Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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It is intended for molecular biology researchers involved in bioluminescent reactions, molecular engineering of bioluminescent sensor probes, and biomonitoring of environmental toxins.. Field researchers as well as students will also find this volume to be of interest.",isbn:"978-1-78984-785-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-784-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-196-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77783",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",numberOfPages:124,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6902,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:43,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 15th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 15th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 16th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 21st 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 20th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"410",title:"Biotechnology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology-biotechnology"}],chapters:[{id:"66251",title:"Biotechnological Advances in Luciferase Enzymes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85313",slug:"biotechnological-advances-in-luciferase-enzymes",totalDownloads:1409,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter explores the history of the bioengineering advances that have been applied to common luciferase enzymes and the improvements that have been accomplished by this work. The primary focus is placed on firefly luciferase (FLuc), Gaussia luciferase (GLuc), Renilla luciferase (RLuc), Oplophorus luciferase (OLuc; NanoLuc), and bacterial luciferase (Lux). Beginning with the cloning and exogenous expression of each enzyme, their step-wise modifications are presented and the new capabilities endowed by each incremental advancement are highlighted. Using the historical basis of this information, the chapter concludes with a prospective on the overall impact these advances have had on scientific research and provides an outlook on what capabilities future advances could unlock.",signatures:"Andrew Kirkpatrick, Tingting Xu, Steven Ripp, Gary Sayler and Dan Close",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66251",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66251",authors:[{id:"34168",title:"Dr.",name:"Steven",surname:"Ripp",slug:"steven-ripp",fullName:"Steven Ripp"},{id:"89407",title:"Dr.",name:"Tingting",surname:"Xu",slug:"tingting-xu",fullName:"Tingting Xu"},{id:"187444",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",surname:"Close",slug:"dan-close",fullName:"Dan Close"},{id:"256492",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",surname:"Sayler",slug:"gary-sayler",fullName:"Gary Sayler"},{id:"256494",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Kirkpatrick",slug:"andrew-kirkpatrick",fullName:"Andrew Kirkpatrick"}],corrections:null},{id:"66952",title:"Protein-Protein Interaction Assays Using Split-NanoLuc",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86122",slug:"protein-protein-interaction-assays-using-split-nanoluc",totalDownloads:1659,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Protein-protein interaction assays are fundamental to basic biology, drug discovery, diagnostics, screening, and immunoassays. Protein-fragment complementation (PCA) is one of such useful protein-protein interaction assays. PCA when performed using luciferase is a reversible approach, whereas when performed using green fluorescent protein analogs is an irreversible approach. The NanoLuc technology developed in 2012 utilizes a small and structurally robust luciferase that is capable of producing very bright luminescence. NanoLuc PCA has been used to detect many protein-protein interactions and for screening purposes. Methods developed from NanoLuc PCA include the HiBiT technology and NanoLuc ternary technology. These novel technologies are promising in various fields and further developments are anticipated.",signatures:"Yuki Ohmuro-Matsuyama and Hiroshi Ueda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66952",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66952",authors:[{id:"234155",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Ueda",slug:"hiroshi-ueda",fullName:"Hiroshi Ueda"},{id:"234158",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuki",surname:"Ohmuro-Matsuyama",slug:"yuki-ohmuro-matsuyama",fullName:"Yuki Ohmuro-Matsuyama"}],corrections:null},{id:"66940",title:"Biosensors Using Free and Immobilized Cells of Luminous Bacteria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85624",slug:"biosensors-using-free-and-immobilized-cells-of-luminous-bacteria",totalDownloads:818,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The technologies of receiving free and immobilized photobacteria cells for biomonitoring of toxins are considered. The mechanisms of interaction of toxins with photobacteria are observed. The main attention is paid to the immobilized procedures and structures of carriers. Data on poly(vinyl)alcohol (PVA) cryogel immobilization of different strains of photobacteria are presented. It is established that intensity and stability of light emission of PVA cells is competently controlled by: (1) intensity and persistence of a luminescent cycle using bacterial strain; (2) type of the carrier and the composition of the gel-formation medium; (3) freeze-thawing procedures; and (4) physical and chemical conditions of storage and application. The developed technology of cryogenic gel formation has kept the survival of luminous bacteria in the carrier practically at 100% without the introduction of additional cryoprotecting agents and procedures of a light induction. With storage at −80°C, bioluminescent activity remained without changes about 2 years. Using the immobilized preparations of biosensor, the discrete and continuous analysis of heavy metals, chlorophenols, and pesticides is carried out. The sensitivity of free and immobilized cells to the chosen toxicants is approximately identical. The continuous monitoring of toxicant conditions is optimized.",signatures:"Anvar D. Ismailov, Leyla E. Aleskerova, Kristina A. Alenina and Elena N. Efremenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66940",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66940",authors:[{id:"288106",title:"Prof.",name:"Anvar",surname:"Ismailov",slug:"anvar-ismailov",fullName:"Anvar Ismailov"},{id:"288351",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleskerova",surname:"Leyla",slug:"aleskerova-leyla",fullName:"Aleskerova Leyla"},{id:"288352",title:"Ms.",name:"Alenina",surname:"Kristina",slug:"alenina-kristina",fullName:"Alenina Kristina"},{id:"288353",title:"Prof.",name:"Efremenko",surname:"Elena",slug:"efremenko-elena",fullName:"Efremenko Elena"}],corrections:null},{id:"68274",title:"Ecological and Histological Notes on the Luminous Springtail, Lobella sp. (Collembola: Neanuridae), Discovered in Tokyo, Japan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88321",slug:"ecological-and-histological-notes-on-the-luminous-springtail-em-lobella-em-sp-collembola-neanuridae-",totalDownloads:969,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Some species of springtail (Collembola) are luminous, but it is not known whether light emitted by springtail is due to self-luminescence, feeding on luminous fungi, or accidental infection by luminous bacteria. To address this question, we characterized the luminescence of a luminous springtail, Lobella sp. (family Neanuridae) discovered in Tokyo, Japan. The emitted light was yellowish-green (540 nm) and was found to originate from tubercles on the thorax (segments II and III) and abdomen (segments I–VI) using a low-light imaging system. The luminescence persisted for several seconds but showed occasional oscillations in a laboratory environment. We also observed fat bodies containing eosin-positive granules under the integument of the tubercles in the tergum by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining that were not present in a nonluminous springtail (Vitronura sp.). The fat bodies in Lobella sp. are presumably photocytes analogous to the firefly lantern, and the eosin-positive granules are the likely source of bioluminescence, which implies that springtails are