Properties of the PtRu electrocatalysts.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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\r\n\tWith modern development in the health sector and eradication of many communicable diseases and control of common non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol, people live longer with increasing life expectancy. Quality of life and activities of all population mainly the geriatric population has increased over the years. With the ageing population development of osteoarthritis is high with high demand developing and managing better techniques to maintain the natural joint as long as possible and reduce wear and tear and delay the onset of osteoarthritis development. Various techniques have been developed to prevent osteoarthritis development including modern stem cell therapy, and cartilage implantation.
\r\n\r\n\tThe gold standard of managing osteoarthritis being a joint replacement modern-day challenge is to develop implants that last longer so that patients can avoid revision surgery. Secondly due to the high demand for joint activities developing implants that give a high range of motion has been needed in the modern era. Developing minimal invasive techniques to introduce implants is another new development.
\r\n\r\n\tThe Book titled Osteoarthritis will aim to discuss all basic concepts to modern developmental areas and research that is available around the world in managing osteoarthritis.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book can be used as a text and as a reference book for all medical students to orthopaedic surgeons and trainees. This will be valuable to all modern researchers, physiotherapists and all medical personnel dealing with patients who has osteoarthritis.
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Mainul Hoque and Norbert Jakowski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"80794",title:"Dr.",name:"M Mainul",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",fullName:"M Mainul Hoque",slug:"m-mainul-hoque"},{id:"150550",title:"Dr.",name:"Norbert",middleName:null,surname:"Jakowski",fullName:"Norbert Jakowski",slug:"norbert-jakowski"}]},{id:"27724",type:"chapter",title:"Multipath Mitigation Techniques for Satellite-Based Positioning Applications",slug:"multipath-mitigation-techniques-for-satellite-based-positioning-applications",totalDownloads:5064,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Mohammad Zahidul H. Bhuiyan and Elena Simona Lohan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76642",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Zahidul",middleName:"H.",surname:"Bhuiyan",fullName:"Mohammad Zahidul Bhuiyan",slug:"mohammad-zahidul-bhuiyan"},{id:"83656",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Lohan",fullName:"Elena Simona Lohan",slug:"elena-simona-lohan"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4476",title:"Satellite Positioning",subtitle:"Methods, Models and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f1cb6a7a18e2391d2308b6ac1d423b0",slug:"satellite-positioning-methods-models-and-applications",bookSignature:"Shuanggen Jin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4476.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"113652",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuanggen",surname:"Jin",slug:"shuanggen-jin",fullName:"Shuanggen Jin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"47339",title:"Calibration of the GNSS Receivers — Methods, Results and Evaluation",slug:"calibration-of-the-gnss-receivers-methods-results-and-evaluation",signatures:"Ta-Kang Yeh",authors:[{id:"172208",title:"Dr.",name:"Ta-Kang",middleName:null,surname:"Yeh",fullName:"Ta-Kang Yeh",slug:"ta-kang-yeh"}]},{id:"47449",title:"Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK) Positioning – Description, Architectures and Performances",slug:"network-real-time-kinematic-nrtk-positioning-description-architectures-and-performances",signatures:"Alberto Cina, Paolo Dabove, Ambrogio M. 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Agarwal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1992.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38519",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramesh K.",surname:"Agarwal",slug:"ramesh-k.-agarwal",fullName:"Ramesh K. Agarwal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1994",title:"Advances in Spacecraft Systems and Orbit Determination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"005b6f7fa0ad6e582e7b37bee4ce88be",slug:"advances-in-spacecraft-systems-and-orbit-determination",bookSignature:"Rushi Ghadawala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1994.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103175",title:"Dr.",name:"Rushi",surname:"Ghadawala",slug:"rushi-ghadawala",fullName:"Rushi Ghadawala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81502",title:"Investigation of Synthesis Methods for Improved Platinum-Ruthenium Nanoparticles Supported on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrocatalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104541",slug:"investigation-of-synthesis-methods-for-improved-platinum-ruthenium-nanoparticles-supported-on-multi-",body:'Catalyst synthesis methods have an influence on mean particle size, particle size distribution, the bulk and surface of catalysts’ composition, the oxidation state of catalysts, the extent of catalyst alloying, the distribution of catalyst crystal surfaces, and catalyst morphology [1, 2], and hence on the catalytic activity of the metal catalysts [3]. The standard by which high-performance catalysts are evaluated includes a uniform composition in the entire nanoparticles, a complete alloying degree, a narrow nanoscale size distribution, and high dispersion on carbon support [4]. Various methods for the synthesis of fuel cell catalysts have been reported in the literature, including micro-emulsion, sputtering, and co-precipitation methods. In this study, we report on the synthesis of catalysts using the impregnation, polyol, modified polyol, and microwave-assisted modified polyol methods.
