Three models of hierarchical multiple regression analyses with subscales of physical health (PHS) as the dependent variables (
\r\n\tWe need such information of the environmental indicators day and night, from the crowded cities and the most remote locations. Therefore the study, development, and application of automated sensing systems have been booming during the last decades and the progress in this field is really fast.
\r\n\r\n\tThe current book intends to provide the reader with the most recent trends in the development of sensing technologies for environmental control and monitoring, application of these novel technologies for the detection and monitoring of different environmental indicators, but also identification of hazardous chemical compounds and pathogens, and to introduce various aspects of using the online sensing data for decision-making in different fields of social life.
\r\n\t
The quality of life of an adult is determined by the interaction of many factors, yet psychological well-being and physical health can be considered as the essential variables ensuring the quality of life. Therefore, researchers seek to understand what factors and how they contribute to a person’s psychological well-being and physical health. Numerous studies reveal the importance of individual psychological and physical factors for these variables, but the significance of family interactional dynamics has become increasingly recognized over the last few decades. There is strong evidence that more favorable interactions with a spouse/partner usually predict better health as well as psychological well-being outcomes of an adult [1, 2, 3]. Additionally, the newest data suggest that broader family interactional context accounts for the significant changes in a person’s physical health and morbidity as well as in psychosocial functioning (e.g., [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]). Thus, the body of research provides clear evidence that supports the necessity to understand physical health and psychological well-being from a systemic perspective. However, understanding the associations between variables without a clear theory is difficult to achieve. Bowen family systems theory (BFST) is a systemic theory binding together family processes and individual factors. It has been vastly studied and has gained recognition for explaining different intrapsychic as well as interpersonal phenomena in the interactional context of the nuclear and genetic family [7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Bowen [17] claimed that an individual’s physical and emotional issues could be explained by the interactional processes in the family system. The chapter defines the main assumptions of the BFST as well as summarizes the main results of three studies demonstrating how family and personal factors defined by the BFST, such as family emotional system, triangulation, differentiation of self, relate to adults’ health and psychological well-being.
The BFST describes different interactional processes that are carried across the generations and determine an individual’s level of autonomy and emotional reactivity as well as the global functioning of the family [17, 18]. According to the theory, any personal or relational issue/symptom can be explained as a result of diffused anxiety produced by destructive interactional patterns among family members [15, 17]. Bowen described six interrelated concepts that address family processes, with differentiation of self (DoS), regarded as the central one as it appears in the manifestation of every other phenomenon described by Bowen [19]. It explains two fundamental aspects of psychosocial functioning: the ability to separate own feelings from thinking and to remain capable of making decisions under stress as well as the ability to develop close intimate relationships while remaining autonomous [12, 14, 16, 17, 20]. The DoS develops within the significant relationships with parents whose DoS shapes their mutual relationship as well as the relationship with their children and is transferred to the next generation through the nuclear family emotional system (NFES), triangulation, and family projection [17].
NFES can be referred to as a cumulative phenomenon since it binds the rest of the five concepts together (DoS, triangulation, multigenerational transmission process, family projection process, emotional cutoff) and explains the pathways of symptom development. The evolution of NFES begins even before an adult decides to have an intimate relationship. NFES develops gradually and depends on the quality of relationships with families-of-origin, the adjustment of partners to each other before having children as a two-person system, and their adjustment as a three-person system when a child is born. The partners’ level of DoS plays a critical role in the development of NFES since the lower DoS predicts more fusion and anxiety between the partners. Bowen [18] postulated that a person usually subconsciously chooses a partner with a similar level of DoS. The lower DoS predicts more fusion and anxiety between the partners. Partners with low differentiation are emotionally reactive, have little personal autonomy, seek emotional support, appraisal, and needs’ gratification. Under stress, they cannot think clearly and make effective decisions, tend to become overreactive and overwhelmed by the emotions. Marital discord usually develops ‘when neither spouse will “give in” to the other in the fusion, or when the one who has been giving in or adapting refuses to continue’ [17, p. 115]. The conflict can manifest with a wide range of interactional patterns from simple quarrels to overt violent acts as well as alienating from each other. Despite the tendency to establish a partnership with a person who has a similar level of differentiation, one partner usually has a slightly higher level of differentiation, and, in turn, he or she absorbs less undifferentiation and anxiety by communicating over-protectiveness, worry, or criticism to the less functional partner. The latter soaks up more of undifferentiation and anxiety, accepting her helplessness, powerlessness. Such interactions allow avoiding a conflict; however, they strengthen the unequal positions of the partners by allowing the more functional partner to gain more strength while the less functional partner develops emotional, social, or physical symptoms. Such interactional dynamics result in high levels of anxiety in the couple that has to be channeled somewhere else. Within the triadic systems, parents with low DoS tend to transfer their diffused anxiety to children through triangulation processes. Kerr and Bowen [19] noted that the two-person system is unstable because of the constant fluctuation of anxiety levels between partners and as it increases, the two-person system forms a triangle by involving a third person in their relationship. After pulling a child into their conflictual relationship, parents usually seek the child’s compassion, emotional support, or openly set a child against a partner. In this way, a child is forced to support the side of one of the parents, mediate in their conflict, comfort, etc., which may lead to a loyalty conflict in a child. Therefore, continual triangulation may result in children’s mental or physical health problems and has detrimental effects on a child’s development as well as functioning in adulthood [21, 22]. Involvement in triangulation does not enable children to become more differentiated than parents, restricts their autonomy, and strengthens emotional reactivity and anxiety [15, 18, 23, 24, 25]. Summarizing, NFES reflects the levels of differentiation and anxiety in the family system through three presumable patterns of the symptoms: chronic marital problems, physical or psychological illness of a partner, impairment of a child [19].
