\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Emission",title:"Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Emission",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In this volume, recent contributions on coherence provide a useful perspective on the diversity of various coherent sources of emission and coherent related phenomena of current interest. These papers provide a preamble for a larger collection of contributions on ultrashort pulse laser generation and ultrashort pulse laser phenomena. Papers on ultrashort pulse phenomena include works on few cycle pulses, high-power generation, propagation in various media, to various applications of current interest. Undoubtedly, Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Emission offers a rich and practical perspective on this rapidly evolving field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-242-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4538-7",doi:"10.5772/543",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission",numberOfPages:700,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"e1bd25a76712d1cb8792820acf2ff001",bookSignature:"F. J. Duarte",publishedDate:"December 30th 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10.jpg",numberOfDownloads:88895,numberOfWosCitations:119,numberOfCrossrefCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:87,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:244,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 30th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 27th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 1st 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 1st 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 30th 2010",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte",fullName:"F. J. Duarte",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13752/images/system/13752.png",biography:"F.J. Duarte is a laser physicist based in Western New York, USA. He is the author and editor of several well-known books on tunable lasers including Dye Laser Principles (Academic, New York, 1990) and Tunable Laser Optics (Elsevier Academic, New York, 2003). His most recent edited work is Tunable Laser Applications, 2nd Edition (CRC, New York, 2009).\r\nDr. Duarte has made key experimental and theoretical contributions to the field of narrow-linewidth tunable laser oscillators. These include original oscillator architectures and the generalized multiple-prism grating dispersion theory. He has also pioneered the use of Dirac’s quantum notation in the description of generalized N-slit interference and classical optics phenomena. Currently, his research focuses on further developments of dispersive narrow-linewidth laser oscillators and very large N-slit laser interferometers.\r\nDr. Duarte’s contributions are cited in some 130 laser and optics books including several classics. He received the Engineering Excellence Award from the Optical Society of America, is a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Physics, and a Fellow of the Optical Society of America.",institutionString:"Interferometric Optics",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1226",title:"Optoelectronics",slug:"optics-and-lasers-optoelectronics"}],chapters:[{id:"12556",title:"Electrically-Pumped Organic-Semiconductor Coherent Emission: a Review",doi:"10.5772/13268",slug:"electrically-pumped-organic-semiconductor-coherent-emission-a-review",totalDownloads:3272,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"F. J. Duarte",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12556",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12556",authors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",surname:"Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte",fullName:"F. J. Duarte"}],corrections:null},{id:"12557",title:"Coherence of XUV Laser Sources",doi:"10.5772/13289",slug:"coherence-of-xuv-laser-sources",totalDownloads:2906,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sebastian Roling and Helmut Zacharias",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12557",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12557",authors:[{id:"14275",title:"Dr.",name:"Helmut",surname:"Zacharias",slug:"helmut-zacharias",fullName:"Helmut Zacharias"}],corrections:null},{id:"12558",title:"Laser Technology for Compact, Narrow-bandwidth Gamma-ray Sources",doi:"10.5772/12998",slug:"laser-technology-for-compact-narrow-bandwidth-gamma-ray-sources",totalDownloads:3969,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Miro Shverdin, Fred Hartemann, Felicie Albert, Mike Messerly, David Gibson, Craig Siders and Chris Barty",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12558",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12558",authors:[{id:"13649",title:"Dr.",name:"Miro",surname:"Shverdin",slug:"miro-shverdin",fullName:"Miro Shverdin"},{id:"14313",title:"Dr.",name:"Fred",surname:"Hartemann",slug:"fred-hartemann",fullName:"Fred Hartemann"},{id:"23647",title:"Dr.",name:"Felicie",surname:"Albert",slug:"felicie-albert",fullName:"Felicie Albert"},{id:"23648",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",surname:"Messerly",slug:"mike-messerly",fullName:"Mike Messerly"},{id:"23649",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Gibson",slug:"david-gibson",fullName:"David Gibson"},{id:"23650",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig",surname:"Siders",slug:"craig-siders",fullName:"Craig Siders"},{id:"23652",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",surname:"Barty",slug:"chris-barty",fullName:"Chris Barty"}],corrections:null},{id:"12559",title:"Quantum Manipulations of Single Trapped-Ions beyond the Lamb-Dicke Limit",doi:"10.5772/13625",slug:"quantum-manipulations-of-single-trapped-ions-beyond-the-lamb-dicke-limit",totalDownloads:2401,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Miao Zhang and