The impregnation approach is frequently utilized for the manufacture of Pt-based catalysts. It is a straightforward chemical preparation process for catalyst synthesis that can create tiny particles in the 3–7 nm range with regulated loading [5, 6]. The impregnation method for the synthesis of platinum-ruthenium (PtRu) includes an impregnation step in which Pt and Ru precursor salts are mixed with the support material, which is typically high-surface-area porous or nanostructured carbon and penetrates into pores. The catalyst support aids in the penetration and wetting of the precursor and the carbon support confines the particle size growth during the reduction step. The chemical reduction can be carried out in the liquid phase with a reductive agent such as Na2S2O3, NaBH4, Na4S2O5, N2H4 or formic acid, or in the gas phase with a reductive agent such as a flowing hydrogen stream at elevated temperatures. The difficulty in adjusting nanoparticle size and distribution is a key limitation of the impregnation process [5, 6]. It has been noted that impregnated catalysts have a tendency to generate inhomogeneous agglomerations of active species at the support boundary, resulting in large-sized particles [1].
Other difficulties include the use of chloride precursors, which could result in chloride poisoning and decreased catalytic activity and stability of the chloride-salt-produced catalyst. Metal nitrate/nitrite salts such as Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 and RuNO(NO3)x [7], carbonyl complexes such as Ru3(CO)12 [8], and metal sulfite salts such as Na6Pt (SO3)4 and Na6Ru(SO3)4 [9] as metal precursors for Pt and Ru, respectively, have been investigated for impregnation methods that could use chloride-free precursors. When compared to the traditional Cl-containing route, these chloride-free pathways provide improved dispersion and catalytic activity. In this chapter, we report on an impregnation method where NaBH4 was used as the reducing agent and ethylene glycol (EG) as the solvent.
The polyol method includes the following common steps: (1) preparation of Pt-containing colloids; (2) deposition of the colloids onto the support, and (3) chemical reduction of the mixture. The synthesis occurs in an organic or aqueous medium where the metal precursor is reduced chemically in the presence of a protective agent (i.e., NR41, PPh3, PVP, SB12, or PVA). Other colloid methods using several reducing agents, organic stabilizers, or shell-removing approaches have also been developed in recent years. The catalyst is supported with catalyst support to enhance the surface area and the dispersion of the catalyst. To achieve a limited size distribution, the colloidal metal nanoparticles are stabilized by steric hindrance or electrostatic charges. Coating the metal core with organic chain molecules can offer steric stability [10, 11]. The aggregation of charged colloids or adsorbed ions is limited by the electrostatic repulsion of similar charges. The use of protective agents, which may influence the catalytic activity of the nanoparticles, poses a problem for the polyol process, but it may be removed by washing in a suitable solvent or breakdown at temperatures in an inert atmosphere. There are also other challenges facing the polyol method, such as that it is time-consuming, complex, and expensive, which causes difficulty in terms of scaling up. The colloidal method prepares catalysts with nanoparticle size and narrow size distribution.
The polyol method that was employed in this study has been extensively explored as a preparation method for Pt [5, 12].