This chapter aims to present and discuss the results of three studies based on the Bowen family system theory. Thus, the next sections will present the summary of the studies aimed at examining the role of various family-of-origin variables on adults’ physical health and psychological well-being. Since some study measures and data analysis methods are shared among all three studies, the sections Measures and Data analysis, as well as General discussion, are integrated, while the sections Participants and Results are separate for each study.
In Study 1 and 2 hierarchical series of multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore the contribution of study variables to the prediction of psychological well-being (six subscales of PWBS) as the dependent variable. To estimate the effect size for a hierarchical multiple regression in each step Cohen’s
In Study 3 a mediation analysis was performed to test the impact of interparental relationship quality, triangulation, family emotional system, the DoS, and satisfaction with a couple relationship on adult’s physical and emotional health. A path analysis was carried out using the Maximum Likelihood method and the following goodness-of-fit indices [36]: model Chi-Square, the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), the Standardized Root-Mean-Square Residual (SRMR), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) and Comparative Fit Index (CFI). TLI, GFI, and CFI values greater than 0.90 are considered acceptable, whereas the ones higher than 0.95 are considered excellent. RMSEA and SRMR values lower than 0.08 are considered acceptable, whereas values close to 0.05 are considered as good [37]. Bootstrap re-sampling was applied to test the significance of the mediation paths, using 5000 bootstrap samples and 95% confidence intervals.
The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 23 and AMOS Version 23.
The objective of the study was to test the prognostic value of adults’ current family dynamics reflected by NFES on adults’ physical health.
The study was conducted online in 2017 in Lithuania. Respondents were recruited from various social networking websites intended for family issues. Before starting their participation, respondents were presented with an informed consent covering the primary goal of the study, voluntary participation, confidentiality, data protection, and contacts of the researcher.
Inclusion criteria were the following: intimate relationships at the moment of participation in the study and having a child from 3 to 18 years. The final sample consisted of 282 participants of whom 95% (
Two three-step hierarchical multiple regressions were performed for both subscales of PHS (Objective health indicators, Subjective health indicators) as the dependent variables. Each hierarchical multiple regression analysis consisted of three blocks of independent variables which were subscales of NFES (Personal distress, Constructive relationship with a partner, Destructive relationship with a partner, Child’s problems), presence of illness at the moment of the survey, and control variables (gender and age). The variance inflation factors (VIF) and tolerance factors for each of the single predictor variable were no larger than 4 (ranging between 1.1 and 2.6) and no smaller than 0.25 (ranging between 0.39 and 0.95), respectively, suggesting no collinearity between independent variables. The results of the final regression models are presented in Table 1.
