\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4531",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Topics in Crystallization",title:"Advanced Topics in Crystallization",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In nearly all process industries, crystallization is used at some stage as a method of production, purification or recovery of solid materials. In recent years, a number of new applications have also come to rely on crystallization processes such as the crystallization of nano and amorphous materials. The articles in this book have been contributed by some of the most respected researchers in this area and cover the frontier areas of research and developments in crystallization processes. Divided into three sections, this book provides the latest research developments in many aspects of crystallization including the crystallization of biological macromolecules and pharmaceutical compounds, the crystallization of nanomaterials and the crystallization of amorphous and glassy materials. This book is of interest to both fundamental research and practicing scientists and will prove invaluable to all chemical engineers and industrial chemists in process industries, as well as crystallization workers and students in industry and academia.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2125-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4224-9",doi:"10.5772/58651",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"advanced-topics-in-crystallization",numberOfPages:372,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"c1b75a72987c71a8eb02ddb014b99882",bookSignature:"Yitzhak Mastai",publishedDate:"May 6th 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4531.jpg",numberOfDownloads:33918,numberOfWosCitations:39,numberOfCrossrefCitations:25,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:38,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:102,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 14th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 11th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 8th 2014",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 7th 2014",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 6th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"41724",title:"Prof.",name:"Yitzhak",middleName:null,surname:"Mastai",slug:"yitzhak-mastai",fullName:"Yitzhak Mastai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41724/images/2712_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Yitzhak Mastai was born in 1966 in Tel Aviv Israel. He obtained his B.Sc in physical chemistry from Bar-Ilan University in 1989 and received his PhD from the Weizmann Institute of Science with Prof. Gary Hodes on nanomaterials synthesis (1999). He then went to the Max Planck institute of colloids and interfaces for 3 years, as postdoctoral fellow to work with Prof. M. Antonietti and Prof. H Cölfen on biomimetic chemistry and chiral polymers. In 2003 joined the staff of the chemistry department at Bar-Ilan University, where he is currently a Professor at the institute of nanotechnology at Bar-Ilan University leading the nano chirality laboratory. Prof. Mastai’s earlier interests included nanomaterials synthesis and characterization. His current research is focused on the synthesis and analysis of chiral nanosurfaces, chiral self-assembled monolayers and polymeric chiral nanoparticles. 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Metabolism Induced by Metabolic Challenges and Their Beneficial Roles for Brain Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105778",slug:"changes-in-brain-metabolism-induced-by-metabolic-challenges-and-their-beneficial-roles-for-brain-agi",body:'At the brain level, physiological aging is a natural process that can be associated with the cellular and functional impairment that precedes a decline in cognitive abilities. It is widely accepted that aging is the main contributing risk factor for the onset of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease that trigger pathological aging [1]. Studies suggest that brain aging has considerable interindividual variability [2]. Elucidating the possible genetic and/or environmental factors that can determine these differences seems to be a key point to understand why individuals may or may not trigger cognitive impairment and/or dementia. In 2015, the estimated number of people with dementia was 50 million, and the figure is projected to reach 82 million in 2030 [3]. The total cost of dementia worldwide was estimated at US$ 818 billion, which is equivalent to 1 .1% of world gross domestic product (GDP) [4], evolving into a relevant problem in global public health. A genetic analysis based on a cohort study suggested that about 75% has cognitive ability variations from childhood to old age due to environmental factors [5]. Nowadays, diets high in saturated fats, refined sugars and a sedentary lifestyle are determining factors in the development of a metabolic syndrome (MetS) such as obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and hypertension [6]. These factors induce an impact on various systems, including the central nervous system, thus increasing the risk of cognitive impairment and/or disorders associated with dementia [7].
Evidence shows the association between MetS and dementia, where subjects with MetS are 11.48 times more likely to develop AD compared to those without a metabolic syndrome [8]. A study carried out in China on a cohort with mild cognitive impairment found that the presence of three or more components of a metabolic syndrome increased fourfold the risk of Alzheimer’s and two times only with the presence of diabetes [9]. Similarly, several studies on patient cohorts have shown that other MetS components such as abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension were risk predictors of cognitive impairment and AD [10].
An explanation about the connection between a metabolic syndrome and dementias can be found in some studies. For example, type 2 diabetes can trigger Alzheimer’s through hyperglycemia, which induces glutamate excitotoxicity in neurons; Furthermore, insulin resistance can contribute to β-amyloid accumulation, tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and apoptosis [11].
As life expectancy increases, the population is exposed to risk factors for longer periods of time, which may further increase the likelihood of developing dementia. In this regard, there is an increasing demand for strategies aimed at reversing the consequences of aging and its risk factors over cognitive impairment and/or dementia.
Glucose becomes the main energy demand for the brain during development. However, as time goes by, the risk of suffering from an altered energy metabolism due to the exclusive dependence on this substrate increases the pathophysiological context in the brain [12]. On the other hand, the existence of alternative energy substrates such as lactate [13] or ketone bodies [14, 15] may be beneficial for brain metabolism, thus reversing the consequences of cognitive impairment [16, 17, 18]. Lifestyles that include nutrition-based bioenergetic challenges such as caloric restriction, fasting, and ketogenic diet favor β-oxidation to produce ketone bodies that enhance synaptic plasticity, which correlates with the recovery of cognitive processes such as learning and memory [19, 20].
