensing",doi:"10.5772/66345",slug:"terahertz-fiber-sensing",totalDownloads:1406,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Terahertz fibers used for optical-sensing applications are introduced in this chapter, including the dielectric wires, ribbons and pipes. Different analyte conformations of the liquid, solid particle, thin film and vapor gas are successfully integrated with suitable fibers to perform high sensitivities. Based on the optimal sensitivities, analyte recognitions limited in traditional terahertz spectroscopy are experimentally demonstrated by the terahertz fiber sensors. Using the cladding index-dependent waveguide dispersion and high fractional cladding power of terahertz wire fiber, 20 ppm concentration between polyethylene and melamine particles can be distinguished. When the evanescent mode field of a terahertz ribbon fiber is controlled by a diffraction metal grating, subwavelength-confined surface terahertz waves potentially enable the near-field recognition for nano-thin films. Resonance waveguide field surrounding the terahertz pipe fiber is able to identify the macromolecule deposition in subwavelength-scaled thickness, approximately λ/225. For inner core-confined resonance waveguide field inside the terahertz pipe fiber, low physical density of the vaporized molecules around 1.6 nano-mole/mm3 can also be discriminated.",signatures:"Borwen You and Ja-Yu Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53360",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53360",authors:[{id:"189825",title:"Dr.",name:"Ja-Yu",surname:"Lu",slug:"ja-yu-lu",fullName:"Ja-Yu Lu"},{id:"191131",title:"Dr.",name:"Borwen",surname:"You",slug:"borwen-you",fullName:"Borwen You"}],corrections:null},{id:"54152",title:"Terahertz Detectors (THzDs): Bridging the Gap for Energy Harvesting",doi:"10.5772/66347",slug:"terahertz-detectors-thzds-bridging-the-gap-for-energy-harvesting",totalDownloads:3350,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is indispensable to integrate electronics with environment for better lives. Huge amount of solar energy, dark energy, and unused microwave energy is untapped till now due to insufficient availability of high frequency THz detectors. The difference between THz wave detection and THz electric field detection must be clear. THz wave detection connects the detection of explosives, drugs, astronomy, metals, and imaging applications, etc. On the other hand, THz electric field detection involves the conversion of electromagnetic (EM) radiations to usable DC power. The optimum choice of detectors for energy harvesting is a highly diverse area. The latter part is concentrated on the nonlinear behavior of the incoming radiations and has been highlighted also. In this chapter, metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) diode detectors have been explored to become a best choice for high frequency detectors.",signatures:"Kapil Bhatt, Shilpi Shriwastava, Sandeep Kumar, Sandeep and\nChandra Charu Tripathi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54152",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54152",authors:[{id:"188065",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kapil",surname:"Bhatt",slug:"kapil-bhatt",fullName:"Kapil Bhatt"},{id:"192529",title:"Prof.",name:"C.C.",surname:"Tripathi",slug:"c.c.-tripathi",fullName:"C.C. Tripathi"},{id:"193982",title:"Mr.",name:"Sandeep",surname:"Kumar",slug:"sandeep-kumar",fullName:"Sandeep Kumar"},{id:"194358",title:"Mr.",name:"Sandeep",surname:".",slug:"sandeep-.",fullName:"Sandeep ."},{id:"198432",title:"Ms.",name:"Shilpi",surname:"Shriwastava",slug:"shilpi-shriwastava",fullName:"Shilpi Shriwastava"}],corrections:null},{id:"54097",title:"THz Metamaterial Characterization Using THz-TDS",doi:"10.5772/67088",slug:"thz-metamaterial-characterization-using-thz-tds",totalDownloads:2034,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with metamaterials and describe terahertz (THz) spectroscopy within metamaterials research. The introduction provides key background information on metamaterials, describes their history and their unique properties. These properties include negative refraction, backwards phase propagation, and the reversed Doppler Effect. The history and theory of metamaterials are discussed, starting with Veselago’s negative index materials work and Pendry’s publications on physical realization of metamaterials. The next sections cover measurement and analyses of THz metamaterials. THz Time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) will be the key measurement tool used to describe the THz metamaterial measurement process. Sample transmission data from a metamaterial THz-TDS measurement is analyzed to give a better understanding of the different frequency characteristics of metamaterials. The measurement and analysis sections are followed by a section on the fabrication process of metamaterials. After familiarizing the reader with THz metamaterial measurement and fabrication techniques, the final section will provide a review of various methods by which metamaterials are made active and/or tunable. Several novel concepts were demonstrated in recent years to achieve such metamaterials, including photoconductivity, high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and phase change material (PCM)-based metamaterial structures.",signatures:"Christopher H. Kodama and Ronald A. Coutu, Jr.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54097",authors:[{id:"29446",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronald",surname:"Coutu",slug:"ronald-coutu",fullName:"Ronald Coutu"}],corrections:null},{id:"53988",title:"Determining the Complex Refractive Index of Materials in the Far-Infrared from Terahertz Time-Domain Data",doi:"10.5772/66348",slug:"determining-the-complex-refractive-index-of-materials-in-the-far-infrared-from-terahertz-time-domain",totalDownloads:2393,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy is a well‐established technique to study the far‐infrared electromagnetic response of materials. Measurements are broadband, fast, and performed at room temperature. Moreover, compact systems are nowadays commercially available, which can be operated by nonspecialist staff. Thanks to the determination of the amplitude and phase of the recorded signals, both refractive index and absorption coefficient of the sample material can be obtained. However, determining these electromagnetic parameters should be performed cautiously when samples are more or less transparent. In this chapter, we explain how to extract the material parameters from terahertz time‐domain data. We list the main sources of error, and their contribution to uncertainties. We give rules to select the most adapted technique for an optimized characterization, depending on the transparency of the samples, and address the case of samples with strong absorption peaks or exhibiting scattering.",signatures:"Maxime Bernier, Frédéric Garet and Jean-Louis Coutaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53988",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53988",authors:[{id:"188915",title:"Dr.",name:"Maxime",surname:"Bernier",slug:"maxime-bernier",fullName:"Maxime Bernier"}],corrections:null},{id:"54204",title:"Terahertz Waveform Measurements Using a Chirped Optical Pulse and Terahertz Spectroscopy of Reverse Micellar Solution: Towards Time-resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy of Protein in Water",doi:"10.5772/67195",slug:"terahertz-waveform-measurements-using-a-chirped-optical-pulse-and-terahertz-spectroscopy-of-reverse-",totalDownloads:1647,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One challenging research target using terahertz spectroscopy is time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy of protein molecules to clarify the relationship between protein’s functions and the low-frequency collective motion within the molecule. Our results on two research topics necessary for this target are described. One is single-shot measurements of terahertz waveform that has large advantages in time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. We examined experimentally and theoretically single-shot measurements using chirped optical pulses. The other is terahertz spectroscopy of reverse micellar solutions in which nanometer-sized water droplets are formed. Protein powder is usually used as a sample for terahertz spectroscopy because the absorption of terahertz waves by solvent water is very strong in aqueous solutions of protein, although protein molecules work in water. The absorption of terahertz waves by the nonpolar oil solvent in reverse micellar solution is considerably weak compared with that by water. We demonstrated that terahertz absorption spectra of protein in liquids are obtained by the use of protein-containing reverse micellar solution. On the other hand, a nanometer-sized water droplet in reverse micellar solutions is a promising candidate for studies of supercooled water. We made temperature-dependent terahertz spectroscopy of the water droplet to study collective water motions