Blocs of predictors | Objective health indicators | Subjective health indicators | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 ( | Model 2 ( | Model 3 ( | Model 1 ( | Model 2 ( | Model 3 ( | |
1st block: NFES | ||||||
PD | .22** | .09 | .09 | .31*** | .24*** | .24*** |
CRP | .00 | .01 | .01 | −.04 | −.04 | −.04 |
DRP | −.04 | .00 | .00 | .14 | .16* | .16* |
CP | .07 | .07 | .07 | .12* | .12* | .12* |
2nd block: HI | ||||||
Presence of illness | .57*** | .57*** | .32*** | .32*** | ||
3rd block: CV | ||||||
Gender | .05 | .01 | ||||
Age | .03 | −.03 | ||||
Adjusted | .048 | .364 | .362 | .157 | .251 | .246 |
.061** | .314*** | .003 | .169*** | .095*** | .001 | |
ES (Cohen’s | 0.06 | 0.46 | — | 0.21 | 0.11 | — |
4.51** | 33.10*** | 23.79*** | 14.04*** | 19.80*** | 14.11*** |
Three models of hierarchical multiple regression analyses with subscales of physical health (PHS) as the dependent variables (
p < .05.
p < .01.
p < .001.
Note: NFES = nuclear family emotional system; PD = personal distress; DRP = destructive relationship with a partner; CRP = constructive relationship with a partner; CP = child’s problems; HI = health issues; CV = control variables.
Analysis unraveled quite apparent differences between the results of regression analysis when predicting objective and subjective health indicators in terms of significant independent variables and effect size. Although in the first model personal distress, the only scale of NFES, significantly predicted objective health, its effect size was small and after adding the presence of illness into the regression the personal distress lost its predictive value. The final model explained 36% of the variance of adults’ objective health and the only significant predictor in the context of other independent variables was the presence of illness: those adults who have diagnosed illness reports more objective indicators of health’s problems. Differently, in the regression analysis of subjective health three scales of NFES sustained their significant predictive values after adding the presence of illness and the effect size of the latter was small when the effect size of NFES was medium. The final model explained 25% of the variance of the dependent variable and revealed that higher personal distress, more signs of a destructive relationship with a partner, more severe child’s problems, and presence of illness predict more indicators of subjectively evaluated physical health’s problems. The similarity between both models was associated to control variables (gender and age) – neither of them had predictive power and the effect size was equal to zero in both cases.
The hierarchical multiple regression analysis was repeated with the total score of NFFS instead of its scales aiming to examine the predictive value of the NFES as a whole (see Table 2).
Blocs of predictors | Objective health indicators | Subjective health indicators | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 ( | Model 2 ( | Model 3 ( | Model 1 ( | Model 2 ( | Model 3 ( | |
1st block: NFES | ||||||
Total score | .16** | .10* | .10* | .35*** | .32*** | .32*** |
2nd block: HI | ||||||
Presence of illness | .59*** | .59*** | .34*** | .35*** | ||
3rd block: CV | ||||||
Gender | .05 | .00 | ||||
Age | .03 | −.04 | ||||
Adjusted | .020 | .363 | .361 | .116 | .232 | .228 |
.024** | .344*** | .003 | .120*** | .117*** | .002 | |
ES (Cohen’s | 0.02 | 0.52 | — | 0.14 | 0.13 | — |
6.89** | 81.08*** | 40.74*** | 38.05*** | 43.33*** | 21.73*** |
Three models of hierarchical multiple regression analyses with subscales of physical health (PHS) as the dependent variables (
The results presented in Table 2 are very similar to those in Table 1, nevertheless, one difference was found. When predicting objective health, the NFES (total score) sustained significant predictive value after adding the presence of illness into the equation. Thus, the worse objective health of adults is predicted by the worse NFES and presence of illness, although the effect size of the first was small and of the second one was large.
The objective of the study was to examine the prognostic values of interparental relationship quality observed during childhood, DoS, and satisfaction with a current couple relationship on adults’ psychological well-being.
Lithuanian online survey software program (http://www.apklausk.lt) was used to design and host the survey in 2018. The first web page of the survey covered a short description and information about the purpose of the study, voluntary participation, opportunity to withdraw oneself from the study at any time, confidentiality, data protection as well as the contacts of the researcher.
There were three main inclusion criteria for participation in the study: being 18–55 years old, growing with both parents during childhood, and being in a romantic relationship at the moment of participation in the study for at least one year. The final sample consisted of 905 respondents who satisfied all inclusion criteria and who consented to their data being used in the study. Ninety two percent (
The research objective was implemented by running six four-step hierarchical multiple regressions for each subscale of PWBS (Autonomy, Environmental mastery, Personal growth, Positive relations, Purpose in life, Self-acceptance) and PWBS total score as the dependent variable. Each hierarchical multiple regression analysis consisted of four blocks of independent variables which were subscales of interparental relationship quality (Destructive relationship, Harmonious relationship, Avoidant relationship), DoS (Emotional reactivity, I-position, Emotional cutoff, Fusion with others), satisfaction with couple relationship quality (Satisfaction with an emotion-focused relationship, Satisfaction with a behavior-focused relationship) as well as control variables (gender, age, and education). The variance inflation factors (VIF) and tolerance factors for each of the single predictor variable were no larger than 4 (ranging between 1.0 and 3.5) and no smaller than 0.25 (ranging between 0.29 and 0.96), respectively suggesting no collinearity between independent variables. The results of the final regression models are presented in Table 3.
