Administrative breakdown [4].
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6503",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Brain Tumors - An Update",title:"Brain Tumors",subtitle:"An Update",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'We all know that the field of neuro-oncology is heterogeneous and under continuous development with the addition of new knowledge and information on a regular basis. The present book "Brain Tumor - An Update" is an attempt to share the personal experiences of experts who are involved in neuro-oncology-related research. Through this book, the authors share their experiences and provide details about the pathophysiology, neuroimaging approaches, and management options, and how to go about decision-making in patients with brain tumors. We hope that the valuable contributions from the authors shall facilitate understanding about brain tumors. I am grateful to all the authors who have contributed their tremendous expertise, and I would like to acknowledge the outstanding support of Ms. Danijela Sakic, Author Service Manager, IntechOpen Science, who collaborated tirelessly in crafting this book.',isbn:"978-1-78923-557-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-556-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-509-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70986",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"brain-tumors-an-update",numberOfPages:248,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"055b45888e92391890d4992da9e8a4c3",bookSignature:"Amit Agrawal, Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar",publishedDate:"August 22nd 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6503.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12531,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:35,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 22nd 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 13th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 12th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 2nd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 1st 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/100142/images/system/100142.jfif",biography:"Dr. Agrawal completed his neurosurgery training at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India, in 2003. He is a self-motivated, enthusiastic, and results-oriented professional with more than eighteen years of experience in research and development, as well as teaching and mentoring in the field of neurosurgery. He is proficient in managing and leading teams for running successful process operations and has experience in developing procedures and service standards of excellence. He has attended and participated in many international and national symposiums and conferences and delivered lectures on vivid topics. Dr. Agrawal has published more than 750 scientific articles in various national and international journals. His expertise is in identifying training needs, designing training modules, and executing the same while working with limited resources. He has excellent communication, presentation, and interpersonal skills with proven abilities in teaching and training various academic and professional courses. Presently, he is working at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.",institutionString:"All India Institute of Medical Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"All India Institute of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"168182",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Moscote-Salazar",slug:"luis-rafael-moscote-salazar",fullName:"Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/168182/images/system/168182.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar earned his MD in Universidad Libre de Barranquilla, Colombia and his degree in neurosurgery from Universidad de Cartagena at Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. He Spent one year at the Cajal Institute in Madrid, Spain as a fellow researcher (2001). He is trained in critical medicine and was in charge of the critical patient unit of the University Clinic of Puerto Montt, in southern Chile, South America. He is the author of the several books in Spanish and English, Neuroemergencias (2012), Neurocirugia practica (2012), Fluidoterapia en Neurotrauma (2015), Trauma craneoencefalico (2015) and is a member of RED LATINO, Latin American Trauma & Intensive Neuro-Care Organization and Colombian association of Neurosurgery.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Cartagena",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1085",title:"Neuro-Oncology",slug:"neuro-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"59976",title:"Current Trends in Glioblastoma Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75049",slug:"current-trends-in-glioblastoma-treatment",totalDownloads:1558,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Glioblastoma (also called glioblastoma multiforme – GBM) is a primary brain neoplasm, representing about 55% of all gliomas. It is a very aggressive and infiltrative tumor. Glioblastoma is usually highly malignant, with more than 90% 5-year mortality and a median survival of about 14.6 months. Compared to other cancers, the survival rate has not greatly changed over time and no current treatment is curative for this disease. Because the tumor has a heterogeneous cell population containing several types of cells, the treatment for GBM is one of the most challenging in clinical oncology. This chapter will discuss the current approaches in glioblastoma treatment, including resection techniques, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.",signatures:"Ligia Gabriela Tataranu, Vasile Ciubotaru, Tabita Larisa Cazac, Oana\nAlexandru, Oana Stefana Purcaru, Daniela Elise Tache, Stefan\nAlexandru Artene and Anica Dricu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59976",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59976",authors:[{id:"106758",title:"Prof.",name:"Anica",surname:"Dricu",slug:"anica-dricu",fullName:"Anica