due to hydrogen bond networks.",signatures:"Hiroshi Murakami",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54204",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54204",authors:[{id:"189842",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Murakami",slug:"hiroshi-murakami",fullName:"Hiroshi Murakami"}],corrections:null},{id:"53961",title:"Application of Terahertz Technology in Biomolecular Analysis and Medical Diagnosis",doi:"10.5772/67090",slug:"application-of-terahertz-technology-in-biomolecular-analysis-and-medical-diagnosis",totalDownloads:1957,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Terahertz technology is a nondestructive technique, which has progressed significantly in the scientific research and gains highly attention in the analysis of biological molecular, cellular, tissues and organs. In this decade, some studies were reported on the application of terahertz technology in medical testing and diagnosis. Here, we summarize the terahertz characters, terahertz spectroscopy, and terahertz imaging technology combined with chemometrics. This chapter focuses on introducing the research progress on analyzing the tissues of cancers using terahertz spectroscopy and terahertz imaging technology. Furthermore, the problems should be solved, and development directions of terahertz spectroscopy and terahertz imaging technology are discussed.",signatures:"Xin Zhang and Zhuoyong Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53961",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53961",authors:[{id:"189879",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin",surname:"Zhang",slug:"xin-zhang",fullName:"Xin Zhang"},{id:"189897",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhuoyong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhuoyong-zhang",fullName:"Zhuoyong Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"53751",title:"Broadly Tunable CW Terahertz Sources Using Intrinsic Josephson Junction Stacks in High‐Temperature Superconductors",doi:"10.5772/67087",slug:"broadly-tunable-cw-terahertz-sources-using-intrinsic-josephson-junction-stacks-in-high-temperature-s",totalDownloads:1731,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Electromagnetic waves in the 0.3–3.0 THz frequency range are considered to have great potential in research and industry; thus, compact, solid‐state and continuous‐wave (CW) terahertz sources have been developed throughout the vast field of science and technology. Since the first demonstration of terahertz emission from intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) in the high‐temperature (high‐Tc\n) superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ\n, terahertz generation utilizing stacks of IJJs has become a major topic of research, both experimentally and theoretically. In this chapter, we describe recent progress on the development of high‐Tc\n superconducting terahertz sources. We demonstrate that these superconducting terahertz sources emit continuous terahertz radiation and generate power in the microwatt range at broadly tunable frequencies in the range of 0.5–2.4 THz. The solid‐state source is extremely small in size and its output power is sufficiently stable during operation. In addition, we also established a transmission imaging system using high‐Tc\n sources to promote effective use in various applications.",signatures:"Manabu Tsujimoto, Takanari Kashiwagi, Hidetoshi Minami and\nKazuo Kadowaki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53751",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53751",authors:[{id:"15233",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuo",surname:"Kadowaki",slug:"kazuo-kadowaki",fullName:"Kazuo Kadowaki"},{id:"189216",title:"Dr.",name:"Manabu",surname:"Tsujimoto",slug:"manabu-tsujimoto",fullName:"Manabu Tsujimoto"},{id:"194960",title:"Dr.",name:"Takanari",surname:"Kashiwagi",slug:"takanari-kashiwagi",fullName:"Takanari Kashiwagi"},{id:"194961",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidetoshi",surname:"Minami",slug:"hidetoshi-minami",fullName:"Hidetoshi Minami"}],corrections:null},{id:"53857",title:"Terahertz Pulse Detection Techniques and Imaging Applications",doi:"10.5772/67089",slug:"terahertz-pulse-detection-techniques-and-imaging-applications",totalDownloads:1955,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recent years have witnessed successful developments of detection techniques of terahertz (THz) pulse radiation and its imaging applications such as security, medicine and environmental sensing, to name an important few. Progress of detection techniques has been made in many aspects, including detection sensitivity, real‐time detection, room‐temperature operation, detection bandwidth and dynamic range, spatial (wavefront) and temporal profiles and so on. New detection techniques utilizing cutting‐edge materials, sensors, systems and even novel detection mechanisms contribute to advances in terahertz pulse detection. While detection techniques continuously improve, terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI) also finds broad and intriguing applications. For instance, TPI has shown applications in nondestructive evaluation in pharmaceutics, biomedical characterization of tissues, medical diagnosis of cancers, identification of explosive hazards and examination of art and archeology. The chapter highlights recent progress of terahertz pulse detection techniques and imaging applications.",signatures:"Sung-Liang Chen and L. Jay Guo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53857",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53857",authors:[{id:"188869",title:"Prof.",name:"Sung-Liang",surname:"Chen",slug:"sung-liang-chen",fullName:"Sung-Liang Chen"},{id:"189845",title:"Prof.",name:"L. Jay",surname:"Guo",slug:"l.-jay-guo",fullName:"L. Jay Guo"}],corrections:null},{id:"54368",title:"Semiconductor THz Lasers and Their Applications in Spectroscopy of Explosives",doi:"10.5772/67625",slug:"semiconductor-thz-lasers-and-their-applications-in-spectroscopy-of-explosives",totalDownloads:1960,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recently, applications of THz spectroscopy for detecting explosive agents have attracted much attention due to following reasons: many CBRNE agents have fingerprint-like features in the THz wavelength range; the THz spectroscopy provides an ability for remote and non-destructive identification of explosives; the THz radiation penetrates through many covering dielectric materials including paper, leather, fabric and so on. One of the most important components of THz spectroscopy setups is the source of THz radiation, which has to be high-power, tunable, low-cost and to have compact sizes. In this chapter, we are going to overview recent progress of wide variety of THz emitters considered as candidates for that role. We will pay a special attention to recent trends in engineering of spectral characteristics of THz quantum-cascade lasers and their tunability. Also we will describe the advantages and difficulties that accompany a THz spectroscopy of explosives.",signatures:"Mykhailo Klymenko, Oleksiy V. Shulika and Igor A. Sukhoivanov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54368",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54368",authors:[{id:"43112",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Sukhoivanov",slug:"igor-sukhoivanov",fullName:"Igor Sukhoivanov"},{id:"190097",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksiy",surname:"Shulika",slug:"oleksiy-shulika",fullName:"Oleksiy Shulika"},{id:"190974",title:"Dr.",name:"Mykhailo",surname:"Klymenko",slug:"mykhailo-klymenko",fullName:"Mykhailo Klymenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"53921",title:"Terahertz Spectroscopy for Gastrointestinal Cancer Diagnosis",doi:"10.5772/66999",slug:"terahertz-spectroscopy-for-gastrointestinal-cancer-diagnosis",totalDownloads:1978,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present a number of sensitive measurement modalities for the study and analysis of human cancer-affected colon and gastric tissue using terahertz (THz) spectroscopy. Considerable advancements have been reached in characterization of bio-tissue with some accuracy, although too dawn, and still long and exhaustive work have to be done towards well-established and reliable applications. The advent of the THz-time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) test modality at a sub-picosecond time resolution has arguably fostered an intensive work in this field’s research line. The chapter addresses some basic theoretical aspects of this measurement modality with the presentation of general experimental laboratory setup diagrams for THz generation and detection, sample preparation aspects, samples optical parameters calculation procedures and data analysis.",signatures:"Faustino Wahaia, Irmantas Kašalynas, Gintaras Valušis, Catia D.\nCarvalho Silva and Pedro L. 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IF temperature < = 0° C THEN cold = true;
Cold IF == right THEN notify personnel to remove ice from aircraft.