Fievet et al. [13] pioneered the use of EG as both a solvent and a reducing agent. They found that EG may support colloidal metal particles in solution, resulting in a well-distributed solution. EG has a relatively high viscosity, and therefore it prevents Pt from being delivered to reaction sites too quickly, resulting in reduced Pt particle sizes [14]. This method is called the modified polyol method [15]. The modified polyol method is able to effectively synthesize very small and well-dispersed metal nanoparticles [2]. However, the synthesis parameters such as the water: EG ratio, the concentration of EG, and the pH of the solution have a great effect on the characteristics of the results [2]. Bimetallic catalysts, metal oxides, and metal sulfides with narrow particle size distributions, controlled compositions, and alloy structures have also been effectively prepared using the modified polyol technique [16]. The modified polyol approach, which uses EG as a reducing agent and solvent, was also used to make catalysts in this study. EG was utilized as both a reducing agent and a solvent for the Pt and Ru precursors in this method. The solution of EG, Pt, and Ru precursor salts was heated to 120–170°C during the reduction phase. EG is decomposed in this step, resulting in the reducing species (CH3CHO-acetaldehyde, Eq. (1)) [17].
As represented in Eq. (2), acetaldehyde converts Pt ions into metallic Pt particles. The main feature of this polyol synthesis is that the acetate can act as a stabilizer for Pt and Ru colloids by forming chelate-type complexes via its carbonyl group. It is therefore unnecessary to use stabilization agents to prevent PtRu particles from agglomerating. As a result of using modified polyol synthesis, carbon-supported catalysts with reduced noble metal sizes and narrow size distribution are achieved.
The microwave synthetic approach was one of the methods employed in this study. A modified polyol method has been reported for this technique, with the deposition and reduction steps taking place in a microwave reactor. Microwave synthetic methodology has been utilized to manufacture catalysts because of its fast, uniform, homogeneous, and instant heating environment, which resulted in rapid reduction and facilitated metal particle nucleation [8, 18]. Microwave heating is a promising technology, with its applications rapidly growing due to its advantages over conventional heating, such as rapid volumetric heating, which increased reaction rates and shortened reaction time; however, to induce crystallization, a post-synthesis heat treatment was required [3]. Under such conditions, a microwave-assisted synthesis method is an appropriate option, with the added benefits of narrow size distribution and high purity [4]. At high pH conditions for depositions, promising results were reported with an average Pt size of 2.7 nm. However, because the reaction takes place in a closed system, the pH cannot be controlled throughout the duration of the reaction, hence, the entire scope of the reaction under these conditions is unknown [19].
X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) were used to learn more about the catalyst structure. The XRD patterns were performed with the Bruker AXS D8 advance equipment with Cu-K radiation and a wavelength of 1.5406 nm. With a scanning step of 0.035°, the Bragg angle range was 2θ = 10–90°. The instrumental contribution to peak profile characteristics was determined using a standard α-Al2O3 sample. A JEOL 2010 TEM system operating at 200 kV was used to obtain the HRTEM micrographs. The HRTEM samples were made by dispersing the carbon-supported electrocatalysts in ethanol and then casting a drop of the suspension onto a Cu-grid covered in carbon film for analysis. For each electrocatalyst, the particle size determined by HRTEM was obtained using Image J software over multiple areas.
XRD measurements were performed to obtain the crystallographic information of the prepared catalysts. The XRD results presented in Figure 1 indicate that all prepared metal catalysts presented a typical face-centered cubic crystallographic structure of PtRu crystals. The Bragg angles indicate that varying bimetallic interactions or alloying occurred in the PtRu crystals due to different catalyst preparation methods. The diffraction peak for carbon is at about 2θ = 25°. Other peaks are at 2θ values of 39.9°, 46.21°, 67.8°, and 81.2°, which are indexed to (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes of PtRu/MWCNT crystal structure, respectively. The strongest and sharpest diffraction peak for all four samples is at around 2θ = 39.9° indexed as (111) reflection of PtRu/MWCNT crystal planes prepared through the modified polyol and polyol methods, while the other characteristic PtRu/MWCNT diffraction peaks at 2θ of about 46.21°, 67.8°, and 81.2° corresponded to (200), (220), and (311), respectively. Similar results were also reported by Kim et al. [20] and Wu et al. [21].
