\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4651",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders",title:"A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book, the ideal following of the previous New Insights into Anxiety Disorders, collects papers of a number of clinical psychiatrists all over the world, giving their contribution to the comprehension and clinical management of anxiety disorders. Following the previously edited book on anxiety, this new one will focus on some specific clinical issues such as PTSD, psychosomatics, and complementary approaches to anxiety management themes which were not discussed in the previous book.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2149-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7254-3",doi:"10.5772/59525",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"a-fresh-look-at-anxiety-disorders",numberOfPages:358,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8f18ff3698fbd7584a3da8a3e4916fba",bookSignature:"Federico Durbano",publishedDate:"September 9th 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4651.jpg",numberOfDownloads:42134,numberOfWosCitations:50,numberOfCrossrefCitations:57,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:97,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:204,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 22nd 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 12th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 16th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 17th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 16th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/157077/images/system/157077.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Federico Durbano received a degree in Medicine with a specialization in Psychiatry. He has worked at various hospitals, including Milan “Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico,” Treviglio, Melegnano, and Fatebenefratelli, where he achieved significant career milestones. He is currently the director of the Mental Health and Substance Abuse Department at ASST Melegnano e della Martesana. Dr. Durbano has had teaching assignments at the University of Milan (Nursing School) and the University of Castellanza (Master in Criminology). He has attended more than seventy local and national congresses and courses as an invited speaker and has published more than 180 papers. He is also a technical advisor to the court in the field of forensic psychiatry.",institutionString:"Mental Health and Substance Abuse Department in ASST Melegnano and Martesana",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"ASST Melegnano e della Martesana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1061",title:"Psychiatry",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system-psychiatry"}],chapters:[{id:"48919",title:"Risk Factors of Anxiety Disorders in Children",doi:"10.5772/61169",slug:"risk-factors-of-anxiety-disorders-in-children",totalDownloads:3107,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anxiety disorders are common; lifetime prevalence for the group of disorders is estimated to be as high as 25%. The main question is What is the relative contribution of genetics and environment to etiology of anxiety disorders? The anxiety disorders are not, from a genetic perspective, etiologically homogeneous. Structural equation modeling provides estimates of variance in liability to a disorder that is attributable to additive genetic, common familial environmental, and individual-specific environmental factors. Familial aggregation that largely results from genetic risk factors has been documented for all of the major anxiety disorders. Genes predispose to two broad groups of disorders dichotomized as panic-generalized-agoraphobic anxiety versus specific phobias. The candidate genes are the ones encoding the central and peripheral nervous system receptors and transporters. Trauma in childhood disposes to further anxiety disorders through the hyperactivity of the HPA axis and the hypersecretion of CRF. Traumatic experience in developmental age leads to neurobiochemical changes in brain, typical for panic disorder or PTSD. Behavioral inhibition in early childhood is a predictor of further anxiety disorders. Some types of parental behaviors and family environment can lead to them, as well as improper interactions between parents and child.",signatures:"Malgorzata Dabkowska and Agnieszka Dabkowska-Mika",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48919",authors:[{id:"48667",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",surname:"Dabkowska",slug:"malgorzata-dabkowska",fullName:"Malgorzata Dabkowska"},{id:"58055",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",surname:"Dabkowska-Mika",slug:"agnieszka-dabkowska-mika",fullName:"Agnieszka Dabkowska-Mika"}],corrections:null},{id:"48416",title:"Examining Sex and Gender Differences in Anxiety Disorders",doi:"10.5772/60662",slug:"examining-sex-and-gender-differences-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:3743,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:29,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Several studies have examined sex differences in different anxiety disorders. Females are repeatedly found to be more likely than males to suffer from anxiety in general and to be diagnosed with most anxiety disorders, including agoraphobia (AG), panic disorder (PD), separation anxiety (SA), specific phobia (SP), social anxiety disorder (SAD), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and acute and posttraumatic stress disorder (ASD and PTSD), although the latter three are technically no longer categorised as anxiety disorders according to DSM-5. This chapter provides an overview of research on sex and gender differences in anxiety disorders ranging from the well-established female preponderance in prevalence and severity to possible sex differences in the risk and protective factors associated with anxiety, sex differences in the clinical presentation of anxiety disorders, and potential sex differences in the effectiveness of different treatments. The chapter contains suggestions for future research, including important questions that remain to be answered.",signatures:"Dorte M. Christiansen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48416",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48416",authors:[{id:"113525",title:"MSc.",name:"Dorte",surname:"M. Christiansen",slug:"dorte-m.-christiansen",fullName:"Dorte M. Christiansen"}],corrections:null},{id:"48428",title:"Psychobiological Aspects of Panic Disorder",doi:"10.5772/60663",slug:"psychobiological-aspects-of-panic-disorder",totalDownloads:2619,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anxiety is a useful warning sign that helps an individual face potential or real danger. At appropriate levels, it serves as a warning for the presence of internal or external threats, causing a person to be alert and prepare to deal appropriately with such situations. Moreover, moderate levels of anxiety can lead to improved performance in several activities. However, anxiety becomes pathological when its duration is excessively long or its intensity is extremely high and leads to significant suffering and distress. In such cases, anxiety is appropriately described as part of a pathological response, characterizing an anxiety disorder. The historical concept of a unitary anxiety disorder has been replaced by a heterogeneous group of psychopathologies with different etiologies. Panic disorder is a complex anxiety disorder that involves both recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, and persistent concern about having additional attacks. The present chapter reviews current psychobiological perspectives in the etiology and treatment of panic disorder. The first section describes the current classification of this anxiety disorder. We then explore possible neural circuitry associated with panic disorder. Finally, the chapter addresses current treatment approaches, considering the efficacy of different forms of psychotherapy and pharmacological treatments.",signatures:"Daniel C. Mograbi, Vitor Castro-Gomes, Elie Cheniaux and J.\nLandeira-Fernandez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48428",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48428",authors:[{id:"52728",title:"Dr.",name:"J.",surname:"Landeira-Fernandez",slug:"j.-landeira-fernandez",fullName:"J. Landeira-Fernandez"},{id:"52733",title:"Dr.",name:"Vitor",surname:"Castro-Gomes",slug:"vitor-castro-gomes",fullName:"Vitor Castro-Gomes"},{id:"174509",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Mograbi",slug:"daniel-mograbi",fullName:"Daniel Mograbi"},{id:"175657",title:"Dr.",name:"Elie",surname:"Cheniaux",slug:"elie-cheniaux",fullName:"Elie Cheniaux"}],corrections:null},{id:"48437",title:"Genetics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder — Candidate Genes and Their Implication in the Disease-Associated Molecular Pathomechanisms",doi:"10.5772/60443",slug:"genetics-of-posttraumatic-stress-disorder-candidate-genes-and-their-implication-in-the-disease-assoc",totalDownloads:1622,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychiatric disorder (DSM-V code: 309.81; ICD-10 codes: F43.1). PTSD is an anxiety disorder developed in a person experiencing, witnessing, or learning about an extreme physically or/and psychologically distressing event. Its incidence and the number of this disease-affected people are threateningly increasing in contemporary society. Therefore, the development of prognostic strategies and novel efficient methods on early diagnostics and treatment of PTSD is currently considered as one of the most important healthcare problems worldwide.",signatures:"Boyajyan Anna, Avetyan Diana, Hovhannisyan Lilit and Mkrtchyan\nGohar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48437",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48437",authors:[{id:"157186",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Boyajyan",slug:"anna-boyajyan",fullName:"Anna Boyajyan"},{id:"157188",title:"Dr.",name:"Gohar",surname:"Mkrtchyan",slug:"gohar-mkrtchyan",fullName:"Gohar Mkrtchyan"},{id:"174627",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Diana",surname:"Avetyan",slug:"diana-avetyan",fullName:"Diana Avetyan"},{id:"174628",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilit",surname:"Hovhannisyan",slug:"lilit-hovhannisyan",fullName:"Lilit Hovhannisyan"}],corrections:null},{id:"48867",title:"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Biomarker — p11",doi:"10.5772/61073",slug:"posttraumatic-stress-disorder-biomarker-p11",totalDownloads:1535,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic and disabling anxiety disorder associated with a traumatic event [1]. It is linked to increased risk of suicide and deficits in social functioning [2, 3]. Despite extensive study in psychiatry, the underlying mechanisms of PTSD are still poorly understood [4, 5]. Currently, the diagnosis for PTSD is based on clinical observation and symptom checklist [4, 6-8] and no laboratory blood-based tests. Although biomarker discovery for PTSD is not easy [8], a reliable biomarker would significantly impact the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of PTSD. Developing interventions to identify and treat PTSD requires objective approaches to determining the presence of PTSD [8]. Substantial data indicate several potential biomarkers for PTSD. Of these candidate markers, p11 (S100A10) has been studied in PTSD animal models [7] and in human subjects with PTSD [6]. We found that p11 is over-expressed in both animal models and post-mortem brains of subjects with PTSD [7]. Incorporating testing of p11, a novel biomarker for PTSD, into clinical practice, along with more subjective measures, such as participants’ medical history, mental status, duration of symptoms, and symptom checklist or self-report, would provide additional power to predict impending PTSD. In this chapter, we discuss the biomarker concept and the potential clinical utility of PTSD biomarkers. We further discuss the potential of p11 as a PTSD biomarker and as a tool that may enhance PTSD diagnosis and intervention in health care practice.",signatures:"Lei Zhang, Xian-Zhang Hu, He Li, Xiaoxia Li, Stanley Smerin, Dale W.