This chapter will study the changes in brain metabolism induced by substrates such as glucose, lactate, and ketone bodies in the context of physiological and pathological aging. Further discussion will focus on how nutritional interventions operate as metabolic modulators and neuroprotectors during physiological and pathological aging. The main interest of this section is to position the brain energy metabolism as an “energy switch” that determines the switch between physiological aging and pathological aging.
The human brain represents ~2% of total body mass and is the largest source of energy consumption, accounting for more than 20% of total oxygen metabolism [21], where neurons are estimated to consume between 75% and 80% of the energy produced in the brain [22]. This energy is primarily used at the synapse and a large proportion is spent on restoring neuronal membrane potentials after depolarization [23]. Therefore, normal brain function requires metabolic regulation from a single synapse level to a regional level. Neurons can use the following substrates as energy fuel: glucose, lactate, acetoacetate (AcAc) and β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB).
Glucose uptake by the brain primarily starts at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is made up of endothelial cells interconnected by tight junctions that inhibit the entry of water-soluble molecules. Passive diffusion is limited to gases and small nonpolar lipids. The rest of the nutrients need glucose transporters and monocarboxylate transporters [24, 25].
In neurons, glucose enters the cell via glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3), which is phosphorylated by hexokinase (HK) to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) [26], which is then routed into the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) [27]. The product of glycolysis is pyruvate that enters the mitochondria were metabolized through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain (ETC), generating between 30 and 36 molecules of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). Pyruvate can also be generated from lactate dehydrogenase 1 (LDH1)-dependent conversion of lactate. In PPP, G6P is converted into 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) which is converted into ribulose-5-phosphate (R5P), with the production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). NADPH is used to regenerate oxidized antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin. Neurons are unable to store glucose as glycogen due to constitutive degradation of glycogen synthase (GS) through glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) phosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal digestion mediated by the malin-laforin complex [28].
There is an astrocyte neuronal coupling where in astrocytes, glucose enters through glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and is preferentially stored as glycogen and metabolized through glycolysis. The generated pyruvate is converted into lactate by the expression of lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LDH5) and the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4). The presence of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (Pfkfb3) allows astrocytes to generate fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2, 6P) which acts as an allosteric modulator of Phosphofructokinase (PKF1) thereby enhancing glycolysis [29].
Many factors likely contribute to age-dependent brain hypometabolism. Studies, for example, show that there is higher BBB permeability in seniors, which may induce a lower intake of nutrients to the neuron and a larger accumulation of proteins such as fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, albumin, thrombin, blood hemoglobin and immune cell infiltration that may produce inflammation [30, 31]. On the other hand, studies on humans and animals show a reduced expression of glucose transporters in the brain with aging [32], as well as changes in the expression of key enzymes involved in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation [33].
Approximately 40% of healthy people over the age of 65 experience impairment in different cognitive domains such as working memory, spatial memory, episodic memory, and processing speed [34, 35], which is consistent with a gradual decrease in energy demand as aging progresses [36].
Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that glucose hypometabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction are early indicators of age-related functional changes during normal brain aging. Positron emission tomography (PET) analyzes with 2- [18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) in human subjects between the ages of 50-80 have revealed age-related decreases in glucose utilization in cortical and hippocampal regions [37]. This 14-year longitudinal study demonstrated that glucose hypometabolism can be observed decades before cognitive impairment becomes even more apparent. On the other hand, NAD levels are determinant of mitochondrial function and ATP production [38]. Studies on normal seniors show increased levels of NADH, with reduced levels of NAD and total NAD [39].
Thus, problems metabolizing glucose and impaired mitochondrial function may be a prelude to cognitive impairment and/or symptoms of dementia. Mouse model studies with reduced GLUT1 levels show an age-dependent decrease in brain capillary density, reduced cerebral blood flow and glucose uptake, and increased BBB leakage [40]. These metabolic and vascular impairments precede dendritic spine loss in hippocampal neurons and its associated behavioral alterations.
Moreover, women with AD have higher levels of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and higher cognitive impairment (at the same stages of the disease) than men. Recent studies show that these effects may be due to an impairment of mitochondrial complex I and an accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate (hexokinase inhibitor and rate-limiting metabolite of the PPP pathway) in AD. Furthermore, studies in mitochondria of astrocytes in the cortex and hippocampus show increased complex II-dependent respiration and increased cytochrome oxidase activity and expression of both nuclear and mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) subunits to compensate for metabolic disturbances in AD [41]. These data altogether show an increased female susceptibility to neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and suggest a compensation to neuronal glucose hypometabolism through the donation of reducing equivalents via succinyl-CoA, thereby feeding succinate dehydrogenase (CII) for brain energy production inducing a neuroprotective mechanism.