Dricu"},{id:"133789",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefana Oana",surname:"Purcaru",slug:"stefana-oana-purcaru",fullName:"Stefana Oana Purcaru"},{id:"133803",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela Elise",surname:"Tache",slug:"daniela-elise-tache",fullName:"Daniela Elise Tache"},{id:"241741",title:"Dr.",name:"Ligia Gabriela",surname:"Tataranu",slug:"ligia-gabriela-tataranu",fullName:"Ligia Gabriela Tataranu"},{id:"241742",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasile",surname:"Ciubotaru",slug:"vasile-ciubotaru",fullName:"Vasile Ciubotaru"},{id:"241743",title:"Dr.",name:"Tabita Larisa",surname:"Cazac",slug:"tabita-larisa-cazac",fullName:"Tabita Larisa Cazac"},{id:"241744",title:"Dr.",name:"Oana",surname:"Alexandru",slug:"oana-alexandru",fullName:"Oana Alexandru"},{id:"241745",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan Alexandru",surname:"Artene",slug:"stefan-alexandru-artene",fullName:"Stefan Alexandru Artene"}],corrections:null},{id:"62391",title:"Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78578",slug:"diffuse-intrinsic-pontine-glioma",totalDownloads:1345,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a leading cause of brain cancer-related death in children. These aggressive high-grade gliomas cannot be effectively treated and are associated with dismal prognosis. Whilst radiation therapy (RT) prolongs survival, it is a palliative therapy, as half of children with DIPG die within 1 year of diagnosis and almost all are dead by 2 years. These statistics have not changed for decades, despite a multitude of clinical trials. No chemotherapeutic regimen has been shown to improve survival, emphasizing the need to find novel and effective treatments. One of the principal reasons for this poor outcome was our limited knowledge of the biology of DIPG’s. Due to their location in brainstem, surgical resection is not feasible and up until recently, even performing a limited biopsy was considered too dangerous. In the last decade, DIPG tumor tissue has become available through autopsies and biopsies. This combined with the genome revolution has resulted in a transformation in our understanding of the underlying biology of this disease. Moreover, viable DIPG cells can now be grown in the laboratory which have allowed development of in-vitro (neurospheres) and in-vivo models (allograft and xenograft). This chapter summarizes recent advances in DIPG and potential novel therapies.",signatures:"Santosh Valvi and Nicholas G. Gottardo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62391",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62391",authors:[{id:"232255",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas G",surname:"Gottardo",slug:"nicholas-g-gottardo",fullName:"Nicholas G Gottardo"},{id:"232965",title:"Dr.",name:"Santosh",surname:"Valvi",slug:"santosh-valvi",fullName:"Santosh Valvi"}],corrections:null},{id:"59425",title:"Trigeminal Schwannomas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74115",slug:"trigeminal-schwannomas",totalDownloads:1097,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Trigeminal schwannomas (TS) are rare entities occurring in various trigeminal nerve locations and present a peak incidence between the fourth and fifth decades of life, being more common in women. Patients usually present with symptoms of trigeminal nerve dysfunction. Depending on the tumor’s topography, various approaches might be used to obtain its gross total resection. Trigeminal schwannoma’s classification, nuances of the approaches, pathology, postoperative care, and outcomes are revised as follows. In conclusion, anatomical knowledge and the disease’s comprehension are essential when dealing with such lesions, and despite their rarity, we must be obstinately committed to the surgical technique and devoted to the patient’s functional postoperative outcome.",signatures:"Breno Nery, Marcelo Nery Silva, Rodrigo Antônio Fernandes Costa,\nLeandro César Tângari Pereira, Eduardo Quaggio, Fred Bernardes\nFilho and George Peter Stevens",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59425",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59425",authors:[{id:"222671",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Breno",surname:"Nery",slug:"breno-nery",fullName:"Breno Nery"},{id:"227517",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Nery",surname:"Silva",slug:"marcelo-nery-silva",fullName:"Marcelo Nery Silva"},{id:"227518",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo Antônio Fernandes",surname:"Costa",slug:"rodrigo-antonio-fernandes-costa",fullName:"Rodrigo Antônio Fernandes Costa"},{id:"227519",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandro César Tângari",surname:"Pereira",slug:"leandro-cesar-tangari-pereira",fullName:"Leandro César Tângari Pereira"},{id:"227520",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Quaggio",slug:"eduardo-quaggio",fullName:"Eduardo Quaggio"},{id:"239608",title:"Dr.",name:"Fred",surname:"Bernardes Filho",slug:"fred-bernardes-filho",fullName:"Fred Bernardes Filho"},{id:"239609",title:"Dr.",name:"George",surname:"Stevens",slug:"george-stevens",fullName:"George Stevens"}],corrections:null},{id:"59454",title:"Vestibular Schwannoma: Microsurgery or Radiosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74508",slug:"vestibular-schwannoma-microsurgery-or-radiosurgery",totalDownloads:1099,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a benign tumor that arises from the neurilemmal sheath of the vestibular nerve. VSs make up to 6–8% of all intracranial tumors and 70–80% of all cerebellopontine angle tumors. Three therapeutic options are currently considered for VS: expectant treatment, microsurgical resection, and radiosurgery. No class I evidence exists to support one treatment over the others, and some clinical aspects are usually taken into consideration in the decision-making process. Very few comparative studies published so far have addressed the clinical aspects supporting any one treatment modality. The pathology, diagnosis and treatment of VS are discussed in this chapter. Moreover, we aim in this chapter to discuss the results of the most recent clinical studies performed on different treatment strategies for VS. In addition, the results of the comparative studies between microsurgical and radiosurgical treatments for VS are discussed.",signatures:"Ahmed Rizk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59454",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59454",authors:[{id:"222649",title:"M.D.