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Mondello, F. H. Kobeissy, A. Jeromin, J. D. Guingab-Cagmat, Z. Zhiqun, J. Streeter, R. L. Hayes and K. K. 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Amorini, Andrea Ludovici, Simone Marziali, Tracy K. 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Carrillo-Ruiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/748.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74752",title:"Dr.",name:"José Damián",surname:"Carrillo-Ruiz",slug:"jose-damian-carrillo-ruiz",fullName:"José Damián Carrillo-Ruiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2034",title:"Brain Injury",subtitle:"Functional Aspects, Rehabilitation and Prevention",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"97fb870ccfe237f3270c3ae1b7a7dacd",slug:"brain-injury-functional-aspects-rehabilitation-and-prevention",bookSignature:"Amit Agrawal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2034.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2119",title:"Miscellanea on Encephalopathies",subtitle:"A Second Look",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2881c23482aaaccf648a51319e3f8af9",slug:"miscellanea-on-encephalopathies-a-second-look",bookSignature:"Radu Tanasescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2119.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72305",title:"Dr.",name:"Radu",surname:"Tanasescu",slug:"radu-tanasescu",fullName:"Radu Tanasescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2034",title:"Brain Injury",subtitle:"Functional Aspects, Rehabilitation and Prevention",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"97fb870ccfe237f3270c3ae1b7a7dacd",slug:"brain-injury-functional-aspects-rehabilitation-and-prevention",bookSignature:"Amit Agrawal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2034.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",body:'Peroxisomes are small membrane-bound organelles with simple structures but contain enzymes that display a wide range of metabolic activities. About 50 peroxisomal enzymes have been identified where major [1, 2] pathways for metabolism involve α- and β-oxidation of fatty acids, biosynthesis of ether lipids, polyamines, D-amino acids, glyoxylate, and purines. The synthesis and assembly of peroxisomal proteins occur on free ribosomes which are then imported into these tiny organelles as completed polypeptide chains. The disorders related to peroxisomal functions can be attributed to a disturbance in the formation of the organelles or might be related to defects in either a particular peroxisomal enzyme or a related transporter [3, 4]. The metabolic disorders promote the accumulation of substrates that are usually degraded by specific peroxisomal enzymes. A variety of clinical symptoms has proven to be very severe leading to an early death.
Peroxisome-related homeostatic balance is an indispensable mechanism of health where the removal of worn-out and defective peroxisomes occurs through autophagy. Association with mitochondria is reflected when commotion of peroxisomal function results in disruption of mitochondrial function. The impaired peroxisomal function has been found to be instrumental in special conditions of neurodegenerative disorders and diabetes, while dysregulation in peroxisomal function can result in cancer [5, 6]. There has been increasing evidence linking peroxisomal misregulation to the eruption of several diseases which potentiate an elevated possibility of targeting peroxisomal involvement in disease prevention or treatment.
Peroxisomes are amazingly active organelles, which have an important role in lipid and hydrogen peroxide metabolism making them elemental for human health [7]. Despite great advances in identification of essential components and related molecular mechanisms, an understanding of the process by which peroxisomes are incorporated into metabolic pathways is of elementary importance. The interaction of peroxisomes with other subcellular compartments, metabolic co-operations, peroxisome–peroxisome interactions, and the interaction of peroxisomes with microtubules needs to be addressed to utilize this information directly to combat the process of disease development.
Peroxisomes are consigned to clearing up the reactive oxygen chemical debris cast off by other organelles, where their functions extend far beyond hydrogen peroxide metabolism [8]. Peroxisomes are closely associated with mitochondria, and their ability to carry out fatty acid oxidation and lipid synthesis may be highly implicated in generating cellular signals required for normal physiology. The biology of peroxisomes and their relevance to human disorders, including cancer, obesity-related diabetes, and degenerative neurologic disease cannot be undermined [9].
Peroxisomes are multifarious where they invariably modulate the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and primary homeostatic mechanisms, such as oxidation of fatty acid, synthesis of bile acid, and transport of cholesterol. Henceforth, it is implicative that peroxisomal homeostasis is an important regulator of health, and disruption of peroxisomal function can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, reflecting the intimate link between the two organelles [10].
The impaired peroxisomal function leads to neurodegenerative disorders and diabetes, but dysregulation may have far-reaching effects, such as the development of cancer [11]. The peroxisomal function is also transformed with aging owing to deviations in the expression and/or localization of peroxisomal matrix proteins.