self-luminescent.",signatures:"Tadasu Sano, Yukimasa Kobayashi, Ikuko Sakai, Katsunori Ogoh and Hirobumi Suzuki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68274",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68274",authors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki"},{id:"297356",title:"Prof.",name:"Yukimasa",surname:"Kobayashi",slug:"yukimasa-kobayashi",fullName:"Yukimasa Kobayashi"},{id:"297357",title:"Ms.",name:"Ikuko",surname:"Sakai",slug:"ikuko-sakai",fullName:"Ikuko Sakai"},{id:"297358",title:"Dr.",name:"Katsunori",surname:"Ogoh",slug:"katsunori-ogoh",fullName:"Katsunori Ogoh"},{id:"297362",title:"Mr.",name:"Tadasu",surname:"Sano",slug:"tadasu-sano",fullName:"Tadasu Sano"}],corrections:null},{id:"66645",title:"Effect of Camera Illumination on Flashing Behavior of Pteroptyx malaccae (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85796",slug:"effect-of-camera-illumination-on-flashing-behavior-of-em-pteroptyx-malaccae-em-coleoptera-lampyridae",totalDownloads:939,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Pteroptyx malaccae is a synchronous firefly that is important in firefly tourism in Thailand. Without well-managed tourism, the fireflies have faced to the problems of shooting camera flashes from tourists. Although the effect of artificial light was well understood, which causes negative impact to firefly courtship, there is no obvious information on the effect of the camera illumination. The experiment of testing four types of camera illumination was set up in laboratory using wild populations of P. malaccae. The flash patterns were recorded by videotaping and analyzed by using TiLIA software. The results showed that all kinds of camera illuminations affect flashing behavior of the fireflies. They prolonged flash interval by increasing pulse duration. The flashes from smartphone camera displayed the strongest effect; however, all flash types did not influence on the firefly life span, mating behavior and oviposition behavior of the fireflies.",signatures:"Anchana Thancharoen and Sirima Masoh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66645",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66645",authors:[{id:"289106",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Anchana",surname:"Thancharoen",slug:"anchana-thancharoen",fullName:"Anchana Thancharoen"},{id:"295154",title:"Ms.",name:"Sirima",surname:"Masoh",slug:"sirima-masoh",fullName:"Sirima Masoh"}],corrections:null},{id:"68446",title:"Biofluorescence in Terrestrial Animals, with Emphasis on Fireflies: A Review and Field Observation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86029",slug:"biofluorescence-in-terrestrial-animals-with-emphasis-on-fireflies-a-review-and-field-observation",totalDownloads:1108,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The mysterious world of biofluorescence in terrestrial ecosystems is mesmerizing. Though not as ubiquitous as in the ocean, it is not a rare phenomenon on land. Fluorescence occurs in all major phyla of terrestrial animals (Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida, Nematoda, Onychophora, Arthropoda, and Chordata) and their subgroups, with diverse fluorophores and performance. In this chapter, we make a general review on the fluorescence in terrestrial animals first, including their systematic distribution, research history, fluorophores, and proposed functions for each group among several other aspects. A systematic observation on the fluorescence of fireflies is reported for the first time. The co-occurrence of biofluorescence and bioluminescence in luminescent land snails, earthworms, potworms, millipedes, and fireflies is a fascinating issue. Though the biochemical mechanism of photogenesis is not fully understood in many terrestrial animals except fireflies, it appears that biofluorescence and bioluminescence do not have clear interaction during the light production process. However, fluorophores and luminophores are usually biochemically related and are different from the photogenic mechanism of jellyfish and several marine creatures whose ultimate light emission is made through energy transfer from bioluminescence to biofluorescence by green fluorescent protein (GFP) or its variants. The role of fluorescence is disputative. In general, nocturnal animals or animals having cryptic living styles, e.g., in earth or under shelters like tree bark or rocks, tend to exhibit UV fluorescence more frequently than animals that are diurnal or inhabit open environments. This pattern is evident in fireflies wherein only nocturnal and luminescent species exhibit noticeable UV fluorescence (likely from luciferin), which is dim or absent in diurnal or crepuscular fireflies. It is unlikely that occasionally induced UV fluorescence in natural environments can play a significant role in intra- or interspecific communication in fireflies or other nocturnal animals.",signatures:"Ming-Luen Jeng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68446",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68446",authors:[{id:"288568",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ming-Luen",surname:"Jeng",slug:"ming-luen-jeng",fullName:"Ming-Luen Jeng"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:{id:"15",series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",issn:"2632-0983",editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}}},tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9655",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Technology and Biology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"26b9e7dade717a5ffdc2dbcfaa1ea43d",slug:"bioluminescence-technology-and-biology",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki and Katsunori Ogoh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"584",title:"Advances in Applied Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fcc9fab84b820983f2a462d5145d2a0e",slug:"advances-in-applied-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Marian Petre",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/584.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74654",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",surname:"Petre",slug:"marian-petre",fullName:"Marian Petre"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3404",title:"Environmental Biotechnology",subtitle:"New Approaches and Prospective Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"925d14b19ca0f7945996b169d9836f5b",slug:"environmental-biotechnology-new-approaches-and-prospective-applications",bookSignature:"Marian Petre",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3404.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74654",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",surname:"Petre",slug:"marian-petre",fullName:"Marian Petre"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2115",title:"Biotechnology",subtitle:"Molecular Studies and Novel Applications for Improved Quality of Human Life",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"07ebd9c0af07dd6b0649bc67ae612b1e",slug:"biotechnology-molecular-studies-and-novel-applications-for-improved-quality-of-human-life",bookSignature:"Reda Helmy Sammour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2115.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32232",title:"Dr.",name:"Reda",surname:"Sammour",slug:"reda-sammour",fullName:"Reda Sammour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1910",title:"Oxidative Stress",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5fc01580caefb2637f31d59b377032a",slug:"oxidative-stress-molecular-mechanisms-and-biological-effects",bookSignature:"Volodymyr Lushchak and Halyna M. 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1. Introduction
Redox potentials are essential to our understanding of energetics of photosynthesis, organic photovoltaics, dye-sensitized solar cells, redox catalysis, organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lithium and flow batteries, and respiratory electron transport cycles. Electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry, polarography, and differential pulse voltammetry are the main sources of redox potentials. But to operate, these techniques require the addition of electrolyte, usually at concentrations near 0.1 M. The presence of electrolyte should stabilize radical cations or radical anion altering redox potentials from their true values in systems mentioned above, many of which contain no electrolyte.