Blocs of predictors | Autonomy | Environ-mental mastery | Personal growth | Positive relations | Purpose in life | Self-acceptance | Well-being (total score) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st block: IPRQ | |||||||
DR | .01 | −.04 | .06 | .07 | −.02 | −.01 | .02 |
HR | .04 | .13** | −.01 | .08 | .11* | .12** | .10** |
AR | .02 | .02 | .04 | .05* | .06* | .03 | .06* |
2nd block: DoS | |||||||
ER | −.04 | −.22*** | −.01 | −.14*** | −09* | −.14*** | −.14*** |
IP | −.56*** | −.23*** | −.30*** | −.11*** | −.21*** | −.30*** | −.35*** |
EC | −.14*** | −.24*** | −.25*** | −.43*** | −.30*** | −.20*** | −.33*** |
FO | −.10** | .01 | −.05 | .10** | .06 | −.03 | .00 |
3rd block: CRS | |||||||
SEFR | −.01 | .06 | .03 | .10* | −.01 | .24*** | .09* |
SBFR | .02 | .14*** | .01 | .01 | .08 | .03 | .06 |
4th block: CV | |||||||
Gender | −.02 | .04 | −.04 | .06* | −.00 | .04 | .02 |
Age | −.06* | .07* | −.13*** | .02 | −.11** | −.01 | −.04 |
Education | −.01 | −.03 | .17*** | .05 | .11*** | .06* | .09*** |
Adjusted | .45 | .47 | .26 | .44 | .30 | .46 | .57 |
62.81*** | 67.17*** | 27.73*** | 59.03*** | 33.25*** | 66.32*** | 102.58*** |
Final models of hierarchical multiple regression analyses with subscales of psychological well-being (PWBS) as the dependent variables (
The results revealed that 44.8% of the variance of the participants’ autonomy can be attributed to the main three blocks of predictors tested in the analysis. Only 0.4% of the variance can be explained by control variables and the change in
The results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis predicting environmental mastery revealed that all four models were statistically significant (
All four models predicting personal growth were statistically significant (
The results of the prediction of positive relations were similar to those predicting previous dependent variables as all four models were significant (
The four models predicting purpose in life were statistically significant (
The results predicting self-acceptance did not distinguish from previous ones. The four models predicting the dependent variable were statistically significant (
Finally, the results of regression analysis with PWBS total score as the dependent variable were in line with those predicting separate scales of PWBS. The block of DoS scales had the strongest effect (explained 31.5% of the variance and presented a large effect size,
The objective of the study was to examine a complex mediation model that includes the triangulation and family-of-origin emotional system (FOES) perceived during childhood, DoS, and satisfaction of current couple relationship as the mediators between retrospectively assessed interparental communication and adult children’s physical and emotional health.
The online questionnaire was generated using SoSci Survey [38] and was made available to users via www.soscisurvey.de in 2020. Respondents were recruited using two methods: (1) posting an invitation to participate in the study using the web link for the survey on a social web network; (2) addressing schools with a request to disseminate the web link to the survey on schools’ electronic platforms designed for parents. The first web page of the survey covered detailed informed consent information. At the end of the informed consent, respondents were asked to accept or to decline the terms described in the document.
There were three main inclusion conditions for participation in the study: being 18 years or older and being in a romantic relationship lasting for at least one year at the moment of participation in the study. The sample consisted of 257 respondents most of whom were women (
Table 4 presents basic descriptive statistics and correlations among the study variables (total scores) that were included in the mediation path model analysis.