The homeostatic mechanisms of peroxisomes are undermined by the existence of distressing genetic disorders attributed to impaired peroxisomal function. However, with amplified evidence connecting peroxisomal dysfunction to the pathogenesis of these acquired diseases, it can be utilized as a druggable target in disease prevention or treatment [12].
The immune system evasion is one of the mainstays of cancer, and peroxisomes have an indispensable role in the regulation of cellular immune responses. Investigations of individual peroxisome proteins and metabolites provide for their pro-tumorigenic functions [13]. It is, therefore, important to highlight new advances in our understanding of biogenesis, enzymatic functions, and autophagic degradation of peroxisomes, which shall avail enough evidence to link such activities to tumor development. Such findings shall add to the possibility of exploitation of peroxisome-related processes for efficient battling against cancer.
With the above, emerging evidence, exploring the possible sites of activation of peroxisomal receptors could be intriguing with respect to the benefit and risk ratio.
In this context, it was deduced that activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) can be considered an efficient strategy for the treatment of metabolic dysregulation [14]. An ample of new moieties having the prospects to stimulate peroxisome proliferation have been discovered in the recent past.
The receptor which was cloned from a mouse liver, and titled a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) could regulate the expression of sizable genes involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism [15].
Besides, the ligands which activate PPARs lead to the promotion of co-activators and inhibition of co-repressors remodeling the chromatin and initiating transcription [16].
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a set of nuclear receptors namely PPAR gamma, PPAR alpha, and PPAR delta, encrypted by diverse genes. PPARs are ligand-regulated transcription factors regulating gene expression by binding to specific response elements (PPREs) within promoters. PPARs bind as heterodimers with a retinoid X receptor and, upon binding agonist, interact with cofactors such that the rate of transcription initiation is increased [17].
The PPARs are major regulators of lipid metabolism where fatty acids and eicosanoids have been recognized as common ligands. Synthetic PPAR ligands, such as fibrates and thiazolidinediones, have been effectively used in the treatment of dysregulation of lipids and glucose metabolism.
The discovery of these ligands led to the disclosure of many impending functions for the PPARs in pathological metabolic situations, such as demyelination, atherosclerosis, and cancer [18].
It has been recognized as the nuclear receptor for a class of rodent hepato-carcinogens leading to the proliferation of peroxisomes. PPAR-α is a transcription factor that happens to be the major regulator of lipid metabolism in the liver [19].
It is primarily activated via ligand binding where fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid and their metabolites from the ligand groups. Another category consists of synthetic ligands, such fibrate drugs referred to as peroxisome proliferators [20].
PPAR- δ is a nuclear hormone receptor that manages diverse biological processes involved in the progression of several chronic ailments, viz. obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer [21].
PPAR-δ act as an integrated unit for transcription regulation and nuclear receptor signaling. It stimulates the transcription of a wide variety of target genes by binding to specific DNA elements.
Many fatty acids and their derivatives induce PPAR δ viz. arachidonic acid and its metabolites [22].
PPAR-γ or the glitazone reverse insulin resistance receptor, is a type II nuclear receptor that is encoded by the PPAR-γ gene in humans [23, 24]. The protein encoded by this gene is PPAR-γ, which regulates the differentiation of adipose cells [25]
When the activity of PPAR-γ is regulated via phosphorylation through the MEK/ERK pathway, it results in decreasing transcriptional activity of PPAR-γ. The result is a loss of insulin sensitivity due to diabetic gene modifications. Owing to the above reasons, PPAR-γ has been implicated in the pathology of numerous diseases, including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer [26].
PPAR-γ controls fatty acid storage and metabolism of glucose. The genes activated by PPAR-γ stimulate lipid uptake and adipogenesis by fat cells. The agonists have been reported to be used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia [27].
PPAR-γ decreases the inflammatory response of many cardiovascular cells. PPAR-γ activates the paraoxonase-1 gene, resulting in an increase of paraoxonase 1 in the liver, which reduces the incidence of atherosclerosis [28].
The prevalence of metabolic syndromes is growing in the adult and pediatric groups which include majorly atherogenic dyslipidemia raised blood pressure, and pre-eminent plasma glucose [29].
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) may come up as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of metabolic syndromes. Further, there is substantial evidence that its agonists are, therefore, used in the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases [30].
Activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) is invariably indulged in varied mechanisms related to lipid profile.