Measurement of the effects of electrolytes on redox potentials has not been easy, but the advent of micro- and ultramicro electrodes enabled several groups to observe electrochemical waves at strongly reduced or even zero electrolyte concentrations [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Still these waves are difficult to interpret to obtain values of ΔE°′, the difference between the redox potential with, E°′[XY] = 0.1 and without, E°′[XY] = 0 electrolyte,
ΔE°′=E°′XY=0−E°′XY=0.1E1
Here XY is an inert, supporting electrolyte. A popular electrolyte is tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, TBAPF6. In our reading of the literature, we have yet to find even one report of the difference ΔE°′ for 0.1 moles/l (M) or any other concentration of electrolyte by electrochemical methods.
2. What is the effect of electrolytes on redox potentials?
While reports of the change in redox potential due to addition of electrolyte are rare, some results from our laboratory became available recently [14, 15]. To introduce the concept of shifts of redox potentials, Figure 1 displays potentials for four couples, t-stilbene0/−, F100/−, Cocp2+/0, and Fecp2+/0 (referred to herein as Fc) in THF over a wide range of concentrations of the electrolyte TBAPF6. F10 is a ten-unit oligomer of 9,9-dihexyl fluorene. Results for Stilbene and F10 used only experimental data. Those for Cocp2 and Fecp2+/0 used experiment and computations and may thus be slightly less reliable.
Figure 1.
The variation of redox potentials with the concentration of electrolyte, TBAPF6, from [TBAPF6] = 0 to 1.0 M. The position of E°′(Fc) is marked.
Figure 1 displays the potentials of the four species vs. the reference of an electron in vacuum (left axis) or the aqueous saturated calomel electrode (right axis) SCE. These two external references remain constant as electrolyte is added. Table 1, below, on the other hand, uses the internal ferrocene (Fecp2) as reference, while keeping the reference constant by always using it in 0.1 M TBAPF6. Methods for establishing and comparing reference potentials are described in the section Reference couples and electrodes.
Dissociation constants, Kd, and redox potentials in THF. Redox potentials are vs. Fc (Fecp2+/0) with 100 mM TBAPF6.
Electrolytes are tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6, Kd = 2.7 x 10−6 M, [17]) sodium tetraphenylborate (NaBPh4, Kd = 8.8x10−5 M [18]) and sodium tetraphenylborate with the Na+ encapsulated in the 222-cryptand ({Na}BPh4, Kd = 9.3.x10−5 M [15]). MePy is 1-methylpyrene, Per is perylene, BzPh is benzophenone.
Kd for (Cocp2+, PF6−) and (Fecp2+, PF6−) were estimated from measured [14] Kd’s for Stilbene and MePyrene and the ratios of computed Kd’s for those to computed Kd’s for (Cocp2+, PF6−) and (Fecp2+, PF6−). cE°′ is the reduction potential in 0.1 M electrolyte vs. Fc in THF with 0.1 M TBAPF6. E° is the reduction potential without electrolyte, also vs. Fc in THF with 0.1 M TBAPF6. Potentials vs. Fc in THF with no electrolyte are more negative by 0.185 V.
3. Redox potential shifts by ion pairing and activities
When electrolyte is added, two factors shift redox potentials: 1) ion pairing and 2) activity.
Both are pictured in Figure 2 and included in Eq. (2), below. In Figure 2, one positively charged ion of the electrolyte is close to the radical anion, forming an ion pair. Other ions of the electrolyte contribute to the ionic atmosphere. In highly polar media such as water or acetonitrile, there is little ion pairing and most electrolyte exists as free ions. Ionic atmospheres around radical anions or cations stabilize them, described as change of their activities, γ, calculated [14] here using extended Debye-Hückel theory. In these calculations in redox potential, the component attributed to activities is usually small. For 100 mM TBAPF6 estimates of the shift from activities are 18 mV in THF and 24 mV in acetonitrile using Kd’s for TBAPF6 from LeSuer, Buttolph, and Geiger [17].
Figure 2.
A radical ion (red oval) in solution surrounded by + and – ions of an electrolyte.
Shifts of redox potentials in Figure 1, calculated by Eq. (2), are much larger. The data in Figure 1 are in THF, where ion pairing can produce large changes in redox potentials.