\nRussell, Angela Boutte, Berwin Yuan, Nora Wang, Ze Chen and\nRobert J. Ursano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48867",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48867",authors:[{id:"30247",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"lei-zhang",fullName:"Lei Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"48385",title:"Anxiety Disorders and Suicide: Psychiatric Interventions",doi:"10.5772/60594",slug:"anxiety-disorders-and-suicide-psychiatric-interventions",totalDownloads:1872,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A universal phenomenon equally ancient as the history of mankind, suicide is defined as the willful and intentional ending of one’s own life. Risk factors for suicidal behavior are traumatic childhood and adulthood experiences, negative interfamily interactions, social isolation, decreased social solidarity, financial troubles, losses, despair, impulsivity, and migration. Recognized as a critical public health problem, preliminary causes of suicide are financial, religious, political, social, cultural, and medical in addition to mental disorders like depression and alcohol addiction. It has been proven in a number of researches till today that there is a correlation between major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, alcohol-drug use, and suicidal behavior. Nonetheless, the relation between anxiety disorders and suicidal behavior has not been clearly defined to date. The evidences gathered so far reveal that panic disorder is only an independent risk factor for suicide attempt. The limited number of studies on this domain provided nonhomogenous results. It is however a point to keep in mind that if anxiety disorders are codiagnosed with mental disorders, they pose risk for suicidal behavior. In different studies with a wider sampling in this domain, analyzing the effect of specific anxiety disorders on suicidal behavior might be useful for suicide prevention programs.",signatures:"Cicek Hocaoglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48385",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48385",authors:[{id:"28322",title:"Prof.",name:"Cicek",surname:"Hocaoglu",slug:"cicek-hocaoglu",fullName:"Cicek Hocaoglu"}],corrections:null},{id:"48400",title:"Comorbid Anxiety in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder",doi:"10.5772/60643",slug:"comorbid-anxiety-in-schizophrenia-and-schizoaffective-disorder",totalDownloads:1531,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There is some evidence that antipsychotic medication (Quetiapine) is somewhat efficient in reducing anxiety in schizophrenic patients.",signatures:"Delia M. Podea, Aurora I. Sabau and Karol J. Wild",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48400",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48400",authors:[{id:"30327",title:"Prof.",name:"Delia",surname:"Podea",slug:"delia-podea",fullName:"Delia Podea"},{id:"174601",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurora",surname:"Sabau",slug:"aurora-sabau",fullName:"Aurora Sabau"},{id:"174602",title:"Ms.",name:"Karol Julien",surname:"Wild",slug:"karol-julien-wild",fullName:"Karol Julien Wild"}],corrections:null},{id:"48398",title:"Joint Hypermobility, Anxiety, and Psychosomatics — The New Neuroconnective Phenotype",doi:"10.5772/60607",slug:"joint-hypermobility-anxiety-and-psychosomatics-the-new-neuroconnective-phenotype",totalDownloads:9353,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In this chapter, after summarizing the concept and diagnosis of the Joint Hypermobility (Hyperlaxity), we review case control studies in two directions: Anxiety in Joint Hypermobility and Joint Hypermobility in Anxiety disorders, studies in nonclinical samples, review papers, and one incidence study. Collected evidence tends to confirm the strength of the association described two and a half decades ago. Common mechanisms involved include genetics, autonomic nervous system dysfunctions, and interoceptive and exteroceptive processes. Considering clinical and nonclinical data, pathophysiological mechanisms, and present nosological status, we suggest a new Neuroconnective phenotype in which together around a common core Anxiety-Collagen hyperlaxity, it includes five dimensions: behavioral, psychopathology, somatic symptoms, somatosensory symptoms, and somatic illnesses. Somatic illnesses include irritable bowel, dysfunctional esophagus, multiple chemical sensitivity, dizziness or unsteadiness (central vestibular pattern), chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, glossodynia, vulvodynia, hypothyroidism, asthma, migraine, temporomandibular dysfunction, and intolerances or food and drug hypersensitivity. It is envisaged that new descriptions of anxiety disorders and also of some psychosomatic conditions will emerge and different nosological approaches will be required.",signatures:"Guillem Pailhez, Juan Castaño, Silvia Rosado, Maria Del Mar\nBallester, Cristina Vendrell, Núria Mallorquí-Bagué, Carolina Baeza-\nVelasco and Antonio Bulbena",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48398",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48398",authors:[{id:"53824",title:"Prof.",name:"Guillem",surname:"Pailhez",slug:"guillem-pailhez",fullName:"Guillem Pailhez"},{id:"174181",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Bulbena",slug:"antonio-bulbena",fullName:"Antonio Bulbena"},{id:"174182",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Castaño",slug:"juan-castano",fullName:"Juan Castaño"},{id:"174191",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Vendrell",slug:"cristina-vendrell",fullName:"Cristina Vendrell"},{id:"174192",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Mar",surname:"Ballester",slug:"maria-del-mar-ballester",fullName:"Maria Del Mar Ballester"},{id:"174193",title:"Mrs.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Rosado",slug:"silvia-rosado",fullName:"Silvia Rosado"},{id:"174194",title:"Dr.",name:"Núria",surname:"Mallorquí",slug:"nuria-mallorqui",fullName:"Núria Mallorquí"},{id:"174195",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",surname:"Baeza",slug:"carolina-baeza",fullName:"Carolina Baeza"}],corrections:null},{id:"48395",title:"Anxiety in Natural and Surgical Menopause — Physiologic and Therapeutic Bases",doi:"10.5772/60621",slug:"anxiety-in-natural-and-surgical-menopause-physiologic-and-therapeutic-bases",totalDownloads:1999,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Generalized anxiety disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting a high percentage of human beings around the world. This emotional disorder possesses marked gender differences and occurs more often in women than in men, in a proportion of 2:1. Accompanying the reproductive cycle of women are significant fluctuations in plasma and brain steroid hormone concentrations, including oestradiol, progesterone, and allopregnanolone, among others. These hormonal changes are related to some illnesses and with the development of anxiety and mood swings occurring in the premenstrual and postpartum period, and particularly during the menopause. Menopause is a clinical term used to indicate the cessation of the woman's reproductive ability that occurs naturally, but also may be surgically induced by bilateral oophorectomy, with or without the removal of the Fallopian tubes and uterus. Natural menopause includes specific periods related to the physiological and hormonal changes produced by ovarian failure, it is usually a natural stage that occurs to women in midlife, during their late 40s or early 50s, indicating the end of the reproductive period in the woman. During the menopause transition years, women experience changes in the production of ovarian hormones, which are associated with significant changes in the physiological, emotional, and affective processes. Unfortunately, surgical menopause occurs at an early age, and produces similar physiological and psychiatric disorders, but they are more severe in this instance. In both cases, typical symptoms associated with menopause critically deteriorate the mental health of the women. In this way, the therapeutic management of clinical symptoms of menopause include replacement hormone therapy, the use of anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, and other natural alternatives based on the use of chemical compounds obtained from plants such as soya. However, a general effective treatment for menopause symptoms does not yet exist. For this reason, experimental studies have proposed ovariectomy in rats as a potential tool to study the effects of a long-term absence of ovarian hormones associated with surgical menopause, which also allowed the study of substances with potential therapeutic application to ameliorate typical symptoms associated with surgical menopause. The aim of this chapter is to review the participation of ovarian hormones in the regulation of emotional and affective disorders in women with natural or surgical menopause; particularly their anatomical pathways, neurotransmission systems, and the resulting behavioural patterns. Finally, preclinical and clinical research suggested that long-term absence of ovarian hormones associated with natural or surgical menopause is the principal cause of physiological and psychiatric disorder in the women; therefore, oestrogenic compounds seem to play an important role in the maintenance of the brain structures that regulate anxiety, mood, memory, and cognitive functions in menopausal women.",signatures:"Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa, Abraham Puga-Olguín, León Jesús\nGermán-Ponciano, Rosa-Isela García-Ríos and Cesar Soria-Fregozo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48395",authors:[{id:"45702",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Francisco",surname:"Rodríguez-Landa",slug:"juan-francisco-rodriguez-landa",fullName:"Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa"},{id:"174651",title:"Dr.",name:"Abraham",surname:"Puga-Olguín",slug:"abraham-puga-olguin",fullName:"Abraham Puga-Olguín"},{id:"174652",title:"MSc.",name:"León Jesús",surname:"Germán-Ponciano",slug:"leon-jesus-german-ponciano",fullName:"León Jesús Germán-Ponciano"},{id:"174653",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Isela",surname:"García-Ríos",slug:"rosa-isela-garcia-rios",fullName:"Rosa Isela García-Ríos"},{id:"174654",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",surname:"Soria-Fregozo",slug:"cesar-soria-fregozo",fullName:"Cesar Soria-Fregozo"}],corrections:null},{id:"48578",title:"A Systematic Review of Anxiety Disorders following Mild, Moderate and Severe TBI in Children and Adolescents",doi:"10.5772/60426",slug:"a-systematic-review-of-anxiety-disorders-following-mild-moderate-and-severe-tbi-in-children-and-adol",totalDownloads:1562,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to systematically review the research exploring the relationship between TBI and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. A literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, Ovid Medline (1946 - Dec 2013), PsycINFO (1806 - Dec 2013), CINAHL plus (1937 - Dec 2013), Cochrane database (2005 – Dec 2013) and Embase (1946 – Dec 2013). The search returned 346 articles, and 11 of these met the inclusion criteria. Anxiety disorders were often found to be a negative outcome following childhood TBI, with a higher incidence of disorders including GAD, ASD, PTSD, PD, OCD, simple/specific phobia, social phobia and SAD found in children following their injury. In most cases, this relationship was strongest for children with severe TBI who sustained their injury at a younger age. Psychosocial adversity was found to be a consistently significant predictor for the likelihood of children developing anxiety following TBI. It is concluded that children who have suffered from a TBI (mild, moderate or severe), are at a higher risk of developing subsequent anxiety disorders, even 1 year following the injury event, and children with more severe injuries, greater psychosocial adversity, and younger age at injury are considered to be the most vulnerable.",signatures:"Michelle Albicini and Audrey McKinlay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48578",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48578",authors:[{id:"169771",title:"BSc.",name:"Michelle",surname:"Albicini",slug:"michelle-albicini",fullName:"Michelle Albicini"},{id:"169982",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",surname:"McKinlay",slug:"audrey-mckinlay",fullName:"Audrey McKinlay"}],corrections:null},{id:"48585",title:"Impact of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms on Scholar Performance in High School and University Students",doi:"10.5772/60711",slug:"impact-of-anxiety-and-depression-symptoms-on-scholar-performance-in-high-school-and-university-stude",totalDownloads:4417,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:20,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Emotional processes are important to survive. The Darwinian adaptive concept of stress refers to natural selection since evolved individuals have acquired effective strategies to adapt to the environment and to unavoidable changes. If demands are abrupt and intense, there might be insufficient time to successful responses. Usually, stress produces a cognitive or perceptual evaluation (emotional memory) which motivates to make a plan, to take a decision and to perform an action to face successfully the demand. Between several kinds of stresses, there are psychosocial and emotional stresses with cultural, social and political influences. The cultural changes have modified the way in which individuals socially interact. Deficits in familiar relationships and social isolation alter physical and mental health in young students, producing reduction of their capacities of facing stressors in