One of the researches in this area confirmed the role of herbs in the stimulation of PPARα. Among the tested plant extracts, about nine had shown moderate PPARα transactivation [31]. The bioactive, piperine, and capsaicin revealed substantial trans-activational activities followed by a moderate activity in chalcones. It was concluded that a diet rich in natural products viz. herbs, act as PPARα agonists improving the lipid profile.
PPAR ligands disturb the survival of cancer cells in such a way that the metabolism enters into complete devastation. Owing to the potential of PPAR ligands, they are been considered a potential source of anticancer agents, with minimal toxicities [32].
PPAR activation disrupts the metabolism of cancer cells mainly by blocking the synthesis of fatty acids and promoting fatty acid oxidation. Owing to nutrient depletion, in the tumor microenvironment, PPAR coordinates with AMP-dependent protein kinase in repressing oncogenic Akt activity, inhibiting cell proliferation, and inducing glycolysis-dependent cancer cells into “metabolic failure” [33].
There is substantial evidence for the antiproliferative role, and prevention of metastatic indulged by PPAR ligands, which prompts a detailed compilation on the possible potential of PPAR in tumor suppression [34].
Suppression of inflammation is another mode contributing to anticancer effects. PPAR takeover the inflammation and activation of uncoupling proteins, which wanes the mitochondrial ROS generation and resultant cell proliferation. PPAR ligands can be considered as a low-toxic and well-tolerated therapeutic moiety to combat cancer [35].
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands exhibited anticancer activity
At the molecular level, these can decrease the levels of cyclin D1 and E, nuclear factor κB, and inflammatory cytokines. Some relevant data support the fact that PPAR γ might act as a gene for tumor suppression. On the other hand, several captivating pieces of evidence, suggest that under certain specific settings, PPAR γ ligands can lead to cancer [37].
Yet, the bulk of studies still reflects the fact that PPAR γ ligands bear antiproliferative potential against numerous transformed cells and may be applied in adjuvant treatments strategies for several common tumors [37, 38, 39].
As per research by Morinishi et al., activation of PPAR-
Colorectal cancer poses one major threat due to excessive dietary fat posing as a major threat. As it is involved in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, it needs to be studied extensively in this case [41]. Despite the fact, that researchers have scrutinized the expression and clinical repercussions of PPARs in colorectal cancer, the exact mechanism needs to be further explored.
Diverse studies have been undertaken, focusing on the assumed link between the polymorphisms and mutations of the PPAR
Ikezoe et al. [44] analyzed 397 clinical samples and cell lines, including colon, breast, and lung cancers for mutations of the PPAR
There has been substantial experimental data supporting that synthetic PPAR
Specific tumors behave variably in terms of peroxisomal activity. It has been observed, thus, that the enzymatic activities of peroxisomal metabolism decline in the breast [47], colon [48], and hepatocellular carcinomas [49]. Similar observations were recorded in renal cell carcinoma [50]. In a related finding, von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-deficient clear cell renal carcinoma displayed reduced peroxisomal activity. In contrast to this, some reports reveal that peroxisomal metabolic activities lead to enhancing the growth of tumors [51]. Few cancer cells count on peroxisomal lipid metabolism for energy and support the survival of cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment [52]. This controversial behavior of peroxisome indicates the fact that under a certain specific environment, it promotes or diminishes cancer growth, which may be attributed to the type of tumor. In this regard, it is implicative to further investigate the inducing factors that decide the fate of the metabolism of peroxisomes, closely related to its cancer proliferation effects.
Many studies have been undertaken to study the potential of the combinatorial approach where PPAR agonists can be used for the treatment of resistant cancers [53].
In research by Kaur et al., the probable effect of selective agonism by PPAR gamma receptors was studied for radiation therapy in non-small-cell lung carcinoma [54]. The agonist used was Rosiglitazone. A reasonably significant increase in the intensities of radiation-induced apoptosis was detected in H1299 cells attributed to enhanced PPARG expression. Consequently, it was deduced that PPAR gamma agonism stimulates the radio-sensitizing effect.
Another investigation was undertaken on the expression of PPAR gamma in human normal cervix and cervical carcinoma tissues. The effect of PPAR gamma ligands on the sustenance of cervical cancer cells was also an aim. It was observed that the PPAR gamma protein expression, was lessened in cervical carcinoma in comparison to normal cervical tissues [55].