E°′XY−E°XY=0=RTFln1γ±+γ±X+Kd°M•−X+E2
E°′XY−E°XY=0=−RTFln1γ±+γ±Y−Kd°M•+Y−E3
Eq. (2), derived in Ref., [14] gives the change in redox potential with concentration of the electrolyte, XY, in terms of a dissociation constant, Kd, and an activity coefficient, γ±. The free electrolyte concentrations, [X+] or [Y−], are found using the dissociation constants for the electrolyte in THF. It is derived by applying the Nernst equation in the presence of an ion-pairing equilibrium. Reference [14] also presents data used to obtain the parameters needed in Eq. (2). That data also examines and supports the model of Eq. (2). Eq. (2) is for reduction of molecule M to M˙− (e.g., Stilbene˙−; (3) is for reduction of M˙+ (e.g. Cocp2˙+) to M. Qu and Persson [19] gave an equation similar to Eq. (2), although without effects of activity.
Ion pairing is strong in media of lower polarity. The shifts of redox potentials in Figure 1 and Table 1 (below) are in THF, a liquid of moderately low polarity with a dielectric constant ε = 7.6. With this low polarity, Eq. (2) predicts the ion-pairing contribution to shift redox potentials by amounts that are generally much larger than that due to activity (∼18 mV). A notable exception is the case of the highly delocalized anion of F10, to be discussed below. This is especially evident for the case of the largest shift, 451 mV for benzophenone radical anion paired with Na+. In that case, the small Na+ ion pairs strongly with the negative charge concentrated on the ketone of benzophenone. The shift is smaller by almost a factor of 2 for pairing with TBA+ and still smaller with Na+ encapsulated in the 2.2.2. cryptand.
4. Methods to measure redox potentials with and without electrolyte
While we yet look forward to the possibility of measurements of redox potentials without electrolyte by electrochemistry at micro and ultramicro electrodes, two methods using pulse radiolysis have emerged from our laboratory. Both measure electron transfer equilibria without electrolyte and with electrolyte, studying electron transfer from a radical anion, D•− to an acceptor, A, under conditions where the equilibrium can be observed and the equilibrium constant, Keq, measured. Creating D•− by pulse radiolysis (Figure 3) enables determination of Keq.
Figure 3.
A spectrophotometric cell containing a solution. In our accelerator, LEAF, 9 MeV electrons enter one side of the cell creating ionizations in the solution. Each ionization is followed by secondary and tertiary ionizations.
In Figure 3, ionizations create electrons and holes, which add to solutes to create radical ions. In some liquids, such as THF, only radical anions are created. Radical cations can be created in other liquids. When an inert electrolyte is added, the electron transfer equilibrium is coupled to two ion-pairing equilibria as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4.
An electron transfer equilibrium coupled to two ion-pairing equilibria with inert ion X+. Kdd and Kda are dissociation constants for the ion pairs of D•− and A•− with the counter-ion of the electrolyte.
4.1 Method 1
If the two ion-pairing equilibria have the same dissociation constants, Kdd = Kda, then the apparent “composite” equilibrium constant, KeqC, does not shift as electrolytes are added. If D•− and A•− have different Kd’s for pairing with counter ions of the electrolyte, then KeqC, shifts as electrolyte is added. KeqC is the equilibrium constant between all D- species and all A- species. The system of three coupled equilibria has a simple, analytic solution under appropriate conditions, enabling the measurements of as a function of electrolyte concentration to be fit to yield Keq, Kdd, and Kda. Eq. (2) then gives the shifts of redox potentials for both D0/− and A0/− [14]. The good fit to the equations describing this mechanism also serve to validate the mechanism.
This method is very general requiring only that Kdd and Kda are substantially different. A difference of a factor of 10 is sufficient. It also needs either D•− or A•− to have a readily measurable absorption spectrum. An aspect of the generality of this method is that it enables determination of dissociation constants of radical ions with any counter ion, e.g., TBA+. Figure 5 presents an example of data using this method.
Figure 5.
Measurement of KeqC for electron transfer from MePy•− to F10 as a function of electrolyte concentration. Transient absorption at 1574 nm where only F10•− absorbs in THF a) without electrolyte and b) with 0.1 M TBAPF6. c) KeqC from the transient absorption data and d) the redox potentials for MePy and F10.
Previously, Szwarc determined Kd’s for pairs like (biphenyl•−, Na+) by conductivity, but the prior methods were applicable only to alkali metal ions. Reports in Table 1 of example like Kd(stilbene•−, TBA+) in Ref. [14] are new. The method can be readily generalized to equilibria of radical cations.
4.2 Method 2
A second method uses thermodynamic cycles like that in Figure 6. This cycle was constructed from measured equilibrium constants in THF for electron transfer from perylene to benzophenone,
Figure 6.
Free energy cycle for electron transfer from Per˙− to BzPh in THF without and with NaBPh4 electrolyte.
Per•−+BzPh⇌Per+BzPh•−E4
In Figure 6, the top segment is the measured free energy change for reaction [4] without electrolyte; the bottom is the free energy change with NaBPh4 added. Strong ion pairing in (BzPh˙−, Na+) changes the reaction from endoergic (ΔG = +171 meV) to exoergic (ΔG = -155 meV) in the presence of sodium. Kd(Per˙−, Na+) measured by Slates, and Szwarc [20] specifies the left segment, while the cycle yields the right segment, giving Kd(BzPh˙−, Na+) = 6.8 x 10−11 M.
The measurement of this the very small Kd(BzPh˙−, Na+) illustrates the power of Method 2 for select cases, although this method can work only when external data supplies one segment of the cycle, in this case Kd(Per˙−, Na+) measured by conductivity [20], which gives the left leg of the cycle.
