\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3853",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pharmacology and Therapeutics",title:"Pharmacology and Therapeutics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The book "Pharmacology and Therapeutics" targets every aspect of the mechanisms for the chemical actions of both traditional and novel drugs. This book covers six sections: Molecular Modeling and Bio-molecular Pharmacology, Immunopharmacology, Environmental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nanotechnology and Chemotherapy, Drugs and Drug Delivery System and Addiction Pharmacology. Each of these sections is interwoven with the theoretical aspects and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, nutrition, cellular and molecular biology, microbiology, immunology, genetics, and pathology. This book will be a significant source to scientists, physicians, health care professionals and students who are interested to explore the effect of chemical agents on human life.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1620-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7214-7",doi:"10.5772/57085",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"pharmacology-and-therapeutics",numberOfPages:358,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"09f9295bff8acbce8a68f3c329d51cd7",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",publishedDate:"July 2nd 2014",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3853.jpg",numberOfDownloads:38743,numberOfWosCitations:42,numberOfCrossrefCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:58,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:124,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 21st 2013",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 11th 2013",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2013",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2013",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 19th 2014",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",middleName:null,surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/118572/images/2492_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Sivakumar Gowder received his academic training and carried out his research in institutions of high academic ranking in India and the US (University of Madras -Chennai, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences -New Delhi, India; UT Southwestern Medical Center -Dallas, TX, US; LSH Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, US and University of Pittsburg School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, US). Before working for Qassim University, he worked as a faculty member at the Medical Universities in West Indies. Sivakumar has won prizes and awards in different levels of his academic career. He has developed his own research methods and techniques relevant to his research disciplines and has published several journal articles and book chapters. Sivakumar has also edited many books. Currently, he serves as an author and editor of books; editor in chief for an international journal; editorial member and reviewer for journals; fellow and advisory board member of international organizations and external examiner of doctoral thesis work for international universities. Sivakumar has also served as an invited speaker and chairperson for international conferences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"Qassim University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1189",title:"Pharmacotherapy",slug:"drug-discovery-pharmacotherapy"}],chapters:[{id:"46750",title:"Molecular Modelling-Based Investigations of a Mutant Protein in Patients with Hearing Loss",doi:"10.5772/58398",slug:"molecular-modelling-based-investigations-of-a-mutant-protein-in-patients-with-hearing-loss",totalDownloads:2263,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kazunori Namba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46750",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46750",authors:[{id:"87656",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazunori",surname:"Namba",slug:"kazunori-namba",fullName:"Kazunori Namba"}],corrections:null},{id:"46629",title:"Effect of Vitamins, Amino Acids and Phyto-Active Biomolecules on Aspergillus flavus in Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/58342",slug:"effect-of-vitamins-amino-acids-and-phyto-active-biomolecules-on-aspergillus-flavus-in-poultry-produc",totalDownloads:2893,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"S.A. Bolu, N. Elelu, R.N. Ahmed, F.E. Solaojo, K.F. Daramola, V.S.\nOmotosho, A.G. Atitebi and M. Afeni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46629",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46629",authors:[{id:"92457",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Bolu",slug:"stephen-bolu",fullName:"Stephen Bolu"},{id:"169711",title:"Dr.",name:"Solaojo",surname:"Foluke",slug:"solaojo-foluke",fullName:"Solaojo Foluke"},{id:"169712",title:"Dr.",name:"Elelu",surname:"Nusy",slug:"elelu-nusy",fullName:"Elelu Nusy"},{id:"170587",title:"Ms.",name:"Afeni",surname:"Mary",slug:"afeni-mary",fullName:"Afeni Mary"},{id:"170588",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Risikat",slug:"ahmed-risikat",fullName:"Ahmed Risikat"},{id:"170589",title:"Ms.",name:"Kafayat",surname:"Daramola",slug:"kafayat-daramola",fullName:"Kafayat Daramola"},{id:"170590",title:"Mr.",name:"Adeyinka",surname:"Atitebi",slug:"adeyinka-atitebi",fullName:"Adeyinka Atitebi"},{id:"170591",title:"Mr.",name:"Omotosho",surname:"Victor",slug:"omotosho-victor",fullName:"Omotosho Victor"}],corrections:null},{id:"45996",title:"Pharmacological and Immunological Properties of Wasp Venom",doi:"10.5772/57227",slug:"pharmacological-and-immunological-properties-of-wasp-venom",totalDownloads:3404,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Yashad Dongol, B L Dhananjaya, Rakesh Kumar Shrestha and Gopi\nAryal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45996",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45996",authors:[{id:"98312",title:"Dr.",name:"B.L.",surname:"Dhananjaya",slug:"b.l.-dhananjaya",fullName:"B.L. Dhananjaya"},{id:"169708",title:"Mr.",name:"Yashad",surname:"Dongol",slug:"yashad-dongol",fullName:"Yashad Dongol"},{id:"169709",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakesh Kumar",surname:"Shrestha",slug:"rakesh-kumar-shrestha",fullName:"Rakesh Kumar Shrestha"},{id:"169710",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopi",surname:"Aryal",slug:"gopi-aryal",fullName:"Gopi Aryal"}],corrections:null},{id:"46129",title:"Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors and Their Signaling Role in Immunity and Inflammation",doi:"10.5772/57206",slug:"pharmacology-of-adenosine-receptors-and-their-signaling-role-in-immunity-and-inflammation",totalDownloads:3509,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fernanda da Rocha Lapa, Sérgio José Macedo Júnior, Murilo Luiz\nCerutti and Adair Roberto Soares Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46129",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46129",authors:[{id:"169718",title:"Dr.",name:"Adair",surname:"Santos",slug:"adair-santos",fullName:"Adair Santos"}],corrections:null},{id:"46442",title:"Environmental Pharmacology – An Overview",doi:"10.5772/57473",slug:"environmental-pharmacology-an-overview",totalDownloads:2910,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Bosun Banjoko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46442",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46442",authors:[{id:"64911",title:"Dr.",name:"Bosun",surname:"Banjoko",slug:"bosun-banjoko",fullName:"Bosun Banjoko"}],corrections:null},{id:"47058",title:"Safety and Efficacy of Moringa oleifera Lamarck (1785) — Therapeutic and Toxicological Properties",doi:"10.5772/58627",slug:"safety-and-efficacy-of-moringa-oleifera-lamarck-1785-therapeutic-and-toxicological-properties",totalDownloads:4721,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira, Éverton José Ferreira de Araújo,\nJurandy do Nascimento Silva, Rivelilson Mendes de Freitas, Nagilla\nDaniela de Jesus Costa, Samara Ferreira de Carvalho Oliveira,\nJaniella Buenos Aires Pereira, Jaksilania Aires Forte Pinheiro, Maria\nCarolina de Abreu and Cláudia Pessoa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47058",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47058",authors:[{id:"169698",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo Michel",surname:"Pinheiro Ferreira",slug:"paulo-michel-pinheiro-ferreira",fullName:"Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira"},{id:"169699",title:"Dr.",name:"ÉVERTON JOSÉ",surname:"FERREIRA DE ARAÚJO",slug:"everton-jose-ferreira-de-araujo",fullName:"ÉVERTON JOSÉ FERREIRA DE ARAÚJO"},{id:"169700",title:"Dr.",name:"MARIA MARIA CAROLINA",surname:"DE ABREU",slug:"maria-maria-carolina-de-abreu",fullName:"MARIA MARIA CAROLINA DE ABREU"},{id:"169702",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaksilania",surname:"Aires Forte Pinheiro",slug:"jaksilania-aires-forte-pinheiro",fullName:"Jaksilania Aires Forte Pinheiro"},{id:"169703",title:"Dr.",name:"RIVELILSON",surname:"MENDES DE FREITAS",slug:"rivelilson-mendes-de-freitas",fullName:"RIVELILSON MENDES DE FREITAS"},{id:"171537",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Jurandy",surname:"Silva",slug:"jurandy-silva",fullName:"Jurandy Silva"},{id:"171538",title:"Dr.",name:"Nagilla Daniela",surname:"de Jesus Costa",slug:"nagilla-daniela-de-jesus-costa",fullName:"Nagilla Daniela de Jesus Costa"},{id:"171539",title:"Dr.",name:"Samara",surname:"Ferreira de Carvalho Oliveira",slug:"samara-ferreira-de-carvalho-oliveira",fullName:"Samara Ferreira de Carvalho Oliveira"},{id:"171540",title:"Dr.",name:"Janiella",surname:"Buenos Aires Pereira",slug:"janiella-buenos-aires-pereira",fullName:"Janiella Buenos Aires Pereira"},{id:"171541",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Pessoa",slug:"claudia-pessoa",fullName:"Claudia Pessoa"}],corrections:null},{id:"46044",title:"Anticalcineurinics: Role of Mitochondrial Transition Pore on Nephrotoxicity",doi:"10.5772/57286",slug:"anticalcineurinics-role-of-mitochondrial-transition-pore-on-nephrotoxicity",totalDownloads:1979,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alberto Lázaro Fernández, Blanca Humanes Sánchez, Juan Carlos\nJado Rodríguez, Ana María Torres Redondo, Sonia Camaño Páez,\nJosé Antonio Lázaro Manero, Manuela Castilla Barba, Marina\nMojena Sánchez and Alberto Tejedor Jorge",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46044",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46044",authors:[{id:"90063",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Tejedor",slug:"alberto-tejedor",fullName:"Alberto