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Rizk",slug:"ahmed-rizk",fullName:"Ahmed Rizk"}],corrections:null},{id:"60138",title:"Primary Brain Tumors in Childhood",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74510",slug:"primary-brain-tumors-in-childhood",totalDownloads:1267,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter offers literary review of most frequently observed brain tumors in childhood. It offers basics of epidemiology, clinical presentation and diagnostics of most often occurring types of tumors according to new WHO classification of brain tumors from 2016 and emphasizes molecular biological characteristics and role of altered genes and genetic pathways in brain tumor etiology, classification and treatment. This review not only concentrates on gliomas, medulloblastomas and ependymomas, but also offers characterization of other less frequently observed lesions. Each tumor characteristics also contains basics of therapeutical possibilities of these lesions with focus on targeted and individually designed therapy according to molecular and genetic alterations found in tumor tissue sample.",signatures:"Romana Richterová and Branislav Kolarovszki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60138",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60138",authors:[{id:"92436",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Branislav",surname:"Kolarovszki",slug:"branislav-kolarovszki",fullName:"Branislav Kolarovszki"},{id:"182753",title:"Dr.",name:"Romana",surname:"Richterová",slug:"romana-richterova",fullName:"Romana Richterová"}],corrections:null},{id:"62364",title:"Medulloblastoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76783",slug:"medulloblastoma",totalDownloads:1316,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Among the pediatric brain tumors, medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common solid variety and entirely occur in the posterior fossa with tendency to seed into CSF spaces. Despite innovations in technological developments and understanding of tumor biology, modern imaging facilities, advances in surgical practices, and newer chemotherapeutic and radiation techniques, this malignant type of tumor continues to be a formidable entity. Even though, the outcome in terms of survival rate is better than any time before, the overall result is still disappointing. With advances in management strategy, chances of survival with good quality of life have been amplified, where newer targeted therapies and rehabilitation plays an immense role. While the adverse effects of surgery and adjuvant therapies are still on play, researchers are trying ceaselessly to minimize those to give maximum wellbeing to these unfortunate children.",signatures:"Asifur Rahman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62364",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62364",authors:[{id:"222631",title:"Dr.",name:"Asifur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"asifur-rahman",fullName:"Asifur Rahman"}],corrections:null},{id:"61407",title:"Neuropsychiatry: Aspects of Childhood Cranial Tumours",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75679",slug:"neuropsychiatry-aspects-of-childhood-cranial-tumours",totalDownloads:1859,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"More than 90 years have passed since Baily and Cushing first introduced a histogenetic classification for tumours of the cranial nervous system (CNS). More recently, our knowledge of the genetic and molecular basis of tumorigenesis has caused a major paradigm shift towards defining tumours genetically, thus allowing greater diagnostic accuracy and prognostication to better guide tumour management. Correspondingly, successes in integrated management and improved survival rates have shifted attention towards overall quality of life studies, where psychosocial sequelae and adjustment implications are of particular interest to mental health professionals. To date, research relevant to this field has focused on the identification of neuropsychiatric symptoms at manifestation of illness. Such studies indicate that mood, cognition and psychosocial functioning are important factors in early diagnosis, mediating health outcomes, especially following radical and risk-adapted anti-neoplastic treatment. In addition to psychological burden, the neuropsychiatric aspects of childhood CNS tumours, including posterior fossa syndrome and cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, are increasingly recognised as crucial causes of poor outcomes. The chapter ahead will initially address the shifting landscape of neuro-oncology, and then provide an overview of the neuropsychiatric aspects of CNS tumours in childhood, highlighting the underlying neurobiological and pathogenic mechanisms, whenever possible.",signatures:"Alexander Hegarty and Yulia Furlong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61407",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61407",authors:[{id:"65655",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",surname:"Furlong",slug:"yulia-furlong",fullName:"Yulia Furlong"},{id:"235559",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Hegarty",slug:"alexander-hegarty",fullName:"Alexander Hegarty"}],corrections:null},{id:"59790",title:"Modern Management of