Variables | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Interparental relationship quality | — | 72.86 | 17.91 | |||||
2. Triangulation | −.68*** | — | 53.20 | 16.53 | ||||
3. Family-of-origin emotional system | −.66*** | .44*** | — | 57.86 | 18.73 | |||
4. Differentiation of self | −.24** | .27*** | .26*** | — | 139.76 | 27.51 | ||
5. Couple relationship satisfaction | .31*** | −.15* | −.33*** | −.31*** | — | 95.58 | 26.63 | |
6. Physical health | .15* | −.26*** | −.11 | −.30*** | .08 | — | 81.84 | 13.91 |
7. Emotional health | .32*** | −.35*** | −.30*** | −.58*** | .37*** | .46*** | 67.05 | 20.46 |
Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables included in mediation model analysis (
Correlation analysis demonstrated statistically significant correlations (
Next, the multiple mediation model was established to test the direct and indirect effects of independent variables on adults’ physical and emotional health. Figure 1 demonstrates the theoretical path mediation model based on the BFST. According to the theory it was expected that family-of-origin dynamics (interparental relationship quality, triangulation, and FOES) will have an indirect effect on adult children’s health through DoS and satisfaction of couple relationship. On the other hand, it was anticipated that FOES and triangulation will play as the mediators in the association between interparental relationship quality and adult children’s DoS.
The theoretical path mediation model of associations among the interparental relationship quality, triangulations, FOES, DoS, couple relationship satisfaction, and adults’ health.
The statistical analysis consisted of two steps: testing for model fit and for mediation with bootstrapping. According to the theory, the initial model was set to be recursive and to include paths from every independent variable to the supposed mediator and the dependent variables. However, after the correlation analysis revealed no significant correlations between FOES as well as couple relationship satisfaction and physical health, the paths were removed from couple relationship satisfaction and FOES to adults’ physical health. Figure 2 presents the results of the model for adults’ health demonstrating significant direct effects.
The path mediation model of associations among the interparental relationship quality, triangulation, FOES, DoS, couple relationship satisfaction, and adults’ physical as well as emotional health.
The mediation model provided an excellent fit to the data:
To explore multiple mediations in detail, the estimates of specific indirect effects and their confidence intervals were calculated separately (see Table 5). Based on the bootstrapping confidence intervals, significant indirect effects (full mediation) were shown from interparental relationship quality through triangulation and family emotional system on the DoS as well as through the FOES on couple relationship satisfaction. Although interparental relationship quality significantly predicted triangulation and FOES and explained a considerable part of their variance (46% and 37%, respectively), the independent variable as well as both mediators explained only 9% of the DoS variance.
Mediation hypothesis | Direct effect | Indirect effect | 95% CI | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
IRPQ→T → DoS | .03 ( | −.20* | [−.36; −.05] | Full mediation |
IRPQ→ FOES→DoS | .03 ( | −.22** | [−.37; −.08] | Full mediation |
IRPQ→ FOES→CRS | .10 ( | .21* | [.07; .36] | Full mediation |
FOES→DoS → CRS | −.21* | −.07* | [−.13; −.02] | Partial mediation |
IRPQ→DoS → EH | .02 ( | −.02 ( | [−.13; .08] | No mediation |
IRPQ→CRS → EH | .02 ( | .02 ( | [−.01; .08] | No mediation |
T → DoS → EH | −.16* | −.12* | [−.21; −.03] | Partial mediation |
DoS → CRS → EH | −.48*** | −.03** | [−.06; −.01] | Partial mediation |
IRPQ→T → DoS → EH | .02 ( | .07* | [.02; .13] | Full mediation |
IRPQ→ FOES→DoS → EH | .02 ( | .08** | [.03; .14] | Full mediation |
IRPQ→ FOES→DoS → CRS → EH | .02 ( | .01* | [.00; .02] | Full mediation |
T → DoS → PH | −.22* | −.04* | [−.08; −.01] | Partial mediation |
IRPQ→DoS → PH | −.07 ( | −.01 ( | [−.05; .03] | No mediation |
IRPQ→T → DoS → PH | −.07 ( | .03* | [.01; .05] | Full mediation |
IRPQ→ FOES→DoS → PH | −.07 ( | .03** | [.01; .05] | Full mediation |
Direct and indirect effects in the mediation models.
Full mediation was found assessing multiple mediation models demonstrating that interparental communication impacts adult children’s physical and emotional health indirectly through the mediators: triangulation, FOES, DoS, and satisfaction with current couple relationships in the case of emotional health. Interestingly, retrospectively evaluated triangulation in childhood had both significant indirect (through the mediator DoS) and direct effect on adults’ physical and emotional health.