Similar results were revealed using the effect of Ciglitizone on cell proliferation, which reflected noteworthy growth inhibition on human cervical cancer cell lines, C-33-A and C-4II. It further added to the substantial evidence for the role of PPAR in multiple human cervical cancer tissues and cell lines where a downregulation is encountered [56]. Several
The fact potentiated was that obesity is undoubtedly an important risk factor, resulting in upregulation of PPAR gamma, consequently leading to incidence and progression of PCa [58]. In an interesting work, the expression of PPAR γ was studied in epithelial cells in the colon. There was a differential expression of PPAR in different segments of the colon. Specifically, in the cell lines, Caco-2, and HT-29 human adenocarcinoma cells, PPAR γ expression was amplified upon differentiation. A significant role was observed as reflected in the amplified expression of PPAR γ was observed in the colon (Table 1) [59, 60].
S. No. | Bioactive | Mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Capsaicin | Induction of apoptosis in melanoma, colon, and prostate cancer cells. It was attributed to the activation of the PPAR γ | [61] |
2. | Linoleic acid | It was found to modulate interactions between PPARβ/δ and PPARγ isoforms. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was able to induce apoptosis, upregulate PPARG gene expression and activate PPAR γ protein in certain human cancer cell lines. | [62, 63] |
3. | β-carotene | The chemopreventive activity of β-carotene against breast cancer showed a significant increase in PPAR γ mRNA | [64] |
4. | Carotenoids: Fucoxanthin | Activates PPAR-γ in cancer cells. It was reported that the edible carotenoid fucoxanthin when combined with 6-troglitazone, induced apoptosis of Caco-2 cells. oreover, in epidemiological studies, the consumption of carotenoids was shown to protect against breast cancer. | [65, 66] |
5. | Kaempferol and Apigenin | It was found that flavonoids stimulated PPAR-γ transcriptional activities as allosteric effectors and are beneficial in Prostate cancer. | [67] |
6. | Daidzein | They bind to the estrogen-related receptors but also PPARα and PPARγ. As a result, their biological effects are determined by the balance between activated ERs and PPARγ. | [68] |
7 | Triterpene glycosides: Glycyrrhizin Triterpenoid acid: Betulinic acid | Triterpene glycoside both have shown pro-PPAR-γ activities in cancer cells. | [69] |
8 | Resveratrol | PPAR γ plays a role in Resveratrol-induced apoptosis of colon carcinoma cells. The combination of resveratrol with a PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone proved as an option for colorectal cancer. | [70] |
9 | Genistein | It impedes the OS cell cycle as a nontoxic activator of PPAR γ. It has been shown to lower the production of prostaglandin E2 in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and to reduce the invasiveness of these cells The effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in activating PPAR | [71, 72] |
10 | Flavone Wogonin | It has been shown that PPARα activation by wogonin downregulates osteopontin a multifunctional protein involved in several physiological and pathological events, such as cancer. | [73] |
11. | Flavanones Hesperetin, Naringenin, and their glycosides Epigallocatechin-3-galllate | Induced expression of PPAR | [74] |
Role of bioactive in the modulation of PPARs for treatment of various cancers.
To exploit the peroxisomal metabolism for anticancer approaches, several constraints need to be addressed in the first place [75]. Foremost, it should be assessed for its possible side effects on non-malignant cells as overhauling the metabolism might result in serious side effects. Next, the concern might be the differential behavior of the diverse cancer cells and their lineage [76].
The tumor heterogeneity is anyhow allied with differential metabolic activities. In this context, the selection of the study group may be very crucial [77]. It may also affect the prerequisite of peroxisomal functions in a specific subset of tumors [78].
PPARs, commonly known as modulators of genetic expression, exhibit variant tissue expression depending upon differential microenvironment and have thus attracted a lot of attention whether singly or in a combination strategy [25, 79].
This process can then activate the transcription of various genes involved in diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes that play main roles in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis [80], diabetes [81], liver disease [82], cardiovascular diseases [83], and cancer, involving inflammatory effects and their corresponding clinical implications [84].
Though therapeutic approaches to target peroxisome metabolism in cancer have been on a rise and pursued very closely by keen researchers, not many modulators have been assessed completely. Henceforth, well-defined
Peroxisome metabolism has been invariably linked to the functions of organelles, viz. endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria [86, 87]. The disruption of the association between the organelles and peroxisomes refurbishes the cancer cell metabolism. Further, it can be ascertained, that probable peroxisome targeting with drugs that inhibit the related organelles may lead to amplified anticancer mechanics [75].