Indeed, knowledge is the appropriate collection of information such that it intends to be useful. Knowledge is a deterministic process. Memorization of information leads to knowledge. Knowledge represents a pattern and provides a high level of predictability regarding what is being described or will happen next.
Ex: If the humidity is very high and the temperature drops drastically, the atmosphere is unlikely to hold the humidity so that it rains.
This knowledge has a useful meaning, but its integration in a context will infer new knowledge. For example, a student memorizes or accumulates knowledge of the multiplication Table. A student can answer 2 × 2 because this knowledge is in the multiplication table. Nevertheless, when asked for 1267 × 300, he cannot answer correctly because he cannot dip into the multiplication table. To answer such a question correctly requires a real cognitive and analytical capacity that exists in the next level … comprehension. In computer jargon, most of the applications we use (modeling, simulation, etc.) use stored knowledge.
The system is an aggregated “whole” where each component interacts with at least one other component of the system. The components or parts of a system can be real or abstract.
All system components work toward a standard system goal. A system can contain several subsystems. It can be connected to other systems.
A system is a collection of elements or components that interact to achieve goals. The elements themselves and the relationships between them determine how the system works. Systems have inputs, processing mechanisms, outputs, and feedback mechanisms. A system processes the input to create the output [3].
Input is the activity of collecting and capturing data.
Processing involves the transformation of inputs into outputs such as computation, for example.
Output is about producing useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports. The output of one system can become the input of another system. For example, the output of a system, which processes sales orders, can be used as input to a customer’s billing system. Computers typically produce output to printers and display to screens. The output can also be reports and documents written by hand or produced manually.
Finally, feedback or feedback is information from the system used to modify inputs or treatments as needed.
An information system (IS) is a set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store and disseminate information and provide a feedback mechanism to achieve a goal. The feedback mechanism helps organizations achieve their goals by increasing profits, improving customer service [3], and supporting decision-making and control in organizations [4].
Companies use information systems to increase revenues and reduce costs.
In organizations, information systems are structured around four essential elements, proposed in the 1960s by Harold Leavitt (Figure 1). The pattern is known as the “Leavitt Diamond.”
Leavitt’s diamond: A socio-technical view of IS.
A company has systems to support the different managerial levels. These systems include transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and dedicated business intelligence systems.
Companies use information systems so that accurate and up-to-date information is available when needed [5].
Within the same organization, executives at different hierarchy levels have very different information requirements, and different types of information systems have evolved to meet their needs. A common approach for examining the types of information systems used within organizations is to classify them according to their roles at different organizational structure levels, and this approach is called a vertical approach. Indeed, the organization is considered a management pyramid at four levels (Figure 2):
Information Systems types according to managerial level.
At the operational level, managers need systems that keep track of the organization for necessary activities and operations, such as sales and material flow in a factory. A transaction processing system is a computer system that performs and records the routine (daily) operations necessary for managing affairs, such as keeping employee records, payroll, shipping merchandise, keeping records, accounting and treasury.
At this level, the primary purpose of systems is to answer routine questions and monitor transactions flow through the organization.
At the operational level, tasks, resources, and objectives are predefined and highly structured. The decision to grant credit to a customer, for example, is made by a primary supervisor according to predefined criteria. All that needs to be determined is whether the client meets the criteria.
Middle managers need systems to help with oversight, control, decision making, and administrative activities. The main question that this type of system must answer is: is everything working correctly?
Its role is to summarize and report on essential business operations using data provided by transaction processing systems. Primary transaction data is synthesized and aggregated, and it is usually presented in reports produced regularly.
DSS supports decision-making for unusual and rapidly evolving issues, for which there are no fully predefined procedures. This type of system attempts to answer questions such as: What would impact production schedules if we were to double sales for December? What would the level of Return on investment be if the plant schedule were delayed by more than six months?
While DSSs use internal information from TPS and MIS systems, they also leverage external sources, such as stock quotes or competitor product prices. These systems use a variety of models to analyze the data. The system can answer questions such as: Considering customer’s delivery schedule and the freight rate offered, which vessel should be assigned, and what fill rate to maximize profits? What is the optimum speed at which a vessel can maximize profit while meeting its delivery schedule?
ESS helps top management make decisions. They address exceptional decisions requiring judgment, assessment, and a holistic view of the business situation because there is no procedure to be followed to resolve a given issue at this level.
ESS uses graphics and data from many sources through an interface that senior managers easily understand. ESS is designed to integrate data from the external environment, such as new taxes or competitor data, and integrate aggregate data from MIS and DSS. ESSs filter, synthesize and track critical data. Particular attention is given to displaying this data because it contributes to the rapid assimilation of these top management figures. Increasingly, these systems include business intelligence analysis tools to identify key trends and forecasts.
Decision-making in companies is often associated with top management. Today, employees at the operational level are also responsible for individual decisions since information systems make information available at all company levels.
So decisions are made at all levels of the company.
Although some of these decisions are common, routine, and frequent, the value of improving any single decision may be small, but improving hundreds or even thousands of “small” decisions can add value to the business.
Not all situations that require decisions are the same. While some decisions result in actions that significantly impact the organization and its future, others are much less important and play a relatively minor role. A decision’s impact is a criterion that can differentiate between decision situations and the degree of the decision’s structuring. Many situations are very structured, with well-defined entrances and exits. For example, it is relatively easy to determine the amount of an employee’s pay if we have the appropriate input data (for example, the number of hours worked and their hourly wage rate), and all the rules of relevant decision (for example, if the hours worked during a week are more than 40, then the overtime must be calculated), and so on. In this type of situation, it is relatively easy to develop information systems that can be used to help (or even automate) the decision.
In contrast, some decision situations are very complex and unstructured, where no specific decision rules can be easily identified. As an example, consider the following task: “Design a new vehicle that is a convertible (with a retractable hardtop), has a high safety rating, and is esthetically pleasing to a reasonably broad audience. No predefined solution to this task finalizing a design will involve many compromises and require considerable knowledge and expertise.