XRD spectra of PtRu electrocatalysts supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) prepared through the impregnation, polyol, modified polyol, and microwave-assisted modified polyol methods.
The crystalline size of the metal particles is calculated using Debye-Scherrer’s equation, Kα/βCosθ, where K, Scherrer constant = 0.9, α, X-ray wavelength = 0.154 nm, and β(2θ), the width of the diffraction peak (rad). From Table 1 the average particle size can be seen, with PtRu/MWCNT nanoparticles prepared through microwave-assisted modified polyol having the smallest crystalline size of 1.95 nm, followed by PtRu/MWCNT nanoparticles prepared through the modified polyol method with a crystalline size of 4.33 nm.
PtRu electrocatalysts | Crystalline size (nm) | Particle size (nm) |
---|---|---|
PtRu/MWCNT modified polyol | 4.33 | 4.14 |
PtRu/MWCNT polyol | 6.75 | 6.51 |
PtRu/MWCNT impregnation | 7.11 | 6.90 |
PtRu/MWCNT microwave | 1.95 | 1.87 |
Properties of the PtRu electrocatalysts.
Catalyst nanoparticles are the dark dots as shown in the HRTEM micrographs in Figure 2. PtRu/MWCNT nanoparticles are well distributed with little agglomeration. PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts prepared through the microwave-assisted modified polyol method has the least agglomeration, followed by PtRu/MWCNT modified polyol when compared with other electrocatalysts evident from their higher electroactive catalyst surface areas of 4.15 × 102 m2/g and 3.2 × 102 m2/g, respectively an advantage for enhanced electrocatalytic activities. Both of these catalysts gave the smallest particle sizes of 1.87 and 4.14 nm, respectively. The other electrocatalysts PtRu on MWCNT support particle sizes were between 5.77 and 6.90 nm. The particle sizes of the electrocatalysts obtained were comparable with the average particle sizes following the order PtRu/MWCNT impregnation > PtRu/MWCNT polyol > PtRu/MWCNT modified polyol > PtRu/MWCNT microwave-assisted modified polyol.
HRTEM images with their respective histograms for PtRu/MWCNT prepared through the impregnation, polyol, modified polyol, and microwave-assisted modified polyol methods.
In Figure 2 the histograms reveal the mean particle sizes and their nanoparticle size distributions for all PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts prepared through all four synthesis methods; however, the two electrocatalysts prepared through the impregnation method and polyol method exhibited better distribution of nanoparticles as compared to other electrocatalysts. The particle size was determined using Image J software estimated from 50 particles selected randomly from HRTEM micrographs of the PtRu/MWCNT nanoparticles. The mean particle sizes of PtRu/MWCNT impregnation, PtRu/MWCNT polyol, PtRu/MWCNT modified polyol, and PtRu/MWCNT microwave-assisted modified polyol were 6.90, 6.51, 4.14, and 1.87 nm, respectively.
Electrochemical measurements were carried out at ambient temperatures using a three-electrode configuration, which includes a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode. An Ag/AgCl electrode as a reference electrode and a Pt foil of a large area as a counter electrode were used. The working electrode was a glassy carbon disc (5 mm in diameter with a geometric area of 0.196 cm2) covered with a thin layer of catalyst of fine film. Before the experiment, the electrode substrate was pre-treated by polishing it with a 0.05 μm Al2O3 particle suspension on a moistened microcloth. All the electrochemical experiments were carried out, namely electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry (CA), and cyclic voltammetry (CV), and performed on an autolab electrochemical workstation (PGSTAT128N, Eco Chemie, the Netherlands). CA tests were carried out for the electrocatalytic stability of the PtRu/MWCNT catalysts for the methanol electro-oxidation. The CA was carried out for 30 minutes. CV evaluations were carried out at 30 mV/s covering a potential window from −0.2 to 1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Perchloric acid was used as the electrolyte. Inert nitrogen gas was used to deaerate the solutions. To obtain a homogeneous catalyst layer, a stock solution was first prepared by mixing 20 ml of isopropanol, 79.6 ml of ultra-pure water, and 0.4 ml of 5wt% Nafion solution in a 100-ml volumetric flask. Thereafter, 10 mg of the catalyst powder was measured into a 10-ml vial and 5 ml of stock solution was added, mixed thoroughly, and sonicated for 60 minutes in an ultrasonicator. A measured volume of this mixture was dropped on top of the glassy carbon disc and then dried to form the desired catalyst layer.