Consistent with a deficit in glucose metabolism, G6P accumulation has been reported to affect the enzymatic activity of hexokinase (rate-limiting step of glucose metabolism) [42]. Furthermore, G6P is the rate-limiting substrate of the PPP which is critical for NADPH generation and subsequent detoxification of oxygen free radicals [43], thus connecting glucose hypometabolism and oxidative stress commonly observed in AD.
A recent positron emission tomography (PET) study found that the spatial distribution of aerobic glycolysis correlated with Aβ deposition in individuals with AD. This result suggests a possible link between regional aerobic glycolysis and the subsequent development of AD pathology [44, 45]. In APP/PS1 mice, glucose uptake becomes increased in the cortex and hippocampus compared to control mice. Particularly, an increase in glucose uptake is near plaques rather than in Aβ-free brain tissues, suggesting that glucose uptake may compensate for Aβ deposition [46]. Furthermore, it is presumed that weakened glucose metabolism might be a more accurate marker of neuronal atrophy than Aβ accumulation itself, since it precedes the onset of clinical symptoms in AD. In clinical studies, AD patients show early and progressive reductions in glucose metabolism in cortical and hippocampal regions. In contrast, increased glucose transport to neurons can rescue the neuronal toxicity of Aβ [47]. There actually is brain glucose deficit and hypometabolism in AD patients, which may further worsen energy insufficiency and accelerate Aβ-induced neurodegeneration.
Risk factors such as MetS in adulthood are a risk indicator for impaired brain metabolism which trigger the same metabolic effects as in pre-asymptomatic patients risking Alzheimer’s. Analysis of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy scanning in the occipital lobe of 9 healthy participants; 10 obese nondiabetic participants; and 6 poorly controlled, insulin- and metformin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) it was measured the change in intracerebral glucose levels during a 2-hour hyperglycemic clamp (glucose ~220 mg/dl). The change in intracerebral glucose was significantly different across groups. Individuals with obesity and those with T2DM had significantly reduced increments in brain glucose concentrations compared with controls (healthy 1.46 ± 0.1 mmol/l vs. obese 1.06 ± 0.06 mmol/l vs. T2DM 0.71 ± 0.1 mmol/l). Individuals with poorly controlled T2DM showed a further blunting of brain glucose levels compared with obese individuals 1.46 ± 0.1 mmol/l vs. obese 1.06 ± 0.06 mmol/l vs. T2DM 0.71 ± 0.1 mmol/l). Individuals with poorly controlled T2DM showed a further blunting of brain glucose levels compared with obese individuals [48].
Lactate trafficking among astrocytes and neurons is mainly mediated by monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2), which provides lactate uptake in neurons [49], and monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), which provides lactate release from astrocytes [49]. Both transporters serve vital functions necessary for memory formation and synaptic transmission in the hippocampus [50]. In an AD model, MCT2 and lactate levels were found to be reduced in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus [51]. Hence, the alteration of these transporters could reduce lactate uptake into the neuron, further compromising energy metabolism and inducing cognitive impairment.
Glycogen is primarily stored in astrocytes, since its accumulation in neurons can induce apoptosis, thereby increasing the probability of suffering from dementia [52, 53]. Therefore, under physiological conditions, neurons inhibit their storage across the laforin-malin complex. Laforin is an enzyme that promotes glycogen storage but, in combination with malin, it stimulates proteasomal degradation of glycogen synthase. In the hippocampus of aged animals, Laforin becomes increased five-fold compared to adult mice and could induce increased glycogen synthesis in aged animals, which would be detrimental to neurons [54, 55].
In order to meet the energy demand of the brain, the system can generate more efficient compensatory mechanisms for quick energy production by either reducing the number of transporters in neurons or increasing the number of transporters in astrocytes.
In a study using proteomics, immunofluorescence, and qPCR in aged animals, glycogen phosphorylase (PYG), glycogen-degrading enzyme, was found to have increased its activity in hippocampal neurons, leading to a decrease in memory consolidation [56]. On the other hand, a decreased glycolytic capacity of astrocytes, along with a decrease in the number of suitable transporters for lactate secretion (MCT1) would balance the increased neuronal production of this compound, and the astrocytes would use the lactate produced by neurons to fuel. This could be a protective mechanism against neurodegeneration in the aged hippocampus.
Lactate is produced in neurons through neuronal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity [57]. Native LDH consists of 4 LDHA or LDHB subunits assembled in all possible combinations, forming a variety of tetrameric LDH isoenzymes [57]. LDHA isoenzymes particularly favor anaerobic glycolysis, which may catalyze pyruvate to lactate, while LDHB isoenzymes mostly catalyze the conversion of lactate to pyruvate [58]. Studies shows that neuronal LDHA and LDHB are reduced, and that reduced levels of neuronal LDHB are more evident than neuronal LDHA in APP/PS1 mice. Meanwhile, the neuronal LDHA/LDHB ratio is increased in APP/PS1 mice compared to control mice.
On basis of these data, reduced expression of MCT2 and MCT4 is suggested to possibly prevent lactate transport from astrocytes to neurons. Consequently, neurons become lactate deficient. Also, reduced brain lactate levels further aggravate energy deficiency in neurons. Neurons can increase neuronal LDHA/LDHB ratio to favor lactate production and partially alleviate their lack of energy substrate. Nevertheless, this compensatory enzyme modification is still insufficient to compensate for energy deficiency in neurons.