Examples of Types of decisions, according to managerial level, are presented in Table 1.
Decision level | Characteristics of decisions | Examples of decisions |
---|---|---|
Top Management | Unstructured | Decide whether or not to come into the market |
Approve the budget allocated to capital | ||
Decide on long-term goals | ||
Intermediate management | Semi-structured | Design a marketing plan |
Develop a departmental budget | ||
Design a website for the company | ||
Operational management | Structured | Determine the overtime hours |
Determine the rules for stock replenishment | ||
Grant credit to customers | ||
Offer special offers to customers |
Types of decisions according to managerial level.
Generally speaking, structured decisions are more common at lower levels of the organization, while unstructured problems are more common at higher business levels.
The more structured the decision, the easier it is to automate. If it is possible to derive an algorithm that can be used to make an efficient decision and the input data to the algorithm can be obtained at a reasonable cost, it generally makes sense to automate the decision.
Davenport and Harris [6] proposed a framework for the categorization of applications used for decision automation. Most of the systems they describe include some expert systems, often combined with DSS and/or EIS aspects. The categories they provided include Solution Configuration, Optimization of Performance, Routing or Segmentation of Decisions, Business Regulatory Compliance, Fraud Detection, Dynamic Forecasting, and Operational Control.
Many business decision situations are not very structured, and therefore cannot (or should not) be fully automated.
Data visualization tools allow users to see patterns and relationships in large amounts of data that would be difficult to discern if the data had been presented in tabular form, for example.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) helps decision-makers visualize issues requiring knowledge about people’s geographic distribution or other resources. GIS software links the location data of points, lines, and areas on a map. Some GIS have modeling capabilities to modify data and simulate the impact of these modifications. For example, GIS could help the government calculate response times to natural disasters and other emergencies or help banks identify the best replacement for installing new branches or ATMs of tickets.
Geographic (or geospatial) information refers not only to things that exist (or are being planned) on specific locations on the Earth’s surface but also to events such as traffic congestion, flooding, and other events such as an open-air festival [7].
Its scope and granularity characterize this information:
Location, extent, and coverage are essential aspects of geographic information.
Granularity, for example, geometric information, can be concise or fuzzy depending on the application.
GIS is used to capture, store, analyze, and visualize data that describes part of the Earth’s surface, technical and administrative entities, and the results of geosciences, economics, and ecological applications.
It is a computer system with a database observing the spatial distribution of objects, activities, or events described by points, lines, or surfaces.
It is a comprehensive collection of tools for capturing, storing, extracting, transforming, and visualizing real-world spatial data for applications.
It is an information system containing all the data of the territory, the atmosphere, the surface of the Earth, and the lithosphere, allowing the systematic capture, the update, the manipulation, and the analysis of these data standardized reference framework.
It is a decision support system that integrates spatial data into a problem-solving environment.
Other definitions of GIS exist depending on the point of view of application [7], a GIS can be considered as
A collection of spatial data with storage and retrieval functions
A collection of algorithmic and functional tools
A set of hardware and software components necessary for processing geospatial data
A particular type of information technology
A gold mine for answers to geospatial questions
A model of spatial relations and spatial recognition.
Typically, a GIS provides functions for the storage and retrieval, interrogation and visualization, transformation, geometric and thematic analysis of information.
Indeed, geographic/geospatial information is ubiquitous, as seen on mobile devices such as cell phones, maps, satellite images, positioning and routing services, and even 3D simulations, gaining popularity from increasingly essential segments of the consumers.
Technological advances in recent years have transformed classical GIS into new forms of geospatial analysis tools, namely:
Web-based and service-oriented approaches have led to a client–server architecture.
Mobile technology has made GIS ubiquitous in smartphones, tablets, and laptops (opening up new markets).
IS applications cover functional areas and focus on the execution of business processes across the enterprise, including all management levels.
There are several categories of business applications: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management systems (SCM), Customer Relationship Management systems (CRM), electronic commerce or e-commerce, Knowledge Management systems or KM, and Business Intelligence or BI. The categories of business applications dealt with in this section cover all managerial levels since KMS are mainly intended for top management (ESS), SCMs, CRMs, and BI for mid-level management (MIS and DSS), ERP and e-commerce dedicated to the transactional level (TPS or basic or operational).
However, it is useful to specify that some ERP systems, such as the global giant SAP, offer versions of its software package covering these different categories, including SCM and CRM.
ERPs allow business processes related to production, finance and accounting, sales and marketing, and human resources to be integrated into a single software system. Information that was previously fragmented across many different systems is integrated into a single system with a single, comprehensive database that multiple business stakeholders can use.
An ERP system centralizes an organization’s data, and the processes it applies are the processes that the organization must adopt [8]. When an ERP provider designs a module, it must implement the rules of the associated business processes. ERP systems apply best management practices. In other words, when an organization implements ERP, it also improves its management as part of ERP integration. For many organizations, implementing an ERP system is an excellent opportunity to improve their business practices and upgrade their software simultaneously. Nevertheless, integrating an ERP represents a real challenge: Are the processes integrated into the ERP better than those currently used? Furthermore, if the integration is booming, and the organization operates the same as its competitors, how do you differentiate yourself?
ERPs are configurable according to the specificities of each organization. For organizations that want to continue using their processes or even design new ones, ERP systems provide means for customizing these processes. However, the burden of maintenance falls on the organizations themselves in the case of ERP customization.
Organizations will need to consider the following decision carefully: should they accept the best practice processes embedded in the ERP system or develop their processes? If the choice is ERP, process customization should only concern processes essential to its competitive advantage.
Electronic commerce is playing an increasingly important role in organizations with their customers.
E-commerce enables market expansion with minimal capital investment, improves the supply and marketing of products and services. Nevertheless, there is still a need for universally accepted standards to ensure the quality and security of information and sufficient telecommunications bandwidth.
The three main categories of e-commerce are Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Business-to-Business (B2B), and Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C).
Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-commerce involves the retailing of products and services to individual customers. Amazon, which sells books, software, and music to individual consumers, is an example of B2C e-commerce.
Business-to-Business (B2B), e-commerce involves the sale of goods and services between businesses. The ChemConnect website for buying and selling chemicals and plastics is an example of B2B e-commerce.
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C), this type of e-commerce involves consumers selling directly to consumers. For example, eBay, the giant web-based auction site, allows individuals to sell their products to other consumers by auctioning their goods, either to the highest bidder or through a fixed price.
Information systems for the management of the supply chain or SCM make it possible to manage its suppliers’ relations. These systems help suppliers and distributors share information about orders, production, inventory levels, and delivery of products and services so that they can source, produce and deliver goods and services efficiently.
The ultimate goal is to get the right amount of products from their suppliers at a lower cost and time. Additionally, these systems improve profitability by enabling managers to optimize scheduling decisions for procurement, production, and distribution.