Craniopharyngioma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74512",slug:"modern-management-of-craniopharyngioma",totalDownloads:925,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) have had a prominent place in neurosurgery due to both the technical difficulty and controversy regarding the optimal treatment of these benign tumors. Harvey Cushing famously described craniopharyngiomas in 1936 as “the most forbidding of the intracranial tumors.” Seventy years later, Rutka still wrote: “There is no other primary brain tumor that evokes more passion, emotion, and as a result, controversy than does the CP.” Craniopharyngiomas comprise 1–2% of all brain tumors and occur in a bimodal distribution, with 40% of cases occurring between age 5–15 years and 60% occurring at ages >55 years. The differential diagnosis for craniopharyngioma can include a variety of entities, including pituitary macroadenoma, metastasis, Rathke’s cleft cyst, colloid cyst, glioma, meningioma, germinoma, abscess, sarcoid, or aneurysm. Imaging characteristics usually include a solid cystic lesion, speckled with calcifications in 50–80% of craniopharyngiomas (especially pediatric patients), as well a presentation with hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus, which influence clinical thinking toward establishing this diagnosis.",signatures:"Anirudh Penumaka and Ekkehard Kasper",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59790",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59790",authors:[{id:"227986",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ekkehard",surname:"Kasper",slug:"ekkehard-kasper",fullName:"Ekkehard Kasper"}],corrections:null},{id:"58168",title:"Stem Cell Research for the Treatment of Malignant Glioma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72504",slug:"stem-cell-research-for-the-treatment-of-malignant-glioma",totalDownloads:1143,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor. Gene therapies, such as cytokine-based, suicide gene, and oncolytic virus therapies, are different types of treatments from chemotherapy such as using temozolomide as a standard treatment. However, overall survival was not prolonged in some clinical trials because of the low efficiency of gene transduction and viral infection. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have tumor trophic migratory capacity and can be cellular delivery vehicles of cytokines, suicide genes, and oncolytic virus. NSCs can be differentiated from embryonic stem cells. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells can be another cellular delivery vehicle. Recently, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been established. iPSCs are multipotent; hence, they can efficiently differentiate to NSCs and can possibly overcome ethical and practical issues in clinical application. In this study, current topics about stem cell therapy for malignant glioma are reviewed.",signatures:"Ryota Tamura and Masahiro Toda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58168",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58168",authors:[{id:"227851",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryota",surname:"Tamura",slug:"ryota-tamura",fullName:"Ryota Tamura"},{id:"228468",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahiro",surname:"Toda",slug:"masahiro-toda",fullName:"Masahiro Toda"}],corrections:null},{id:"59908",title:"Role of an Alternatively Spliced KCNMA1 Variant in Glioma Growth",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74509",slug:"role-of-an-alternatively-spliced-kcnma1-variant-in-glioma-growth",totalDownloads:923,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Gliomas develop genetic traits to rapidly form aggressive phenotypes. Hence, management of gliomas is complicated and difficult. Besides genetic aberrations such as oncogenic copy number variation and mutations, alternative mRNA splicing triggers prooncogenic episodes in many cancers. In gliomas, we found alternative splicing at the KCNMA transcription process. KCNMA1 encodes the pore forming α-subunit of large-conductance calcium-activated voltage-sensitive potassium (BKCa) channels. These channels play critical role in glioma invasion and proliferation. We identified a novel KCNMA1 mRNA splice variant with a deletion of 108 base pairs (KCNMA1v) mostly overexpressed in high grade gliomas. We found that KCNMA1 alternative pre-mRNA splicing enhanced glioma growth, progression and diffusion. The role of KCNMA1 and its splicing as a critical posttranscriptional regulator of BKCa channel expression is presented in this chapter. Our research implies that high grade gliomas express KCNMA1v and BKCa channel isoform to accelerate growth and transformation to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We demonstrated that tumors hardly develop in mice injected with KCNMA1v transfected cell line expressing short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) compared to mice injected with KCNMA1v transected glioma cells. We conclude that targeting the KCNMA1 variants may be a clinically beneficial strategy to prevent or at least slow down glioma transformation to GBM.",signatures:"Divya Khaitan, Nagendra Ningaraj and Lincy B. 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\r\n\tThe protection of biodiversity is a major target of the European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive, requiring an assessment of the status of biodiversity on the level of species, habitats, and ecosystems including genetic diversity and the role of biodiversity in food web structure and functioning. The restoration of marine ecosystems can support the productivity and reliability of goods and services that the ocean provides to humankind, to maintain ecosystem integrity and stability. Some of the goods produced by the marine ecosystem services are fish harvests, wild plant and animal resources, water, some of the services provided recreation, tourism, breeding and nursery habitats, water transport, carbon sequestration, erosion control, and habitat provision.