Tejedor"},{id:"97470",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Lázaro",slug:"alberto-lazaro",fullName:"Alberto Lázaro"},{id:"127190",title:"BSc.",name:"Blanca",surname:"Humanes",slug:"blanca-humanes",fullName:"Blanca Humanes"},{id:"169713",title:"Dr.",name:"Juán Carlos",surname:"Jado",slug:"juan-carlos-jado",fullName:"Juán Carlos Jado"},{id:"169714",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",surname:"Torres",slug:"ana-maria-torres",fullName:"Ana Maria Torres"},{id:"169715",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuela",surname:"Castilla",slug:"manuela-castilla",fullName:"Manuela Castilla"},{id:"169716",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Camano",slug:"sonia-camano",fullName:"Sonia Camano"},{id:"169717",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",surname:"Lazaro",slug:"jose-antonio-lazaro",fullName:"Jose Antonio Lazaro"},{id:"170178",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Mojena",slug:"marina-mojena",fullName:"Marina Mojena"}],corrections:null},{id:"46749",title:"Nanotherapeutics in Cancer Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/58419",slug:"nanotherapeutics-in-cancer-prevention-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:3504,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Samaya R Krishnan and Suraj K George",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46749",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46749",authors:[{id:"169691",title:"Dr.",name:"Suraj Konnath",surname:"George",slug:"suraj-konnath-george",fullName:"Suraj Konnath George"},{id:"169719",title:"Dr.",name:"Samaya",surname:"Krishnan",slug:"samaya-krishnan",fullName:"Samaya Krishnan"}],corrections:null},{id:"46653",title:"Anticancer Drug — Friend or Foe",doi:"10.5772/58552",slug:"anticancer-drug-friend-or-foe",totalDownloads:7958,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tuğba Taşkın-Tok and Sivakumar Gowder",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46653",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46653",authors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],corrections:null},{id:"46134",title:"Drug Carrier Systems Using Chitosan for Non Parenteral Routes",doi:"10.5772/57235",slug:"drug-carrier-systems-using-chitosan-for-non-parenteral-routes",totalDownloads:2998,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Clara Luisa Domínguez-Delgado, Isabel Marlen Rodríguez-Cruz,\nEnrique Fuentes-Prado, José Juan Escobar-Chávez, Gustavo Vidal-\nRomero, Lorena García-González and Rafael Iván Puente-Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46134",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46134",authors:[{id:"94424",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel Marlen",surname:"Rodriguez-Cruz",slug:"isabel-marlen-rodriguez-cruz",fullName:"Isabel Marlen Rodriguez-Cruz"},{id:"94426",title:"Dr.",name:"Clara Luisa",surname:"Dominguez-Delgado",slug:"clara-luisa-dominguez-delgado",fullName:"Clara Luisa Dominguez-Delgado"},{id:"170521",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Fuentes-Prado",slug:"enrique-fuentes-prado",fullName:"Enrique Fuentes-Prado"},{id:"170522",title:"Dr.",name:"José Juan",surname:"Escobar-Chávez",slug:"jose-juan-escobar-chavez",fullName:"José Juan Escobar-Chávez"},{id:"170523",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Vidal-Romero",slug:"gustavo-vidal-romero",fullName:"Gustavo Vidal-Romero"},{id:"170524",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorena",surname:"García-González",slug:"lorena-garcia-gonzalez",fullName:"Lorena García-González"},{id:"170525",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael Ivan",surname:"Puente-Lee",slug:"rafael-ivan-puente-lee",fullName:"Rafael Ivan Puente-Lee"}],corrections:null},{id:"46643",title:"Drug Abuse, Addiction and Dependence",doi:"10.5772/58574",slug:"drug-abuse-addiction-and-dependence",totalDownloads:2604,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alewu Benjamin and Nosiri Chidi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46643",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46643",authors:[{id:"32403",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Alewu",slug:"benjamin-alewu",fullName:"Benjamin Alewu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3408",title:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"71cbc4a6caf1e19add9556925b6d2974",slug:"new-insights-into-toxicity-and-drug-testing",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3408.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4597",title:"Basic Principles and Clinical Significance of Oxidative Stress",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89a2f0b8113514563d387fba14e963bd",slug:"basic-principles-and-clinical-significance-of-oxidative-stress",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2860",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"07b45b340578c983659c4376a7bd0e57",slug:"cell-interaction",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2860.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5359",title:"New Insights into Cell Culture Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b8c3dd4179c45c938b6f24a4efa94c5",slug:"new-insights-into-cell-culture-technology",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1641",title:"Cholera",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"afebfab613bc604ea17f98395e290eeb",slug:"cholera",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1641.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6222",title:"A Critical Evaluation of Vitamin D",subtitle:"Clinical Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d98de6741a343ee917a6727f09d2ab3",slug:"a-critical-evaluation-of-vitamin-d-clinical-overview",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6222.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5269",title:"A Critical Evaluation of Vitamin D",subtitle:"Basic Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e0a1073183dd1859da3abac7344d03c",slug:"a-critical-evaluation-of-vitamin-d-basic-overview",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5269.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"551",title:"Antiviral Drugs",subtitle:"Aspects of Clinical Use and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a607111d1bca42ff287b1cfac2468c0",slug:"antiviral-drugs-aspects-of-clinical-use-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Patrick Arbuthnot",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/551.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88695",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Arbuthnot",slug:"patrick-arbuthnot",fullName:"Patrick Arbuthnot"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1516",title:"Pharmacotherapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5913f56353d16d5484d5a0955843db96",slug:"pharmacotherapy",bookSignature:"Farid Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1516.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"76873",slug:"corrigendum-satellite-control-system-part-i-architecture-and-main-components",title:"Corrigendum: Satellite Control System: Part I - Architecture and Main Components",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76873.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76873",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76873",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76873",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76873",chapter:{id:"72485",slug:"satellite-control-system-part-i-architecture-and-main-components",signatures:"Yuri V. Kim",dateSubmitted:"February 17th 2020",dateReviewed:"April 16th 2020",datePrePublished:"June 15th 2020",datePublished:"April 14th 2021",book:{id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"316140",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Yuri Kim",slug:"yuri-kim",email:"yurikim@hotmail.ca",position:null,institution:{name:"Canadian Space Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"72485",slug:"satellite-control-system-part-i-architecture-and-main-components",signatures:"Yuri V. Kim",dateSubmitted:"February 17th 2020",dateReviewed:"April 16th 2020",datePrePublished:"June 15th 2020",datePublished:"April 14th 2021",book:{id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"316140",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Yuri Kim",slug:"yuri-kim",email:"yurikim@hotmail.ca",position:null,institution:{name:"Canadian Space Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},book:{id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10572",leadTitle:null,title:"Advancements in Chromophore and Bio-Chromophore Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe textbook would target the recent most developments in the chromophores (dyes, pigments, organic compounds with extended conjugation and their metal-complexes) and bio-chromophores (natural biomolecules such as metalloenzymes and artificial biomolecules for instance those developed by integrating biomolecules with chromophores) based research.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will entail design, development, and industrial applications of new and novel dyes and pigments from wide areas of organic and inorganic chemistry along with biological sciences. Besides, this book will comprise recent design and development on organic molecules and their metal-complexes towards the detection of biologically and environmentally concerned cations, anions, neutral molecules via chromogenic, fluorometric, and electrochemical signaling responses using UV/vis, emission, and electrochemical techniques. Further, the advancements in the bio-chromophores for detection of biologically vital as well as harmful ions and molecules using colorimetric changes via UV/vis technique, fluorimetric signaling through emission technique, and electrochemical changes by cyclic voltammetry (CV), LSV, etc. will also be included in this book.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4aca0af0356d8d31fa8621859a68db8f",bookSignature:"Dr. Rampal Pandey",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10572.jpg",keywords:"Organic Probes, Metal-Complex Probes, Nano-Probes, Fluorometric Readout, Electrochemical Response, Environmentally Concerned Analytes, Bio-Chromophores, Biomolecular Detection, Multichannel Signaling Response, Absorption, Emission, Electrochemical",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 17th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 15th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 13th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 4th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 3rd 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A leading young researcher in the chromophore, MOF, and soft material research, Appointed Associate Dean at NIT Uttarakhand, received Presidents Inspire Teacher Award, published quality international papers, registred patents, developed MOOC and e-PG Pathshala contents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"338234",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Rampal",middleName:null,surname:"Pandey",slug:"rampal-pandey",fullName:"Rampal Pandey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/338234/images/system/338234.