Anomalies in the supply chain, such as parts shortages, underutilized storage areas, prolonged storage of finished products, or high transportation cost, are caused by inaccurate or premature information. For example, manufacturers may stock an excessive amount of parts because they do not know precisely the dates of upcoming deliveries from suppliers. Alternatively, conversely, the manufacturer may order a small number of raw materials because they do not have precise information about their needs. These supply chain inefficiencies squander up to 25 percent of the company’s operating costs.
If a manufacturer has precise information on the exact number of units of the product demanded by customers, on what date, and its exact production rate, it would be possible to implement a successful strategy called “just in time” (just-in-time strategy). Raw materials would be received precisely when production needed them, and finished products would be shipped off the assembly line with no need for storage.
However, there are always uncertainties in a supply chain because many events cannot be predicted, such as late deliveries from suppliers, defective parts or non-conforming raw materials, or even breakdowns in the production process. To cope with these kinds of contingencies and keep their customers happy, manufacturers often deal with these uncertainties by stocking more materials or products than they need. The safety stock acts as a buffer against probable supply chain anomalies. While managing excess inventory is expensive, a low stock fill rate is also costly because orders can be canceled.
CRM aims to manage customer relationships by coordinating all business processes that deal with customers’ sales and marketing. The goal is to optimize revenue, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. This collected information helps companies identify, attract and retain the most profitable customers, and provide better service to existing customers and increase sales.
The CRM captures and integrates the data of the company’s customers. It consolidates data, analyzes it, and distributes the results to different systems and customer touchpoints throughout the company. A point of contact (touchpoint, contact point) is a means of interaction with the customer, such as telephone, e-mail, customer service, conventional mail, website, or even a sales store, by retail.
Well-designed CRM systems provide a single view of the company’s customers, which is useful for improving sales and customer service quality. Such systems also provide customers with a single view of the business regardless of their contact point or usage.
CRM systems provide data and analytical tools to answer these types of questions: “What is the value of a customer to the business” “Who are the most loyal customers?” “Who are the most profitable customers” and “What products are profitable customers buying?”
Businesses use the answers to these questions to acquire new customers, improve service quality, support existing customers, tailor offerings to customer preferences, and deliver escalating services to retain profitable customers.
Some companies perform better than others because they know how to create, produce, and deliver products and services. This business knowledge is difficult to emulate, is unique, and can be leveraged and deliver long-term strategic benefits. Knowledge Management Systems or KMS enable organizations to manage processes better to collect and apply knowledge and expertise. These systems collect all the relevant knowledge and experiences in the company and make them available to everyone to improve business processes and decision management.
Knowledge management systems can take many different forms, but the primary goals are: 1) facilitating communication between knowledge workers within an organization, and 2) to make explicit the expertise of a few and make it available to many.
Consider an international consulting firm, for example. The company employs thousands of consultants across many countries. The consultancy team in Spain may be trying to resolve a client’s problem, very similar to a consultancy team in Singapore that has already been solved. Rather than reinventing the solution, it would be much more useful for the Spain team to use the Singapore team’s knowledge.
One way to remedy this situation is to store case histories from which employees worldwide can access (via the Internet) and search for cases (using a search engine) according to their respective needs. If the case documentation is of good quality (accurate, timely, complete), the consultants will share and benefit from each other’s experiences, and the knowledge gained.
Unfortunately, it is often difficult to get employees to contribute meaningfully to the knowledge base (as they are probably more concerned with moving forward on their next engagements with customers rather than documenting their past experiences). For such systems to have any chance of success, the work organization must change, such as establishing a reward system for cases captured and well documented.
The term Business Intelligence (BI) is generally used to describe a type of information system designed to help decision-makers learn about trends and identify relationships in large volumes of data. Typically, BI software is used in conjunction with large databases or data warehouses. While the specific capabilities of BI systems vary, most can be used for specialized reporting (e.g., aggregated data relating to multiple dimensions), ad-hoc queries, and trend analysis.
As with knowledge management systems, the value of business intelligence systems can be hampered in several ways. The quality of the data that is captured and stored is not guaranteed. Besides, the database (or data warehouse) may lack essential data (for example, ice cream sales are likely to correlate with temperature; without the temperature information, it may be difficult to identify why it is. There has been an increase or decrease in sales of ice cream). A third challenge is the lack of mastery of data analysts over the context of the organization’s operations, even if they are proficient in BI software. In contrast, a manager has mastery of the organization but does not know how to use BI software. As a result, it is common to have a team (a manager associated with a data analyst) to get the most information (and/or knowledge) from a business intelligence system.
Unlike physical assets, the information does not necessarily disappear when it has been stolen. If an organization holds confidential information such as a new manufacturing process, it may be uploaded by an unauthorized person and remain available to the organization.
Exposing information to unauthorized personnel constitutes a breach of confidentiality.
Another type of system failure happens when the integrity of information is no longer guaranteed. In other words, rather than unauthorized exposure of information, there are unauthorized changes of information. A corporate website containing documentation on how to configure or repair its products could suffer severe financial harm if an intruder could change instructions, leading to customers misconfigure or even ruin the purchased product.
Finally, the denial of access to information or the unavailability of information represents another type of information failure. For example, if a doctor is prevented from accessing a patient’s test results, the patient may suffer needlessly or even die. A commercial website could lose significant sales if its website were down for an extended period.
Understanding the potential causes of system failure enables appropriate action to be taken to avoid them. There are a wide variety of potential threats to an organization’s information systems.
Human threats are the most complicated to manage because they include a wide variety of behaviors. To illustrate how the level of detail can vary, some relevant subcategories include:
Accidental behavior by members of the organization, technical support staff, and customers of the organization
Malicious behavior by someone inside or outside the organization
Other categories of threats include:
A natural event: flood, fire, tornado, ice storm, earthquake, pandemic flu
Environmental elements: chemical spill, gas line explosion.
Technical Threat: Hardware or software failure
Operational Threat: a faulty process that unintentionally compromises the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information. For example, an operational procedure that allows application programmers to upgrade software without test or notification system operators can result in prolonged outages.
It is possible to categorize the various checks intended to avoid a failure, such as:
Management controls management processes that identify system requirements such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and provide for various management controls to ensure that these requirements are met.
Operational controls: include the day-to-day processes associated with the provision of information services.
Technical controls: concern the technical capacities integrated into the IT infrastructure to support the increased confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information services.
A widely cited Gartner research report concludes that “people directly cause 80% of downtime in critical application services. The remaining 20% are caused by technological failures, environmental failure or a natural disaster”.
Often, these failures are the result of software modifications such as adding new features or misconfiguring servers or network devices.
IT professionals should ensure that system changes are prioritized and tested and that all interested parties are notified of proposed changes.
Perceptible benefits can be quantified and assigned a monetary value. Imperceptible benefits, such as more efficient customer service or improved decision making, cannot be immediately quantified but can lead to quantifiable long-term gain [4].
System performance can be measured in different ways.
Efficiency is often referred to as “doing the things right” or doing things right. Efficiency can be defined as the ratio of output to input. In other words, a company is more efficient if it produces more with the same amount of resources or if it produces the same amount of output with a lower investment of resources, or - even better - produces more with less input. In other words, the company achieves improvements in terms of efficiency by reducing the waste of resources while maximizing Productivity.