school. Adolescence is characterized by significant physiological, anatomical, and psychological changes in boys and girls, who become vulnerable to psychiatric disorders. In particular for young adult students, anxiety and depression symptoms could interfere in their academic performance. In this chapter, we reviewed approaches to the study of anxiety and depression symptoms related with the academic performance in adolescent and graduate students. Results from available published studies in academic journals are reviewed to discuss the importance to detect information about academic performance, which leads to discover in many cases the very commonly subdiagnosed psychiatric disorders in adolescents, that is, anxiety and depression. With the reviewed evidence of how anxiety and depression in young adult students may alter their main activity in life (studying and academic performance), we discussed data in order to show a way in which professionals involved in schools could support students and stablish a routine of intervention in any case.",signatures:"Blandina Bernal-Morales, Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa and\nFrank Pulido-Criollo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48585",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48585",authors:[{id:"45702",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Francisco",surname:"Rodríguez-Landa",slug:"juan-francisco-rodriguez-landa",fullName:"Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa"},{id:"45701",title:"Dr.",name:"Blandina",surname:"Bernal-Morales",slug:"blandina-bernal-morales",fullName:"Blandina Bernal-Morales"},{id:"175891",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank",surname:"Pulido-Criollo",slug:"frank-pulido-criollo",fullName:"Frank Pulido-Criollo"}],corrections:null},{id:"48481",title:"The Role of Expectations in Treatment Outcome and Symptom Development in Anxiety Disorders",doi:"10.5772/60668",slug:"the-role-of-expectations-in-treatment-outcome-and-symptom-development-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:2078,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For more than 60 years, researchers have been interested in determining the impact of expectations on treatment outcome. Earlier studies mostly focused on two types of expectations: prognostic and process expectations. Aims: To review how four different types of expectations (prognostic, process, anxiety expectancy and anxiety sensitivity) contribute to psychotherapy outcome, and to the development of clinical disorders, especially anxiety. Conclusions: First, the role of process and prognostic expectancies in clinical disorders and psychotherapy outcome should be clarified by addressing the methodological flaws of the earlier expectancy studies. Second, studies, especially those on anxiety disorders, may benefit from evaluating the four different types of expectations to determine their relative impact on outcome, and on the development and maintenance of these disorders. Third, possible links with other clinical disorders should be further explored. Finally, expectancies should be assessed prior to treatment and after several sessions to determine the extent to which the treatment's failure in modifying initial low expectancies contribute to a poor outcome.",signatures:"Theodora E. Katerelos, Claude Bélanger, Marie-Christine Payette,\nGhassan El-Baalbaki, André Marchand and Michel Perreault",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48481",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48481",authors:[{id:"57536",title:"Prof.",name:"Claude",surname:"Belanger",slug:"claude-belanger",fullName:"Claude Belanger"},{id:"57551",title:"Dr.",name:"Michel",surname:"Perreault",slug:"michel-perreault",fullName:"Michel Perreault"},{id:"157412",title:"Prof.",name:"Ghassan",surname:"El-Baalbaki",slug:"ghassan-el-baalbaki",fullName:"Ghassan El-Baalbaki"},{id:"174810",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodora",surname:"Katerelos",slug:"theodora-katerelos",fullName:"Theodora Katerelos"},{id:"175625",title:"MSc.",name:"Marie-Christine",surname:"Payette",slug:"marie-christine-payette",fullName:"Marie-Christine Payette"},{id:"175626",title:"Prof.",name:"André",surname:"Marchand",slug:"andre-marchand",fullName:"André Marchand"}],corrections:null},{id:"48868",title:"Practical Applications of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Adults and Youth with Anxiety Disorders",doi:"10.5772/61046",slug:"practical-applications-of-complementary-and-alternative-therapies-in-adults-and-youth-with-anxiety-d",totalDownloads:1563,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies is becoming an increasingly popular treatment option for anxiety disorders in adults and youth. Parents often are reluctant to use antidepressants due to fear of potential side effects. Youth are often unwilling to participate in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) or it is not readily available. Practitioners are not always knowledgeable or open to considering CAM therapies for their patients. This chapter will review the definition of CAM, prevalence of CAM use, its safety and effectiveness and finally its practical applications. Four case studies are discussed in which practitioners were open to the use of CAM and collaborated successfully with parents of youth with anxiety disorders. Literature review is presented for use of vitamin D, melatonin, acupuncture, acupressure and craniosacral therapy.",signatures:"Sarosh Khalid-Khan, Faiza Khalid-Khan and David Gratzer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48868",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48868",authors:[{id:"174558",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarosh",surname:"Khalid-Khan",slug:"sarosh-khalid-khan",fullName:"Sarosh Khalid-Khan"}],corrections:null},{id:"48492",title:"Yoga for Anxiety Management in the Workplace",doi:"10.5772/60633",slug:"yoga-for-anxiety-management-in-the-workplace",totalDownloads:1848,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:'Anxiety is a potential cause of serious influence in a person\'s daily life. This chapter is focused specifically on the effects of the work environment factors in disease development and progression. Working environments are places of significant sources of stress: they put us in connection with our duties and expectations (often not coincide with reality) and with a "forced socialization." Especially forced socialization is to be considered a main source of stress in work places, inducing negative outcomes in work and social relationships. The psychosocial risks of work places can so be defined according to design, organization and management of work as well as to social and environmental contexts that may lead to damage of physical, social and psychological domains. Stress can then be defined as a pattern of emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological reactions to adverse and noxious aspects perceived as the contents of the working environment. Thanks to the beginning of psychosocial research on the working environment, the impact of some aspects of the work environment on health has become an object of study, as the interventions to mitigate it. Yoga, meditation, and mantra techniques, as described in this work (presenting others’ experiences and two of own current projects, used in a hospital workplace to control the condition of occupational stress but also in a clinical sample), showed the potential in considerably reducing anxiety and mood symptoms.',signatures:"S. Doria, F. Irtelli, R. Sanlorenzo and F. Durbano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48492",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48492",authors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"},{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"},{id:"174682",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",surname:"Doria",slug:"stefania-doria",fullName:"Stefania Doria"},{id:"174683",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Sanlorenzo",slug:"roberto-sanlorenzo",fullName:"Roberto Sanlorenzo"}],corrections:null},{id:"48516",title:"Mindfulness — New Research and Treatment Directions in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder",doi:"10.5772/60635",slug:"mindfulness-new-research-and-treatment-directions-in-post-traumatic-stress-disorder",totalDownloads:1720,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Combining mindfulness to strengthen emotion regulation with existing empirically supported post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatments may improve outcomes through increasing (a) engagement, (b) compliance, and (c) decreasing the level of ruminations in PTSD. Several psychotherapeutic interventions incorporating training in mindfulness are clinically relevant to traumatic stress. In order to see how far PTSD treatment could benefit from including mindfulness into the therapeutic process, we analyzed researches regarding: (a) the neuroscience of mindfulness, (b) assessment instruments for mindfulness, (c) mechanism of mindfulness, respective, and (d) the relation between mindfulness and other techniques. Based on this analysis, we can conclude that mindfulness may improve the therapeutic results and the outcome of PTSD patients. Mindfulness can be used in two ways: (a) as an emotion regulation support technique for existing empirically supported PTSD treatments and (b) as a standalone treatment- mindfulness-based cognitive behavior psychotherapies.",signatures:"Delia M. Podea and Karol J. Wild",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48516",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48516",authors:[{id:"30327",title:"Prof.",name:"Delia",surname:"Podea",slug:"delia-podea",fullName:"Delia Podea"},{id:"174602",title:"Ms.",name:"Karol Julien",surname:"Wild",slug:"karol-julien-wild",fullName:"Karol Julien Wild"}],corrections:null},{id:"49059",title:"Anxiety — Is There an App for That? Considering Technology, Psychiatry, and Internet-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy",doi:"10.5772/60816",slug:"anxiety-is-there-an-app-for-that-considering-technology-psychiatry-and-internet-assisted-cognitive-b",totalDownloads:1565,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Across Western countries, more than a third of people will have a mental health disorder over their lifetime; mood and anxiety disorders are the most common. The effectiveness of psychological interventions is well established. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), for example, is as effective for mild and moderate anxiety as medications; combined psychopharmacology and CBT is superior to either modality alone, suggesting a synergistic effect. However, CBT requires a major investment of time and resources. Thus, in public systems, CBT has limited availability and is subject to long waiting times; primary-care physicians and psychiatrists may not offer CBT.",signatures:"David Gratzer, Faiza Khalid-Khan and Sarosh Khalid-Khan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49059",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49059",authors:[{id:"174558",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarosh",surname:"Khalid-Khan",slug:"sarosh-khalid-khan",fullName:"Sarosh Khalid-Khan"},{id:"174958",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Gratzer",slug:"david-gratzer",fullName:"David Gratzer"},{id:"174996",title:"Ms.",name:"Faiza",surname:"Khalid-Khan",slug:"faiza-khalid-khan",fullName:"Faiza Khalid-Khan"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6493",title:"Psychotic Disorders",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10c61c9adb13a7f0780176f556353b2e",slug:"psychotic-disorders-an-update",bookSignature:"Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6493.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3295",title:"New Insights into Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"013c40f1052a8d6b3ab2d6bb6f797921",slug:"new-insights-into-anxiety-disorders",bookSignature:"Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3295.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5384",title:"New Developments in Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c355c8b1bce4b291f916878f12e0ab8a",slug:"new-developments-in-anxiety-disorders",bookSignature:"Federico Durbano and Barbara Marchesi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5384.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5795",title:"Psychopathy",subtitle:"New Updates on an Old Phenomenon",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e33769ff3c930094c4e350ec6a2b6b5",slug:"psychopathy-new-updates-on-an-old-phenomenon",bookSignature:"Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5795.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"510",title:"Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"183445801a9be3bfbce31fe9752ad3db",slug:"anxiety-disorders",bookSignature:"Vladimir Kalinin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/510.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. 