5. Reference couples and electrodes
IUPAC recommended reporting of redox potentials relative to the internal ferrocenium/ferrocene reference (Fc) [21]. Our measurements to obtain redox potentials in THF at small or zero electrolyte concentrations [14, 15] used the determinations of Shalev and Evans [22] to reference our measurements to Fc in THF with 100 mM TBAPF6. Potentials in Table 1 use this reference, which we will call Fc(THF, TBAPF6). Common reference electrodes are SCE, the standard hydrogen electrode, silver ion (Ag), Ag/AgCl, and internal references. In Figure 1, we referred potentials to the electron in vacuum and aqueous SCE because these do not shift with electrolyte concentration. Here we applied Connelly and Geiger’s finding that Fc(THF, TBAPF6) is 0.56 V vs. SCE [23] and references for vs. e- in vacuum [24, 25].
6. Redox and reference shifts
Figures 5 and 7 graph redox potentials with two difference references.
Figure 7.
Shifts of redox potentials for reduction in THF for benzophenone (BzPh), t-stilbene and F10 vs. the fixed reference of Fc(100 mM TBAPF6).
In Figure 7, we see that the redox potential of BzPh0/− increases more rapidly with TBAPF6 concentration than either that Stilbene or F10. In the presence of Na+ ions, the redox potential increases still more rapidly and the increase begins even before the 10−9 M limit in the graph.
In Figure 7, the redox potential of F100/− changes little due to the remarkably large Kd(F10•−, TBA+) = 1.8x10−3 M. The weak association in this pair is due to weak electrostatic attraction of the positively charged TBA+ ion to the highly delocalized charge distribution of F10•− in the (F10•−, TBA+) pair. Figure 8 shows the computed ion pair using density functional theory (b3lyp/6–31 + g*) in Gaussian 16 [27] with the SMD solvation model for [28] THF.
Figure 8.
Pairing of the TBA+ ion with the very delocalized charge in the anion of F10 rendered by Gaussview [26].
The redox potential of F100/− changes more in Figure 9 where the reference is Fc at each electrolyte concentration. Most of this change is not due to changes in the potential of F100/−, but to changes in the Fc reference potential with increasing TBAPF6 concentration. Vullev and coworkers emphasized the effect of electrolyte on the potential of ferrocene [29].
Figure 9.
Shifts of redox potentials for reduction in THF of t-stilbene and F10 vs. the variable reference of fc[TBAPF6]; at each concentration [TBAPF6] the reference is Fc at that concentration. The position of E°′(Stilbene) is marked.
In Figure 10, the redox potentials of benzophenone (BzPh) and Perylene (Per) depend differently on the NaBPh4 electrolyte concentration due to very different Kd’s (Table 1), but the two curves are almost parallel at large [NaBPh4]; the difference between the two changes by only 11 mV from [NaBPh4] = 10−4 M to 0.1 M. This constancy occurs because changes in redox potential due to ion pairing are constant at 59 mV per decade of counter ion concentration once the onset of the effect occurs.
Figure 10.
Redox potentials of BzPh and per vs. NaBPh4 concentration.
7. Conclusions and prospects
The effect of electrolytes on redox potentials is now becoming known. Those effects are expected to be small in polar media where ion pairing is not strong and very large in nonpolar media where ion pairing is expected to be very strong. This chapter describes effects of electrolytes in a liquid of medium polarity, THF (ε = 7.6), in which the measurements are moderately challenging, but possible using new methods based on pulse radiolysis.
A principal contributor to redox potentials dissociation constants, Kd, for radical ions paired with counterions from the electrolyte. Few of these are known in the literature, but this work also reported several of these. The two methods described above used pulse radiolysis to determine Kd’s from 6.8 x 10−11 to 1.8 x 10−3 M.
In addition, these pulse radiolysis methods will enable testing of new internal references and “weakly coordinating” anions [30, 31] and cations [32], which could lead to better candidates for use in electrochemistry, particularly in low-polarity solvents. Furthermore, these methods enable the measurement of referenced redox potentials in the absence of electrolyte and can go beyond typical electrochemical potential windows [33].
Acknowledgments
This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Bioscience, through Grant DE-SC0012704, including use of the LEAF and Van de Graaff facilities of the BNL Accelerator Center for Energy Research. We are grateful to Tomokazu Iyoda, Matthew Pearson, Abram Ledbetter, and Nick Bonura for their contributions to references [14, 15].
Appendices and nomenclature
E°′[XY] = 0.1
is the redox potential in 0.1 M of electrolyte, XY.
E°′[XY] = 0.0
is the redox potential without electrolyte.
ΔE°′
is the difference between the redox potential with and without electrolyte,
KeqC
is the composite equilibrium constant for an electron transfer coupled to two ion pairing equilibria (see Figure 4).
M
is the concentration in moles/l.