In recent decades, humanity has become more and more aware of the danger threatening the planet as a result of the great demographic growth and the enormous technological advances which generate unsanitary conditions of the environment. Water is a big problem today affecting the whole of the earth. To do this, it must then be preserved by all possible means: reduction of waste; reuse of wastewater and its introduction into special recycling techniques. The reuse of wastewater is a widely used practice in regions of the world affected by water resource shortages. The Mediterranean Basin is one of the regions of the world where the reuse of urban effluents is practiced at a low rate.
In Algeria, this area is not very developed, and the system put in place does not allow the desired prospects to be achieved to deal with the problems emanating from wastewater. Several regions of the Algerian Sahara where wastewater discharged into nature without prior treatment with large and increasing volumes which are sources of pollution. They generate many water-borne diseases and the spread of epidemics [1]. The Algerian authorities have agreed to plan several purification stations, with a view to eliminating pollution and the risks of contamination in urban areas. Protecting the receiving ecosystem and the water supplies of these regions of the Algerian Sahara, in particular the water table, the possibility of reusing filtered effluent for irrigation, becoming an important biodiversity area and a breeding ground [2].
This chapter, aiming to shed light on the wastewater treatment component in the Algerian Sahara, through a description of the different systems used and to discuss their reliability and constraints.
The Sahara covers nearly 90% of Algerian territory, it is crossed ergs by sand dunes, regs of stony land, as well as volcanic massifs in the far south.
In the north, the grass of the steppe slowly becomes scarce as the species change to make way for the reg. The erg, the sand desert covers only a fifth of the Sahara. The great eastern erg borders the Wadi Righ, a succession of oases, stretches along the underground wadi. The Saoura valley limits the great western erg to the west. Between these two great ergs, is the M’Zab valley carved into a plateau.
This northern Sahara, still dotted with oases, is opposed to that of the South, dominated by the Hoggar massif at an altitude of more than three thousand meters. Vast monotonous hamadas like the Tademaït plateau between El Goléa and In Salah connect the large geographical areas of the Sahara [3]. Figure 1 present the localizations of deferent WWTP concerning in this chapter.
Situation of the study area. (a) International location map of the study area. (b) Algerian location map of the study area. (c) Regional location map of the study area.
The Sahara is characterized by low rainfall, recording less than 100 mm per year. It does happen, however, that it snows and floods sometimes revive the wadis that have dried up since prehistoric times. High temperatures can exceed 45 ° C especially in summer, winter is generally mild with average temperatures ranging from 8 to 12 ° C. The subsoil is full of water in the Albian tablecloth which extends under a large part of the Algerian Sahara, a vestige of the steppe climate that the region experienced 10,000 years ago. In 2018, it is home to a population of 3,600,000 inhabitants, or 10.5% of the Algerian population. Our investigation in this document concerns 10 wastewater treatment plants in 5 provinces in southern Algeria (Table 1).
N° | Province | Number municipalities | Area Km2 | Population 2008 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ouargla | 21 | 211 980 | 558 558 | |
Ghardaia | 13 | 86 105 | 363 598 | |
El-Oued | 25 | 54 573 | 647 548 | |
Illizi | 06 | 284 618 | 52 333 | |
Tamanrasset | 10 | 557 906 | 92 635 | |
Total | 75 | 983 202 | 1 714 672 |
Administrative breakdown [4].