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Nascimento",dateSubmitted:"August 27th 2021",dateReviewed:"August 31st 2021",datePrePublished:"October 2nd 2021",datePublished:null,book:{id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",bookSignature:"Farid 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The surgical activity should be completed by a deep understanding of the patient and the commitment to ensure a rapid return to normal after surgical treatment. The surgeon’s initial contact with the patient is important. That is the opportunity to gain the patient’s confidence and convey the assurance that the therapeutic procedure is available and effective. The surgeon needs to demonstrate concern and commitment for the patient as a person who requires care and not just a “case” to be treated by surgical therapy. Today we must believe that the rapid and safe recovery after surgical therapy is a fundamental feature alongside the results of resolution/control of the pathology. The first revolutionary step in this perspective has been taken, and for thirty years it has continued and evolved universally, through the introduction of minimally invasive therapeutic approaches. The pathway of control and improvement of perioperative care have had great diffusion, in the last years, in the current practice of surgical wards. The perioperative procedure scheme that applies the principle of a safe and rapid postoperative recovery is standardized in the system unanimously called Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS). The basic characteristics of the procedure are the enterprise to improve surgical quality, the choice of innovative management and therapeutic procedures, but always based on evidence, and finally the multidisciplinarity that involves medical skills from various medical specialties in the management of treatments. Therefore all surgical specialties are involved in what we can define as a cultural movement in medical practice. The particular aspects of improving recovery following surgical procedures are summarized in the following actions: to support patient mobilization, decrease complication rates after surgery, shorten the length of hospital stay and reduce costs. The components of enhanced recovery after surgery are varied and numerous and can be divided in detail into the pre, intra, and postoperative phases. Among other elements are included: smoking and alcohol use stopped some weeks and nutritional assessment before surgery, intraoperative use of antibiotics, postoperative multimodal analgesia and nausea control, active and early mobilization, early feeding, reduce as much as possible the use of the nasogastric tube and abdominal drains, early removal of a urinary catheter. Finally, two propositions are in evidence. a multidisciplinary medical team should be implicated in achieving the accomplishment of an ERAS pathway; moreover, the main purposes of ERAS are to reduce the surgical stress and to preserve, how is it possible, the physiological conditions, consequently these therapeutic choices should, in principle. be employed routine, currently in surgery.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-762-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-761-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-763-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"134f0a1f56e2a14a8328a8b1221523ec",bookSignature:"Prof. Vincenzo Neri",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11869.jpg",keywords:"Bowel Preparation, Anemia Control Before Surgery, ERAS, Preoperative Counseling, Intraoperative Antibiotics, Minimally Invasive Approach, Enhanced Recovery Pathways, Postoperative Analgesia, Mininvasive Approach, Health Care Team, Nutritional Status, Carbohydrate Loading",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 25th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 22nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 21st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 9th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 8th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Neri is the author of more than 330 scientific papers edited in national and international journals and chapters of books. He obtained the certificate of “Maitrise Universitaire en Pedagogie des Sciences de la Santè” on the Universitè Paris – Nord Bobigny. Dr. Neri is a member of scientific societies: SIC, IHPBA, AISP, EASL, NESA, SLS.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170938/images/system/170938.jpeg",biography:"Vincenzo Neri is a former Professor of General Surgery (retired), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy. He also held positions such as Director of Division of General Surgery, Director of Residency School of General Surgery, Director of Department of Surgical Sciences, and President of Course of Degree of Medicine and Surgery at the same university. He also served as an assistant professor (1974–1982) and associate professor (1982–2001) at the School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari, Italy, where he obtained a degree in Medicine and Surgery and completed postgraduate training in General Surgery and Emergency Surgery. He obtained a diploma of 'Maitrise Universitaire en Pedagogie des Sciences de la Santè” from the University Paris-Nord Bobigny in 1995. Dr. Neri’s research interests include hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery, acute pancreatitis, and treatment of pancreatic and liver tumors. He has published research papers, reviews, congress proceedings, and book chapters. In the period 1991–2016, he attended the Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery Service of Beaujon Hospital, Universitè de Paris, Clichy. As part of the 2010–2011 ERASMUS Program, Dr. Neri developed a seminar on 'Cystic Tumours of the Pancreas” at Ghent University, Belgium. 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Milani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91158",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jafar",surname:"Milani",slug:"jafar-milani",fullName:"Jafar Milani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8311",title:"Nutraceuticals",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51994c7d3887b9ecd6926b4967a4fdfb",slug:"nutraceuticals-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"María Chávarri Hueda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1408",title:"Scientific, Health and Social Aspects of the Food Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e683dc398eabec0db3a88e891209a406",slug:"scientific-health-and-social-aspects-of-the-food-industry",bookSignature:"Benjamin Valdez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1408.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65522",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Valdez",slug:"benjamin-valdez",fullName:"Benjamin Valdez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82281",title:"Humic Acids and Fulvic Acids: Characteristics, Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants, and Formation of Disinfection by-Products during Chlorination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105518",slug:"humic-acids-and-fulvic-acids-characteristics-sorption-of-hydrophobic-organic-contaminants-and-format",body:'Humic substances are principal compounds that account for 80–90% of soil organic matter [1]. Owing to their complexes of bioactive substances, humic substances can control the stability and ecosystem in soil [2]. Humic substances are organic macromolecules with multiple properties and contain a wide variety of structural functional groups [3], arising from physical, chemical, and microbiological processes [4]. In aquatic system, humic substances account for 40–60% of natural organic matter [5]; thus, they can have significant impact on water quality. In natural water resources, humic substances are formed from the degradation of plants, animal residues, and soil surface runoff [6]. In the events of torrential rainfall, storm events, and summer monsoon season, humic substances are abundantly formed from upstream land use and soil surface runoff [7, 8, 9]. Thus, it is essential to study the humic substances extracted from upland soils for water quality management.
Humic substances are mainly divided into humic acids, fulvic acids, and humin [10]. Humic acids are soluble in water only at pH >2, fulvic acids are soluble in water in all pH conditions, whereas humin is insoluble in water [11]. Thus, because of their solubility, humic and fulvic acids play indispensable roles in dissolving organic matter in aquatic system. Humic and fulvic acids majorly comprise carboxylic, phenolic, carbonyl, hydroxyl, amine, amide, and aliphatic moieties [12]. In surface water, fulvic acids account for the majority of humic substances, whereas humic acids account for only 10% of humic substances [6]. For the disinfection of water for drinking purpose, humic and fulvic acids present in water can react with disinfectant chemicals (i.e., chlorine and ozone) to form disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloketones, and haloacetonitriles [13, 14]. Among these four DBPs, THMs and HAAs are the two most abundant halogenated DBPs [15, 16]. DBPs are considered to be dangerous to human health because of the presence of potential carcinogens [17] that particularly cause urinary bladder cancer [18, 19]. Humic and fulvic acids are the primary sorbent, which can impact the fate, mobility, and bioavailability of hydrophobic contaminants, especially the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water system [20, 21]. PAHs contain more than two benzene rings [22] and are the most persistent and toxic organic micropollutants in surface water. Low concentrations of these hydrocarbons can have adverse effects on human health and aquatic systems because they contain carcinogenic, mutagenic compounds and potent immune suppressants [23, 24]. PAHs can be formed from biological process, industrial wastes, petroleum spills, incomplete combustion from nature sources (forest and brush fires), and/or human combustion sources (engine emissions) [24]. Recently, PAHs from urban runoff were reported to be a serious contaminant in rivers and lakes [9, 25, 26]. In addition, PAHs have been widely detected in surface water and drinking water at higher concentrations compared with other persistent organic pollutants [27, 28]. Of the 16 PAHs monitored by the US Environment Protection Agency, phenanthrene (PHE) was reported to be the most abundant PAH in surface water. Similar to humic and fulvic acids, PAHs can produce chlorinated PAHs during chlorination process for drinking water treatment. This is because PAHs contain an electronic-rich system that can be readily attacked electrophilically by hypochlorous acid [29]. The hypobromous acid might also be formed in the presence of Br− during chlorination because Br− ion is ubiquitous in both surface water and chlorine solution [30]. The hypobromous acid reacts with PAHs to form brominated PAHs. In comparison with PAHs, the chlorinated PAHs and brominated PAHs exhibit AhR activity, DNA damaging effects, and mutagenicity, and thus, they present a larger threat to human health [31, 32]. Hence, it is essential to investigate the characteristics of humic and fulvic acids and their PAHs sorption behavior in order to control the formation of DBPs from humic and fulvic acids as well as the formation of halogenated PAHs.
Many methods to identify the structure of humic and fulvic acids have been reported in the literature. Among them, 13C NMR is the most common method to identify functional groups and molecular structures such as aromatic and aliphatic C groups. In contrast, elemental analysis, which is a faster method than the 13C NMR method, reflects the atomic ratios that relate to aromatic C such as H/C and the derived sources of humic substance such as N/C [33]. The humic and fulvic acids can also be compared on the basis of molecular weight (MW) [34]. In addition, spectroscopic techniques such as UV–visible (Vis) absorbance and fluorescence are widely employed because of their simplicity, rapid process, and non-requirement of pretreatment of samples. Specific UV absorbance (SUVA) at 254 nm is an indicator for aromatic C, while their ratio E4/E6, S275–295, and S350–400 confirmed its humification and aromaticity [35]. Moreover, the sources of humic substance and its relationship with MW distribution humic substance can be determined using fluorescence properties and their index [36]. Although many studies have examined the characteristics of humic substances and their binding with PAHs, there is still a lack of sufficient information on the characteristics of humic and fulvic acids and their differences, formation of their DPBs, and binding behavior of their PAHs.
In this present study, humic and fulvic acids were extracted from soils and characterized by using 13C NMR, elemental analysis, MW, UV, and fluorescence methods. The study also reported the different formation of THMs and HAAs and the PHE behavior of humic and fulvic acids due to their different characteristics.