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At the same time, the added electrolytes often have large, but unknown effects on the energetics studied. Despite substantial efforts using microelectrodes, it has not been possible to utilize electrochemical techniques to measure redox potentials in the absence of electrolytes. This chapter will be an account of new techniques applying the method of pulse radiolysis to partly answer the question: what is the effect of electrolytes on redox potentials?",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81101",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81101",signatures:"John R. Miller and Matthew J. Bird",book:{id:"11213",type:"book",title:"Redox Chemistry - From Molecules to Energy Storage",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Redox Chemistry - From Molecules to Energy Storage",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Olivier Fontaine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11213.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-538-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-537-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-539-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"347437",title:"Prof.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Fontaine",slug:"olivier-fontaine",fullName:"Olivier Fontaine"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. What is the effect of electrolytes on redox potentials?",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Redox potential shifts by ion pairing and activities",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Methods to measure redox potentials with and without electrolyte",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Method 1",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Method 2",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"5. Reference couples and electrodes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"6. Redox and reference shifts",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"7. Conclusions and prospects",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Appendices and nomenclature",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Bond AM, Fleischmann M, Robinson J. Electrochemistry in organic-solvents without supporting electrolyte using platinum microelectrodes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1984;168(1–2):299-312. DOI: 10.1016/0368-1874(84)87106-3'},{id:"B2",body:'Bond AM, Lay PA. Cyclic voltammetry at microelectrodes in the absence of added electrolyte using a platinum quasi-reference electrode. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1986;199(2):285-295. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(86)80004-3'},{id:"B3",body:'Cooper JB, Bond AM. Microelectrode studies in the absence of deliberately added supporting electrolyte - solvent dependence for a neutral and singly charged species. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1991;315(1–2):143-160. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(91)80066-y'},{id:"B4",body:'Bond AM, Pfund VB. Cyclic voltammetry at gold, platinum and carbon microelectrodes in ice without added supporting electrolyte - evidence for liquid microphases at temperatures well below the freezing-point of water. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1992;335(1–2):281-295. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80248-3'},{id:"B5",body:'Cooper JB, Bond AM, Oldham KB. Microelectrode studies without supporting electrolyte - model and experimental comparison for singly and multiply charged ions. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1992;331(1–2):877-895. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)85012-r'},{id:"B6",body:'Cooper JB, Bond AM. Evidence for adsorption of the Cobaltocenium cation and precipitation of uncharged Cobaltocene at the platinum microelectrode acetonitrile Interface in the absence of supporting electrolyte. Analytical Chemistry. 1993;65(20):2724-2730. DOI: 10.1021/ac00068a004'},{id:"B7",body:'Heinze J. Ultramicroelectrodes in electrochemistry. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition in English. 1993;32(9):1268-1288. DOI: 10.1002/anie.199312681'},{id:"B8",body:'Amatore C, Paulson SC, White HS. Successive electron-transfers in low ionic strength solutions. Migrational flux coupling by homogeneous electron transfer reactions. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1997;439(1):173-182. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00382-3'},{id:"B9",body:'Oldham KB, Cardwell TJ, Santos JH, Bond AM. Effect of ion pairing on steady-state voltammetric limiting currents at microelectrodes. 1. Theoretical principles. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1997;430(1–2):25-37. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04914-5'},{id:"B10",body:'Oldham KB, Cardwell TJ, Santos JH, Bond AM. Effect of ion pairing on steady state voltammetric limiting currents at microelectrodes. 2. Experimental studies on charged (Br-, Ag+) and uncharged (copper diethyldithiocarbamate) species in toluene. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1997;430(1–2):39-46. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04915-7'},{id:"B11",body:'Bento MF, Thouin L, Amatore C, Montenegro MI. About potential measurements in steady state voltammetry at low electrolyte/analyte concentration ratios. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1998;443(1):137-148. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00459-2'},{id:"B12",body:'Silva SM, Bond AM. Contribution of migration current to the voltammetric deposition and stripping of lead with and without added supporting electrolyte at a mercury-free carbon fibre microdisc electrode. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2003;500(1–2):307-321. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00881-x'},{id:"B13",body:'Limon-Petersen JG, Dickinson EJF, Belding SR, Rees NV, Compton RG. Cyclic voltammetry in weakly supported media the reduction of the cobaltocenium cation in acetonitrile - comparison between theory and experiment. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2010;650(1):135-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.08.011'},{id:"B14",body:'Bird MJ, Pearson MA, Asaoka S, Miller JR. General method for determining redox potentials without electrolyte. Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2020;124(26):5487-5495. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02948'},{id:"B15",body:'Bird MJ, Iyoda T, Bonura N, Bakalis J, Ledbetter AJ, Miller JR. Effects of electrolytes on redox potentials through ion pairing. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2017;804:107-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.09.030'},{id:"B16",body:'An alternative path from Fc(THF,TBAPF6) to e- vac uses Shalev’s report that aqueous SCE is 0.93 V vs. the potential of Cocp2 in acetonitrile (MeCN) with 100 mM TBAPF6. A conversion using computed solvation energies places SCE at 0.704 vs. Cocp2(THF,TBAPF6). They find Fc(THF,TBAPF6) to be 1.332 V vs. Cocp2(THF,TBAPF6) placing Fc(THF,TBAPF6) 5.12 V vs e-. We used the average of these two'},{id:"B17",body:'LeSuer RJ, Buttolph C, Geiger WE. Comparison of the conductivity properties of the Tetrabutylammonium salt of Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate anion with those of traditional supporting electrolyte anions in nonaqueous solvents. Analytical Chemistry. 