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rampal Pandey currently works as Senior Assistant Professor and Associate Dean (Faculty Welfare) at the Department of Chemistry, NIT Uttarakhand. He is an active researcher in the field of Supramolecular Chemistry, Porous functional materials, Inorganic and Organometalic Chemistry. He has been recognized as the President's Inspired Teacher, International Outstanding Scientist, and DST-INSPIRE Faculty. He is a member of the American Chemical Society (ACS), Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), Chemical Research Society of India (CRSI), Society of Material Chemistry of India (SMC), Solar Energy Society of India (SESI), and Indian Society of Chemists & Biologists (ISCB). Dr. Pandey has over 45 internationally reputed publications, 2 Patents in chemical sensing, and over 10 invited talks in person. He is Section Editor (Inorganic Chemistry) of Current Indian Science (Bentham Science), Guest Editor-Frontiers in Chemistry, reviewers of many international journals, Coordinator for MOOC programs, and has organized several conferences and workshops.",institutionString:"National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"32684",title:"Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Brain Involvement - 5 Years Experience from a Tertiary Care Center in South India",doi:"10.5772/37731",slug:"inborn-errors-of-metabolism-and-brain-involvement-5-years-experience-from-a-tertiary-care-center-in-",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/32684.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32684",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32684",totalDownloads:2873,totalViews:100,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:51,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 7th 2011",dateReviewed:"October 25th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 16th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/32684",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/32684",book:{id:"1738",slug:"brain-damage-bridging-between-basic-research-and-clinics"},signatures:"Kannan Vaidyanathan, M. P. Narayanan and D. M. Vasudevan",authors:[{id:"114112",title:"Prof.",name:"Damodaran",middleName:null,surname:"Vasudevan",fullName:"Damodaran Vasudevan",slug:"damodaran-vasudevan",email:"dmvasudevan@yahoo.co.in",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Medical Trust Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1738",type:"book",title:"Brain Damage",subtitle:"Bridging Between Basic Research and Clinics",fullTitle:"Brain Damage - Bridging Between Basic Research and Clinics",slug:"brain-damage-bridging-between-basic-research-and-clinics",publishedDate:"March 16th 2012",bookSignature:"Alina González-Quevedo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1738.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0375-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5247-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"112886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Quevedo",slug:"alina-gonzalez-quevedo",fullName:"Alina Gonzalez-Quevedo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1179"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"32682",type:"chapter",title:"The Etiology and Evolution of Fetal Brain Injury",slug:"the-etiology-and-evolution-of-foetal-brain-injury",totalDownloads:14579,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Andrew Macnab",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab"}]},{id:"32683",type:"chapter",title:"Brain Damage and Long-Lasting Sequels in Childhood: What Does Cerebral Palsy (CP) Mean at the Beginning of the XXI Century?",slug:"brain-damage-and-long-lasting-sequels-in-chilhood",totalDownloads:2425,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"D. Truscelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"118772",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Truscelli",fullName:"Truscelli",slug:"truscelli"}]},{id:"32684",type:"chapter",title:"Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Brain Involvement - 5 Years Experience from a Tertiary Care Center in South India",slug:"inborn-errors-of-metabolism-and-brain-involvement-5-years-experience-from-a-tertiary-care-center-in-",totalDownloads:2873,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kannan Vaidyanathan, M. P. Narayanan and D. M. Vasudevan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114112",title:"Prof.",name:"Damodaran",middleName:null,surname:"Vasudevan",fullName:"Damodaran Vasudevan",slug:"damodaran-vasudevan"}]},{id:"32685",type:"chapter",title:"Demonstration of Subclinical Organ Damage to the Central Nervous System in Essential Hypertension",slug:"demonstration-of-subclinical-organ-damage-to-the-central-nervous-system-in-essential-hypertension",totalDownloads:2138,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alina González-Quevedo, Sergio González García, Otman Fernández Concepción, Rosaralis Santiesteban Freixas, Luis Quevedo Sotolongo, Marisol Peña Sánchez, Rebeca Fernández Carriera and Zenaida Hernández",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"112886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Quevedo",fullName:"Alina Gonzalez-Quevedo",slug:"alina-gonzalez-quevedo"},{id:"148837",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Garcia",fullName:"Sergio Gonzalez Garcia",slug:"sergio-gonzalez-garcia"},{id:"148838",title:"Dr.",name:"Otman",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández Concepción",fullName:"Otman Fernández Concepción",slug:"otman-fernandez-concepcion"},{id:"148839",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosaralis",middleName:null,surname:"Santiesteban Freixas",fullName:"Rosaralis Santiesteban Freixas",slug:"rosaralis-santiesteban-freixas"},{id:"148840",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Quevedo Sotolongo",fullName:"Luis Quevedo Sotolongo",slug:"luis-quevedo-sotolongo"},{id:"148842",title:"Dr.",name:"Marisol",middleName:null,surname:"Peña Sánchez",fullName:"Marisol Peña Sánchez",slug:"marisol-pena-sanchez"},{id:"148843",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebeca",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández Carriera",fullName:"Rebeca Fernández Carriera",slug:"rebeca-fernandez-carriera"},{id:"148844",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández",fullName:"Zenaida Hernández",slug:"zenaida-hernandez"}]},{id:"32686",type:"chapter",title:"Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases",slug:"pathology-of-neurodegenerative-disease",totalDownloads:6064,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"YoungSoo Kim, Yunkyung Kim, Onyou Hwang and Dong Jin Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115253",title:"Dr.",name:"Dong Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Dong Jin Kim",slug:"dong-jin-kim"},{id:"115254",title:"Dr.",name:"YoungSoo",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"YoungSoo Kim",slug:"youngsoo-kim"},{id:"115845",title:"Dr.",name:"Yun Kyung",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Yun Kyung Kim",slug:"yun-kyung-kim"},{id:"115847",title:"Prof.",name:"Onyou",middleName:null,surname:"Hwang",fullName:"Onyou Hwang",slug:"onyou-hwang"}]},{id:"32687",type:"chapter",title:"Nitrooxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration",slug:"nitrooxidative-stress-and-neurodegeneration",totalDownloads:2687,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Michal Fiedorowicz and Pawel Grieb",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114116",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Fiedorowicz",fullName:"Michal Fiedorowicz",slug:"michal-fiedorowicz"},{id:"119366",title:"Prof.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Grieb",fullName:"Pawel Grieb",slug:"pawel-grieb"}]},{id:"32688",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Brain Injury and Ensuing Neurodegeneration",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-acute-brain-injury-and-ensuing-neurodegeneration",totalDownloads:2735,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francisco J. Ortega, Jose M. Vidal-Taboada, Nicole Mahy and Manuel J. Rodríguez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73957",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Mahy",fullName:"Nicole Mahy",slug:"nicole-mahy"},{id:"73979",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:"J",surname:"Rodriguez",fullName:"Manuel Rodriguez",slug:"manuel-rodriguez"},{id:"73981",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Vidal",fullName:"Jose Vidal",slug:"jose-vidal"},{id:"117946",title:"Mr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",fullName:"Francisco Javier Ortega",slug:"francisco-javier-ortega"}]},{id:"32689",type:"chapter",title:"Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies",slug:"transmisible-spongiform-encephalopathies-tses-pathophysiology-and-molecular-aspects",totalDownloads:2164,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Glaucia N. M. Hajj, Tiago G. Santos, Michele C. Landemberger and Marilene H. Lopes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78458",title:"Dr.",name:"Glaucia",middleName:null,surname:"Hajj",fullName:"Glaucia Hajj",slug:"glaucia-hajj"},{id:"84038",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago G.",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",fullName:"Tiago G. Santos",slug:"tiago-g.-santos"},{id:"84039",title:"Dr.",name:"Marilene H.",middleName:null,surname:"Lopes",fullName:"Marilene H. Lopes",slug:"marilene-h.-lopes"},{id:"146393",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele Christine",middleName:null,surname:"Landemberger",fullName:"Michele Christine Landemberger",slug:"michele-christine-landemberger"}]},{id:"32690",type:"chapter",title:"Cognitive Impairments in Drug Addicts",slug:"cognitive-impairments-in-drug-addicts",totalDownloads:8194,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Fred Nyberg",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"113747",title:"Prof.",name:"Fred",middleName:null,surname:"Nyberg",fullName:"Fred Nyberg",slug:"fred-nyberg"}]},{id:"32691",type:"chapter",title:"Brain Restoration: A Function of Sleep",slug:"brain-restoration-a-function-of-sleep",totalDownloads:2723,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eva Acosta-Peña, Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Alba and Fabio García-García",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"108955",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"García-García",fullName:"Fabio García-García",slug:"fabio-garcia-garcia"},{id:"116669",title:"BSc.