For this study, soil samples were collected from six different locations in Korea, and a minimum of 20 km distance was maintained between the sampling sites. Four of these samples were representative of granite soils and were named as Gori (KR), Wolseong (WS), Uljin (UJ), and Yeonggwang (YK). Two soil samples were collected from the foot of Mt. Seorak (Goseong (KS)) and from Mt. Hallan (Jeju Island, volcanic ash soil) (Halla (HL)). Three soil samples, namely Elliott Silt Loam Soil (Cat No. 1BS102M), Canadian peat moss soil sample (sphagnum peat moss), and Aldrich HA (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS no. 1415-93-6), were purchased and named as IHSS, Peat, and AL, respectively.
Humic and fulvic acids were extracted from six sampling soils (KR, WS, UJ, YK, KS, and HL) and Peat, according to the IHSS method [37] and ISO 12782-4:2012 [38]. The extracted fulvic acids were purified using XAD resin concentration and then passed through a Dowex-50X8(H+) column. The AL sample was purified using an acid–base precipitation method [10]. Figure 1 presents the extraction and purification process of humic and fulvic acids.
The extraction and purification process of humic and fulvic acids.
The UV–Vis absorbance of humic and fulvic acids in the 200–800 nm range was investigated using a UV–Vis spectrometer (Shimadzu, UV-1601PC). To measure the dissolves organic matter (DOC), samples were prepared at pH 7.0 and then filtered using a 0.45-μm membrane filter (cellulose acetate, Advantec). The ratio of UV absorbance at 254 nm to the DOC concentrations of the samples was calculated to determine the SUVA values. The UV–Vis absorbance ratio at 465 and 665 nm (E4/E6) and spectral slope were applied to characterize the humic material as well as the aromaticity. The spectra slope was calculated using log-transform linear regression at intervals of 275–295 nm (S275–295) and 350–400 nm (S350–400). These two narrow bands were chosen for spectral slope calculation because they present the greatest variations from a variety of sources (i.e., marsh, riverine, estuarine, coastal, and open ocean).
A fluorescence spectrometer (Perkin Elmer LS50B) was used to obtain synchronous fluorescence spectra. It is known that fluorescence intensity can alternate with measurement time depending on external conditions such as humidity. Thus, the measured fluorescence intensities were normalized as units of quinine sulfate (QSE) equivalents based on the fluorescence of a diluted series of quinine sulfate dehydrate in 0.05 M sulfuric acid at an excitation/emission wavelength of 350/450 nm. Both the excitation and emission slits were fixed at 10. The difference between the emission wavelength and the excitation wavelength (Δλ) was fixed at 30 nm and then measured from 250 to 600 nml to determine synchronous fluorescence spectrum. The relative fluorescence regions were classified into four groups: protein-like (%PLF) fluorescence, fulvic-like (%FLF) fluorescence, humic-like (%HLF) fluorescence, and terrestrial humic-like (%THLF) fluorescence. These groups of fluorescence regions corresponded to the relative percentage of fluorescence intensity at wavelengths of 250–300, 300–380, 380–420, and 420–600 nm, respectively.
The apparent weight-average molecular weight (MWw) values were determined using size exclusion chromatography. The polydispersity of samples with the relative precision of MWw and MWn were less than 5% and 7%, respectively. The elemental composition ratios of humic and fulvic acids (C/H, N/C, and (N + O)/C) were determined using CHNS-932 and VTF-900 (LECO Co.).
The cross-polarization magic-angle spinning method was used to determine carbon structure via 13C NMR spectroscopy (Bruker Avance II, 500 MHz). The spectrum was measured at 300 K with a 90-pulse width of 4.5 s, 1.5 ms contact time, 3 ms pulse delay time, and 6.0 kHz spinning speed. A qualitatively good signal-to-noise ratio was obtained by using a total of 3 × 104 scan signal free induction decays and a line broadening function of 40 Hz. Then, the C functional groups were determined by integrating the area of the spectra in the chemical shift area: 0–50 ppm (alkyl C), 50–110 ppm (O-alkyl C), 110–145 ppm (C,H-aryl), 145–165 ppm (O-aryl phenol), and 165–190 ppm (carboxyl).
Humic and fulvic acids extracted from six sampling soils (KR, WS, UJ, YK, KS, and HL), Peat, AL, and IHSS were diluted to 1 mg C/L. Then, 1 ml phosphate buffer was added to 50 ml of diluted humic and fulvic acids to adjust their pH value to 7.0 ± 0.2. Then, the humic and fulvic acids were incubated for 2–3 h before chlorination. Chlorination of the humic and fulvic acids was conducted using the Aldrich’s sodium hypochlorite solution (available chlorine >4%) (NaOCl). The glassware required for the experiment was washed with acetone and then baked at 400°C for 1 h to remove any remaining organic matter. A constant dose of 5 mg Cl2/L was added to each sample for chlorination. The final solutions were sealed and stored in the dark at 25°C for 24 h. Then, a 10% sodium sulfite solution was injected into the solutions to suppress the formation of additional by-products by residual chlorine.
THMs and HAAs were analyzed using USEPA Method 551.1 and Method 552.3. A micro-electron capture detector (Agilent 6890 GC-ECD) was used to conduct gas chromatography of the liquid–liquid extracts in order to quantify the different THMs and HAAs. This was followed by diazomethane derivatization. Four species of THM, i.e., such as chloroform (CF), dichlorobromomethane (DCBM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform, were measured. HAAs were analyzed using the Drinking Water Quality Process Test Method (ES 05552.2.). Three substances, i.e., dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), and dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), were used in this analysis.
PHE (purity >97%) was purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification. The stock solution (1.0 mg/L) was prepared by dissolving an excess in methanol to make a saturated solution. This solution was filtered through a 0.45-μm cellulose acetate membrane filter (Advantec). In this filter, the sorption of PHE is negligible. The solution was sterilized by adding 5 mM CaCl2 and 0.01 mM HgCl2, and its pH was adjusted to 6 by adding either 0.1 M NaOH or 0.1 M HCl. Then, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 40, and 30% stock solution was used with 20 mg of humin added in a 10-mL glass vial in order to perform the PHE adsorption experiments. The headspace was kept minimal to reduce the solute vapor loss and minimize the effect of surface adsorption. In addition, separately manufactured vial caps were used. The experiment was conducted using a rotator (at 30 rpm). Based on the preliminary tests for apparent equilibrium, the reaction time was set to 5 d. After the reaction, a centrifuge (5000 rpm, 15 min) was used to separate the supernatant and precipitate from each sample. The HPLC (YoungLin, UV730D) was used to measure PHE concentration in the supernatant. The mobile phase for HPLC was prepared using acetonitrile and ultrapure water (80:20 v/v) with a flow rate of 1.8 mL/min. A C18 4.6 × 150 mm reverse-phase column (Supelcosil LC-18DB) was used to perform separation analysis using a UV detector (at 254 nm).
A modified Freundlich adsorption isotherm Eq. (1) was used to analyze the adsorption results. The Freundlich equation is related to multi-layer and heterogeneous adsorption and is, thus, commonly applied to organic matter and hydrophobic pollutant adsorption [39]. The Freundlich adsorption constant (KFOC) and isotherm linearity constant (n) were derived from the slope and y-intercept, respectively, as per Eq. (1):
where SOC is the concentration of the PHE adsorbed on the humin (μg/kg C), Ce is the freely dissolved PHE concentration (μg/L), Cscl is the supercooled solubility of PHE at 25°C (5970 μg/L) in supercooled aqueous solution, and KFOC (μg/kg C) and n are the Freundlich adsorption model parameters (adsorption isotherm linearity increases as n increases). The single-point sorption is as follows:
From Freundlich sorption coefficient, the Gibbs energy change (△G) can be calculated as follows [40]:
where T is the absolute temperature in kelvins, R is the gas constant (8.314 J.mol−1.K−1), and K is the Freundlich adsorption coefficient (KOC). The K value is recalculated as a dimensionless coefficient by multiplying it by 55.5 (number of moles of water per liter of solution) to correct the △G° values [41]:
The humic acids exhibited higher values of elemental composition of H/C and N/C ratios compared with those of fulvic acids for almost samples (Figure 2). Fulvic acids exhibited higher values of (N + O)/C and, thus, presented higher polarity than those values for humic acids (Figure 2). Similar to previous research works, aromatic C (110–165 ppm) in humic acids was higher than that in fulvic acids, whereas the aliphatic C (0–110 ppm) exhibited the opposite trend (Figure 3). In addition, only O-alkyl C proportions in fulvic acids presented higher values compared with those in humic acids for all soil samples, except for Peat and HL soil. In contrast, O-alkyl C, C,H-aryl C, and O-aryl C exhibited the opposite trend. Moreover, the carboxyl and carbonyl groups (165–210 ppm) in fulvic acids were higher compared with the values in humic acids for all soil samples. Higher aromatic C compounds (C,H-aryl and O-aryl phenol) in humic acids indicated higher amount of lignin and polyphenol from various plants [42]. In addition, the presence of higher O-alkyl and carboxyl groups such as peptides and organic acids indicated higher solubility of humic acids compared with fulvic acids [43]. Fulvic acids contain high carboxyl groups, and hence, the appearance of both COOH and –HC=CH– structure in these acids might affect the result of H/C [44]. Thus, fulvic acids exhibited lower H/C ratios as compared to the values of these ratios in humic acids. The MWw values of humic acids ranged from 2545 to 4411 Da and were higher than the values of fulvic acids (from 1751 to 2584 Da). In comparison with fulvic acid, humic acids presented higher polydispersity index (MWw/MWn), revealing a larger distribution of MW for humic acids. Thus, humic acids extracted from soils revealed higher H/C (affected by COOH and –HC=CH– structure), N/C, MWw, and MWw/MWn and lower polarity and O-alkyl C compared with fulvic acids. In particular, fulvic acids contained higher aliphatic C owing to their extremely higher values of O-alkyl C.
Atomic ratios of humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) extracted from soils.
13C NMR spectra of (a) humic acids (HA); and (b) fulvic acids (FA) extracted from soils.