2004;76(21):6395-6401. DOI: 10.1021/ac040087x'},{id:"B18",body:'Nicholls D, Sutphen C, Szwarc M. Dissociation of lithium and sodium salts in ethereal solvents. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1968;72(3):1021-1027. DOI: 10.1021/j100849a041'},{id:"B19",body:'Qu X, Persson KA. Toward accurate modeling of the effect of ion-pair formation on solute redox potential. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 2016;12(9):4501-4508. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00289'},{id:"B20",body:'Slates RV, Szwarc M. Dissociative equilibria in systems aromatic hydrocarbon- Na+− − radical anion- + Na+. Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1965;69(12):4124. DOI: 10.1021/j100782a012'},{id:"B21",body:'Gritzner G, Kuta J. Recommendations on reporting electrode-potentials in nonaqueous solvents. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 1984;56(4):461-466. DOI: 10.1351/pac198456040461'},{id:"B22",body:'Shalev H, Evans DH. Solvation of anion radicals: Gas-phase versus solution. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1989;111(7):2667-2674. DOI: 10.1021/ja00189a048'},{id:"B23",body:'Connelly NG, Geiger WE. Chemical redox agents for organometallic chemistry. Chemical Reviews. 1996;96(2):877-910. DOI: 10.1021/cr940053x'},{id:"B24",body:'Cardona CM, Li W, Kaifer AE, Stockdale D, Bazan GC. Electrochemical considerations for determining absolute frontier orbital energy levels of conjugated polymers for solar cell applications. Advanced Materials. 2011;23(20):2367-2371. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201004554'},{id:"B25",body:'Isse AA, Gennaro A. Absolute potential of the standard hydrogen electrode and the problem of interconversion of potentials in different solvents. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2010;114(23):7894-7899. DOI: 10.1021/jp100402x'},{id:"B26",body:'Dennington R, Keith TA, Millam JM. GaussView, Version 6.0. Shawnee Mission, KS: Semichem Inc.; 2016'},{id:"B27",body:'Frisch MJ, Trucks GW, Schlegel HB, Scuseria GE, Robb MA, Cheeseman JR, et al. Gaussian 16, Revision B.01. Wallingford CT: Gaussian, Inc.; 2016'},{id:"B28",body:'Marenich AV, Cramer CJ, Truhlar DG. Universal solvation model based on solute electron density and on a continuum model of the solvent defined by the bulk dielectric constant and atomic surface tensions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2009;113(18):6378-6396. DOI: 10.1021/jp810292n'},{id:"B29",body:'Bao D, Millare B, Xia W, Steyer BG, Gerasimenko AA, Ferreira A, et al. Electrochemical oxidation of ferrocene: A strong dependence on the concentration of the supporting electrolyte for nonpolar solvents. Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2009;113(7):1259-1267. DOI: 10.1021/jp809105f'},{id:"B30",body:'Khan FST, Waldbusser AL, Carrasco MC, Pourhadi H, Hematian S. Synthetic, spectroscopic, structural, and electrochemical investigations of ferricenium derivatives with weakly coordinating anions: Ion pairing, substituent, and solvent effects. Dalton Transactions. 2021;50(21):7433-7455. DOI: 10.1039/D1DT01192H'},{id:"B31",body:'Geiger WE, Barriere F. Organometallic electrochemistry based on electrolytes containing weakly-coordinating Fluoroarylborate anions. Accounts of Chemical Research. 2010;43(7):1030-1039. DOI: 10.1021/ar1000023'},{id:"B32",body:'Mann L, Hornberger E, Steinhauer S, Riedel S. Further development of weakly coordinating cations: Fluorinated Bis(triarylphosphoranylidene)iminium salts. Chemistry – A European Journal. 2018;24(15):3902-3908. DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705992'},{id:"B33",body:'Bird MJ, Cook AR, Zamadar M, Asaoka S, Miller JR. Pushing the limits of the electrochemical window with pulse radiolysis in chloroform. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2020;22(26):14660-14670. DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01948h'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"John R. Miller",address:"jrmiller@bnl.gov",affiliation:'
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Then applies these heuristics on 1‖WTV minimization problem and three heuristics with a unique task distribution mechanism on Qm|prec|WTV minimization problem. The experimental result shows the performance of heuristic in the form of graph for consonant problems.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Satyasundara Mahapatra, Rati Ranjan Dash and Sateesh K. 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Although numerous papers on hyper‐heuristics have been published and several studies are still underway, most research has focused on single‐objective optimization. Work on hyper‐heuristics for multi‐objective optimization remains limited. This chapter draws attention to this area of research to help researchers and PhD students understand and reuse these methods. It also provides the basic concepts of multi‐objective optimization and hyper‐heuristics to facilitate a better understanding of the related research areas, in addition to exploring hyper‐heuristic methodologies that address multi‐objective optimization. Some design issues related to the development of hyper‐heuristic framework for multi‐objective optimization are discussed. The chapter concludes with a case study of multi‐objective selection hyper‐heuristics and its application on a real‐world problem.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Mashael Suliaman Maashi",authors:[{id:"201702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashael",middleName:null,surname:"Maashi",slug:"mashael-maashi",fullName:"Mashael Maashi"}]},{id:"55810",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69223",title:"Efficient Heuristics for Scheduling with Release and Delivery Times",slug:"efficient-heuristics-for-scheduling-with-release-and-delivery-times",totalDownloads:1185,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we describe efficient heuristics for scheduling jobs with release and delivery times with the objective to minimize the maximum job completion time. These heuristics are essentially based on a commonly used scheduling theory in Jackson’s extended heuristic. We present basic structural properties of the solutions delivered by Jackson’s heuristic and then illustrate how one can exploit them to build efficient heuristics.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Nodari Vakhania",authors:[{id:"202585",title:"Prof.",name:"Nodari",middleName:null,surname:"Vakhania",slug:"nodari-vakhania",fullName:"Nodari Vakhania"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56264",title:"Heuristics Techniques for Scheduling Problems with Reducing Waiting Time Variance",slug:"heuristics-techniques-for-scheduling-problems-with-reducing-waiting-time-variance",totalDownloads:1709,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In real computational world, scheduling is a decision making process. This is nothing but a systematic schedule through which a large numbers of tasks are assigned to the processors. Due to the resource limitation, creation of such schedule is a real challenge. This creates the interest of developing a qualitative scheduler for the processors. These processors are either single or parallel. One of the criteria for improving the efficiency of scheduler is waiting time variance (WTV). Minimizing the WTV of a task is a NP-hard problem. Achieving the quality of service (QoS) in a single or parallel processor by minimizing the WTV is a problem of task scheduling. To enhance the performance of a single or parallel processor, it is required to develop a stable and none overlap scheduler by minimizing WTV. An automated scheduler's performance is always measured by the attributes of QoS. One of the attributes of QoS is ‘Timeliness’. First, this chapter presents the importance of heuristics with five heuristic-based solutions. Then applies these heuristics on 1‖WTV minimization problem and three heuristics with a unique task distribution mechanism on Qm|prec|WTV minimization problem. The experimental result shows the performance of heuristic in the form of graph for consonant problems.