Studies in human brain cortex show that lactate could replace glucose to support respiration under basal conditions and during electrical stimulation [59]. Neurons in vitro prefer lactate over glucose when both substrates are provided [60]. In vivo studies demonstrate the existence of a metabolic coupling between astrocytes and neurons where a lactate gradient from astrocytes to neurons occurs [61]. Pharmacological inhibition of MCT2 irreversibly impairs long-term memory in mice [62]. Long-term memory impairment can be reversed by intrahippocampal administration of lactate—not glucose—in MCT4-deficient mice [63]. Additionally, heterozygous MCT1 knockout mice have impaired inhibitory avoidance memory [64]. All these results strongly suggest that neuronal lactate uptake is important for the recovery of long-term memories. The overall contribution of lactate to brain metabolism differs according to its availability. Studies in conscious humans have shown that, under resting conditions, lactate uptake by the brain provides about 8% of its energy needs. This percentage increases to 20% under high plasma lactate level conditions, such as during intense exercise [65]. Furthermore, under different exercise intensities, brain lactate metabolism is higher in trained subjects compared to controls. This suggests the possibility of adaptive mechanisms that allow the brain to respond to changes in substrate availability.
In a study, plasma samples were analyzed for fasting lactate to compare lean subjects, non-diabetic subjects with severe obesity, and metabolically impaired subjects. Fasting plasma lactate was elevated in obese subjects with the metabolic syndrome compared to healthy lean individuals. These data suggest that elevated lactate may be caused by an impairment in aerobic metabolism and may offer a focus assessing the severity of the metabolic syndrome [66].
Ketone bodies such as β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate (AcAc) are recognized as essential energy substrates for the brain during development, delivering up to 30–70% of its energy requirements [67]. In the adult brain, ketone utilization is markedly reduced when being fed, but may increase under conditions of limited glucose availability, such as during fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate/high-fat intake, and intense or prolonged exercise sessions. Under such conditions, the liver generates ketone bodies from the oxidation of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. Astrocytes can metabolize and deliver ketone bodies to neurons from fatty acid β-oxidation [68], however the rates of fatty acid transport are very low compared to those in the liver. In adults, the activity of ketone- metabolizing enzymes is high enough to easily allow a complete switch from glucose to ketones to meet the energy needs of the brain [69]. Because ketones are never produced in saturated concentrations, the brain’s rate of utilization is strictly regulated by their concentration in blood. In fact, brain glucose utilization during ketosis has been proven to decrease by approximately 10% per millimole of plasma ketones [70].
Whenever glucose availability declines due to fasting, starvation, exercise, caloric restriction or the ketogenic diet (KD), glycogen reserves in the liver become depleted and lipolysis of triacylglycerols or diacylglycerols in adipocytes generates free fatty acids (FFAs). The liver uses these fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids such as isoleucine, tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, and threonine. FFAs are metabolized by β-oxidation to AcetylCoA, which is used to generate ketone bodies such as AcAc, BHB and acetone (AC). AC is rapidly eliminated through urine and lungs, while BHB and AcAc cross the BBB into the neuron via monocarboxylic acid transporters (MCTs). In the anabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol, acetoacetate is converted into acetoacetyl-CoA (AcAc-CoA) by the enzyme acetoacetyl-CoA synthase (AACS). AcAc-CoA can be synthesized into acetyl-CoA to generate sterol precursors, 3- hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS 1). Acetyl-CoA produced from AcAc-CoA by cytosolic β- ketothiolase (cBKD) or from citrate by ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), can be converted into malonyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis. The amino acid can be synthesized using TCA cycle intermediates. Ketone oxidation occurs in mitochondria where AcAc captured or generated directly from 3 HB by 3-β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) is converted into acetyl-CoA via succinyl-CoA-3-oxoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) and mitochondrial β-ketothiolase (mBKD). Complete oxidation of AcAc produces 23 ATP molecules, while 3 HB generates 26 ATP molecules. Additionally, astrocytes have an important local reserve of βHB for neurons [71].
Studies show that these metabolic challenges (fasting, exercise, caloric restriction, or ketogenic diet) should be intermittent as they increase insulin sensitivity and increase glucose reuptake and utilization by neurons. The incorporation of glucose stimulates the release of the hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), which crosses the BBB and has a direct action on neurons, hence improving cognitive function [72].
Whereas brain glucose metabolism declines with normal aging and more severely in AD, the ability to metabolize ketone bodies becomes another form of energy substrate for the brain and remains normal in older people and AD patients [73, 74]. Several clinical studies in aging with cognitive impairment or AD show how metabolic interventions can improve cognitive processing and possibly mitigate the effects of AD disease.
A cohort study in 70.1 (± 6.2) years patients and educational level 15.3 (± 2.8) years with cognitively impaired were given an additional 50% calories while another group consumed just 20 g of carbohydrates per day to maintain ketosis for 6 weeks. The group that held a lower caloric consumption had a higher intake of fat and protein (a typical KD). This group increased learning and memory, and their urine ketones increased by 5.4 mg/dl [75]. Researchers found that ketone concentrations had a significant correlation with memory performance.