It can be useful where targeting peroxisomes might enhance the targeting of other metabolic pathways in cancer. It, however, remains unveiled whether the alteration of peroxisome metabolism is a consequent event due to alterations in metabolism due to cellular changes during cancer or bears a prime position in the development [88].
However, it can never be disregarded that ample research has substantiated the potential of peroxisomes as absolute cancer targets while further exploration role of peroxisome metabolism in the genesis of tumors might prove to be a curtain-raiser. A rational approach to drug design can be attained by the revelation of the regulatory machinery and transcriptional focus of the PPARs. Focused research in this direction may provide a perfect perception of the development of metabolic diseases including cancer.
The authors are thankful to the Chancellor, Integral University, Lucknow-226026, Uttar Pradesh, India for his sustained encouragement, meticulous supervision, and valuable suggestions at all stages of completion of this chapter. The authors are thankful to the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University for providing all the necessary facilities related to the present work. The authors are also thankful for the research cell, Integral University.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Almost all the parts of this plant, that are, fruit, leaves, flower bud, trunk, and pseudo-stem, can be utilized. This chapter deals with the fiber extracted from the pseudo-stem of the banana plant. It discusses the production of banana pseudo-stem fiber, which includes plantation and harvesting; extraction of banana pseudo-stem fiber; retting; and degumming of the fiber. It also deals with the characteristics of the banana pseudo-stem fiber, such as morphological, physical and mechanical, durability, degradability, thermal, chemical, and antibacterial properties. 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Accordingly, 80 medicinal plant species were reviewed; leaves and roots are the main parts of the plants used for preparation of traditional medicines. The local practitioners provided various traditional medications to their patients’ diseases such as stomachaches, asthma, dysentery, malaria, evil eyes, cancer, skin diseases, and headaches. The uses of medicinal plants for human and animal treatments are practiced from time immemorial. Stream/riverbanks, cultivated lands, disturbed sites, bushlands, forested areas and their margins, woodlands, grasslands, and home gardens are major habitats of medicinal plants. Generally, medicinal plants used for traditional medicine play a significant role in the healthcare of the majority of the people in Ethiopia. The major threats to medicinal plants are habitat destruction, urbanization, agricultural expansion, investment, road construction, and deforestation. Because of these, medicinal plants are being declined and lost with their habitats. Community- and research-based conservation mechanisms could be an appropriate approach for mitigating the problems pertinent to the loss of medicinal plants and their habitats and for documenting medicinal plants. Chromatography; electrophoretic, macroscopic, and microscopic techniques; and pharmaceutical practice are mainly used for quality control of herbal medicines.",book:{id:"8502",slug:"plant-science-structure-anatomy-and-physiology-in-plants-cultured-in-vivo-and-in-vitro",title:"Plant Science",fullTitle:"Plant Science - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology in Plants Cultured in Vivo and in Vitro"},signatures:"Admasu Moges and Yohannes Moges",authors:[{id:"249746",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Admasu",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"admasu-moges",fullName:"Admasu Moges"},{id:"297761",title:"MSc.",name:"Yohannes",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"yohannes-moges",fullName:"Yohannes Moges"}]},{id:"70658",title:"Factors Affecting Yield of Crops",slug:"factors-affecting-yield-of-crops",totalDownloads:4044,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:"A good understanding of dynamics involved in food production is critical for the improvement of food security. It has been demonstrated that an increase in crop yields significantly reduces poverty. Yield, the mass of harvest crop product in a specific area, is influenced by several factors. These factors are grouped in three basic categories known as technological (agricultural practices, managerial decision, etc.), biological (diseases, insects, pests, weeds) and environmental (climatic condition, soil fertility, topography, water quality, etc.). These factors account for yield differences from one region to another worldwide. The current chapter will discuss each of these three basic factors as well as providing some recommendations for overcoming them. In addition, it will provide the importance of climate-smart agriculture in the increase of crop yields while facilitating the achievement of crop production in safe environment. This goes in line with the second goal of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of United Nations in transforming our world formulated as end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.",book:{id:"8153",slug:"agronomy-climate-change-food-security",title:"Agronomy",fullTitle:"Agronomy - Climate Change & Food Security"},signatures:"Tandzi Ngoune Liliane and Mutengwa Shelton