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Acosta-Peña",fullName:"Eva Acosta-Peña",slug:"eva-acosta-pena"},{id:"116670",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Alba",fullName:"Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Alba",slug:"juan-carlos-rodriguez-alba"}]},{id:"32692",type:"chapter",title:"Dynamic Brain Function Monitoring a New Concept in Neuro-Intensive Care",slug:"dynamic-brain-function-monitoring-a-new-concept-in-neuro-intensive-care",totalDownloads:2517,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"E. Bosco and P. Zanatta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111903",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrico",middleName:null,surname:"Bosco",fullName:"Enrico Bosco",slug:"enrico-bosco"},{id:"138034",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Zanatta",fullName:"Paolo Zanatta",slug:"paolo-zanatta"}]},{id:"32693",type:"chapter",title:"Carotid Endarterectomy",slug:"carotid-endaterectomy",totalDownloads:3508,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mustafa Karaçelik",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"87602",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Karaçelik",fullName:"Mustafa Karaçelik",slug:"mustafa-karacelik"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5156",title:"Trending Topics in Multiple Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d45419fbcebc3e77a226b73a87ad441b",slug:"trending-topics-in-multiple-sclerosis",bookSignature:"Alina Gonzalez-Quevedo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5156.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",surname:"Gonzalez-Quevedo",slug:"alina-gonzalez-quevedo",fullName:"Alina Gonzalez-Quevedo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"50808",title:"Genetic and Biochemical Factors Related to the Risk and Disability Progression in Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"genetic-and-biochemical-factors-related-to-the-risk-and-disability-progression-in-multiple-sclerosis",signatures:"Daniel Čierny, Jozef Michalik, Ema Kantorová, Egon Kurča and Ján\nLehotský",authors:[{id:"90214",title:"Prof.",name:"Ján",middleName:null,surname:"Lehotský",fullName:"Ján Lehotský",slug:"jan-lehotsky"},{id:"179418",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Cierny",fullName:"Daniel Cierny",slug:"daniel-cierny"},{id:"184882",title:"Prof.",name:"Egon",middleName:null,surname:"Kurča",fullName:"Egon Kurča",slug:"egon-kurca"},{id:"184883",title:"Dr.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Michalik",fullName:"Jozef Michalik",slug:"jozef-michalik"}]},{id:"50444",title:"The Gateway Reflex, a Novel Neuro‐immune Interaction, is Critical for the Development of Mouse Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Models",slug:"the-gateway-reflex-a-novel-neuro-immune-interaction-is-critical-for-the-development-of-mouse-multipl",signatures:"Daisuke Kamimura, Yasunobu Arima, Andrea Stofkova, Naoki\nNishikawa, Kotaro Higuchi, Takuto Ohki and Masaaki Murakami",authors:[{id:"178981",title:"Prof.",name:"Masaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Murakami",fullName:"Masaaki Murakami",slug:"masaaki-murakami"},{id:"179235",title:"Dr.",name:"Daisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Kamimura",fullName:"Daisuke Kamimura",slug:"daisuke-kamimura"},{id:"179236",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasunobu",middleName:null,surname:"Arima",fullName:"Yasunobu Arima",slug:"yasunobu-arima"},{id:"179237",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Stofkova",fullName:"Andrea Stofkova",slug:"andrea-stofkova"},{id:"179239",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Nishikawa",fullName:"Naoki Nishikawa",slug:"naoki-nishikawa"},{id:"179240",title:"Mr.",name:"Kotaro",middleName:null,surname:"Higuchi",fullName:"Kotaro Higuchi",slug:"kotaro-higuchi"},{id:"179241",title:"Mr.",name:"Takuto",middleName:null,surname:"Ohki",fullName:"Takuto Ohki",slug:"takuto-ohki"}]},{id:"50603",title:"Intrathecal Immunoglobulin Synthesis in MS—A Complete Reappraisal",slug:"intrathecal-immunoglobulin-synthesis-in-ms-a-complete-reappraisal",signatures:"Mickael Bonnan",authors:[{id:"110897",title:"Dr",name:"Mickael",middleName:null,surname:"Bonnan",fullName:"Mickael Bonnan",slug:"mickael-bonnan"}]},{id:"51342",title:"Autoimmune Processes in Multiple Sclerosis: Production of Harmful Catalytic Antibodies Associated with Significant Changes in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation and Proliferation",slug:"autoimmune-processes-in-multiple-sclerosis-production-of-harmful-catalytic-antibodies-associated-wit",signatures:"Georgy A. Nevinsky",authors:[{id:"47119",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgy",middleName:null,surname:"Nevinsky",fullName:"Georgy Nevinsky",slug:"georgy-nevinsky"}]},{id:"51950",title:"Multiple Sclerosis and Its Relationship with Oxidative Stress, Glutathione Redox System, ATPase System, and Membrane Fluidity",slug:"multiple-sclerosis-and-its-relationship-with-oxidative-stress-glutathione-redox-system-atpase-system",signatures:"Genaro G. Ortiz, Fermín P. Pacheco‐Moisés, Erandis D. Torres‐\nSánchez, Tanya E. Sorto‐Gómez, Mario Mireles‐Ramírez, Alfredo\nLeón‐Gil, Héctor González‐Usigli, Luis J. Flores‐Alvarado, Erika D.\nGonzález‐Renovato, Angelica L. Sánchez‐López, Margarita Cid‐\nHernández and Irma E. Velázquez‐Brizuela",authors:[{id:"26109",title:"Dr.",name:"Genaro",middleName:"Gabriel",surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Genaro Ortiz",slug:"genaro-ortiz"},{id:"166323",title:"Dr.",name:"Fermín",middleName:null,surname:"Pacheco-Moisés",fullName:"Fermín Pacheco-Moisés",slug:"fermin-pacheco-moises"},{id:"166328",title:"Dr.",name:"Erandis D",middleName:null,surname:"Tórres-Sánchez",fullName:"Erandis D Tórres-Sánchez",slug:"erandis-d-torres-sanchez"},{id:"173290",title:"MSc.",name:"Erica Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"González-Renovato",fullName:"Erica Daniela González-Renovato",slug:"erica-daniela-gonzalez-renovato"},{id:"173292",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Angélica L.",middleName:"Lizeth",surname:"Sánchez López.",fullName:"Angélica L. Sánchez López.",slug:"angelica-l.-sanchez-lopez."},{id:"173295",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Mireles-Ramírez",fullName:"Mario Mireles-Ramírez",slug:"mario-mireles-ramirez"},{id:"173377",title:"Dr.",name:"J Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Alvarado",fullName:"J Luis Flores-Alvarado",slug:"j-luis-flores-alvarado"},{id:"178191",title:"Dr.",name:"Héctor",middleName:null,surname:"González-Usigli",fullName:"Héctor González-Usigli",slug:"hector-gonzalez-usigli"},{id:"179800",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"León-Gil",fullName:"Alfredo León-Gil",slug:"alfredo-leon-gil"},{id:"179801",title:"Dr.",name:"Tania E",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-Sorto",fullName:"Tania E Gómez-Sorto",slug:"tania-e-gomez-sorto"},{id:"179802",title:"MSc.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Cid-Hernández",fullName:"Margarita Cid-Hernández",slug:"margarita-cid-hernandez"}]},{id:"51025",title:"Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"pediatric-multiple-sclerosis",signatures:"Ozgul Ekmekci",authors:[{id:"179039",title:"Prof.",name:"Ozgul",middleName:null,surname:"Ekmekci",fullName:"Ozgul Ekmekci",slug:"ozgul-ekmekci"}]},{id:"51151",title:"Association Between Multiple Sclerosis Risk and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Insights and Challenges",slug:"association-between-multiple-sclerosis-risk-and-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection-insights-and-",signatures:"Ehtishamul Haq, Insha Zahoor and Mushfiquddin Khan",authors:[{id:"181077",title:"Dr.",name:"Ehtishamul",middleName:null,surname:"Haq",fullName:"Ehtishamul Haq",slug:"ehtishamul-haq"},{id:"185233",title:"Dr.",name:"Insha",middleName:null,surname:"Zahoor",fullName:"Insha Zahoor",slug:"insha-zahoor"},{id:"185234",title:"Dr.",name:"Mushfiquddin",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Mushfiquddin Khan",slug:"mushfiquddin-khan"}]},{id:"51341",title:"The Role of Over-Nutrition and Obesity in Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"the-role-of-over-nutrition-and-obesity-in-multiple-sclerosis",signatures:"Ema Kantorová, Egon Kurča, Daniel Čierny, Dušan Dobrota and\nŠtefan Sivák",authors:[{id:"179418",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Cierny",fullName:"Daniel Cierny",slug:"daniel-cierny"},{id:"178642",title:"Dr.",name:"Ema",middleName:null,surname:"Kantorova",fullName:"Ema Kantorova",slug:"ema-kantorova"},{id:"184896",title:"Prof.",name:"Egon",middleName:null,surname:"Kurča",fullName:"Egon Kurča",slug:"egon-kurca"},{id:"184897",title:"Prof.",name:"Dušan",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrota",fullName:"Dušan Dobrota",slug:"dusan-dobrota"}]},{id:"51048",title:"Cognitive Deficits and Neuropsychological Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"cognitive-deficits-and-neuropsychological-assessment-in-multiple-sclerosis",signatures:"Alena Javůrková, Denisa Zimová, Katarína Tomašovičová and\nJaroslava Raudenská",authors:[{id:"180038",title:"Dr.",name:"Alena",middleName:null,surname:"Javůrková",fullName:"Alena Javůrková",slug:"alena-javurkova"},{id:"185899",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslava",middleName:null,surname:"Raudenská",fullName:"Jaroslava Raudenská",slug:"jaroslava-raudenska"},{id:"185900",title:"Dr.",name:"Denisa",middleName:null,surname:"Zimová",fullName:"Denisa Zimová",slug:"denisa-zimova"},{id:"185902",title:"BSc.",name:"Katarína",middleName:null,surname:"Tomašovičová",fullName:"Katarína Tomašovičová",slug:"katarina-tomasovicova"}]},{id:"50652",title:"Social Cognition Impairments in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Comparison with Imaging Studies, Disease Duration and Grade of Disability",slug:"social-cognition-impairments-in-patients-with-multiple-sclerosis-and-comparison-with-imaging-studies",signatures:"Valentina Ignatova, Lyudmila Todorova and Jivko Surchev",authors:[{id:"178891",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Ignatova",fullName:"Valentina Ignatova",slug:"valentina-ignatova"},{id:"179772",title:"Prof.",name:"Lyudmila",middleName:null,surname:"Todorova",fullName:"Lyudmila Todorova",slug:"lyudmila-todorova"},{id:"179773",title:"Dr.",name:"Jivko",middleName:null,surname:"Surchev",fullName:"Jivko Surchev",slug:"jivko-surchev"}]},{id:"50653",title:"Sex Hormones and Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"sex-hormones-and-multiple-sclerosis",signatures:"Anastasiya G. Trenova",authors:[{id:"179041",title:"Dr.",name:"Anastasiya",middleName:"G.",surname:"Trenova",fullName:"Anastasiya Trenova",slug:"anastasiya-trenova"}]},{id:"51080",title:"Neuroprotection and Recovery in Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"neuroprotection-and-recovery-in-multiple-sclerosis",signatures:"Dafin F. Muresanu, Maria Balea, Olivia Rosu, Anca Buzoianu and\nDana Slavoaca",authors:[{id:"64889",title:"Prof.",name:"Dafin F.",middleName:null,surname:"Muresanu",fullName:"Dafin F. Muresanu",slug:"dafin-f.