A longitudinal study ran 2 caloric restriction diets to overweight and obese people for 1 year. A low-fat diet (46% carbohydrates and 30% total fat; <8% saturated fat) and a low-carbohydrate diet consisting of 20–40 g carbohydrates (4% energy) and a higher amount of fat (61% energy, 20% saturated). In addition to a reduction in weight, plasma glucose and serum insulin, working memory was significantly improved by KD intervention [76].
Several studies have suggested that ketogenic dietary interventions may slow functional cognitive impairment and the development of dementia; however, the benefit of KD-induced ketosis may be limited to those without the apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) variant [77]; a variant known to be associated with AD [78]. Nevertheless, a case study of a heterozygous ApoE4 71-year-old woman with metabolic syndrome and mild AD with progressive cognitive impairment showed significant improvement in memory measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) after 10 weeks of KD. The intervention was aimed at maintaining plasma ketones between 0.5 and 2.0 mg/dl while also doing physical and mental exercises [79]. Similarly, an obese heterozygous ApoE4 68-year-old man with mild AD and type 2 diabetes mellitus showed improvement on the MoCA scale, which represented an AD regression after 10 weeks of KD. In the latter case, a hybrid KD approach with time-restricted intermittent fasting (IF) was applied 3 days a week [80]. In both cases, improvements in various metabolic parameters such as glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin and lipid profile were documented [79, 80]. Even though multiple elements might have contributed to the cognitive improvements observed, these case studies have provided groundbreaking evidence of the potential to delay or reverse mild cognitive impairment from progressing to AD through ketogenic dietary interventions, even in ApoE4+ cases.
In view of pathological aging such as Alzheimer’s, mitochondria isolated from animal models and Alzheimer’s patients show reduced enzymatic activity of the cytochrome C oxidase complex (ETC IV) [81] at the cellular level, as well as decreased oxidative respiration and progressive accumulation of Aβ in the mitochondria of neurons [82]. Both metabolic dysfunction and mitochondrial Aβ accumulation appear to occur early in disease progression before the onset of amyloid plaque formation [83]. This suggests that early metabolic dysfunction is a key process in Alzheimer’s progression and a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
An interesting nutritional strategy would be to improve the quality of fatty acids with medium chain fatty acids (LCFA) that are directly absorbed into the portal vein instead of the lymphatic system. Caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10), medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), are most ketogenic, which can be found in coconut oil and palm kernel oil [84]. Nevertheless, the concentration of these lipids is relatively low in coconut oil interventions, as they only raise levels of ketones slightly ~0.6 mM [84, 85].
Another alternative to the ketogenic diet is the ingestion of exogenous ketone esters and salts, which significantly increase ketone levels to >1 mM after ingestion, where ketone ester is the most potent in increasing circulating ketones even while consuming regular meals [86, 87]. Ketone salts often consist of a mixture of BHB D and L isoforms, although the metabolic contribution of L isoform is poorly understood. All three approaches (ketogenic diet, MCFA and exogenous ketone bodies) have been used in studies of neurodegenerative diseases, where MCFA becomes the most employed one. It is worth mentioning that MCFAs may have neuroprotective effects that are unrelated to ketonemia, as MCFAs can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and work as substrates for energy metabolism [88]. Studies also establish that MCFA, capric acid, may have the ability to improve mitochondrial function and reduce neuronal hyperactivity, which is often observed in AD [88].
A study on 39 subjects 63-year-old with mild cognitive impairment were supplemented twice daily for 6 months with 15 g of MCFA. Participants showed an improvement in different cognitive domains, including episodic memory and executive function compared to 44 subjects with a non-ketogenic placebo. A marked increase in plasma ketones was observed only in those assigned MCFA, and this increase was directly and significantly correlated with cognitive improvements.
Another study on subjects with cognitive impairment were given 56 g of MCFA oil or a placebo (canola oil) for 6 months. Study subjects assigned to placebo reflected no changes in BHB levels or cognitive functions. Nevertheless, subjects who were administered MCFA oil as well as, one subject lacking the ApoE4 gene, showed an increase in BHB levels compared to baseline, which decreased over the following weeks. This was different from the other subject who had the ApoE gene, as he maintained this BHB increase throughout the study period. As for cognition, both subjects showed improvements in this sense, as measured by the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog); however, the ApoE4- negative subject showed a greater improvement.
A study on people with very mild, mild, and moderate AD showed cognitive improvement in the Mini-Mental State Examination Scale (MMSE) and ADAS-Cog after 3 months of being supplemented with an MCFA. However, this improvement in cognitive function did not persist after the dietary intervention ended. These findings suggest that efficacy depends on administration time. In another study on AD subjects, they were given 20 g of MCFA for 3 months, which led to improvements in working memory, short-term memory, and processing speed.
Brain hypometabolism of glucose and lactate to be altered long before the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, risk factors such as MetS in adulthood are a risk indicator for impaired brain metabolism which trigger the same metabolic effects as in pre-asymptomatic patients risking Alzheimer’s. Therefore, providing more ketones to the aging brain can help it overcome progressive deficit in glucose absorption and metabolism, which delays brain energy depletion and decreases the risk of cognitive impairment and/or Alzheimer’s disease.