Charles",authors:[{id:"313819",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliane",middleName:null,surname:"Tandzi",slug:"liliane-tandzi",fullName:"Liliane Tandzi"},{id:"314316",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles Shelton",middleName:null,surname:"Mutengwa",slug:"charles-shelton-mutengwa",fullName:"Charles Shelton Mutengwa"}]},{id:"59402",title:"Robotic Harvesting of Fruiting Vegetables: A Simulation Approach in V-REP, ROS and MATLAB",slug:"robotic-harvesting-of-fruiting-vegetables-a-simulation-approach-in-v-rep-ros-and-matlab",totalDownloads:2797,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In modern agriculture, there is a high demand to move from tedious manual harvesting to a continuously automated operation. This chapter reports on designing a simulation and control platform in V-REP, ROS, and MATLAB for experimenting with sensors and manipulators in robotic harvesting of sweet pepper. The objective was to provide a completely simulated environment for improvement of visual servoing task through easy testing and debugging of control algorithms with zero damage risk to the real robot and to the actual equipment. A simulated workspace, including an exact replica of different robot manipulators, sensing mechanisms, and sweet pepper plant, and fruit system was created in V-REP. Image moment method visual servoing with eye-in-hand configuration was implemented in MATLAB, and was tested on four robotic platforms including Fanuc LR Mate 200iD, NOVABOT, multiple linear actuators, and multiple SCARA arms. Data from simulation experiments were used as inputs of the control algorithm in MATLAB, whose outputs were sent back to the simulated workspace and to the actual robots. ROS was used for exchanging data between the simulated environment and the real workspace via its publish-and-subscribe architecture. Results provided a framework for experimenting with different sensing and acting scenarios, and verified the performance functionality of the simulator.",book:{id:"6265",slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Redmond R. Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed, Manoj Karkee and\nCornelia Weltzien",authors:[{id:"182449",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:"A.",surname:"Hameed",slug:"ibrahim-hameed",fullName:"Ibrahim Hameed"},{id:"203413",title:"Dr.",name:"Redmond R.",middleName:null,surname:"Shamshiri",slug:"redmond-r.-shamshiri",fullName:"Redmond R. Shamshiri"},{id:"241193",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Karkee",slug:"manoj-karkee",fullName:"Manoj Karkee"},{id:"241194",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",middleName:null,surname:"Weltzien",slug:"cornelia-weltzien",fullName:"Cornelia Weltzien"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"5",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82529",title:"Molecular and Functional Characterisation of Allergenic Non-specific Lipid Transfer Proteins of Sweet Lupin Seed Species",slug:"molecular-and-functional-characterisation-of-allergenic-non-specific-lipid-transfer-proteins-of-swee",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102889",abstract:"Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are small proteins abundant in plants, which function in transferring phospholipids and galactolipids across the membrane. nsLTPs also play a key role in plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, growth and development, as well as in sexual reproduction, seed development, and germination. In addition, these proteins have previously been identified as food allergens. In the present study, we carried out a molecular and functional comparative characterisation of 25 sequences of nsLTPs of lupin legumes and other species. Extensive analysis was carried out; including comparison of databases, phylogeny, physical–chemical properties, functional properties of post-translational modifications, protein structure conservation, 2-D and 3D modelling, functional interaction analysis, and allergenicity including identification of IgE, T-cell, and B-cell binding epitopes. The results indicated that particular structural features of nsLTPs are essential to the functionality of these proteins, high level of structural stability and conservation. Information about different functional interactions between nsLTPs and ligands showed that nsLTPs can accommodate several of them with different structure; and that the relationship between structure and allergenicity was investigated through the identification of epitopes susceptible of being involved in cross-reactivity between species of the Fabaceae family.",book:{id:"10749",title:"Legumes Research - Volume 1",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10749.jpg"},signatures:"Maria Rodrigo-Garcia, Esther Rodriguez-de Haro, Salvador Priego-Poyato, Elena Lima-Cabello, Sonia Morales-Santana and Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez"},{id:"82530",title:"Influence of Soil Moisture Stress on Vegetative Growth and Root Yield of Some Cassava Genotypes for Better Selection Strategy in Screen House Conditions and Different Agro-Ecologies in Nigeria",slug:"influence-of-soil-moisture-stress-on-vegetative-growth-and-root-yield-of-some-cassava-genotypes-for-",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105526",abstract:"Cassava is a vital staple crop for many African populations particularly in Nigeria. This study was conducted to determine the effect of soil moisture on the performance of selected 12 cassava genotypes that were evaluated for yield and related traits under