SUVA, E4/E6, S275–295, and S350–400 were employed to identify the difference in spectroscopic spectra between humic and fulvic acids. Humic acids presented higher SUVA values than those of fulvic acids, whereas E4/E6 exhibited the opposite trend. The negative relationship between E4/E6 and the degree of condensation of the aromatic carbon network and/or the MW has facilitated the increased usage of the E4/E6 ratio in the identification of humification and aromaticity of soil organic matter [35, 45, 46]. The lower values of E4/E6 for humic acids are associated with the higher values of SUVA, aromatic carbon (110–165 ppm), and MWw. Of all soil samples, S350–400 presented higher values of SUVA, aromatic carbon (110–165 ppm), and MWw for fulvic acids than for humic acids, whereas the soil sample S275–295 did not present any trend. Thus, spectra slope at longer wavelengths could be used as an effective index to distinguish the dissolved organic matter between humic acids and fulvic acids.
Figure 4 shows the synchronous fluorescence spectra of soil humic acids and fulvic acids. As shown in this figure, soil humic acids presented higher peaks at THLF regions, whereas fulvic acids exhibited lower peaks at FLF and HLF regions. With respect to fluorescence relative distribution, compared with fulvic acids, humic acids presented lower %FLF and %HLF, but higher %THLF values. The humification index (HIX) also presented higher values for humic acids than for fulvic acids. Based on these findings, it can be said that soil humic acids were more condense with polymerized humic-like structure (higher SUVA, aromatic C, MWw, and %THLF), whereas fulvic acids contained high levels of carbonyl and quinone, aliphatic groups, and oxygen functional groups related to fulvic- and humic-like fluorescence materials (higher (N + O)/C, E4/E6, S350–400, %FLF, %HLF O-alkyl, and carboxyl groups). These specific different molecular characteristics between humic and fulvic acids are important as they can aid in investigating the structural changes, generation of DBPs under chlorination, and PHE sorption behavior.
Fluorescence spectra of (a) humic acids*; and (b) fulvic acids extracted from soils. *
For the comparison of DBPs formation between humic and fulvic acids extracted from soils, the concentrations of THM, HAA, and their species (μg/L) were normalized to DOC (mg/L) and named as specific THM/HAA formation potential (STHMFP/SHAAFP) and CF, DCBM, DBCM, DCAA, TCAA, and DBAA. It was found that the formation of STHMFP and SHAAFP significantly differed between humic acids and fulvic acids. Humic acids exhibited higher STHMFP values that ranged from 141.9 to 194.6 μg/mg compared with the lower values in fulvic acids (98.7 to 100.6 μg/mg). In both humic acids and fulvic acids, chloroform was the most dominant compound of STHMFP, accounting for over 95% of STHMFP. Similar to the trend of the values of STHMFP, SHAAFP values for humic acids were found to be 5.5 times higher (ranging from 259.0 to 390.0 μg/mg) compared with the SHAAFP values for fulvic acids (ranging from 19.8 to 54.9 μg/mg). TCAA was the most abundant (83%) SHAAFP species in humic acids, whereas it accounted for only 17% in fulvic acids. In humic acids, SHAAFP (presenting as TCAA) presented higher values than STHMFP (presenting as CF). In contrast, STHMFP presented much higher values than SHAAFP for fulvic acids. During chlorination, humic molecules having higher aromatic content, such as humic acids, first reacted with chlorine to form TCAA and then form CF. This is the reason why TCAA production was higher than CF production [47]. In addition, fulvic acids contained alkyl, carbohydrate, and carboxyl groups that were less capable of producing CF and TCAA under chlorination than the aromatic carbon components [48]. Thus, the difference in DPB formation between humic and fulvic acids might be explained by the differences in their molecular structure.
After chlorination, both humic and fulvic acids exhibited lower SUVA and TOC values. TOC removal presented higher values for fulvic acids. This demonstrated the presence of more organic carbon components in fulvic acids that can be easily mineralized to CO2 during chlorination as compared to humic acids. During chlorination, 50–80% of chlorine oxidated humic substances into CO2, whereas only 5–10% of chlorine participated in the incorporation reaction to form DBPs [49]. SUVA presented higher reduction values for humic acids than for fulvic acids. This indicated that high aromatic C (presented by high SUVA values) were transformed into lower ones (lower SUVA) by splitting the aromatic rings and decomposing the unsaturated carbon rather than converting it into CO2. After chlorination, humic and fulvic acids showed different changes in terms of fluorescence relative distribution. Moreover, after chlorination, only %THLF values decreased for humic acids, whereas %FLF and %THLF reduced for fulvic acids. The values of Δ%FLF, Δ%HLF, and Δ%THLF were calculated based on the differences in each relative distribution before and after chlorination (FLbefore − FLafter). These values were used to further examine the mechanisms of chlorination for humic and fulvic acids.
The relationship between the changes in humic/fulvic acid characteristics (TOC removal, SUVA removal, Δ%FLF, Δ%HLF, and Δ%THLF) due to chlorination and their original structural characteristics (SUVA, MW, C,H-aryl, and O-alkyl) can clarify the chlorination-induced structural changes in humic and fulvic acid in more depth. SUVA values were found to be strongly positively correlated with SUVA removal for both humic and fulvic acids (p < 0.05). Moreover, SUVA values were strongly negatively correlated with TOC removal values for humic acids (p < 0.01) and non-significantly correlated with TOC removal values for fulvic acids (p > 0.1). The higher SUVA values and aromatic carbon contents of humic acids than those of fulvic acids resulted in the reaction of more aromatic carbon compounds in humic acids with chlorine. This led to the production of higher DBP. In addition, for humic acids, higher MWw materials with richer N groups and a higher proportion of O-alkyl C reacted with chlorine to yield higher reductions of TOC and FLF components. In comparison, lower MWw materials with a higher percentage of C,H-aryl and O-aryl phenol and fewer N groups were associated with a higher reduction in SUVA and THLF values. In other words, high-MWw humic acids with aliphatic properties, high nitrogen content, and a low degree of unsaturation mostly reacted with chlorine via an oxidation reaction. In comparison, low-MWw humic acids with high aromatic C and low nitrogen content mainly reacted with chlorine via incorporation.
The correlations between STHMFP and humic/fulvic acid characteristics determined the effects of the molecular structures of humic/fulvic acids on DBP production. For humic acids, STHMFP was positively correlated with C,H-aryl, O-aryl phenol, and alkyl C (p < 0.05) but negatively correlated with N/C ratio, MWw, TOC removal, Δ%FLF, O-alkyl C, and carboxyl (p < 0.05). In summary, low-MW aromatic C such as C,H-aryl, O-aryl phenol, and aliphatic C such as alkyl C in humic acids were considered as DBP precursors as they generated STHMFP during the chlorination reaction. On the contrary, high N groups of O-alkyl C in humic acids participated in oxidation reactions during chlorination. For fulvic acids, STHMFP presented a strong positive correlation with alkyl C and negative correlations with C,H-aryl and O-aryl phenol (p < 0.05). The chlorination mechanism of fulvic acids shown in our study differed from those reported in previous studies that demonstrated that aromatic C, especially phenol components, were associated with the highest value of STHMFP [50, 51]. The reasons behind these notable findings can be explained as follows. First, unlike those in the humic acids, the aromatic contents in fulvic acids might not play a major role in the generation of STHMFP via incorporation. Second, the presence of N groups combined with aromatic molecules in the fulvic acids resulted in the formation of N-DBPs, and not in the generation of STHMFP and SHAAFP [52]. In previous studies, amino acids such as aspartic acids and asparagine acids in humic substances were also reported to yield N-DBPs (i.e., dichloroacetonitrile and halonitromethanes) during chlorination [16, 53]. In the present study, there was no relationship between the SHAAFP and HAA species and the humic/fulvic acid characteristics. In summary, the low-MW and low-N/C components of aromatic C and alkyl C in the humic acids might form STHMFP via incorporation reactions. In comparison, only low-N/C aliphatic compounds such as alkyl generated STHMFP in the fulvic acids. This detail will be helpful in elucidating the formation of aromatic/aliphatic N-DBPs for humic and fulvic acids in future. MWw and Δ%THLF were the appropriate factors for predicting the values of STHMFP in humic acids. In comparison, Δ%FLF and Alkyl C were applied for fulvic acids.
In particular, this study presented a new interpretation of differences between humic/fulvic acids in terms of molecular structure characteristics and chlorine reaction, including oxidation and incorporation reaction, and successfully provided sufficient factors to predict THM generation.
All the experimental data of humic and fulvic acids fit well with the Freundlich model, presented by the high degree of correlations (R2 > 0.99). Also, for both humic and fulvic acids, all the sorption isotherms were non-linear (n < 1). For humic acids, PHE adsorption coefficient (KOC) ranged from 3.7 × 104 to 7.0 × 104 mL/g, while for fulvic acids, it ranged from 1.4 × 104 to 2.2 × 104 mL/g. The higher sorption affinity of humic acids might be explained by the higher aromatic and condense humic structure. High isotherm linearity (n) values were associated with a low degree of natural organic matter maturation and less heterogeneous sorption-site energy distribution [54]. The n values of humic acids were lower than those of fulvic acids. In humic acids, the hydrophobic nature enhanced more coiled or aggregated structures to provide specific non-ideal binding sites [55]. In addition, high polarity might reduce the sorption affinity [56]. The Gibbs free energy values were negative for both humic and fulvic acids at 20°C, revealing the thermodynamically favorable and spontaneous adsorption process [57].
For humic acids, sorption coefficient (logKOC) was positively related to HIX and negatively correlated with S350–400. In comparison, logKOC of fulvic acids presented positive correlation with %THLF and negative relationship with %FLF and E4/E6. No relationship was observed between logKOC and humic/fulvic acid relative carbon distribution. High sorption affinity was found to be positively related to the condense structure with high aromatic C and humification, presented by the high values of HIX and %THLF and low values of %FLF and E4/E6. For humic acids, n presented positive correlation with H/C, %FLF, and %HLF and negative relationship with SUVA and %THLF. However, no relationship was observed between n values and their structural characteristics for fulvic acids. The UV spectroscopic and fluorescence characteristics of humic and fulvic acids were primarily related to their sorption ability. In a previous study, PAH sorption ability was reported to be closely related to 3D fluorescence [58].