Electrochemical activities of the prepared catalysts in a 0.5 M HClO4 solution were firstly examined by CV. From the CV of the prepared electrocatalysts, the adsorption peaks for the different catalysts were observed. The peak area of the adsorption peak of the electrocatalysts in the CV was used to determine the electroactive surface area of the catalysts using the equation 2 [22]:
where
Cyclic voltammograms of PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts in N2-saturated 0.5 M perchloric acid HClO4 at a scan rate of 30 mV.s−1.
The obtained ECSA values were 4.15 × 103 cm2/g for PtRu/MWCNT microwave-assisted modified polyol, 3.2 × 103 cm2/g for PtRu/MWCNT modified polyol, 0.35 × 103 cm2/g for PtRu/MWCNT polyol and 0.28 × 102 m2/g for PtRu/MWCNT impregnation. The higher ECSA value of PtRu/MWCNT prepared through the microwave-assisted modified polyol method can be attributed to its lower particle size value, hence a higher surface area compared to the other electrocatalysts.
The electrocatalytic activity of the PtRu/MWCNT series catalysts towards the methanol oxidation was investigated using the CV technique in 0.5 M HClO4 with 2 M methanol at a scan rate of 30 mVs−1, as shown in Figure 4.
Cyclic voltammograms of PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts in N2-saturated 0.5 M perchloric acid HClO4 and 2 M methanol at a scan rate of 30 mV.s−1.
The electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation is summarized in Table 2. By comparing the characteristics of the CVs, the change in catalyst preparation methods leading to varying compositions of Pt and Ru in the metal alloys was found to substantially enhance the catalytic activity for methanol electro-oxidation. First, the onset potentials (a measure of catalytic activity) of methanol oxidation for the PtRu/MWCNT prepared through the microwave-assisted modified polyol method and PtRu/MWCNT showed relatively lower values than that of PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts prepared through the impregnation, polyol and modified polyol methods. The positions of the onset potentials follow the order of PtRu/MWCNT microwave-assisted modified polyol < PtRu/MWCNT modified polyol < PtRu/MWCNT polyol < PtRu/MWCNT impregnation. Second, the forward peak current densities (measure of the maximum catalyst performance) of the PtRu/MWCNT catalysts took the order PtRu/MWCNT microwave-assisted modified polyol > PtRu/MWCNT impregnation > PtRu/MWCNT modified polyol > PtRu/MWCNT polyol. Therefore, PtRu/MWCNT prepared through the microwave-assisted modified polyol method exhibited the most prominent electrochemical performance in terms of the highest forward peak current density and the lowest onset potential, followed by PtRu/MWCNT prepared through the modified polyol method.
PtRu electrocatalysts | E(onset) [a] [V vs. Ag/AgCl] | Ef [b] [V vs. Ag/AgCl] | Ij [c] (mAcm−2) | Electroactive catalyst surface area (m2/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PtRu/MWCNT modified polyol | −0.194 | 0.415 | 0.16 | 3.2 × 102 |
PtRu/MWCNT polyol | −0.187 | 0.522 | 0.041 | 0.35 × 102 |
PtRu/MWCNT impregnation | −0.151 | 0.411 | 0.188 | 0.28 × 102 |
PtRu/MWCNT microwave | −0.198 | 0.633 | 0.190 | 4.15 × 102 |
Comparison of the electrocatalytic activity of the catalysts for methanol oxidation.
[a] Onset potential, [b] forward anodic peak potential at 30 mVs−1, [c] forward anodic peak current density at 30 mVs−1.
It was found that PtRu/MWCNT produced through the microwave-assisted modified polyol method of Pt: Ru ratio close to 1:1 outperformed all other PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts produced through other synthesis methods in methanol electro-oxidation reaction evident from the current density of 0.190 mA/cm2.