-muresanu"}]},{id:"50910",title:"Neuroprotection: A New Therapeutic Approach of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"neuroprotection-a-new-therapeutic-approach-of-relapsing-remitting-multiple-sclerosis",signatures:"Juan Espinosa-Parrilla, Marco Pugliese, Nicole Mahy and Manuel J\nRodríguez",authors:[{id:"73957",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Mahy",fullName:"Nicole Mahy",slug:"nicole-mahy"},{id:"73979",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:"J",surname:"Rodriguez",fullName:"Manuel Rodriguez",slug:"manuel-rodriguez"},{id:"179760",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Pugliese",fullName:"Marco Pugliese",slug:"marco-pugliese"},{id:"185228",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:"Francisco",surname:"Espinos-Parrilla",fullName:"Juan Espinos-Parrilla",slug:"juan-espinos-parrilla"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"571",title:"Advances in the Preclinical Study of Ischemic Stroke",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c00b008c3c54c3c544c0eae9974bdd6f",slug:"advances-in-the-preclinical-study-of-ischemic-stroke",bookSignature:"Maurizio Balestrino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/571.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87201",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"Balestrino",slug:"maurizio-balestrino",fullName:"Maurizio Balestrino"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"725",title:"Meningiomas",subtitle:"Management and Surgery",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2dd4064e28968395bf5e9016fed6855d",slug:"meningiomas-management-and-surgery",bookSignature:"Daniel Monleon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/725.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88532",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Monleon",slug:"daniel-monleon",fullName:"Daniel Monleon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"979",title:"Neural Tube Defects",subtitle:"Role of Folate, Prevention Strategies and Genetics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e0b30f857dae775240b14fd47e30a643",slug:"neural-tube-defects-role-of-folate-prevention-strategies-and-genetics",bookSignature:"Kannan Laksmi Narasimhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/979.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59589",title:"Dr.",name:"Kannan Laksmi",surname:"Narasimhan",slug:"kannan-laksmi-narasimhan",fullName:"Kannan Laksmi Narasimhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6089",title:"Sensory Nervous System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87928c04aaa3d4dc4117bd9bb6b599e7",slug:"sensory-nervous-system",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6089.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80685",title:"Neuropathology in Huntington’s Disease: A Balancing Act between Neurodegeneration and Aggregates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102828",slug:"neuropathology-in-huntington-s-disease-a-balancing-act-between-neurodegeneration-and-aggregates",body:'The autosomal dominantly transmitted Huntington’s disease (HD) is caused by an expanded cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat in exon 1 of the Huntingtin gene (
Neuropathologically, HD shows progredient neuronal cell loss most pronounced in the neostriatum, but also in many other cortical and non-cortical brain areas with considerable regional differences between the HD individuals reflecting the high variability of clinical symptoms. Currently, there is no cure for HD, and only symptoms can be treated.
HD-affected brains show misfolded proteins in form of mutant Huntingtin (mHtt) aggregates, which may be toxic or protective, and their pathomechanism is far from being understood. Aggregates are detected in the nucleus of neurons, the cytoplasm, cell processes and the neuropil. Notably, new therapies address lowering the
In this chapter, we start with some general aspects on neurodegeneration in the human HD brain, then review the distribution and composition of mHtt aggregates and inclusions in two selected rodent models and in human HD brains and conclude with an outlook to future studies to further elucidate the controversial discussion about aggregates and their toxicity.
Degeneration of human HD brains has been reported long before the causative gene was detected [8, 9]. The diagnosis was initially performed according to family history, characteristic choreiform movements, cognitive decline and the progredient course of the disease. First post-mortem studies focussed on bilateral striatal atrophy that has always been the most pronounced and consistent macroscopic alteration of the HD brain. The striatal atrophy, which occurs in 95% of all examined HD post-mortem brains, has led to the grading system of Vonsattel, still the most used tool when neurodegeneration of the human HD brain is classified [10, 11]. Based on a high number of post-mortem brains, Vonsattel evaluated the degeneration of striatal areas including the caudate nucleus and putamen as dorsal (motor) and the accumbens as ventral (limbic) neostriatum and the globus pallidus with its external and internal segment as paleostriatum, the latter belonging to the diencephalon. The caudate nucleus and putamen are first affected with a progredient caudo-rostral, medio-lateral and dorso-ventral shift, followed by the accumbens ventrally to the head of the caudate nucleus. Vonsattel determined the temporospatial striatal atrophy into five grades (0–4), also involving the pathohistology of the affected areas. An example of the striatal atrophy at grade 3–4 is documented in Figure 1A. At this advanced stage of degeneration, the medial striatal outline bordering the ventricle is straight, the caudate nucleus can hardly be identified and the putamen and globus pallidus are enormously shrunken. The neostriatal atrophy is due to the progredient loss of medium-sized projection neurons that are with about 90–95% the most abundant neuronal cell type in all neostriatal areas (Figure 1C). With progredient degeneration, most neurons are dysmorph or lost in the caudate nucleus and putamen, especially in the dorsal parts, accompanied by a marked increase in glial cells (Figure 1B). In HD, astrocytosis was reported to be inversely proportional to neuronal cell loss with a later beginning, whereas the density of oligodendrocytes was already increased at the early Vonsattel grades 0, 1 and 2 [12]. An increase in oligodendrocytes was also observed in the tail of caudate nucleus in HD mutation carriers already prior to the onset of symptoms [13]. A grade-dependant increase of activated microglia was also found in the dorsal neostriatum and globus pallidus [14]. In contrast, ventral striatal areas only show mild neuronal cell loss and moderate gliosis, even at advanced stage of degeneration [11]. The pronounced vulnerability of medium-sized projection neurons is still unclear [15, 16] and the fate of local aspiny striatal interneurons which make up about 5–10% of all striatal neurons is still controversial. They appear to be less and later affected in HD [17]. The striatal interneurons consist of different subpopulations all of which may undergo a different grade-dependant degeneration pattern [18]. Notably, striatal atrophy is also correlated with HD repeat size, younger age of onset and age of death [19].
(A) Frontal HD brain section at advanced degeneration stage (Vonsattel grade 3–4) and a control brain at comparable striatal level with the anterior commissure (ac). Atrophy of the caudate nucleus (Cd) adjacent to the internal capsule (ic) leads to straight outline (white arrowheads) bordering the enlarged lateral ventricle (V) not observed in striatal areas of the control brain. Putamen (Pu) and globus pallidus (GP) also display severe atrophy. Note the shrinkage of white matter (wm) and the corpus callosum (cc) in the HD brain. (B) Cresyl violet-stained paraffin section (15 μm) of the HD putamen displays loss of most medium-sized striatal neurons with some neuronal cell bodies left (black arrowheads) and a pronounced gliosis as detected by abundant small cell nuclei. (C) Section of the control brain shows normal distribution of medium-sized striatal neurons (black arrowheads). Bar in A = 5 cm; bar in C for B and C = 150 μm.
The globus pallidus as the main neostriatal projection area also undergoes severe atrophy in HD (Figure 1A). Pallidal degeneration starts later at Vonsattel grade 2 up to a volume loss of around 50% at grade 4 with the external (the major output target area of the dorsal neostriatum) more affected than the medial segment [20]. Interestingly, the pallidal volume shrinkage is mainly due to loss of neuropil [11, 21], which could represent the reduction of projection axons emerging from neostriatal neurons und their synaptic terminals densely contacting the large pallidal neurons and their proximal dendritic shafts.
Beyond the striatum cortical, other diencephalic and brainstem areas are also affected though highly variable in expression. Morphometric studies of the telencephalon detected that all four lobes showed cortical atrophy more expressed in parietal and occipital than in frontal and temporal areas [22]. These observations were confirmed by MRI-based studies [23]. Imaging studies can be applied in large cohorts of patients in pre-symptomatic, early, middle and late stages and are therefore valuable tools for investigating the development of atrophy in HD brains. A recent MRI study in HD patients carried out annually over a time period of 10 years also confirmed the greatest atrophy in parietal and occipital cortical areas [24]. Remarkably, neuronal cell loss is considerably variable between HD subjects as detected in selected cortical areas [25]. Furthermore, loss of neurons in the primary motor cortex is related to motor symptoms, whereas loss of neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex is related to mood disturbances [26]. To date, many cortical areas have not yet been examined.