Groundwater is the main source of water in the Algerian Sahara; the preservation of this precious resource from all types of pollution is essential; to this end, the treatment of wastewater in the Algerian Sahara is a requirement and an inescapable social and environmental issue. The extensive process is used in most of the Saharan areas, it is ecological insofar as it does not use any chemical product to treat wastewater and evacuate it safely to the receiving natural environment [5].
We noted more than 90% of the planned purification stations in the Algerian Sahara have extensive processes, the extensive solutions characterized with a large area and totally or partially dependence on natural purification processes in which the concentration of purifying organisms is low [6]. They do not involve recycling of bacterial liquor. Among these processes we note: lagooning and spreading. They bring into play complex natural self-purification phenomena dependent on climatic conditions. These extensive solutions require large footprint areas, implementation is essential and the quality of construction depends in part on the purification performance. They generally require little electromechanical equipment and are known for their hardiness and ability to adapt to variations in organic and hydraulic loads [7].
Natural lagooning is an interesting wastewater treatment process, particularly for small communities, and has been relatively developed since the 1970s [8].
Among the ten stations observed 3 stations (Table 2). planned using the natural lagooning process, we are talking about the stations of Djanet, M’Zab, and Illizi (Figures 2–4), these stations were abused in 2011; 2012 and 2019 respectively. The largest is that of Ghardaïa, which was built during the period 2008–2012 by the companies AMENHYD SPA as a production company and AQUATECH-AXOR (Canada): a control and monitoring design office; it was commissioned in November 2012 for a maximum capacity of 46,400 m3/d, corresponding to 331,700 eq/inhab. by 2030. The station spread over 79 ha, has 16 basins divided into 02 floors finalized by 10 drying beds [9].
N° | Province | Station | Zone | UTM coordinates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
Ghardaïa | Al-Attuef | 31S | 575518.34 m E | 3589342.52 m N | 435 | |
Illizi | Illizi | 32R | 441295.27 m E | 2930379.60 m N | 554 | |
Djanet | 32R | 546961.85 m E | 2703766.31 m N | 995 |
Coordinates of natural lagoon stations.
Ghardaia wastewater treatment plant.
Illizi wastewater treatment plant.
Djanet wastewater treatment plant.
The purification is ensured through to a long residence time, in several watertight basins arranged in series. The most commonly encountered number of basins is 3. However, using a configuration with 4 or even 6 basins allows more thorough disinfection. The basic mechanism on which natural lagooning is based is photosynthesis. The upper water section of the basins is exposed to light. This allows the existence of algae which produce the oxygen necessary for the development and maintenance of aerobic bacteria (Figure 5). These bacteria are responsible for the degradation of organic matter [10].
Mechanisms involved in natural lagoon basins [
The carbon dioxide formed by bacteria, as well as the mineral salts contained in wastewater, allow algae to multiply. There is thus a proliferation of two interdependent populations: bacteria and planktonic algae, also called “microphytes”. This cycle is self-sustaining as long as the system receives solar energy and organic matter.
At the bottom of the pool, where light does not penetrate, it is anaerobic bacteria which degrade the sediments resulting from the settling of organic matter. A release of carbon dioxide and methane occurs at this level [10].
This type of process was chosen in these regions for various reasons, such as the low energy use or almost non-existent, especially if the difference in level is favorable; good elimination of nutrients phosphorus, nitrogen and pathogenic germs especially in summer when the high temperature. It adapts well to strong variations in hydraulic head which can favor the presence of the water table close to the surface. We also noted in these stations an absence of noise pollution with stable sludge and good integration into the landscape.
On the other hand; these stations encountered several obstacles during the design and operation, such as the large footprint (10 to 15 m2/pe); investment cost very dependent on the nature of the subsoil. In the Saharan regions, where the terrain is sandy and unstable, this type of process is not recommended; which remains a contradiction with the location of these stations.
For the technical aspect, we noted that the purification performance is lower than intensive processes on organic matter. However, the release of organic matter takes place in the form of algae, which is less harmful than dissolved organic matter for the oxygenation of the environment downstream; and the control of the biological balance and the purification process remains limited. With a variable quality of discharge depending on the season, especially in summer when the temperature is very high, which causes very strong evaporation, which influences the concentration of water in the lagoons and the formation of algae due to the long insolation period.