The primary aim of this chapter was to present and discuss the results of three studies based on systemic ideas proposed by the BFST [17, 18]. According to the theory [17], interparental as well as parent–child interactional dynamics profoundly affect family members’ psychological, social, and even physical functioning. DoS is a core phenomenon linking intrapsychic and interpersonal relationships as well as between-generational transmissions of some interactional patterns that are repeated in different generations again and again. Partners alongside some level of DoS unconsciously bring into the couple’s life interactional patterns perceived and experienced in a family-of-origin thus shaping specific nuclear family emotional system. Lower levels of partners’ DoS accounts for the development of destructive interactions and consequently adverse family emotional system. Children in such a family are at risk to be involved in interparental conflicts through the triangulation process and to develop accordingly lower level of DoS. Whereas Bowen suggested that any relational, mental, and physical health problem can be explained by interactions of the mentioned phenomena, three studies presented in this chapter were to explore the significance of retrospectively evaluated FOES as well as triangulation, DoS, NFES and satisfaction with couple relationship for adults’ health and psychological well-being.
The physical health in Study 1 was evaluated through subjective indicators such as satisfaction with own physical health as well as objective indicators such as using medications due to health problems. The results revealed a quite substantial difference in the role of the nuclear family emotional system on objective and subjective indicators of adults’ physical health. NFES explained only 10 percent of the variance of objective indicators and almost the third (32%) of subjective indicators. The more severe personal distress, the more significant problems of a child, and the more destructive relationship with a partner predicted worse subjective health indicators. In general, the high number of personal and interactional problems in the family had a negative effect on the subjective evaluation of personal health. The results confirm the assumption of BFST [18] that the family emotional system reflecting the generated level of anxiety and problems in the family system influences the physical functioning of adult family members. However, as mentioned before, although the higher personal distress and the higher total score of NFES were significantly associated with worse objective health indicators, the overall score of NFES explained only 10% of the dependent variable’s variance. The results are ambiguous for two reasons. First, the state of physical health did not relate to couple discord and less constructive couple communication, although many studies demonstrated that dyadic interaction has an impact on personal health outcomes [1, 2, 3, 39, 40]. One possible explanation for such results could be related to the health measures used in the studies. The respondents were asked to report their objective physical health indicators such as physician visit frequency, the use of medications due to health problems, and reduction of working capacity due to a disease or other health problems. The cited research used subjective evaluations of physical health. Our study demonstrated that despite a significant moderate correlation (
Study 3 helped to look more in-depth on the associations between different family interactional variables and adults’ physical as well as emotional health. The main goal was to examine a complex mediation model based on the BFST showing that family-of-origin dynamics (interparental relationship quality, triangulation, and FOES) in the past will have an indirect effect on adult children’s health through DoS and satisfaction of present couple relationship. The results confirmed the Bowen’s proposition, that family members’ health (physical and emotional) in the present can be explained by the significant interactions in family-of-origin in the past as well as in the present. Specifically, interparental communication through the mediators – triangulation, family emotional system, and DoS – had an indirect effect on adults’ physical health. In the case of emotional health, the mediation model was very similar except for additional mediator – satisfaction with couple relationship. More interestingly, the FOES did not have a significant correlation with adults’ physical health and the result was very similar to that obtained in Study 1, demonstrating a very low correlation between NFES and adults’ physical health. On the other hand, triangulation experienced in the family-of-origin not only had an indirect effect through the mediator DoS but also had a direct effect on adults’ health (both physical and emotional). Lastly, the mediation model demonstrated the significance of DoS predicting adults’ health as well as mediating between other family-of-origin variables and adults’ health. Such results corroborate postulates of The BFST that different interactional processes experienced in the family-of-origin have a critical role in adult children’s emotional well-being and physical functioning.
The scientific data on associations between different family-of-origin variables and adults’ psychological and physical functioning are rather extensive, however somewhat inconsistent. For example, Stuart-Parrigon and Kerns [41] found that more severe partners’ conflict does not predict later child anxiety that can be considered as a component of DoS and an essential criterion of psychological functioning. However, Cowan and Cowan [42] noted that the intervention aimed at the marital relationship’s improvement has the potential to shape parent–child communication as well as a child’s functioning. The similar results were found by other authors [43, 44, 45] showing that better parent–child relationships are found among the adults whose relationship with a partner is better. Those studies confirm the spill-over hypothesis proposing a positive association between interparental relationship quality and parent–child relationship quality [43, 46] that in part confirms Bowen’s statement regarding the interparental communication as a channel to children’s DoS.