Electro-oxidation of methanol to form CO2 can be via dual path mechanisms consisting of non-CO and adsorbed CO reactive intermediates [24]:
The non-CO reaction pathway is preferred for methanol oxidation for which it does not involve CO, a poison for Pt metal. The adsorbed CO reaction pathway often presents, however, in which the intermediates via (CO)ads are mostly in the form of linearly bonded CO, that is, Pt = C = O [25]. Interaction of this complex on the catalyst surface leads to CO poisoning. The presence of Ru in the bimetallic catalyst assists in the oxidation of CO through chemisorbed -OH on the Ru sites [26]:
In this way, the poisoned Pt is regenerated and can again participate in the oxidation of methanol. Due to the single species of CO and OH on Pt and Ru, respectively, the best results can be obtained when the Pt to Ru atomic ratio is 1:1 [27] (Figure 5).
Electrochemical impedance curves of methanol oxidation on PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts prepared through different synthesis methods in N2-saturated 0.5 M HClO4 and 0.2 M methanol.
The EIS technique was used to investigate the catalytic reaction kinetics for the methanol oxidation on the anodic PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts surfaces. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) values using equivalent circuit fitting were 5.985, 8.926, 4.061, and 6.184 kΩ for PtRu/MWCNT modified polyol, PtRu/MWCNT polyol, PtRu/MWCNT impregnation, and PtRu/MWCNT microwave-assisted modified polyol, respectively, indicating that PtRu/MWCNT prepared through the impregnation method exhibited the best kinetics towards the methanol electro-oxidation with the least resistance to flow of electric current. PtRu/MWCNT prepared through the modified polyol method also showed promising kinetics with an Rct value of 5.985 kΩ.
The stability of the electrocatalysts is extremely important for their real applications in direct methanol fuel cells. Figure 6 shows the CA of PtRu electrocatalysts on MWCNT support in N2-saturated 0.5 M HClO4 with 2.0 M methanol. This was to test the stability of the different catalysts after 1800 seconds. As observed at the start of the CA curve, the current density decreases sharply with time (I proportional to t−1/2). The decreasing rate with time may characterize the inhibition of the electrodes by the methanol oxidation reaction products. When comparing the prepared catalysts, PtRu/MWCNT catalyst prepared through the polyol method performed better, followed by PtRu/MWCNT modified polyol. PtRu/MWCNT prepared by microwaving also showed better stability with higher current density than PtRu/MWCNT prepared through the impregnation method.
Chronoamperometry curves of methanol oxidation on PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts in 0.5 M HClO4 and 2.0 M CH3OH.
In this study, PtRu, supported by MWCNT, was successfully fabricated using the impregnation, polyol, modified polyol, and microwave-assisted modified polyol catalyst preparation methods. The synthesized electrocatalysts had crystalline sizes of 1.95–7.11 nm and average particle sizes of 1.87–6.90 nm, determined using XRD and HRTEM, respectively. The PtRu alloy phase is pronounced for the prepared electrocatalysts according to XRD analysis. It is found that the PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalyst produced through the microwave-assisted modified polyol method and PtRu/MWCNT modified polyol showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation compared to other PtRu electrocatalysts on MWCNT support. Furthermore, the microwave-assisted prepared PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalyst had the largest current density for methanol oxidation compared to other electrocatalysts. This can be attributed to it having the smallest particle size and being the most active toward anode oxidation reaction. From the EIS, it was concluded that the PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts produced through the impregnation method exhibited a faster electrochemical reaction kinetics than both PtRu/MWCNT electrocatalysts produced through the polyol and modified polyol methods. Microwave-assisted modified polyol method PtRu electrocatalysts had the highest ECSA values compared to all other PtRu catalysts on MWCNT support, followed by PtRu/MWCNT produced by the modified polyol method. This was as a result of their smaller crystalline particle sizes of 1.95 and 4.33 nm, respectively. Polyol method synthesized PtRu/MWCNT was found to be the most stable electrocatalyst, followed by PtRu/MWCNT produced through the modified polyol method, as revealed by the chronoamperometry tests.