In addition to pallidal studies, diencephalic investigations focussed on thalamic and hypothalamic affection. A voxel-based morphometry-based study detected a co-variation between atrophy and cognitive performance suggesting impairment in executive functions [27]. Atrophy is described in the centromedian/parafascicular thalamic complex [28]. The centromedian nucleus is involved into the sensorimotor-associated basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical feedback loop. The mediodorsal nucleus, which is involved in the corresponding limbic loop, also shows significant neuronal cell loss [29]. Thus, thalamic nuclei involved in HD-associated functionally important feedback loops appear to be severely affected in HD.
Interestingly, the hypothalamus shows a significant loss of grey matter signals already in prodromal HD individuals [30]. Some non-motor dysfunctions are discussed to be associated with changes in neuropeptidergic cell populations disturbing hypothalamic circuitry [31]. Dysfunctions include daily hormone excretion pattern and circadian rhythm disorders, which could also be a target for therapeutic treatment in the disease.
As HD patients show cognitive decline such as planning deficits and short-term memory impairments often already in prodromal phases of the disease, hippocampal involvement should also be considered. A mild but significant atrophy of the hippocampus formation was observed by Lange and Aulich [22] and later confirmed by MRI-based morphometric studies [23]. Accordingly, Vonsattel et al. [11] detected loss of neurons and gliosis in numerous HD cases. However, to really evaluate the hippocampal impact on cognitive impairments, more specific studies on the different subdivisions and cell populations in correlation with clinical symptoms are necessary.
Consistent neuronal loss was also detected in brain stem areas such as substantia nigra, superior and inferior olive, pontine and vestibular nuclei [32]. Regional brain stem affection may contribute to better understanding of vestibular and oculomotor dysfunctions in HD, the latter being one of the main clinical features of HD.
Vonsattel et al. [11] reported on the basis of more than 1000 post-mortem brains that the cerebellum is only slightly smaller in grade 3 and 4 HD brains than in controls. He also detected that the mainly segmental loss of Purkinje cells is inconsistent across the HD brains examined. In contrast, Rüb et al. [33] found Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum and loss of neurons in the four cerebellar nuclei. In a recent study, significant Purkinje cell loss was correlated with motor impairments, whereas no loss was associated with a major mood-phenotype in HD [34]. Notably, cerebellar atrophy is particularly pronounced in juvenile-onset HD individuals accompanied with neuronal loss and gliosis [35].
White matter degeneration is most obvious in telencephalic areas including the corpus callosum and internal capsula (Figure 1A) indicating a severe affection of interhemispheric commissural connections and projection fiber tracts between cortical and noncortical brain regions. White matter alterations occur early in HD as supported by post-mortem [36] and magnetic resonance studies [37, 38]. Fiber tracts that are less in HD focus are also early affected. The fornix connecting the hippocampus with mammillary bodies displays a reduction of 34% already in prodromal cases and 41% in manifest HD [39]. This study also shows that white matter pathology is partly due to myelin breakdown and reduction of oligodendrocyte genes.
All in all, for many cortical and noncortical areas including white matter and fiber tracts, detailed information is still limited and needs more specific interdisciplinary investigations to provide a better understanding of the regional pathology and respective functional impairments. Of note, HD may also be related to other neurodegenerative diseases, for example Alzheimer (AD) and Parkinson disease that could influence regional degeneration [19]. However, the frequency of the coexistence of AD in HD is similar to AD in general population [11]. These aspects have to be considered when evaluating the neuropathology of HD, especially at older ages. Finally, the variation in neuronal degeneration among different HD patients also reflects the heterogeneity in functional impairments and pathogenesis.
Misfolded proteins are common in many neurodegenerative diseases such as amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer and Lewy bodies in Parkinson disease. However, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases comprise a group of disorders with similar symptoms, but may be caused by various reasons. HD is caused by a single gene; therefore, studies on HD-specific aggregates are particularly useful, as they are well comparable among different HD-affected brains. The CAG trinucleotide repeat in the
In HD brains, misfolded proteins were first described as so-called inclusion bodies by conventional electron microscopy [40]. They were detected in the nucleus of neurons as membrane-less round structures that could be distinguished due to lighter homogenous appearance from the surrounding caryoplasm. This observation must have been more of an incidental finding, as intranuclear inclusions are relatively rare in adult-onset human HD brains and extremely difficult to detect without immunohistochemical staining. Similar intranuclear structures with fibrillar and granular composition were also detected in the first transgenic HD animal model, the R6/2 mouse, as documented in Figure 2, by conventional transmission electron microscopy. R6/2 mice express exon 1 of the human HD gene with 115–150 CAG repeats, develop symptoms very early with some features reflecting juvenile-onset HD and exhibit a widespread distribution of intranuclear inclusions in all brain areas [41, 42]. Next, in human HD brains, the presence of mHtt aggregates was confirmed in nuclei and axons by light- and electronmicroscopic mHtt- and Ubiquitin-immunohistochemistry [43]. Generation of the EM48 antibody, which is specific to N-terminal fragments of mHtt [44], confirmed and extended the localization of mHtt aggregates/inclusions in neuronal cytoplasm, dendrites, axons and synapses [45]. Since then, the presence of aggregates and/or inclusions became the characteristic hallmark for histopathology in human HD brains and the increasing number of small and large animal models. From the morphological viewpoint, the terms for aggregates and inclusions are heterogenously used and therefore confusing. Common descriptions are aggregates in the neuropil and inclusions localized intranuclear. Considering the heterogenous size and form in human HD brains [43], it is difficult to distinguish one from another. In this chapter, we try to use both simultaneously, if possible.
Transmission electron microscopy of a cortical pyramidal neuron in R6/2 mouse. (A) The intranuclear inclusion (INI) is a membrane-less structure clearly distinguished from the surrounding chromatin in the caryoplasm and the nucleolus (N). (B) Enlargement of the INI reveals loosely arranged fibrillar (white arrowheads) and granular structures. Postembedding Ubiquitin immunogold staining exhibits particles (15 nm) localized in the INI (black arrowheads), not in caryoplasm. Bar in A = 1 μm; bar in B = 0.5 μm.
Studying mHtt aggregates/inclusions in the broad spectrum of HD animal models, it becomes apparent that the regional, cellular and subcellular localization is as diverse as the large number of HD models themselves. The use of different antibodies makes the assessment of comparable results still more difficult, furthermore, if strong retrievals are used prior to antibody incubation.
Nevertheless, it is undisputed that animal models are valuable to elucidate crucial aspects of underlying pathomechanisms, help to understand the neurological dysfunction and psychiatric alterations and are undispensable for the development of preclinical therapeutic approaches. The choice of an HD animal model will always depend on the underlying question. However, it has to be considered carefully to which extent the respective animal model could answer the respective question in human HD. To elucidate differences and similarities of mHtt aggregates, two established rodent models were presented here in more detail.
The R6/2 mouse presents with behavioural and motor dysfunctions very early and shows severe other symptoms as progredient weight loss with affection of many peripheral organs leading to early death at 12–15 weeks of age [41]. According to their rapid and reproducible phenotype, they were early transferred to commercial breeding from where they are accessible by all interested scientists. The easy availability has also contributed to the fact that the R6/2 mouse has become one of the most extensively studied HD animal model.
Neuropathologically, the R6/2 mouse displays the greatest density of aggregates/inclusions, which makes this model extremely valuable when aggregates/inclusions are used for follow-up studies and/or
When investigating by conventional electron microscopy (Figure 2), intranuclear inclusions are easily detected in adult R6/2 mice in all brain areas inspected. As in human HD brains, the membrane-less intranuclear inclusion is clearly distinguished from the surrounding caryoplasm and comprises homogenously distributed fibrillar and granular structures (Figure 2A and B). Postembedding immunogold staining with Ubiquitin confirms intranuclear inclusion.
Immunostaining with EM48 antibody reveals an overall distribution of mHtt aggregates in all R6/2 brain areas. At cellular level, many neurons exhibit reactivity throughout the caryoplasm and a dense inclusion (Figure 3A). Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed nuclear distribution of EM48 reactivity loosely distributed in the caryoplasm and the dense intranuclear inclusion (Figure 3B). This observation extends the general assumption, that intranuclear mHtt is mainly localized as inclusion body. In R6/2 mice, the whole nucleus may harbour aggregates with varying expression. Nucleoli are always spared (Figure 3B). Of note, neurons with immunopositive caryoplasm show signs of degeneration as the irregular invaginated nuclear envelope starts to collapse indicating that mHtt may cause the cellular dysfunction finally leading to cell death (Figure 3B). The cytoplasm lacks mHtt reactivity. Single immunopositive spots were also detected in the surrounding neuropil. Taken together, the aggregates/inclusions in R6/2 mice are distributed across all brain areas, focussed on the caryoplasm and sparsely localized in the neuropil.
EM48-immunohistochemistry in the striatum of R6/2 mouse. (A) Vibratome section (50 μm) displays brown-stained nuclei (black arrowheads) many of which with a black inclusion body. Single positive spots are distributed in the neuropil (white arrowheads). (B) Transmission immunoelectron microscopy confirms EM48 reactivity in the caryoplasm (C) densely arranged in the intranuclear inclusion (INI). Nucleoli (N) are spared. Immunopositive nuclei show irregular nuclear envelope. Adjacent glial cell nucleus (G) lacks EM48 reactivity. Bar in A = 100 μm; bar in B = 1 μm.