Additionally, research data show that parents’ ability to discuss family and partners’ relationship issues openly and constructively reduce the feelings of triangulation in children that eventually impair their well-being [10, 47, 48] and is positively associated with young adult children’s higher self-esteem and less perceived stress [49, 50]. Several longitudinal studies [51, 52] confirm the data produced by cross-sectional studies providing empirical evidence about the significant correlations between family relationships during adolescence and functioning in adulthood. More specifically to the BFST, Peleg [6] demonstrated that individuals who have experienced more stressful life events in childhood and adolescence are of lower DoS and more prone to be involved in intergenerational triangulation, which, in turn, leads to inadequate coping with future stressful events. Such results alongside the results obtained in Study 3 tend to the conclusion that good interparental relationship quality creates a positive emotional environment for children and serves as a protective factor for children’s well-being in adulthood. On contrary, poor interparental relationship quality is a detrimental factor contributing to the development of the negative family emotional system as well as to the involvement of children in the interparental discord through the triangulation process and acting as a risk factor for children’s physical and emotional functioning in adulthood. However, as was mentioned before, both studies (Study 1 and 3) demonstrated quite a weak effect of family variables on adults’ physical health, as they explained only 10 to 12 percent of the dependent variable’s variance. This means that even a higher number of independent variables in Study 3 produced very similar results as in Study 1. Such results might question the posture of the BFST regarding the effect of family on its members’ physical health. More studies are needed to re-examine the associations and look for other potential mediators linking family interactions to its members’ physical health status.
Interestingly, separate elements of DoS had different prediction power for the particular components of well-being. However, two almost equally strongest predictors of every component of adults’ well-being were I-position and emotional cutoff, suggesting that a higher level of well-being can be found among those who have a clearer self-view, are somewhat autonomous, and maintain warm relationships with significant others [53]. In some other studies, the emotional cutoff is found to predict marital problems and dyadic adjustment [20, 53] leading to lower satisfaction with life which reflects worse psychological well-being [54]. The emotional cutoff is a process of emotional alienation from parents, siblings, and other family members with whom a person has unresolved emotional and attachment issues. The decision to reduce or cut off emotional and/or physical contact with significant others is a way to cope with the anxiety that is generated by these relationships. However, emotional cutoff does not lead to problem resolution. Rather, they become dormant and prompt greater emotional reactivity as well as fusion with current partner/spouse. Thus, adults who are capable of maintaining close and satisfactory relationships with the members of the family-of-origin have the potential to expand their emotional support system and to cope better in their current personal, social, and professional life.
Although DoS was the strongest predictor of adults’ well-being, higher interparental relationship quality (specifically harmonious relationship and less avoidant relationship), as well as satisfaction with an emotion-focused couple relationship played a significant role in predicting some of the components and the total score of the psychosocial well-being as well. This suggests that adults who growing up observed supportive, affectionate, committed, and constructive interactions between parent figures and are more satisfied with emotional communication with their partner in adulthood are more prone to a higher sense of well-being. Study 3 demonstrated that interparental relationship quality perceived in childhood indirectly through the family emotional system and DoS relates to satisfaction with couple relationships in adulthood. Thus, it can be assumed, as Bowen suggested [17], that patterns of interaction between partners through triangulation, family emotional system, and DoS are transferred through generations. In adulthood, an individual with low DoS has difficulties in creating and sustaining satisfactory relationships [16, 20, 53] because one could not develop appropriate skills in the family-of-origin. Thus, adults’ relationship problems, alongside with high vulnerability to stress, eventually can lead to broader psychosocial functioning difficulties and a low sense of well-being [55].
The findings propose that adults’ DoS has a significant effect on their well-being both directly and indirectly – higher DoS leads to a more satisfying relationship with a partner which, in turn, has a positive impact on adults’ well-being. On the other hand, higher DoS creates a positive context for a person’s functioning in daily life. Results conform to other research body, providing evidence for the role of DoS as well as couple relationship in adults’ psychosocial functioning [4, 5, 6, 16, 54]. Adults, who have reasonable control over their emotions in stressful situations as well as in relationships with others, and who can develop and maintain healthy and harmonious relationships while sustaining autonomous and clearly defined self, may tend to make better personal and relational decisions leading to a better adjustment during life shifts as well as a more satisfactory life in general. In line with this reasoning, the findings support the postulates of the BFST [17] regarding DoS as a central mechanism by which personal, as well as relational well-being, is generated. The DoS is a product of interactional processes in the family-of-origin and is transmitted over generations.