Based on all the results acquired in this investigation, it was concluded that the microwave-assisted modified polyol process of catalyst preparation method produced the best PtRu electrocatalyst on MWCNT to support the improved catalytic activity.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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This mobilization was against their marginalization by the Francophone-dominated government in which they were chronically under-represented in all aspects of national life: political appointments and professional training and had been treated as second-class citizens since their reunification. They argued that their vibrant economic and political institutions had been completely erased, and their education and judicial systems had been undermined and degraded. Activists spread videos that show security forces abusing human rights (by suppressing peaceful gatherings, beating, harassing, arresting and killing protesters, burning their houses, schools and hospitals) in order to produce a counter-narrative to the ‘official story’ that main-stream media had been producing. We collected and analyzed 30 videos to better appreciate the human rights abuses. The videos provide information that cannot be provided by other types of data. 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Sustained rapid expansion in North America, followed by local expansion in Europe and Asia, has made cruising a global industry, with 365 ships and estimated sales of $37.8 US billion (CIN, 2017). This global development has been fueled by innovation and introduction of market changing resident ships appealing to the mass traveler which were quickly matched by competitors, establishment of industry and port marketing organizations, awareness of cruising as a vacation option, and availability of suitable port and berthing facilities. When these four conditions coexisted the industry experienced rapid growth. Since 1966, the cruise industry has developed from a Miami-centered industry to a global industry centered in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia/New Zealand. Given the high cost of state-of-the-art ships, their deployment is a good indication of industry’s confidence in market growth. This chapter chronicles the development of the Asian cruise industry from 1994 through 2017. Data from Cruise Industry News Annual Reports (CIN) and Berlitz Complete Guide to Cruising and Cruise Ships (Ward) are examined and conclusions are drawn.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Andrew O. 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This trend exists due to a number of reasons, such as the desire of states to create a positive image of their country, the expansion of international cooperation, changes in the global and domestic political situation, the protection of national interests, the prevention of conflicts between states, etc. Cultural diplomacy, beyond historical precedents, consists of a relatively new practice of a country’s foreign policy, which has traditionally focused on trade and security and defense issues. It is true that in European countries there are institutions of cultural foreign relations since the beginning of the century, but in the last decade the issues, related to the projection of the international image of countries, have become more important.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Alexander Rozanov, Maria Ivanchenko, Alexandra Baranova, Elena N. Antonova, Mikhail Smirnov, Olga Belyaeva, Maria Ilicheva, Ludmila Ilicheva, Maria Krotovskaya, Tatiana Grabovich, Zaru Utekova, Dmitry Medvedev, Natalya Ogneva, Furat Al-Mutairi, Elvira Shishlo, Amina Surpkelova, Irina Kopachevskaya, Irina Sokurova, Yulia Borisova, Fernando Joao, Artyom Pakulskikh, Polina Chernova, Alexandra Khramova, Oksana Gryuk, Jesus Yaniz Gonzalez, Valentina Komleva, Alina Papsheva and Arkadi Bessonov",authors:[{id:"233092",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Rozanov",slug:"alexander-rozanov",fullName:"Alexander Rozanov"},{id:"312194",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentina",middleName:"Vycheslavovna",surname:"Komleva",slug:"valentina-komleva",fullName:"Valentina Komleva"},{id:"312195",title:"Ms.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Baranova",slug:"alexandra-baranova",fullName:"Alexandra Baranova"},{id:"312196",title:"Dr.",name:"Furat",middleName:null,surname:"Al Mutairi",slug:"furat-al-mutairi",fullName:"Furat Al Mutairi"},{id:"312197",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanchenko",slug:"maria-ivanchenko",fullName:"Maria Ivanchenko"},{id:"312198",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Arkadi",middleName:null,surname:"Bessonov",slug:"arkadi-bessonov",fullName:"Arkadi Bessonov"},{id:"312199",title:"Ms.