three percentages of field capacity (75% – control, 50%, and 25%) in the screen house and field conditions in three agro-ecologies (Ibadan-Derived Savanna, Mokwa-Southern Guinea Savanna, and Zaria-Northern Guinea Savanna) and randomized complete block design was used. Data were collected on plant height, stem girth, number of nodes and leaves, shoot weight, stomata conductant, stay-green, fresh root weight, and dry matter percentage and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Genotypes differed significantly across and within locations. The higher stress level (25% field capacity – F.C.) resulted in a more significant reduction in vegetative growth than the moderate stress level of 50% F.C.; moisture levels were uniform over time for plant height and stem girth. The response to moisture levels varied widely among genotypes, indicating that they experienced a higher stress condition. Genotypes IITA-TMS-IBA980581, IITA-TMS-IBA010040, and IITA-TMS-IBA010034 were identified with good drought tolerance. Integrating physiological research with breeding efforts will help in the selection of suitable varieties for release.",book:{id:"11330",title:"Plant Response Mechanisms to Abiotic Stresses",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11330.jpg"},signatures:"Najimu Adetoro and Sikirou Mouritala"},{id:"82522",title:"Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata): Biology, Oil Processing, and Technological Potential",slug:"macauba-acrocomia-aculeata-biology-oil-processing-and-technological-potential",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105540",abstract:"The global production of vegetable oil has increased since the beginning of the century, reaching a peak of 209 million tons in 2020/2021 and is projected to continue to increase due to population growth and the impact of the biodiesel industry. In this context, palm oil and soybean oil have stood out. However, both palm oil and soybean oil production chains are not fully sustainable, leading to socioeconomic and environmental challenges, which have driven the search for new raw materials with sustainability potential. Macauba [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. Ex Mart.] is an oleaginous palm distributed mainly in Central and South America, and most of the Brazilian territory. It is one of the species with greater potential for economic exploitation due to its high oil productivity and use of by-products from oil extraction and processing. This chapter addresses the most up-to-date information in biology, oil production, and oil processing from fruit to oil applications.",book:{id:"11627",title:"Oilseed Crops - Biology, Production and Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11627.jpg"},signatures:"Odalys García Cabrera, Larissa Magalhães Grimaldi, Renato Grimaldi and Ana Paula Badan Ribeiro"},{id:"81567",title:"Basic Animal Breeding Methods",slug:"basic-animal-breeding-methods",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104136",abstract:"In the era of genomic selection, basic animal breeding methods are still playing a very important role in animal selection and their improvement. Animal Breeding involves the selective breeding of domestic animals with the intention to improve desirable and heritable qualities in the next generation. An animal’s overall performance is mostly influenced by genetic potential acquired from its parents, as well as the environment, which includes nutrition, health, management, and other factors. This chapter covers a brief outline of traditional breeding methods for the selection of animals and their improvement.",book:{id:"10898",title:"Animal Husbandry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10898.jpg"},signatures:"Mohan Singh Thakur"},{id:"82262",title:"Quality of Postharvest Degreened Citrus Fruit",slug:"quality-of-postharvest-degreened-citrus-fruit",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105119",abstract:"External color is a key factor that defines external citrus fruit quality. Degreening with exogenous ethylene exposure is a widely used postharvest treatment applied to promote external citrus fruit color development, mainly with those cultivars that reach internal maturity while their external peel color is still green. Ethylene plays a crucial role in the color change of citrus fruit because it induces two simultaneous, but independent, processes—chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid synthesis. However, it is important to know, in addition to the effect on skin color development, whether this treatment can negatively affect other fruit quality parameters. This chapter addresses the influence of postharvest degreening treatment on the physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory quality of citrus fruit.",book:{id:"11629",title:"Advances in Citrus Production and Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11629.jpg"},signatures:"Julia Morales, Lourdes Cervera, Pilar Navarro and Alejandra Salvador"},{id:"82508",title:"Introductory Chapter: Global Cotton Research Development Trends for the Past Five Years - Key Directions",slug:"introductory-chapter-global-cotton-research-development-trends-for-the-past-five-years-key-direction",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105748",abstract:null,book:{id:"11362",title:"Cotton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11362.jpg"},signatures:"Ibrokhim Y. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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