Future challenges lie in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of nutritional therapies based on intermittent ketosis that account for the increase in synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, and resistance to neurodegeneration.
Understanding these mechanisms will contribute to the awareness of the pathophysiology of dementias and a more effective approach to their treatments.
This project was supported by ANID Grant Number SA77210016.
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
.
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Morris, Steve Croker, Amy M. Masnick and Corinne Zimmerman",authors:[{id:"154336",title:"Prof.",name:"Bradley",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",slug:"bradley-morris",fullName:"Bradley Morris"},{id:"154337",title:"Prof.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Croker",slug:"steve-croker",fullName:"Steve Croker"},{id:"154338",title:"Prof.",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Masnick",slug:"amy-masnick",fullName:"Amy Masnick"},{id:"154339",title:"Prof.",name:"Corinne",middleName:null,surname:"Zimmerman",slug:"corinne-zimmerman",fullName:"Corinne Zimmerman"}]},{id:"60564",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76249",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:7003,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"56330",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69932",title:"Russian Scientific Trends on Specific Language Impairment in Childhood",slug:"russian-scientific-trends-on-specific-language-impairment-in-childhood",totalDownloads:1955,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"In Russia, there are many decades of experience in the scientific study of the problem of impaired language development in children. Today, the term “Systemic speech-and-language underdevelopment (SLU)” has firmly established in Russian science and practice, implying a complex developmental disorder of speech and language in children with a primary normal hearing and a conserved intellect, in which the main components of the language system are violated: vocabulary, grammar, phonetics, and, as a consequence, dialogic and monologic speech. Traditionally, a differentiated level-by-level analysis of the speech and language abilities of children is used. The variability of the manifestations and severity of speech-and-language disorders were initially systematized and characterized in four levels of underdevelopment: from the complete absence of phrase speech to the availability of simple and complex sentences with lexico-grammatical errors. Effective algorithms of speech therapist work with SLU are introduced. The effectiveness of the application of these models and algorithms on the material of various language groups is proved.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Tatiana Tumanova and Tatiana Filicheva",authors:[{id:"204529",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Volodarovna",middleName:null,surname:"Tumanova",slug:"tatiana-volodarovna-tumanova",fullName:"Tatiana Volodarovna Tumanova"},{id:"208704",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Borisovna",middleName:null,surname:"Filicheva",slug:"tatiana-borisovna-filicheva",fullName:"Tatiana Borisovna Filicheva"}]},{id:"36452",doi:"10.5772/38931",title:"Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology",slug:"qualitative-research-methods-in-psychology",totalDownloads:35899,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"1997",slug:"psychology-selected-papers",title:"Psychology",fullTitle:"Psychology - Selected Papers"},signatures:"Deborah Biggerstaff",authors:[{id:"123274",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Biggerstaff",slug:"deborah-biggerstaff",fullName:"Deborah Biggerstaff"}]},{id:"56560",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70235",title:"The Role of Speech and Language Therapist in Autism Spectrum Disorders Intervention – An Inclusive Approach",slug:"the-role-of-speech-and-language-therapist-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-intervention-an-inclusive-app",totalDownloads:2373,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The chapter describes the possibilities of involving a speech-language therapist in the assessment of the pragmatic level of communication in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), where one of the most frequently impaired areas is communication pragmatics. These difficulties lead to a disruption of social interaction, which might be one of the obstacles to speech-language intervention in these children. The text is based on an originally developed testing material aimed at selected pragmatic-oriented communication situations relating to everyday activities and real life. Based on a comparison of domestic and international resources in this area, as well as mediated and own empirical experience, our assessment approach is based on the conclusion that pragmatics can be understood in different contexts and perspectives. The text presents the results of a partial survey comparing the performance of children with ASD and children with typical development. The assessment focused on the children’s election of the correct picture of a pair of pictures that represent usual communication and social situations. The results of the research suggest fewer incorrect responses in children with ASD and in different areas compared with children with typical development. However, the results of a qualitative analysis indicate a necessity to expand the assessment of communication pragmatics by adding an individually specific qualitative analysis of children’s performance.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Kateřina Vitásková and Lucie Kytnarová",authors:[{id:"203061",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kateřina",middleName:null,surname:"Vitásková",slug:"katerina-vitaskova",fullName:"Kateřina Vitásková"},{id:"212035",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucie",middleName:null,surname:"Kytnarová",slug:"lucie-kytnarova",fullName:"Lucie Kytnarová"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73271",title:"Social Media and Its Effects on Beauty",slug:"social-media-and-its-effects-on-beauty",totalDownloads:3088,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Beauty is concerned with physical and mental health as both are intimately related. Short-term decisions to alter one’s body structure irrespective of genetic, environmental, occupational and nutritional needs can leave medium- and long-term effects. This chapter analyzes the role of social media and its effects on the standards of beauty. The researchers have summarized the literature on how social media plays a role in affecting beauty trends, body image and self-esteem concerns. There is support that social media affects individuals negatively, in pushing them to engage in life threatening beauty trends due to