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Papsheva",slug:"alina-papsheva",fullName:"Alina Papsheva"},{id:"312200",title:"Prof.",name:"Ludmila",middleName:null,surname:"Ilicheva",slug:"ludmila-ilicheva",fullName:"Ludmila Ilicheva"},{id:"312201",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Khramova",slug:"aleksandra-khramova",fullName:"Aleksandra Khramova"},{id:"316768",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ilicheva",slug:"maria-ilicheva",fullName:"Maria Ilicheva"},{id:"317753",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",middleName:null,surname:"Gryuk",slug:"oksana-gryuk",fullName:"Oksana Gryuk"}]},{id:"71206",title:"Uprising and Human Rights Abuses in Southern Cameroon-Ambazonia",slug:"uprising-and-human-rights-abuses-in-southern-cameroon-ambazonia",totalDownloads:875,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In 2016, lawyers, teachers and students in the two Anglophone regions initially led demonstrations and strikes, which eventually involved a wider section of the population. This mobilization was against their marginalization by the Francophone-dominated government in which they were chronically under-represented in all aspects of national life: political appointments and professional training and had been treated as second-class citizens since their reunification. They argued that their vibrant economic and political institutions had been completely erased, and their education and judicial systems had been undermined and degraded. Activists spread videos that show security forces abusing human rights (by suppressing peaceful gatherings, beating, harassing, arresting and killing protesters, burning their houses, schools and hospitals) in order to produce a counter-narrative to the ‘official story’ that main-stream media had been producing. We collected and analyzed 30 videos to better appreciate the human rights abuses. The videos provide information that cannot be provided by other types of data. They are used as ‘proofs of facts’ and they contain much more visual information on bodily movement and acoustic data. The videos show appalling images not just of how French-speaking soldiers tortured Anglophones but also their inability to communicate with them adequately although they share the same country.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Nanche Billa Robert",authors:[{id:"285893",title:"Dr.",name:"Nanche Billa",middleName:null,surname:"Robert",slug:"nanche-billa-robert",fullName:"Nanche Billa Robert"}]},{id:"72097",title:"Towards Global Peace and Sustainability: Role of Education in Peace-Building in the Great Lakes Region of Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"towards-global-peace-and-sustainability-role-of-education-in-peace-building-in-the-great-lakes-regio",totalDownloads:671,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The Great Lakes Region of sub-Saharan Africa is well known for being volatile and turbulent in terms of peace and stability. For over 60 years, almost all countries in the region have experienced some kind of political and social turmoil such as civil war, coup de tat, and genocides. In 1960, the first democratically elected Congolese prime minister was assassinated. There were unprecedented social and political havoc in a nearby “other Congo” characterized by power struggle between various political and ethnic factions in the post-independence Congo Brazzaville. In Burundi and Rwanda, ethnic tensions between the Tutsi and Hutu engulfed the developmental dreams of nationalist freedom fighters until 2015. Though arguably stable, Tanzania has experienced its own share of socio-political messy including the 1998 Mwembechai and 2001 Pemba massacres. Efforts to build a sense of sustainable peace and development based on mutual understanding and socio-political harmony has brought limited success. In all these countries, the missing link in building sustainable peace and security has been a lack of education. The chapter intends to fill this gap by critically analyzing the potential role of basic education, especially pre-primary and early grades education, in sustainable peace-building in the sub-Saharan context.",book:{id:"6950",slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Laurent Gabriel Ndijuye and Pambas Basil Tandika",authors:[{id:"301740",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Ndijuye",slug:"laurent-gabriel-ndijuye",fullName:"Laurent Gabriel Ndijuye"},{id:"319403",title:"Dr.",name:"Pambas Basilius",middleName:null,surname:"Tandika",slug:"pambas-basilius-tandika",fullName:"Pambas Basilius Tandika"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"476",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:172,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79782",title:"Avian Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101185",signatures:"Kingsley Omogiade Idahor",slug:"avian-reproduction",totalDownloads:152,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kingsley O.",surname:"Idahor"}],book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",biography:"Naceur M’HAMDI is Associate Professor at the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage. He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. 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