In the Algerian Sahara, the aerated lagoon system is used frequently; we have identified four stations (Figures 6–9) among ten (Ouargla, Sidi Khouiled, Kouinin, Tamanrasset), where the largest nominal capacity is that of Kouinin with a flow of 33,251 m3/d (Tables 3 and 4).
Ouargla wastewater treatment plant.
Tamanrasset wastewater treatment plant.
Sidi khouild wastewater treatment plant.
Kouinin wastewater treatment plant.
N° | Province | Station | Zone | UTM coordinates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
Ouargla | Ouargla | 31R | 723557.44 m E | 3542455.78 m N | 129 | |
Sidi Khouiled | 31R | 729649.40 m E | 3542586.63 m N | 135 | ||
El-Oued | Kouinine | 32S | 300095.71 m E | 3699943.49 m N | 69 | |
Tamanrasset | Tamanrasset | 31Q | 756780.31 m E | 2519993.29 m N | 1360 |
Coordinates of aerated lagoon stations.
Station | Year | Capacity Eq/inhab | Treated flow (m3/d) | Receiving medium |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ouargla | 2008 | 260.000 | 13986 | Sebkhat Sefioune |
Sidi khouiled | 2010 | 7.156 | 995 | Oum Raneb |
Kouinine | 2009 | 246.300 | 33251 | Chott Haloufa |
Tamanrasset | 2011 | 228667 | 18000 | Oued Tagrambait |
Characteristics of aerated lagoon stations.
In this type of process, oxygenation is provided mechanically by a surface aerator or air blowing (Figure 10). This principle differs from activated sludge only by the absence of a sludge recycling system or continuous sludge extraction. The energy consumption of the two sectors is, at equivalent capacity, comparable (1.8 to 2 kW/kg BOD5 eliminated) [11].
Principle of aerated lagooning [
The Algerian authorities often orient themselves towards this system since this system is very tolerant to variations in significant hydraulic and organic load as in the case of the regions mentioned above as well as their tolerance to effluents imbalanced in nutrients.
According to our investigations, in addition to the average quality of rejection on all parameters and noise pollution, the station managers have some problems such as high energy consumption, and the presence of electromechanical equipment requiring maintenance by a specialized agent; which sometimes takes a considerable amount of time with a non-operating station.
Among the most apparent problems in the region is the inflow of water from the water table and the excess parasitic irrigation in the sewerage network which can influence the performance of the station in two due to the high salinity of the water who can wait 13000 μ/cm, and the rapid change in raw sewage concentration.
The Wastewater Gardens unit is an eco-technology that uses ecologically based wastewater treatment principles [11].
Is a waterproofed basin, filled with gravel and plants whose roots are tolerant of water saturated conditions (Figure 11). There may be one or more compartments, depending on the size of the system and the area available for construction. The efficiency of a Waste Water Gardens pond is based on the time the wastewater residences within it before they flow into the drain area.
Principle of wastewater gardens system [
We have identified two stations in our region using this system.
The Temacine pilot station (Figure 12) is located in the city of Temacine next to old Ksar (Table 5), it was mainly created with the aim of treating 15 m3/d of wastewater by the production of 100 people and at a reasonable rate. of 150 l/inhabitant/day. The surface of the WWG basin is 400 m2, and the total volume is 260 m3. The water level in the basin is 0.5 m, covered by a layer of gravel ranging from 10 to 15 cm (gravel is a physical filter). The WWG basin is also filled with plants that can live in an environment saturated with wastewater (plants collect their nutrients and water through their roots).
Temacine wastewater treatment plant.
N° | Province | Station | Zone | UTM coordinates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
1 | Ouargla | Temacine | 32S | 221565.67 m E | 3657276.93 m N | 80 |
Coordinates of horizontal flow planted filters stations.
This system offers low energy consumption; no need for advanced qualification for maintenance; and good reaction to load variations. On the other hand; this system has not been developed in the region because of their strong footprint, including the surrounding area, this is of the order of 10 m2/pe (equivalent to the footprint of a natural lagoon).