social compliance and acceptance in society. The aim was to review social networking sites’ impact on perception of standards of beauty and newer unrealistic trends gaining popularity that could alter opinions and also cause harm to individuals in the long run. This is an emerging area of research that is of high importance to the physical and mental health in the beauty, health and hospitality industry with the latter being manifested in depression, anxiety and fear of non-acceptability and being seen as a social gauche.",book:{id:"7811",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",title:"Beauty",fullTitle:"Beauty - Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments"},signatures:"Mavis Henriques and Debasis Patnaik",authors:[{id:"320016",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mavis",middleName:"Lilian",surname:"Henriques",slug:"mavis-henriques",fullName:"Mavis Henriques"},{id:"320978",title:"Dr.",name:"Debasis",middleName:null,surname:"Patnaik",slug:"debasis-patnaik",fullName:"Debasis Patnaik"}]},{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:7024,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"27237",title:"Emotional Intelligence",slug:"emotional-intelligence",totalDownloads:5779,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"679",slug:"emotional-intelligence-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Emotional Intelligence",fullTitle:"Emotional Intelligence - New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Adrian Furnham",authors:[{id:"85492",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Furnham",slug:"adrian-furnham",fullName:"Adrian Furnham"}]},{id:"70731",title:"Theoretical Perspective of Traditional Counseling",slug:"theoretical-perspective-of-traditional-counseling",totalDownloads:1610,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the theoretical perspective of traditional counseling from an African context. Traditional counseling involves a broad perspective that enhances learning for transformation and integration of sociocultural values that are peculiar to each human society. A cursory review of the literature suggests that the concept of traditional counseling is rooted in traditional systems of knowledge and sociocultural customs and practices, and it promotes a collective approach to problem identification, resolution, and management. The traditional counseling process centers on four aspects: traditional counselor, client, family, and community. The key elements that inform the theoretical framework of traditional counseling from an African perspective are: cultural context, collective belief system, and initiation rituals Traditional systems of knowledge deemed essential for each generation are passed on successively to the next generation by elderly people who do not only have the necessary wisdom and experience, but are also adorned with social competences and skills.",book:{id:"9136",slug:"counseling-and-therapy",title:"Counseling and Therapy",fullTitle:"Counseling and Therapy"},signatures:"Hector Chiboola",authors:[{id:"314172",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Chiboola",slug:"hector-chiboola",fullName:"Hector Chiboola"}]},{id:"55388",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7775,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"21",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82771",title:"Making Sense of a Biochemistry Learning Process and Teacher’s Empathy: Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Using Emoji Symbols",slug:"making-sense-of-a-biochemistry-learning-process-and-teacher-s-empathy-computer-supported-collaborati",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105927",abstract:"Teaching biochemistry concepts can be a challenging task, as it requires learners and teachers to integrate abstract concepts from chemistry and biology. Students struggle to grasp the molecular processes, as they find it difficult to visualize them. Incorporating Information Communication Technology (ICT) implementations during lessons is known to encourage learners’ involvement in a collaborative learning process and is especially effective when training preservice teachers (PSTs). In the current study, we describe an example in which the teacher plays an important role in creating the Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) in this environment to encourage peer learning while coping with complicated material. We believe that one of the important components in guiding such peer work is the teacher’s ability to sense each group’s progress and to employ empathy in the classroom as a tool for coping with the difficulty and challenge of acquiring new knowledge and for creating a productive dialog between groups that disagree. In this example, the process of Information Communication Technology (ICT) implementation encouraged the preservice teachers (PSTs) to create an alternative set of symbols, which eventually served as a “language” and help them understand the biochemical processes.",book:{id:"11443",title:"Empathy - Advanced Research and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11443.jpg"},signatures:"Dana Sachyani and Ilana Ronen"},{id:"83099",title:"Values-Flow in Contextual Psychotherapy: The ‘What’, ‘Why’, and ‘How’ of Sustainable Values-Based Behaviour",slug:"values-flow-in-contextual-psychotherapy-the-what-why-and-how-of-sustainable-values-based-behaviour",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106594",abstract:"Flow - enjoyed and fully absorbed engagement in meaningful and contextually bounded activities - is widely underutilised in psychotherapy and mental health settings. Two gold standard therapies, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), while powerful and effective in many ways, would benefit from systematic models that move from initiating positive change to sustaining meaningful change. This chapter introduces ‘Values-Flow’ – an approach aimed at building commitment and sustainable engagement in psychotherapy and values-based behaviour in working adults struggling with sub-optimal functioning. We first introduce Values-Flow and describe how it may benefit psychotherapy skills practice in everyday life. Next, we discuss why Values-Flow is relevant and enhances the practice of ACT and DBT strategies, helping to sustain engagement and creative practice of values-based actions outside of sessions. We then describe the ‘Values-Flow’ framework, which incorporates VIVA (Virtue, Involve, Vital, Accepting) and ARIA (Attend, Reflect, Inform, Act) tools that develop commitment for values-based practice in daily life. We conclude with a case-example of how Values-Flow can build commitment and sustainable engagement in homework completion in psychotherapy.",book:{id:"11444",title:"Happiness - Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11444.jpg"},signatures:"Cedomir Ignjatovic, Margaret L. Kern and Lindsay G. Oades"},{id:"83100",title:"Factors