Each time an item is sold or ordered, the manager updates the quantity of the item sold in the inventory system. The manager needs to check the sales to determine which items have been sold the most and restocked. This considerably reduces the manager’s time to manage his stock (limit input to achieve the same output). So efficiency is a measure of what is produced divided by what is consumed [3].
Effectiveness is measured based on the degree achieved in achieving system objectives. It can be calculated by dividing the objectives achieved by the total of the objectives set.
Effectiveness is denoted as “doing the right thing” or doing the things necessary or right. It is possible to define effectiveness as an organization’s ability to achieve its stated goals and objectives. Typically, a business more significant is the one that makes the best decisions and can carry them out.
For example, to better meet its various customers’ needs, an organization may create or improve its products and services founded on data collected from them and information accumulated from sales activities. In other words, information systems help organizations better understand their customers and deliver the products and services that customers desire. Collecting customer data on an individual basis will help the organization provide them with personalized service.
The manager can also ask customers what kind of products and services customers would like to buy in the future, trying to anticipate their needs. With the information gathered, the manager will order the customers’ products and stop ordering unpopular products.
In what follows, we present several formulas established to measure efficiency and effectiveness resulting from the information systems use. Indeed, the impact of an information system on an organization can be assessed using financial measures.
When the information system is implemented, management will certainly want to assess whether the system has succeeded in achieving its objectives. Often this assessment is challenging to achieve. The business can use financial metrics such as Productivity, Return On Investment (ROI), net present value, and other performance metrics explained in the following:
Return on investment, denoted as a Return rate, is a financial ratio that measures the amount gained or lost compared to the amount initially invested.
An information system with a positive return on investment indicates that this system can improve its efficiency.
The advantage of using Return on investment is that it is possible to quantify the costs and benefits of introducing an information system. Therefore, it is possible to use this metric to compare different systems and see which systems can help the organization be more efficient and/or more effective.
Developing information systems that measure Productivity and control is a crucial element for most organizations. Productivity is a measure of produced output divided by required input. A higher production level for a given entry-level means greater Productivity; a lower output level for a given entry-level means lower Productivity. Values assigned to productivity levels are not always based on hours worked. Productivity may be based on the number of raw materials used, the quality obtained, or the time to produce the goods or services. According to other parameters and with other organizations in the same industry, Productivity’s value has to mean only compared to other Productivity periods.
Another measure of the SI value is the increase in profit or the growth in realized profits. For example, a mail-order company installs an order processing system that generates 7 percent growth in profits over the previous year.
Market share is the percentage of sales of a product or service relative to the overall market. If installing a new online catalog increases sales, it could help increase the company’s market share by, for example, 20 percent.
Although customer satisfaction is difficult to quantify, many companies measure their information systems performance based on internal and external feedback. Some companies use surveys and questionnaires to determine whether investments have resulted in increased customer satisfaction.
Another way to measure the value of information systems has been developed by the Gartner Group and is called the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). This approach allocates the total costs between acquiring the technology, technical support, and administrative costs. Other costs are added to the TCO, namely: retooling and training costs. TCO can help develop a more accurate estimate of total costs for systems ranging from small computers to large mainframe systems.
The evolution of information technologies leads to the reflection on new approaches that set up more flexible, more scalable architectures to meet its agility needs. The urbanization of information systems is one such approach.
The company’s information system’s urbanization is an IT discipline consisting of developing its information system to guarantee its consistency with its objectives and business. By taking into account its external and internal constraints while taking advantage of the opportunities of the IT state of the art.
This discipline is based on a series of concepts modeled on those of the urbanization of human habitat (organization of cities, territory), concepts that have been reused in IT to formalize or model the information system.
Town planning defines rules and a coherent, stable, and modular framework, to which the various stakeholders refer for any investment decision relating to the management of the information system.
In other words, to urbanize is to lead the information systems’ continuous transformation to simplify it and ensure its consistency.
The challenges of urbanization consist of managing complexity, communicating and federating work, considering organizational constraints, and guiding technological choices.
Define and frame the objectives of the project, define the scope, develop the schedule.
Carry out the inventory, organize the work, and present the deliverables. More precisely, list the assets and map the different layers (business, functional, application, and technical):
Business Architecture
Identify “business processes”: Who does what and why? The description of the processes is done with BPMN, EPC formalisms, etc. This step is tricky and may require the use of exploration methods. However, it does improve the overall understanding and increase the possibilities for optimization
Functional architecture
Identify the “functional block”: What do we need to carry out the business processes? Here, we are based on a classic division into zones (exchanges, core business, reference data, production data, support activities, management). This step’s difficulty lies in choosing the right level of detail and remaining consistent with business processes. However, it provides a hierarchical presentation and makes it easier to break down the work.
Application Architecture
Identify the applications: How to achieve the functionalities? This step is based on a classic N-Tiers division. However, it is not easy to provide value and solutions compared to functional architecture. This stage lays the foundations for the realization (major technological choices, etc.).
System Architecture
Identify the technical components: With what and where the applications work, it is based on a classic division into technical areas (security, storage, etc.). It is not easy to make the connection between applications and servers. This step brings concrete and structuring and is essential to assess the cost of the system.
Impact on the different layers, consideration of constraints (human, material, etc.), design of costed scenarios, and arbitration of the choice of a target.
How to organize the work, frame and then refine the budgets, design and plan projects, define the support strategy, set up an organization, contributions, roles, and responsibilities of actors.
At the end of this process, a Land Use Plan (LUP) is defined. It is a report consisting of:
Summaries of the orientations chosen as well as the justifications for the options selected.
A definition of areas, neighborhoods, and blocks.
Existing and target maps (process, functional, application, and technical mapping).
Additional documents (interview reports, list of people and organizational entities, etc.)
The goal is to identify the gaps between the existing and the principles of urbanization and establish changes by describing the actions and their corresponding cost.
In practice, the urbanization process is very cumbersome to implement. On the one hand, it requires the participation of many actors in the organization, and on the other hand, the analysis is very long. As a result, needs to change, and LUP is no longer necessarily suitable.
The reasons for a successful or unsuccessful IS implementation are complex and contested by different stakeholders and from the various perspectives involved. Developers tend to focus on the system’s technical validity in terms of execution, operation, and evolution. Other qualities are often considered, such as security, maintainability, scalability, stability, and availability. All of these criteria are considered to be signs of successful IS Development.
The failure of an IS can be defined as: either the system put in place does not meet the user’s expectations or does not function properly. The reasons for failure are as divergent as the projects.
The perspective of project management, on the other hand, tends to focus on the consumption of resources. The project delivered with the initial budget and within the allotted time is considered a successful project. Nelson [9] analyzed 99 SI projects and identified 36 classic errors. He categorized these errors into four categories: process, people, product, and technology. The last category concerns the factors leading to IS failures based on the misuse of modern technologies.