The wastewater treatment plant by vegetation located in the commune of N’goussa (Figure 13). The station is located at the lowest point of the sewage network (Table 6). Installed in 2010 and has been in operation since 2011. Use of solar energy pilot project of the WWTP. The characteristics of the releases are typically those of a domestic release. The treatment plant with filters planted with vertical flow reeds is made up of four parallel basins planted with reeds, each basin is divided into three equal parts operating alternately. Each basin is made up of three main inlets evenly distributed along the basin (one entry to each part), where each inlet fork tubes intended for supply by tarpaulins. The treated water collects in front of the second basin for reuse in watering the trees of the station and the rest is thrown towards the Sebkha of N’Goussa. The station has a capacity of 11000 Eq/hab and a nominal flow of 1743 m3/d for a residence time of 3 days for each basin.
N’Goussa wastewater treatment plant.
N° | Province | Station | Zone | UTM coordinates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
1 | Ouargla | N’Goussa | 31R | 715432.22 m E | 3558668.84 m N | 118 |
Coordinates of vertical flow planted filters stations.
This system offers ease and low operating cost with reduced management to a minimum of organic deposits retained on the filters of the 1st stage; and good adaptation to seasonal population variations [13].
Besides the risk of the presence of insects or rodents, managers talk about the constraints of regular exploitation, annual mowing of the aerial part of the reeds, manual weeding before the predominance of reeds.
Using this sector for capacities greater than 2000 pe remains very delicate for questions of control of hydraulics and cost compared to conventional sectors.
The Touggourt wastewater treatment plant (Figure 14) is located in Ben Yassoued (Table 7), in the municipality of Tebesbest. It covers an area of 5 hectares. It was commissioned on 20/11/1993 and rehabilitated in 2004 currently managed by the national sanitation office (ONA), planned for 62,500 population equivalents and a daily flow of 9360 m3/d.
Touggourt wastewater treatment plant.
N° | Province | Station | Zone | UTM coordinates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
Ouargla | Ben Yassoud | 32S | 228323.38 m E | 3666543.82 m N | 64 |
Coordinates of activated sludge station.
Among the ten stations treated in this document, we noted that the only station with an intensive process is that of Touggourt by activated sludge, its principle resides in an intensification of the self-purification processes that are encountered in natural environments [14]. The bacteria float in flakes in the wastewater and the purification process takes place under intense aeration (Figure 15). Aerobic and anaerobic (oxygen poor) conditions can be altered in space and time so that nutrients too (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) can be removed [15].
Basic diagram of the activated sludge process [
We have noted that this system offers good elimination of all the pollution parameters (COD, BOD5, MES, N) by nitrification and denitrification; plus an easier implementation of dephosphorization. It is a system suitable for the protection of sensitive receiving environments such as that of Oued Righ.
On the other hand, in addition to the investment cost and energy consumption of this type of stations are quite high, the station encountered several technical and managerial problems such as the need for qualified personnel and regular monitoring; sensitivity to hydraulic overload and difficulty in controlling sludge production.
As the situation of the station in the middle of an area of palm groves, among the most apparent problems in the region is the inflow of water from the water table and the surplus of parasitic irrigation in the sanitation network which can affect the performance of the two stations by the high salinity of the water that can be expected, and the rapid variation in the concentration of raw sewage.
Through this chapter, we tried to shed light on the wastewater treatment component in the Algerian Sahara through a description of the different systems used and to discuss their reliability and constraints.
The purification techniques adopted in the Algerian Sahara are limited to three processes: lagooning process, plant filter and activated sludge. Furthermore, the cost of installing and maintaining these sectors requires significant human and financial resources which are difficult to bear in our region.
We noted that the main objective of these stations in the Sahara is the protection of the environment and the almost non-existent tertiary treatment, for this the practice of reuse of purified wastewater remains very limited to the time that these regions have a subsoil. of the largest freshwater table in the world (Intercalary Continental).
The document clearly explained that 70% of stations in the Algerian Sahara using lagooning where 40% are stations by aerated lagooning, which remains a choice which has been subject to constraints such as high energy consumption, and the presence of electromechanical equipment. Requiring periodic maintenance by specialists. Only two pilot stations using plant purification; this system has not been developed in the region because of their strong footprint, the use of this system remains very delicate for issues of hydraulic control and cost compared to conventional channels.
Due to investment costs there are almost no active mud stations and the energy consumption of this type of station is quite high.
The improvement of these wastewater treatment techniques has resulted in an increase in by-products, these by-products, and particularly the sludge which represents the largest volumes, must be conditioned and disposed of in the most appropriate way, this which adds additional equipment to the wastewater treatment plants.
Therefore, it is necessary to explore new wastewater treatment technologies, reliable loads and adapted to the realities of our country Algeria.
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Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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