Affecting the Happiness of Korean University Students",slug:"factors-affecting-the-happiness-of-korean-university-students",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106296",abstract:"As of 2020, in Korea, as 72.5% of high-school graduates go on to college and college period has an impact on the social development of Korean youth, it is very important to increase the sense of happiness of college students. However, there are new terminologies to express the situation in which how young people in Korea feel the difficulties in their lives, such as “Hell Chosun, 88-Dollar-Generation, N-Give-up-Generation, and Spoon-Social-Rank.” This chapter summarizes the factors related to the happiness of college students in South Korea, such as depression, interpersonal relationships, and self-efficacy, to suggest educational programs to promote the happiness of young people in Korea.",book:{id:"11444",title:"Happiness - Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11444.jpg"},signatures:"Soo-Koung Jun"},{id:"83107",title:"Helping BIPOC LGBTQIA+ Families Through Inclusive Therapy and Advocacy",slug:"helping-bipoc-lgbtqia-families-through-inclusive-therapy-and-advocacy",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106695",abstract:"Families are phenomenological and unique. All families are valuable, but historically, many family types have been underrepresented. Families with members who identify in the BIPOC LGBTQIA+ communities have historically been underrepresented and marginalized. Helping BIPOC LGBTQIA+ families involves both clinical work and advocacy. Advocacy for the professional identity of counseling, marriage and family therapy, and related helpers involves various aspects. These aspects include leadership theory and integration, importance of professional identity, the need to continue to infuse multiculturalism within the counseling and family therapy identities, and continued skills for counselors to learn inclusive advocacy. Skills and implications for advocacy as they relate to clients who intersect among the LGBTQAI+ and BIPOC communities, will be described.",book:{id:"11781",title:"Family Therapy - Recent Advances in Clinical and Crisis Settings",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11781.jpg"},signatures:"Lucy Parker-Barnes, Noel McKillip and Carolyn Powell"},{id:"83027",title:"Coping Strategies and Meta-Worry in Adolescents’ Adjustment during COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"coping-strategies-and-meta-worry-in-adolescents-adjustment-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106258",abstract:"With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several limitations and stressful changes have been introduced in adolescent’s daily life. Particularly, Italian teenagers were the first among western populations to experience fears of infection, home confinement, and social restrictions due to a long lockdown period (10 weeks). This study explores the role of coping strategies (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance coping) and meta-beliefs about worry as vulnerability factors associated with adolescents’ anxiety. A community sample of adolescents (N = 284, aged 16–18 y.o.) answered questionnaires assessing anxiety symptoms (RCMAS-2), meta-cognitive beliefs and processes about worry (MCQ-C), and coping strategies (CISS). Results show that 37% of participants report clinically elevated anxiety. Emotion-centered coping predicted higher anxiety, whereas task-centered coping resulted associated with decreased anxiety. Cognitive monitoring about their own worry contributes, but to a lesser extent, to higher levels of anxiety. The implications for the intervention are discussed, especially the need to enhance the coping skills of adolescents and mitigate the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could last for a long time.",book:{id:"10671",title:"Adolescences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10671.jpg"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto, Ilenia Schipilliti and Massimo Ingrassia"},{id:"83023",title:"Gestational Tryptophan Fluctuation Underlying Ontogenetic Origin of Neuropsychiatric Disorders",slug:"gestational-tryptophan-fluctuation-underlying-ontogenetic-origin-of-neuropsychiatric-disorders",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106421",abstract:"Neuropsychiatry underlies personality development and social functioning. Borderline personality disorder exhibits high trait aggression and is associated with tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphisms. The acute tryptophan depletion reduces plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan availability and brain serotonin concentrations, leading to alterations in personality and trait-related behaviors. Tryptophan is essential for fatal neurodevelopment and immunomodulation in pregnancy. Gestational tryptophan fluctuation induced by maternal metabolic disorders or drug administrations may account for the maternal-fetal transmission determining neurogenesis and microbial development, consequentially shaping the long-standing patterns of thinking and behavior. However, it is not possible to assess the gestational tryptophan exposure effects on fetal brain and gastrointestinal system in humans for ethical reasons. The maternal–fetal microbe transmission in rodents during gestation, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding is inevitable. Chicken embryo may be an alternative and evidence from the chicken embryo model reveals that gestational tryptophan fluctuation, i.e., exposed to excessive tryptophan or its metabolite, serotonin, attenuates aggressiveness and affects peer sociometric status. This chapter discusses the gestational tryptophan fluctuation as a risk factor of personality disorders in offspring and the prevention of personality disorders by dietary tryptophan control and medication therapy management during pregnancy.",book:{id:"11782",title:"Personality Traits - The Role in Psychopathology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg"},signatures:"Xiaohong Huang, Xiaohua Li and Heng-Wei Cheng"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:68},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. 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Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. 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Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. 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Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:189,paginationItems:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221831/images/system/221831.jpeg",biography:"Niansheng Tang is a Professor of Statistics and Dean of the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, China. He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. 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