The principal component analysis was applied for 18 selected parameters in order to interpret the specific PHE binding behavior of humic and fulvic acids. The first two principal components (PCs) explained approximately 59.32% for PC1 and 14.70% for PC2 (Figure 5). PC1 was interpreted as a factor associated with the PHE sorption behavior, whereas PC2 presented for C,H-alkyl, H/C, and free energy. Thus, logKoc was found to be positively related to MWw, SUVA, HIX, %THLF, and Mw/Mn. Moreover, n values were positively correlated with %FLF, %HLF, E4/E6, and O-alkyl (Figure 5a). From the factor score plot presented in Figure 5b, the PHE sorption behavior of humic and fulvic acids was found to be completely different. Humic acids presented higher MWw, Mw/Mn, SUVA, and %THLF, which were related to sorption affinity (logKoc). In comparison, fulvic acids were related to higher n and fulvic−/humic-like components, lower degree of condensation of the aromatic carbon, and the MW (higher E4/E6 and O-alkyl). In summary, UV and fluorescence characteristics are powerful techniques to determine the PHE sorption behavior of humic and fulvic acids extracted from soils.
(a) Factor loading plot for selected structural characteristics and PHE sorption of humic and fulvic acids as the first two principal components; and (b) factor score plot for humic and fulvic acids as the first two principal components.
In this chapter, the structure characteristics of humic and fulvic acids extracted from soils were clarified. Soil humic acids were found to be more condensed and have a polymerized humic-like structure (higher SUVA, aromatic C, MWw, and %THLF). In comparison, fulvic acids contained high levels of carbonyl and quinone, more aliphatic groups, and more oxygen functional groups related to fulvic- and humic-like fluorescence materials (higher (N + O)/C, E4/E6, S350–400, %FLF, %HLF O-alkyl, and carboxyl groups). The differences in the molecular characteristics between humic and fulvic acids resulted in the differences in the generation of DBPs under chlorination and the PHE sorption behavior. For chlorination, the low-MW and low-N/C components of aromatic C and alkyl C in the humic acids might form STHMFP via incorporation reactions. However, only low-N/C aliphatic compounds such as alkyl generated STHMFP in the fulvic acids. Humic acids presented higher sorption coefficient (logKoc) because of the presence of higher MWw, Mw/Mn, SUVA, and %THLF. In comparison, fulvic acids are related to higher n and fulvic−/humic-like components and lower degree of condensation of the aromatic carbon and the MW. UV and fluorescence characteristics are powerful techniques to indicate the PHE sorption behavior of humic and fulvic acids extracted from soils. Compared with atomic ratio and relative C distribution, the UV and fluorescence characteristics approach provides the key information for water system managers to better predict and mitigate the formation of DBPs in chlorine-treated water and the behavior of hydrophobic organic contaminants in aquatic environment.
This study was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (Grant No. NRF-2020R1A6A1A03042742), and by the Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through the program for the management of aquatic ecosystem health, funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) (Grant No. 2020003030005).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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\\n\\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\\n\\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\\n\\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\\n\\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\\n\\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\\n\\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\\n\\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\\n\\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\\n\\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\\n\\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\\n\\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"40",title:"Marine Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-marine-biology",parent:{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:74,numberOfWosCitations:51,numberOfCrossrefCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitations:66,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"40",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5895",title:"Chondrichthyes",subtitle:"Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b1860c7ca50c0cf7b5442fe1539fa3a0",slug:"chondrichthyes-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Luis Fernando da Silva Rodrigues Filho and João Bráullio de Luna Sales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5895.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104512",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues-Filho",slug:"luis-fernando-rodrigues-filho",fullName:"Luis Fernando Rodrigues-Filho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5210",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c78e2a5e686279a30ed3fb640769dad",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5210.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",middleName:"Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50559",doi:"10.5772/63026",title:"Oil and Gas Platforms in the Gulf of Mexico: Their Relationship to Fish and Fisheries",slug:"oil-and-gas-platforms-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-their-relationship-to-fish-and-fisheries",totalDownloads:1663,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"There are over 2300 standing oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). It has been argued that platforms provide reef-like habitat that increases the growth and survival rates of fishes by increasing prey availability and affording shelter for protection from predators, provide additional spawning substrate, and by acting as a visual attractant for organisms not otherwise dependent upon hard bottom. Platforms differ from most natural habitats, and from traditional artificial reefs, in that their vertical profile extends upward through the water column into the photic zone and the sea surface. Increased habitat quality on, or immediately around, oil and gas platforms are thought to be derived from increased in situ food production associated with encrustation by fouling organisms. In this chapter, we address the issue of how to evaluate the role of artificial reefs by first establishing levels of evaluation for individual fish species found on oil and gas platforms in the GOM. The levels of evaluation relate to the amount and adequacy of the available information, which was populated with an extensive literature and data search. Three levels of assessment are established, analogous to the levels of analysis established National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries for identification of Essential Fish Habitat. More than 1300 documents, including reports, stock assessments, other gray literature, and papers published in the primary literature, were used to complete this chapter. When available, published literature was the preferred source of information.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"James H. Cowan and Kenneth A. Rose",authors:[{id:"139993",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:"Howard",surname:"Cowan, Jr.",slug:"james-cowan-jr.",fullName:"James Cowan, Jr."}]},{id:"50363",doi:"10.5772/62876",title:"The Brown Seaweeds Fishery in Chile",slug:"the-brown-seaweeds-fishery-in-chile",totalDownloads:1754,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Chilean fishery of brown algae includes species belonging to the genus Lessonia, Durvillaea, and Macrocystis, which can be found along the coast, ranging latitudes from 18° to 55°S. The exploitation of these seaweeds is done mainly in the Northern coast because the environmental conditions of this region decrease initial production costs. Brown algae are exploited from natural populations and exported to international markets as row material, source of alginates, widely utilized in diverse manufacturing processes and industries. International demand for Chilean kelps has produced sustained increase in harvest during the last decade, reaching more than 390,000 dry tons/year. This chapter approaches the most relevant aspects of the brown seaweed fishery in Chile which covers a wide range of the Southeast Pacific coast, considering the number of commercial species, its abundance and distribution, knowledge achieved on their ecology and biology regarding management, and conservation of these resources, and finally, provides tools for stakeholders and policy makers directed to sustainable management of natural kelp beds occurring in the cold temperate seas.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Julio A. Vásquez",authors:[{id:"180745",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Vásquez",slug:"julio-vasquez",fullName:"Julio Vásquez"}]},{id:"55984",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69471",title:"Deep-Water Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of Brazil",slug:"deep-water-sharks-rays-and-chimaeras-of-brazil",totalDownloads:1614,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The deep-water fishery in Brazil is currently in expansion due to depletion of most neritic economic species. This increasing deep-water effort brings concern on the bycatch impact, its specific composition, the need for capture’s evaluation and development of bycatch reduction devices. The impact is particularly aggressive on deep-water elasmobranchs, which have an extreme ecological k-strategy due to their reproductive constraints (lower fecundity and late first maturity age). Scientific deep-water surveys and intensive research programs (REVIZEE) along the past decade indicate that Brazilian elasmobranch diversity is higher than previously imagined. However, the deep-water fishery threatens this poorly known community of sharks and rays on the Brazilian continental slope as they become bycatch of a fast-growing and uncontrolled fishery. The recent study case of the monkfish (Lophius gastrophysus) fishery dynamics, well presented and discussed by the Brazilian scientific community, provided evidence of the need of bycatch-specific monitoring programs and fast-response fishery regulations. The present work discusses the Brazilian deep-water elasmobranch bycatch problem under the light of its biological diversity and completely unknown population status. Suggestions and management considerations are presented in order to coordinate and manage the establishment and growth of this deep-water fishery in Brazil.",book:{id:"5895",slug:"chondrichthyes-multidisciplinary-approach",title:"Chondrichthyes",fullTitle:"Chondrichthyes - Multidisciplinary Approach"},signatures:"Getulio Rincon, Rodrigo Cordeiro Mazzoleni, Ana Rita Onodera\nPalmeira and Rosangela Lessa",authors:[{id:"205621",title:"Dr.",name:"Getulio",middleName:null,surname:"Rincon",slug:"getulio-rincon",fullName:"Getulio Rincon"},{id:"206465",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Mazzoleni",slug:"rodrigo-mazzoleni",fullName:"Rodrigo Mazzoleni"},{id:"206466",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeira",slug:"ana-rita-palmeira",fullName:"Ana Rita Palmeira"},{id:"206467",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosangela",middleName:null,surname:"Lessa",slug:"rosangela-lessa",fullName:"Rosangela Lessa"}]},{id:"56228",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70028",title:"A Review of the Mitogenomic Phylogeny of the Chondrichthyes",slug:"a-review-of-the-mitogenomic-phylogeny-of-the-chondrichthyes",totalDownloads:1483,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The phylogenetic analysis of the Chondrichthyes has been the subject of intense debate over the past two decades. The principal relationships within the group based on the analysis of morphological traits are inconsistent with the available molecular topologies, and the phylogeny of these animals is highly controversial, at all levels, ranging from superorders to families and even the genera within families. With the recent development of new generation sequencing (NGS), many phylogenies are now being inferred based on the complete genome of the species. In 2015 and 2016 alone, around 21 new elasmobranch genomes were made available in GenBank. In this context, the principal objective of the present study was to infer the phylogeny of the sharks and rays based on the complete mitochondrial genomes available in the literature. A total of 73 mitogenomes of chondrichthyan species were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees generated rejected the “Hypnosqualea” hypothesis and confirmed the monophyly of the Neoselachii and Batoidea as sister groups