The transgenic rat model of HD (tgHD rat) carries a truncated htt cDNA fragment with 51 CAG repeats under control of the native rat promotor [46]. In contrast to the R6/2 mouse, the tgHD rat presents with slowly progressive motor and behavioural impairments reflecting the adult-onset phenotype of human HD individuals. Interestingly, the tgHD rat shares neuropathological similarities in regional distribution and subcellular composition of aggregates with human HD brains. In the tgHD rat und in human HD brain, aggregates are focussed on the ventral striatum and the extended amygdala [47, 48, 49] areas that are crucial for elucidating psychiatric aspects of the disease. In the tgHD rat, detailed transmission immunoelectron microscopy detected that aggregates are localized in medium-sized striatal neurons as small patches in neuronal cytoplasm, mitochondria, myelinated and unmylinated axons, synaptic terminals and, most frequently, loosely distributed or as large compact inclusions in dendrites and dendritic spines [48].
Aggregates are also localized in the nucleus (Figure 4). In contrast to the R6/2 mouse, the tgHD rat caryoplasm only exhibits very few small EM48-positive spots and occasionally a single inclusion (Figure 4A and B). Signs of degeneration are rarely observed in the striatal neurons. In sum, the tgHD rat shows a more regional mHtt distribution focussed on basal forebrain systems. On subcellular level, aggregates/inclusions may be detected in many parts of medium-sized striatal neurons.
EM48 immunohistochemistry in the neostriatum of tgHD rat. (A) Transmission electron microscopy shows an intranuclear inclusion (INI) in a normal appearing medium-sized neuron of a 23 months old tgHD rat. Some positive spots (black arrowheads) are also detected in the neuronal caryoplasm, cytoplasm and dendrites (D). (B) At higher enlargement the INI exhibits fibrillar (white arrowheads) and granular structures. Ly, lysosomes; bar in A = 5 μm; bar in B = 1 μm.
There are multiple studies on aggregates in HD animal models, but the localization of mHtt in human HD brains is less extensively investigated. In the studies of DiFiglia et al. and Gutekunst et al. [43, 45], important aspects of regional, cellular and subcellular aggregate localization were worked out in detail. Brains investigated included various Vonsattel grades as well as juvenile- and adult-onset HD brains. MHtt immunopositive intranuclear aggregates consistently called inclusion bodies by DiFiglia et al. [43] were more frequently detected in cortical layers of juvenile- than in adult-onset HD brains, in which they were predominantly detected in the neuropil in neuronal cell processes (called dystrophic neurites). The pronounced cortical localization in layers V and VI—especially in adult-onset HD individuals—was confirmed by Gutekunst et al. [45] for various cortical areas. Our investigations of selected frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital cortical areas by peroxidase EM48-immunohistochemistry also show that layers V and VI display the highest amount of aggregates/inclusions in varying degrees (unpublished results). The striatum, which is the first focus of studies in HD animal models, only displays a limited amount of aggregates in human HD brains, more expressed in the ventral than in the dorsal neostriatum [43, 45]. This observation was extended by our investigation, as we found aggregates/inclusions focussed to the accumbens and the extended amygdala [49], both functional-anatomical entities acting as interface between motor, limbic and olfactory-associated basal forebrain areas.
All human brains investigated in our cohort showed a heterogenous spectrum of aggregates differing in size, form and composition (Figure 5A). Confocal EM48 immunofluorescence counterstained with DAPI detected that most aggregates are localized in the neuropil, and only a few nuclei are associated with small positive spots (Figure 5B). Of note, it is relatively easy to localize aggregates in the nucleus and cytoplasm; however, the exact assignment to neuronal cell processes in the neuropil is difficult and awaits further detailed investigations using various techniques. One of the techniques to elucidate the fine structural composition of aggregates is transmission electron microscopy. Large inclusions often display an immunopositive rim with granular and vesicular structures and a mainly immunonegative core with densely arranged fibrillar structures (Figure 5C). In sum, in human HD brains aggregates/inclusions are predominantly localized in cortical areas, and—less expressed—in selected basal limbic-associated forebrain systems. Localization of aggregates/inclusions in many subcortical areas is less investigated and awaits further and more detailed investigation. Particularly, correlation studies between aggregate distribution and neurological dysfunctions are almost completely lacking in human HD.
EM48-immunohistochemistry in human HD brain (CAG 54/20). (A) Vibratome section (80 μm) displays distribution of mHtt aggregates varying in form and size localized in layer V and VI of the anterior cingulate cortex. (B) Confocal immunofluorescence of a cryosection (15 μm) with EM48 (green) counterstained with DAPI (blue) shows mainly neuropil aggregates. Some nuclei are associated with tiny positive dots (white arrowheads). (C) Transmission electron microscopy exhibits a large aggregate with an immunopositive rim (Ri) and a mainly immunonegative core (Co). Arrowheads mark the border of the neuropil structure harbouring the aggregate. M, mitochondrium; T, synaptic terminal; bar in B for A and B = 50 μm; bar in C = 1 μm.
A breakthrough to understand the mHtt structure at close to native cellular level was performed by the recently developed high-resolution cryo-electron tomography [50, 51]. This methods allows a three-dimensional imaging of cytosolic inclusions and aggregates [51]. Hela cells and mouse neurons transfected with GFP-tagged Htt exon 1 comprising 97 Q displayed inclusions which were identified by live cell imaging and further treated for cryo-electron tomography. Large mHtt inclusions are composed of organized centrally located fibrils, which interact with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and deform their normal organization. This observation elucidates the subcellular machinery of mHtt aggregates and suggests a destructive effect of the inclusions. Comparing Bäuerlein’s results with the large inclusions detected in the human HD brains investigated here by transmission electron microscopy (Figure 5C), it may look similar with the granular and vesicular structures in a more loosely arranged rim area and tightly packed fibrillar structures within the core. The question remains how far Bäuerlein’s results reflect the broad spectrum of mHtt inclusions/aggregates in the human HD brain. Nevertheless provide these results important insights into cellular impairments by mHtt inclusions/aggregates and are encouraging findings, which show that the interdisciplinary research on subcellular level is currently on the way to complement one another.
For therapeutic approaches that target lowering of mHtt levels in the brain, it is of major interest to develop non-invasive tools as biomarkers to visualize mHtt during disease progression. Imaging agents visible by positron emission tomography would be extremely helpful to identify and track mHtt distribution prior and during the therapy. Recently, a high-affinity Fluorine-18 radioligand was developed for imaging mHtt aggregates in HD animal models and also human post-mortem HD brain tissue [52]. This PET-imaging agent showed sufficient brain uptake in rodents and non-human primates to be monitored
In HD, neurodegeneration is most expressed in striatal areas, but cortical and other noncortical areas are also severely affected including the grey and—especially in early HD—also the white matter. Notably, neurodegeneration is varying across the different HD brains, which may reflect the diversity in functional impairments of HD patients. For many brain areas, detailed information about macroscopic and microscopic affection is still limited and needs more specific interdisciplinary investigations to provide a better understanding of the regional neuropathology and related dysfunctions.
Aggregates/inclusions are the characteristic histopathological hallmark of HD. In HD animal models, the regional, cellular and subcellular localization is as diverse as the large number of models themselves with differently pronounced similarities to the human HD aggregation pattern. To date, the exact role of the Htt protein has not yet been clarified. The mechanism of formation and maturation of aggregates is currently intensively studied in living cell cultures providing first insights into the dynamic of mHtt and the toxic influence of aggregates and inclusion bodies. Furthermore, high-resolution techniques and improved tissue preservation are necessary to transfer the results on living cells to the aggregation process in human HD brains. So far, the controversial discussion about gain of function and toxicity in the interplay between aggregates and neurodegeneration is going on.
We are grateful to Anne Schlichting, Luzie Augostinowski, Katja Rumpf, Sabine Peuckert, Robert Nadgrabski, Claudia Schneider (Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany) for their excellent technical assistance.
The authorship criteria are listed in our Authorship Policy: https://www.intechopen.com/page/authorship-policy.
There are no conflicts of interest.