Summarizing the results of the three studies, some general conclusions can be drawn:
As Bowen postulated, the family emotional system that develops gradually in the family-of-origin depending on the interactional patterns between partners as well as between parents and children significantly relates to the psychological well-being of adult children. Adults who were growing up in the family system shaped by parents whose communication was marked by intense discord, conflicts, lack of mutual respect, and who were involving children into their conflicts, tend to develop lower DoS and have poorer emotional health as well as feebler psychological well-being.
Although there were found some associations between adults’ physical health and the communication patterns in the family-of-origin and nuclear family, the data do not allow to judge regarding the family’s role unambiguously, as the phenomena under investigation explained a very small part of the physical health’s variance. Nevertheless, the results revealed that experience of triangulation in the family-of-origin might have a long-lasting detrimental impact on personal health.
DoS is a phenomenon that significantly relates to adults’ satisfaction with couple relationships, emotional health, and psychological well-being. However, the notion of the BFST, that DoS is a product of the communication processes progressing in the family-of-origin might be reconsidered, as researched family variables, although significantly correlated with DoS, together explained a very small portion of the variance of adults’ DoS. Such results prompt considering and looking for other developmental variables that together with phenomena described in the BFST shape the DoS.
Acknowledgments to Simona Celiauskaite, who participated in the development of Physical Health Scale and recruitment of the participants in Study 1.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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By transplantation of autologous adipose tissue, the functional outcomes might improve by compensating the existing tissue defects or tissue loss. Only a few studies have been published which evaluated the effectiveness of this new treatment option. The results of those studies show that the lipofilling technique seems safe and of potential value for improving swallowing function in some of the included patients with chronic and severe dysphagia after surgery and/or (chemo-) radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. The lipofilling procedure will be described in detail as well as the clinical implications.",book:{id:"11044",title:"Dysphagia - New Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11044.jpg"},signatures:"Marise Neijman, R.T. Karsten, L. van der Molen, O. Lapid and M.W.M. van den Brekel"},{id:"79823",title:"Dysphagia of Neurological Origin. 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Screening for dysphagia must be performed in all ALS patients at diagnosis and during the follow-up to approach dysphagia as soon as possible. This chapter includes the latest developments in the assessment and approach of dysphagia in ALS patients.",book:{id:"11044",title:"Dysphagia - New Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11044.jpg"},signatures:"Maria Argente-Pla, Katherine Garcia-Malpartida, Andrea Micó-García, Silvia Martín-Sanchis and Juan Francisco Merino-Torres"},{id:"79910",title:"Dysphagia in Neuroinflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System",slug:"dysphagia-in-neuroinflammatory-diseases-of-the-central-nervous-system",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101794",abstract:"Neuroinflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) consist of a relatively heterogeneous group of diseases that share the autoimmune activity against different parts of the system. Swallowing problems could happen in many of these cases. Its effect on the patients’ quality of life is undeniable. It could be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Detailed medical history and physical exam are important. Several questionnaires could help monitor dysphagia. Radiographic and endoscopic evaluations may be necessary to detect overlooked swallowing problems. The main treatment appears to be treating the underlying disease, besides general supplementary options like rehabilitation and speech therapy.",book:{id:"11044",title:"Dysphagia - New Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11044.jpg"},signatures:"Fereshteh Ghadiri and Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi"},{id:"79574",title:"Acute Management in Corrosive Ingestion",slug:"acute-management-in-corrosive-ingestion",totalDownloads:162,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101475",abstract:"Corrosive ingestion is an important health problem and medical emergency worldwide. It occurs by accident or by intention. Acids cause coagulation necrosis, and alkalis cause liquefaction necrosis. In the acute period, stabilization of the patient is most important. Airway assessment and prompt management are a priority for severe cases. Caustic substance reflux into the esophagus resulting in further damage should be prevented. The initial evaluation should be performed by endoscopy and graded according to the Zargar classification. Computed tomography (CT) should be used to assess injury to the esophagus because CT is non-invasive. For Zargar 3b injuries, views from both endoscopy and CT scans should be considered. Post-corrosive esophageal stricture is a complication that responds poorly to treatment. Research and development for stricture prevention are ongoing, especially for Zargar 2b and 3a cases.",book:{id:"11044",title:"Dysphagia - New Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11044.jpg"},signatures:"Prasit Mahawongkajit"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. 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Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"},selectedSubseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/28867",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"28867"},fullPath:"/chapters/28867",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()