of the sharks. These mitogenomic analyses provided ampler and more complete insights into the relationships between the sharks and rays, in particular, the topologies obtained by the analyses revealed a number of incongruities in certain groups of sharks and rays, and the interrelationships between them.",book:{id:"5895",slug:"chondrichthyes-multidisciplinary-approach",title:"Chondrichthyes",fullTitle:"Chondrichthyes - Multidisciplinary Approach"},signatures:"Divino Bruno da Cunha, Luis Fernando da Silva Rodrigues‐Filho and\nJoão Bráullio de Luna Sales",authors:[{id:"104512",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues-Filho",slug:"luis-fernando-rodrigues-filho",fullName:"Luis Fernando Rodrigues-Filho"},{id:"205219",title:"Dr.",name:"Divino Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Da Cunha",slug:"divino-bruno-da-cunha",fullName:"Divino Bruno Da Cunha"},{id:"205690",title:"Dr.",name:"João Bráullio De",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Sales",slug:"joao-braullio-de-luna-sales",fullName:"João Bráullio De Luna Sales"}]},{id:"52331",doi:"10.5772/64252",title:"Setting Up Traceability Tools for the Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab Fishery: A Case Study in Southeast Sulawesi",slug:"setting-up-traceability-tools-for-the-indonesian-blue-swimming-crab-fishery-a-case-study-in-southeas",totalDownloads:1694,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The Indonesian blue swimming crab fishery developed rapidly during the 1990s to become an important source of income for coastal communities. The blue swimming crab (BSC) in 2015 is the third highest export commodity in Indonesia, primarily to USA markets. Southeast (SE) Sulawesi is a relatively minor area for blue swimming crab production (approximately 1200–2000 mt per annum), in which only a subset of Asosiasi Pengelolaan Rajungan Indonesia (APRI) members are active, and it may be a conducive region in which to conduct a pilot activity to form a fisheries management structure that demonstrates the benefits that can be achieved via collaboration. The control document (CD) is a traceability and documentation process to be implemented by all of the segments of the supply chain (collectors/cooking stations, miniplants, and processors) in order to promote compliance to new Ministry and Marine Affair (MMAF) regulations and generate the records and documents of the supply chain application and verification of the new regulations. The self-recorded logbook by the fishermen and miniplant, as the point in the supply chain, could help with a meaningful and long-term solution to the fishery management in Southeast Sulawesi. This is the first trial of CD in Indonesia and could be a good model for BSC fishery in other region in Indonesia.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Hawis Madduppa, Zairion, Siti Nuraini, Kuncoro Nugroho and\nBambang Arif Nugraha",authors:[{id:"180161",title:"Dr.",name:"Hawis",middleName:null,surname:"Madduppa",slug:"hawis-madduppa",fullName:"Hawis Madduppa"},{id:"185944",title:"Dr.",name:"Zairion",middleName:null,surname:"Zairion",slug:"zairion-zairion",fullName:"Zairion Zairion"},{id:"185945",title:"Mrs.",name:"Siti",middleName:null,surname:"Nuraini",slug:"siti-nuraini",fullName:"Siti Nuraini"},{id:"185946",title:"Mr.",name:"Bambang Arif",middleName:null,surname:"Nugraha",slug:"bambang-arif-nugraha",fullName:"Bambang Arif Nugraha"},{id:"185947",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuncoro Catur",middleName:null,surname:"Nugroho",slug:"kuncoro-catur-nugroho",fullName:"Kuncoro Catur Nugroho"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50289",title:"Effect of Special Fish Feed Prepared Using Food Industrial Waste on Labeo rohita",slug:"effect-of-special-fish-feed-prepared-using-food-industrial-waste-on-labeo-rohita",totalDownloads:2298,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"All food processing industries generate wastes of varying nature in significant quantities. Managing these wastes so as to minimize the impact on the environment is the prime concern. The concept of waste has undergone much change in recent times, with the focus being on utilizing the waste materials as inputs for generation of new or reusable products. Vegetable and fruit wastes are generated in significant quantities and are easily available at minimal charge. The comparative utilization of these wastes as a dietary ingredient was assessed employing the Labeo rohita fingerlings as the test species. The study was conducted over a period of 60 days. Orange peels and potato peels are characterized, and then, formulation of orange peel feed (OPF) and potato peel feed (PPF) was carried out. Market common fish feed (CFF) was taken as a control. The three test diets were designated as CFF, OPF and PPF. Feeding was done once daily. The water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, water temperature pH, total alkalinity, total hardness; calcium hardness and magnesium hardness as well as growth response were monitored at fortnightly intervals. The quality of water was maintained by periodic partial replenishment over the period of study. On termination of the trial, higher growth response was recorded in the PPF treatment. The initial and final weight and length of fishes was recorded. The results shows significant growth in PPF and OPF showed brighter body scales than other two feed. Fishes were very healthy and normal throughout the study period indicating no adverse effect on their health. No infection whatsoever was noted during 60 days of experimental period.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Sanyogita R. Verma and Shanta Satyanarayan",authors:[{id:"183699",title:"Dr.",name:"Verma",middleName:"Rajroop",surname:"Sanyogita",slug:"verma-sanyogita",fullName:"Verma Sanyogita"},{id:"185353",title:"Dr.",name:"Shanta",middleName:null,surname:"Satyanarayan",slug:"shanta-satyanarayan",fullName:"Shanta Satyanarayan"}]},{id:"51124",title:"Fishery Status and Taxonomy of the Carangids (Pisces) in the Northern Arabian Sea Coast of Pakistan",slug:"fishery-status-and-taxonomy-of-the-carangids-pisces-in-the-northern-arabian-sea-coast-of-pakistan",totalDownloads:1977,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The objectives of this study were i) to evaluate number of existing members of the family Carangidae in the area ii) to establish a distinguishable and lucid key based on the taxonomic characteristics, meristic count and otolith description. In this study, thirty-six species were collected from the main fish landing facilities between 2012~2015. Fish body colour, taxonomic characteristics, fin rays and otolith shape description were used to identify each species. Otolith description comprises of shape of ostium, sulcus and margins of anterior and posterior surface along with distinct definite shape possess by each species make it easier for identification.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Nazia Qamar, Sher Khan Panhwar and Ghazala Siddiqui",authors:[{id:"182414",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Panhwar",slug:"sher-khan-panhwar",fullName:"Sher Khan Panhwar"},{id:"184264",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazia",middleName:null,surname:"Qamar",slug:"nazia-qamar",fullName:"Nazia Qamar"},{id:"184265",title:"Prof.",name:"Ghazala",middleName:null,surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"ghazala-siddiqui",fullName:"Ghazala Siddiqui"}]},{id:"50583",title:"Trawl Selectivity in the Barents Sea Demersal Fishery",slug:"trawl-selectivity-in-the-barents-sea-demersal-fishery",totalDownloads:1714,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter provides a general overview of the Barents Sea demersal trawl fishery. First, it reviews historical catch levels and current biomass status of four commercially important demersal species (cod, haddock, Greenland halibut, and redfish) and includes an overview of their management plan that has been carried out by the Joint Norwegian–Russian commission. Then, it presents the evolution of the technical regulations for improving size selectivity in this fishery and describes current challenges in gear selectivity. Later, this chapter describes the concept of size selectivity, introduces the selective parameters that define a selection curve, and progressively introduces different parametric models that describe the selection process. The most common experimental methods and gear used to collect selectivity data are described, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, this chapter describes an alternative, or a complementary method, to the conventional estimation of trawl selectivity—the FISHSELECT method. This method is based on morphology measurements and fish penetration models to estimate the selective properties of different mesh shapes and sizes at different mesh openings, which are later used to provide simulation-based prediction of size selectivity. FISHSELECT has already been applied to four important species of the Barents Sea Demersal Fishery, and the results have in all cases showed to be coherent with the results obtained from sea trial results.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Eduardo Grimaldo, Manu Sistiaga, Bent Herrmann and Roger B.\nLarsen",authors:[{id:"107079",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Grimaldo",slug:"eduardo-grimaldo",fullName:"Eduardo Grimaldo"},{id:"185311",title:"Dr.",name:"Manu",middleName:null,surname:"Sistiaga",slug:"manu-sistiaga",fullName:"Manu Sistiaga"},{id:"185312",title:"Dr.",name:"Bent",middleName:null,surname:"Herrmann",slug:"bent-herrmann",fullName:"Bent Herrmann"},{id:"185313",title:"Prof.",name:"Roger B.",middleName:null,surname:"Larsen",slug:"roger-b.-larsen",fullName:"Roger B. Larsen"}]},{id:"50363",title:"The Brown Seaweeds Fishery in Chile",slug:"the-brown-seaweeds-fishery-in-chile",totalDownloads:1751,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Chilean fishery of brown algae includes species belonging to the genus Lessonia, Durvillaea, and Macrocystis, which can be found along the coast, ranging latitudes from 18° to 55°S. The exploitation of these seaweeds is done mainly in the Northern coast because the environmental conditions of this region decrease initial production costs. Brown algae are exploited from natural populations and exported to international markets as row material, source of alginates, widely utilized in diverse manufacturing processes and industries. International demand for Chilean kelps has produced sustained increase in harvest during the last decade, reaching more than 390,000 dry tons/year. This chapter approaches the most relevant aspects of the brown seaweed fishery in Chile which covers a wide range of the Southeast Pacific coast, considering the number of commercial species, its abundance and distribution, knowledge achieved on their ecology and biology regarding management, and conservation of these resources, and finally, provides tools for stakeholders and policy makers directed to sustainable management of natural kelp beds occurring in the cold temperate seas.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Julio A. Vásquez",authors:[{id:"180745",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Vásquez",slug:"julio-vasquez",fullName:"Julio Vásquez"}]},{id:"50462",title:"Direction of Fisheries (SUISAN) Education from a Historical Perspective in Japan",slug:"direction-of-fisheries-suisan-education-from-a-historical-perspective-in-japan",totalDownloads:1450,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Fishing, aquaculture, and food processing is collectively referred to as “SUISAN”, and the term was translated to “fisheries” in the Meiji period. Fisheries education in Japan was at its dawn. Fisheries education was necessary for improvement of local fisheries subsistence. Fisheries education was performed, centering on nurturing of mid-career engineers for deep-sea fishing after 1950s. However, when the Heisei period in the 1990s started, “participatory = citizen involvement type fisheries education” was promoted extensively. Future establishment of a Japanese version of Sea Grants is desired to promote citizen involvement in fisheries education with systematized involvement of universities, research institutions, aquaria, and local people.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Tsuyoshi Sasaki",authors:[{id:"180712",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",slug:"tsuyoshi-sasaki",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Sasaki"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"40",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:332,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:143,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health Production",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
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