As this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\\n\\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\\n\\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\\n\\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\\n\\nDEFINITIONS
\\n\\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\\n\\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\\n\\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\\n\\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\\n\\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\\n\\n\\n\\n
LICENSE | \\n\\t\\t\\tUSED FROM - | \\n\\t\\t\\tUP TO - | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \\n\\t\\t\\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t15 March 2022 | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\n\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \n\t\t\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t15 March 2022 | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11770",title:"Feminism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"008be465c708a6fde48c8468757a40af",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11770.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11794",title:"Coconut Cultivation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48e1cb42a4162f64cae3a2e777472f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11809",title:"Lagomorpha",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e8fd5779205c16e5797b05455dc5be0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11809.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:83},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:253},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4423},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2204,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1182,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1006,editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:863,editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:793,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:730,editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2167,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:600,editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:583,editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",publishedDate:"June 1st 2022",numberOfDownloads:2231,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"617",title:"Natural Language Processing",slug:"theory-of-computation-natural-language-processing",parent:{id:"96",title:"Theory of Computation",slug:"theory-of-computation"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:10,numberOfWosCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitations:26,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"617",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3069",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6a086431e9729115dea24eb62e0ef29",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",bookSignature:"Alejandro Salcido",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3069.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1120",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Salcido",slug:"alejandro-salcido",fullName:"Alejandro Salcido"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"44535",doi:"10.5772/52953",title:"Cellular Learning Automata and Its Applications",slug:"cellular-learning-automata-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:3967,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Amir Hosein Fathy Navid and Amir Bagheri Aghababa",authors:[{id:"21372",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir Hosein",middleName:null,surname:"Fathy Navid",slug:"amir-hosein-fathy-navid",fullName:"Amir Hosein Fathy Navid"}]},{id:"44531",doi:"10.5772/51635",title:"Interactive Maps on Variant Phase Spaces– From Measurements - Micro Ensembles to Ensemble Matrices on Statistical Mechanics of Particle Models",slug:"interactive-maps-on-variant-phase-spaces-from-measurements-micro-ensembles-to-ensemble-matrices-on-s",totalDownloads:1921,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Jeffrey Zheng, Christian Zheng and Tosiyasu Kunii",authors:[{id:"20706",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:"Zhi Jie",surname:"Zheng",slug:"jeffrey-zheng",fullName:"Jeffrey Zheng"},{id:"24213",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Kunii",slug:"tosiyasu-kunii",fullName:"Tosiyasu Kunii"},{id:"151201",title:"Mr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"christian-zheng",fullName:"Christian Zheng"}]},{id:"38583",doi:"10.5772/51708",title:"Validating Spatial Patterns of Urban Growth from a Cellular Automata Model",slug:"validating-spatial-patterns-of-urban-growth-from-a-cellular-automata-model",totalDownloads:2507,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Khalid Al-Ahmadi, Linda See and Alison Heppenstall",authors:[{id:"137051",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ahmadi",slug:"khalid-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Khalid Al-Ahmadi"}]},{id:"44539",doi:"10.5772/52364",title:"Cellular Automata for Pattern Recognition",slug:"cellular-automata-for-pattern-recognition",totalDownloads:2973,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Sartra Wongthanavasu and Jetsada Ponkaew",authors:[{id:"22205",title:"Dr.",name:"Sartra",middleName:null,surname:"Wongthanavasu",slug:"sartra-wongthanavasu",fullName:"Sartra Wongthanavasu"},{id:"165402",title:"Mr.",name:"Jetsada",middleName:null,surname:"Ponkaew",slug:"jetsada-ponkaew",fullName:"Jetsada Ponkaew"}]},{id:"39657",doi:"10.5772/52068",title:"Two Cellular Automata Designed for Ecological Problems: Mendota CA and Barro Colorado Island CA",slug:"two-cellular-automata-designed-for-ecological-problems-mendota-ca-and-barro-colorado-island-ca",totalDownloads:2013,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"H. Fort",authors:[{id:"151340",title:"Prof.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Fort",slug:"hugo-fort",fullName:"Hugo Fort"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"44535",title:"Cellular Learning Automata and Its Applications",slug:"cellular-learning-automata-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:3960,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Amir Hosein Fathy Navid and Amir Bagheri Aghababa",authors:[{id:"21372",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir Hosein",middleName:null,surname:"Fathy Navid",slug:"amir-hosein-fathy-navid",fullName:"Amir Hosein Fathy Navid"}]},{id:"39657",title:"Two Cellular Automata Designed for Ecological Problems: Mendota CA and Barro Colorado Island CA",slug:"two-cellular-automata-designed-for-ecological-problems-mendota-ca-and-barro-colorado-island-ca",totalDownloads:2011,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"H. Fort",authors:[{id:"151340",title:"Prof.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Fort",slug:"hugo-fort",fullName:"Hugo Fort"}]},{id:"44531",title:"Interactive Maps on Variant Phase Spaces– From Measurements - Micro Ensembles to Ensemble Matrices on Statistical Mechanics of Particle Models",slug:"interactive-maps-on-variant-phase-spaces-from-measurements-micro-ensembles-to-ensemble-matrices-on-s",totalDownloads:1918,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Jeffrey Zheng, Christian Zheng and Tosiyasu Kunii",authors:[{id:"20706",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:"Zhi Jie",surname:"Zheng",slug:"jeffrey-zheng",fullName:"Jeffrey Zheng"},{id:"24213",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Kunii",slug:"tosiyasu-kunii",fullName:"Tosiyasu Kunii"},{id:"151201",title:"Mr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"christian-zheng",fullName:"Christian Zheng"}]},{id:"44539",title:"Cellular Automata for Pattern Recognition",slug:"cellular-automata-for-pattern-recognition",totalDownloads:2972,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Sartra Wongthanavasu and Jetsada Ponkaew",authors:[{id:"22205",title:"Dr.",name:"Sartra",middleName:null,surname:"Wongthanavasu",slug:"sartra-wongthanavasu",fullName:"Sartra Wongthanavasu"},{id:"165402",title:"Mr.",name:"Jetsada",middleName:null,surname:"Ponkaew",slug:"jetsada-ponkaew",fullName:"Jetsada Ponkaew"}]},{id:"38583",title:"Validating Spatial Patterns of Urban Growth from a Cellular Automata Model",slug:"validating-spatial-patterns-of-urban-growth-from-a-cellular-automata-model",totalDownloads:2505,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Khalid Al-Ahmadi, Linda See and Alison Heppenstall",authors:[{id:"137051",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ahmadi",slug:"khalid-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Khalid Al-Ahmadi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"617",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"319576",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Boyadjiev",slug:"nikolay-boyadjiev",fullName:"Nikolay Boyadjiev",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v4b3cQAA/Profile_Picture_2022-06-07T08:30:58.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:34,paginationItems:[{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80963",title:"Pain Perception in Patients Treated with Ligating/Self-Ligating Brackets versus Patients Treated with Aligners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102796",signatures:"Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Samir Diouny, Mohamed El Had, Zineb Serhier and Mohamed Bennani Othmani",slug:"pain-perception-in-patients-treated-with-ligating-self-ligating-brackets-versus-patients-treated-wit",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80500",title:"Novel Dental Implants with Herbal Composites: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101489",signatures:"Gopathy Sridevi and Seshadri Srividya",slug:"novel-dental-implants-with-herbal-composites-a-review",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78320",title:"Implant-Retained Maxillary and Mandibular Overdentures - A Solution for Completely Edentulous Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99575",signatures:"Dubravka Knezović Zlatarić, Robert Ćelić and Hrvoje Pezo",slug:"implant-retained-maxillary-and-mandibular-overdentures-a-solution-for-completely-edentulous-patients",totalDownloads:64,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79724",title:"Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ): A Reliable Guide for Implant Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101359",signatures:"Gaurav Gupta",slug:"implant-stability-quotient-isq-a-reliable-guide-for-implant-treatment",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80223",title:"Bridging the Gap: Nasoalveolar Moulding in Early Cleft Palate Rehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101986",signatures:"Amanda Nadia Ferreira",slug:"bridging-the-gap-nasoalveolar-moulding-in-early-cleft-palate-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80186",title:"Effects of Various Dentofacial Orthopedic and Orthognathic Treatment Modalities on Pharyngeal Airway",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101719",signatures:"Tejashri Pradhan and Aarti Sethia",slug:"effects-of-various-dentofacial-orthopedic-and-orthognathic-treatment-modalities-on-pharyngeal-airway",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78834",title:"Current Methods for Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100221",signatures:"Mehmet Akin and Leyla Cime Akbaydogan",slug:"current-methods-for-acceleration-of-orthodontic-tooth-movement",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79817",title:"Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Augmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101336",signatures:"Marko Blašković and Dorotea Blašković",slug:"peri-implant-soft-tissue-augmentation",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Marko",surname:"Blašković"},{name:"Dorotea",surname:"Blaskovic"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79100",title:"Orthodontics and the Periodontium: A Symbiotic Relationship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100801",signatures:"Betsy Sara Thomas and Mohan Alexander",slug:"orthodontics-and-the-periodontium-a-symbiotic-relationship",totalDownloads:72,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79680",title:"Digital Workflow for Homemade Aligner",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100347",signatures:"Dalal Elmoutawakkil and Nabil Hacib",slug:"digital-workflow-for-homemade-aligner",totalDownloads:201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79611",title:"Growth Factors and Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101082",signatures:"Deeksha Gupta",slug:"growth-factors-and-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79584",title:"Orthodontic Management of Adult Sleep Apnea: Clinical Case Reports",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101193",signatures:"Lahcen Ousehal, Soukaina Sahim, Hajar Bouzid, Hakima Aghoutan, Asmaa El Mabrak, Mohamed Mahtar and Mohamed El Fatmi Kadri Hassani",slug:"orthodontic-management-of-adult-sleep-apnea-clinical-case-reports",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78791",title:"Surface Modification of Titanium Orthodontic Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100038",signatures:"Abdulqadir Rampurawala and Amol Patil",slug:"surface-modification-of-titanium-orthodontic-implants",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79334",title:"Orthodontic Therapeutic Biomarkers in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100733",signatures:"Sagar S. Bhat, Ameet V. Revankar and Shrinivas M. Basavaraddi",slug:"orthodontic-therapeutic-biomarkers-in-saliva-and-gingival-crevicular-fluid",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78213",title:"A Review of Current Concepts in Full Arch Rehabilitation with Dental Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99704",signatures:"Leandro Díez-Suárez",slug:"a-review-of-current-concepts-in-full-arch-rehabilitation-with-dental-implants",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Leandro",surname:"Díez Suárez"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"