The seminal article by DeLone and McLean [10] suggested that IS success should be the preeminent dependent variable for the IS domain. These researchers proposed a taxonomy of six interdependent variables to define the IS’ success as the system’s quality, the quality of information, the IS, user satisfaction, individual impact, and organizational impact.
One of the significant extensions to this proposition is the dimension of the IT department’s quality of service [11].
Either way, the use of the system is seen as a sign of its success. The IS use level is incorporated into most IS success models [11, 12]. These models show the complexity of measuring user satisfaction because, even in the same organization, some user groups may be more or less enthusiastic than others to use the new information system.
In the current global context of the covid pandemic, it appears clear that information systems that integrate web and mobile technologies can positively contribute to the monitoring of contaminated cases and therefore minimize the risks of contamination provided that users adhere to this movement for the benefit of all [13]. A truly global, rapid, and efficient decision-making process is enabled by the integration of information systems from distributed sources [14].
To conclude this introductive chapter, we present its key ideas:
Levels of information are data, information, and knowledge.
The system is an aggregated “whole” where each component interacts with at least one other system component to achieve a goal.
An information system can be defined as a set of interconnected components that gather, process, store and dispense information to support decision making and control in an organization. An IS can be seen as a socio-technical system. The technical part includes the technology and the processes, while the social part includes the people and the structure.
The role of information systems is to solve an organization’s problems concerning its information needs
A company has systems to support the different managerial levels: transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and systems dedicated to business intelligence.
Decisions can be operational or strategic.
There are several categories of business applications: enterprise resource planning, supply chain management systems, customer relationship management systems, knowledge management systems, and business intelligence.
Among the failures that can affect IS a violation of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.
The controls intended to avoid the IS’s security failures include management controls, operational controls, and technical controls.
The information system’s performance can be measured according to efficiency, effectiveness, Return on investment, Productivity, customer satisfaction, etc.
Urbanizing an information system means directing its continuous transformation to guarantee its consistency
The reasons for a successful or unsuccessful implementation of an IS are complex and contested by the various stakeholders and from the various perspectives involved.
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\n\nWhen ordering our books from the countries listed below, please provide an alternative mailing address. For any further assistance, please contact us at orders@intechopen.com.
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\n\nPOD products are non-returnable and non-refundable, except in the event of poor print quality or an error in quantity. If we delivered the item to you in error or the item is faulty, please contact us.
\n\nInspect your order carefully when it arrives. Any problems should be immediately reported to orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nPrint copies of our publications are most often purchased by universities, libraries, institutions and academia personnel, hence increasing the visibility and outreach of our authors' published work among science communities and institutions.
\n\nOur books are available at our direct Print Sales Department and through selected representatives throughout the world.
\n\nBooks International
\n\nRepresentative for: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam (ASEAN)
\n\nChina Publishers Services Ltd - CPS
\n\nRepresentative for: China, Taiwan, Hong Kong
\n\nIndia - CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
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This chapter presents AHP applications to solve two real SCM problems faced by Brazilian companies: one problem regarding the RA in the automotive industry and another one to SS in a chemical corporation.",book:{id:"5142",slug:"applications-and-theory-of-analytic-hierarchy-process-decision-making-for-strategic-decisions",title:"Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process",fullTitle:"Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process - Decision Making for Strategic Decisions"},signatures:"Valerio Antonio Pamplona Salomon, Claudemir Leif Tramarico and\nFernando Augusto Silva Marins",authors:[{id:"137460",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Marins",slug:"fernando-marins",fullName:"Fernando Marins"},{id:"179921",title:"Dr.",name:"Valerio",middleName:"A. P.",surname:"Salomon",slug:"valerio-salomon",fullName:"Valerio Salomon"},{id:"179926",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudemir",middleName:null,surname:"Tramarico",slug:"claudemir-tramarico",fullName:"Claudemir Tramarico"}]},{id:"33747",doi:"10.5772/37248",title:"What Do We Know About Time Management? A Review of the Literature and a Psychometric Critique of Instruments Assessing Time Management",slug:"what-do-we-know-about-time-management-a-review-of-the-literature-and-a-psychometric-critique-of-inst",totalDownloads:35361,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1854",slug:"time-management",title:"Time Management",fullTitle:"Time Management"},signatures:"Laurie-Ann M. Hellsten",authors:[{id:"111970",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurie-Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hellsten",slug:"laurie-ann-hellsten",fullName:"Laurie-Ann Hellsten"}]},{id:"51007",doi:"10.5772/63686",title:"AHP‐Aided Evaluation of Logistic and Transport Solutions in a Seaport",slug:"ahp-aided-evaluation-of-logistic-and-transport-solutions-in-a-seaport",totalDownloads:1813,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The chapter reports on the application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to a strategic decision in the transport sector, concerning the reconfiguration of the railway infrastructure of the seaport of Trieste. The proposed solutions should not only solve some technical and operational problems of the terminal, but they could allow the port to be included in the Trans‐European Network‐Transport Programme (TEN‐T), promoted by the European Union and aimed to develop the Trans‐European Networks of Transport. Accordingly, the selection of the solution with the most promising potential to satisfy the goals of the TEN‐T policy is a fundamental stage of the project. The case study is an actual AHP application to an evaluation process concerning a pre‐feasibility study of strategic solutions in the logistics and transport fields. Some practical aspects regarding the application of the AHP and the building of the model, when several stakeholders are involved in the decision process, are highlighted and discussed.",book:{id:"5142",slug:"applications-and-theory-of-analytic-hierarchy-process-decision-making-for-strategic-decisions",title:"Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process",fullTitle:"Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process - Decision Making for Strategic Decisions"},signatures:"Cristian Giacomini, Giovanni Longo, Alice Lunardi and Elio Padoano",authors:[{id:"181593",title:"Prof.",name:"Elio",middleName:null,surname:"Padoano",slug:"elio-padoano",fullName:"Elio Padoano"},{id:"182135",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Longo",slug:"giovanni-longo",fullName:"Giovanni Longo"},{id:"185623",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Giacomini",slug:"cristian-giacomini",fullName:"Cristian Giacomini"},{id:"185625",title:"BSc.",name:"Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Lunardi",slug:"alice-lunardi",fullName:"Alice Lunardi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51421",title:"A Case Study on the Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to Assess Agri-Environmental Measures of the Rural Development Programme (RDP 2007–2013) in Slovenia",slug:"a-case-study-on-the-application-of-the-analytic-hierarchy-process-ahp-to-assess-agri-environmental-m",totalDownloads:2306,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2003 focused mainly on the economic and environmental challenges. The Rural Development Programme 2007–2013, hereafter RDP, being implemented in Slovenia is therefore aiming at promoting proposed activities that help to improve the rural areas. Agri-environmental measures (AEMs) encourage farmers to make an environmental commitment