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Satyasundara Mahapatra, Rati Ranjan Dash and Sateesh K. Pradhan",authors:[{id:"201253",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyasundara",middleName:null,surname:"Mahapatra",slug:"satyasundara-mahapatra",fullName:"Satyasundara Mahapatra"},{id:"203077",title:"Dr.",name:"Rati Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"rati-ranjan-dash",fullName:"Rati Ranjan Dash"},{id:"203078",title:"Dr.",name:"Sateesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Pradhan",slug:"sateesh-kumar-pradhan",fullName:"Sateesh Kumar Pradhan"}]},{id:"55554",title:"Hyper‐Heuristics and Metaheuristics for Selected Bio‐Inspired Combinatorial Optimization Problems",slug:"hyper-heuristics-and-metaheuristics-for-selected-bio-inspired-combinatorial-optimization-problems",totalDownloads:1583,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Many decision and optimization problems arising in bioinformatics field are time demanding, and several algorithms are designed to solve these problems or to improve their current best solution approach. Modeling and implementing a new heuristic algorithm may be time‐consuming but has strong motivations: on the one hand, even a small improvement of the new solution may be worth the long time spent on the construction of a new method; on the other hand, there are problems for which good‐enough solutions are acceptable which could be achieved at a much lower computational cost. In the first case, specially designed heuristics or metaheuristics are needed, while the latter hyper‐heuristics can be proposed. The paper will describe both approaches in different domain problems.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Aleksandra Swiercz",authors:[{id:"203032",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Swiercz",slug:"aleksandra-swiercz",fullName:"Aleksandra Swiercz"}]},{id:"55594",title:"Multi‐Objective Hyper‐Heuristics",slug:"multi-objective-hyper-heuristics",totalDownloads:1470,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Multi‐objective hyper‐heuristics is a search method or learning mechanism that operates over a fixed set of low‐level heuristics to solve multi‐objective optimization problems by controlling and combining the strengths of those heuristics. Although numerous papers on hyper‐heuristics have been published and several studies are still underway, most research has focused on single‐objective optimization. Work on hyper‐heuristics for multi‐objective optimization remains limited. This chapter draws attention to this area of research to help researchers and PhD students understand and reuse these methods. It also provides the basic concepts of multi‐objective optimization and hyper‐heuristics to facilitate a better understanding of the related research areas, in addition to exploring hyper‐heuristic methodologies that address multi‐objective optimization. Some design issues related to the development of hyper‐heuristic framework for multi‐objective optimization are discussed. The chapter concludes with a case study of multi‐objective selection hyper‐heuristics and its application on a real‐world problem.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Mashael Suliaman Maashi",authors:[{id:"201702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mashael",middleName:null,surname:"Maashi",slug:"mashael-maashi",fullName:"Mashael Maashi"}]},{id:"55968",title:"On the Use of Hybrid Heuristics for Providing Service to Select the Return Channel in an Interactive Digital TV Environment",slug:"on-the-use-of-hybrid-heuristics-for-providing-service-to-select-the-return-channel-in-an-interactive",totalDownloads:1303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The technologies used to link the end-user to a telecommunication infrastructure, has been changing over time due to the consolidation of new access technologies. Moreover, the emergence of new tools for information dissemination, such as interactive digital TV, makes the selection of access technology, factor of fundamental importance. One of the greatest advantages of using digital TV as means to disseminate information is the installation of applications. In this chapter, a load characterization of a typical application embedded in a digital TV is performed to determine its behavior. However, it is important to note that applications send information through an access technology. Therefore, this chapter, based on the study on load characterization, developed a methodology combining Bayesian networks and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) analytical approach to provide support to service providers to opt for a technology (power line communication, PLC, wireless, wired, etc.) for the return channel.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Marcos César da Rocha Seruffo, Ádamo Lima de Santana, Carlos\nRenato Lisboa Francês and Nandamudi Lankalapalli Vijaykumar",authors:[{id:"10493",title:"Dr.",name:"Adamo",middleName:null,surname:"Lima De Santana",slug:"adamo-lima-de-santana",fullName:"Adamo Lima De Santana"},{id:"202549",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Seruffo",slug:"marcos-seruffo",fullName:"Marcos Seruffo"},{id:"202551",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadamundi",middleName:null,surname:"Vijaykumar",slug:"nadamundi-vijaykumar",fullName:"Nadamundi Vijaykumar"},{id:"202552",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Francês",slug:"carlos-renato-frances",fullName:"Carlos Renato Francês"}]},{id:"55704",title:"Advanced Particle Filter Methods",slug:"advanced-particle-filter-methods",totalDownloads:1565,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter presents a set of algorithmic methods based on particle filter heuristics. We start with an introduction to particle filters, which covers the main motivation and related works. Then, the generic framework for particle filter algorithm is presented, followed by two important use cases regarding indoor positioning and multitarget tracking; for both problems, modified particle filter algorithms are presented followed by experimental results, implementation remarks, and a discussion. Finally, a short list of conclusion and future work are presented.",book:{id:"5966",slug:"heuristics-and-hyper-heuristics-principles-and-applications",title:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics",fullTitle:"Heuristics and Hyper-Heuristics - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Roi Yozevitch and Boaz Ben-Moshe",authors:[{id:"203049",title:"Prof.",name:"Boaz",middleName:null,surname:"Benmoshe",slug:"boaz-benmoshe",fullName:"Boaz Benmoshe"},{id:"203051",title:"Mr.",name:"Roi",middleName:null,surname:"Yozevitch",slug:"roi-yozevitch",fullName:"Roi Yozevitch"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"549",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. 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