for a period of at least 5 years aiming at preserving the environment and maintaining the countryside. Because of practising environmental friendly production methods, the farmers might be encountered with more costs and reduction of yield. Therefore, payments are made as compensation. Concentrating only on one of the four pillars of the RDP, “Improvement of environment and the countryside”, this paper attempts to assess the Slovenian agri-environmental measures with the help of the multicriteria decision analysis, that is, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and its supporting software Expert Choice™. In the presented case study, three main criteria and their attributes were determined. With the help of experts (questionnaires), data were collected, which made the assessment possible. The results show that organic fruit, vine and horticultural production are seen as the most important AEM. This is specific for the Republic of Slovenia because of its large amount of area designated as least favoured areas (LFA) that are not suitable for arable farming.",book:{id:"5142",slug:"applications-and-theory-of-analytic-hierarchy-process-decision-making-for-strategic-decisions",title:"Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process",fullTitle:"Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process - Decision Making for Strategic Decisions"},signatures:"Monica Huehner, Črtomir Rozman and Karmen Pažek",authors:[{id:"179642",title:"Prof.",name:"Karmen",middleName:null,surname:"Pažek",slug:"karmen-pazek",fullName:"Karmen Pažek"}]},{id:"33747",title:"What Do We Know About Time Management? A Review of the Literature and a Psychometric Critique of Instruments Assessing Time Management",slug:"what-do-we-know-about-time-management-a-review-of-the-literature-and-a-psychometric-critique-of-inst",totalDownloads:35360,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1854",slug:"time-management",title:"Time Management",fullTitle:"Time Management"},signatures:"Laurie-Ann M. Hellsten",authors:[{id:"111970",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurie-Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hellsten",slug:"laurie-ann-hellsten",fullName:"Laurie-Ann Hellsten"}]},{id:"51359",title:"Application of the AHP Method in Environmental Engineering: Three Case Studies",slug:"application-of-the-ahp-method-in-environmental-engineering-three-case-studies",totalDownloads:2216,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The chapter presents the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method in the field of environmental management. The work shows how to use the results of environmental engineering tools or models as an input for the AHP method. Three case studies are presented: selection of the best municipal solid waste disposal system, assessment of the tap and bottled water consumption on the environment, and selection of the heat pump for the individual home. In the first case study, the AHP analysis was required to assess the environmental impact of waste disposal system. This was done by the use of Integrated Waste Management model (IWM-1), which delivered results aggregated, at the next step, into Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) categories. The obtained results were used in the AHP analysis to choose the best scheme for the waste disposal system. In the second case study, the AHP method was used to evaluate different patterns of water drinking. Obtained results help decision makers in assessing regional and individual environmental impact if the drinking pattern changes. Selected evaluation criteria were solid waste stream, energy consumption, carbon dioxide emission, and Eco-indicator 99 H/A points. The third case study presents the method of heat pump selection. The environmental performance criteria were developed using the criteria of the ecolabeling program. All three case studies are based on real data.",book:{id:"5142",slug:"applications-and-theory-of-analytic-hierarchy-process-decision-making-for-strategic-decisions",title:"Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process",fullTitle:"Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process - Decision Making for Strategic Decisions"},signatures:"Tomasz Stypka, Agnieszka Flaga-Maryańczyk and Jacek Schnotale",authors:[{id:"179383",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Stypka",slug:"tomasz-stypka",fullName:"Tomasz Stypka"},{id:"179392",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Flaga-Maryańczyk",slug:"agnieszka-flaga-maryanczyk",fullName:"Agnieszka Flaga-Maryańczyk"},{id:"179695",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacek",middleName:null,surname:"Schnotale",slug:"jacek-schnotale",fullName:"Jacek Schnotale"}]},{id:"68601",title:"How Does Socio-Technical Approach Influence Sustainability? Considering the Roles of Decision Making Environment",slug:"how-does-socio-technical-approach-influence-sustainability-considering-the-roles-of-decision-making-",totalDownloads:772,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Aim/purpose: the current study explains the mediation of ERP in the role of a socio-technical approach and decision-making with firms’ sustainable performance. Background: despite the existence of existing literature on success and failure factors of ERP, the current work highlights the impact of socio-technical factors and decision-making environment on ERP success. Additionally, the weak research work regarding the mediation of ERP is addressed here in this study and has tried to fill the mentioned gap. Contribution: the most important contribution of the study is assessing the mediating role of the ERP system in the linkage of decision-making environment and socio-technical factors. Moreover, the work contributes by examining the moderation of organizational culture while relating the socio-technical environment and ERP system. Findings: the study finds that there is a significant role of ERP as a mediator while relating socio-technical elements and the decision-making environment; however, we do not find any significant moderation of organizational culture in the linkage of ERP system and socio-technical elements. Impact on Society: the societal implication of the study is that it provides a reference for the firms having the same cultural characteristics while using ERP to overcome the issue of pollution in Iraq.",book:{id:"9332",slug:"application-of-decision-science-in-business-and-management",title:"Application of Decision Science in Business and Management",fullTitle:"Application of Decision Science in Business and Management"},signatures:"Hadi AL-Abrrow, Alhamzah Alnoor, Hasan Abdullah and Bilal Eneizan",authors:[{id:"303565",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Abrrow",slug:"hadi-al-abrrow",fullName:"Hadi Al-Abrrow"},{id:"303609",title:"Mr.",name:"Alhamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Alnoor",slug:"alhamzah-alnoor",fullName:"Alhamzah Alnoor"},{id:"303612",title:"Mr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",slug:"hasan-abdullah",fullName:"Hasan Abdullah"},{id:"307559",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Eneizan",slug:"bilal-eneizan",fullName:"Bilal Eneizan"}]},{id:"50912",title:"Analytic Hierarchy Process Applied to Supply Chain Management",slug:"analytic-hierarchy-process-applied-to-supply-chain-management",totalDownloads:2524,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Resource allocation (RA) and supplier selection (SS) are two major decision problems regarding supply chain management (SCM). A supply chain manager may solve these problems by considering a single criterion, for instance, costs, customer satisfaction, or delivery time. Applying analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the supply chain manager may combine such criteria to enhance a compromised solution. This chapter presents AHP applications to solve two real SCM problems faced by Brazilian companies: one problem regarding the RA in the automotive industry and another one to SS in a chemical corporation.",book:{id:"5142",slug:"applications-and-theory-of-analytic-hierarchy-process-decision-making-for-strategic-decisions",title:"Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process",fullTitle:"Applications and Theory of Analytic Hierarchy Process - Decision Making for Strategic Decisions"},signatures:"Valerio Antonio Pamplona Salomon, Claudemir Leif Tramarico and\nFernando Augusto Silva Marins",authors:[{id:"137460",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Marins",slug:"fernando-marins",fullName:"Fernando Marins"},{id:"179921",title:"Dr.",name:"Valerio",middleName:"A. P.",surname:"Salomon",slug:"valerio-salomon",fullName:"Valerio Salomon"},{id:"179926",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudemir",middleName:null,surname:"Tramarico",slug:"claudemir-tramarico",fullName:"Claudemir Tramarico"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"433",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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