L.F. Wei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12559",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12559",authors:[{id:"23983",title:"Dr.",name:"Miao",surname:"Zhang",slug:"miao-zhang",fullName:"Miao Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"12675",title:"Coherent Optical Phonons in Bismuth Crystal",doi:"10.5772/12901",slug:"coherent-optical-phonons-in-bismuth-crystal",totalDownloads:3112,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Davide Boschetto and Antoine Rousse",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12675",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12675",authors:[{id:"13438",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",surname:"Boschetto",slug:"davide-boschetto",fullName:"Davide Boschetto"},{id:"14591",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoine",surname:"Rousse",slug:"antoine-rousse",fullName:"Antoine Rousse"}],corrections:null},{id:"12560",title:"Quantum Interference Signal from an Inhomogeneously Broadened System Excited by an Optically Phase-Controlled Laser-Pulse Pair",doi:"10.5772/13271",slug:"quantum-interference-signal-from-an-inhomogeneously-broadened-system-excited-by-an-optically-phase-c",totalDownloads:1794,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shin-ichiro Sato and Takayuki Kiba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12560",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12560",authors:[{id:"14246",title:"Prof.",name:"Shin-ichiro",surname:"Sato",slug:"shin-ichiro-sato",fullName:"Shin-ichiro Sato"}],corrections:null},{id:"12561",title:"Quantum Control of Laser-driven Chiral Molecular Motors",doi:"10.5772/13076",slug:"quantum-control-of-laser-driven-chiral-molecular-motors",totalDownloads:2392,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Masahiro Yamaki, Kunihito Hoki, Yuichi Fujimura and Sheng H. Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12561",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12561",authors:[{id:"13778",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuichi",surname:"Fujimura",slug:"yuichi-fujimura",fullName:"Yuichi Fujimura"},{id:"13779",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiro",surname:"Yamaki",slug:"masahiro-yamaki",fullName:"Masahiro Yamaki"},{id:"13780",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihito",surname:"Hoki",slug:"kunihito-hoki",fullName:"Kunihito Hoki"},{id:"37785",title:"Prof.",name:"Sheng",surname:"H. Lin",slug:"sheng-h.-lin",fullName:"Sheng H. Lin"}],corrections:null},{id:"12562",title:"Energy Approach to Atoms in a Laser Filed and Quantum Dynamics with Laser Pulses of Different Shape",doi:"10.5772/13088",slug:"energy-approach-to-atoms-in-a-laser-filed-and-quantum-dynamics-with-laser-pulses-of-different-shape",totalDownloads:2113,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alexander Glushkov, Olga Khetselius, Andrey Svinarenko and Georgy Prepelitsa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12562",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12562",authors:[{id:"13795",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Glushkov",slug:"alexander-glushkov",fullName:"Alexander Glushkov"},{id:"14495",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Svinarenko",slug:"andrey-svinarenko",fullName:"Andrey Svinarenko"},{id:"48675",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Prepelitsa",slug:"george-prepelitsa",fullName:"George Prepelitsa"},{id:"207215",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",surname:"Khetselius",slug:"olga-khetselius",fullName:"Olga Khetselius"}],corrections:null},{id:"12563",title:"Second Harmonic Generation under Strong Influence of Dispersion and Cubic Nonlinearity Effects",doi:"10.5772/12868",slug:"second-harmonic-generation-under-strong-influence-of-dispersion-and-cubic-nonlinearity-effects",totalDownloads:3647,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Sergey Mironov, Vladimir Lozhkarev, Vladislav Ginzburg, Ivan Yakovlev, Grigory Luchinin, Efim Khazanov, Alexander Sergeev and Gerard Mourou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12563",authors:[{id:"5015",title:"Prof.",name:"Efim",surname:"Khazanov",slug:"efim-khazanov",fullName:"Efim Khazanov"},{id:"13347",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mironov",slug:"sergey-mironov",fullName:"Sergey Mironov"},{id:"14449",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Lozhkarev",slug:"vladimir-lozhkarev",fullName:"Vladimir Lozhkarev"},{id:"14450",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladislav",surname:"Ginzburg",slug:"vladislav-ginzburg",fullName:"Vladislav Ginzburg"},{id:"14451",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Yakovlev",slug:"ivan-yakovlev",fullName:"Ivan Yakovlev"},{id:"14452",title:"Prof.",name:"Grigory",surname:"Luchinin",slug:"grigory-luchinin",fullName:"Grigory Luchinin"},{id:"14453",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Sergeev",slug:"alexander-sergeev",fullName:"Alexander Sergeev"},{id:"14454",title:"Dr.",name:"Gérard",surname:"Mourou",slug:"gerard-mourou",fullName:"Gérard Mourou"}],corrections:null},{id:"12760",title:"Temporal Stretching of Laser Pulses",doi:"10.5772/12856",slug:"temporal-stretching-of-laser-pulses",totalDownloads:6496,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Rajeev Khare and Paritosh K. Shukla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12760",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12760",authors:[{id:"13328",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Khare",slug:"rajeev-khare",fullName:"Rajeev Khare"},{id:"14363",title:"Prof.",name:"Paritosh K.",surname:"Shukla",slug:"paritosh-k.-shukla",fullName:"Paritosh K. Shukla"}],corrections:null},{id:"12564",title:"Ultrafast Laser Pulse Synchronization",doi:"10.5772/13246",slug:"ultrafast-laser-pulse-synchronization",totalDownloads:4510,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wenxue Li, Qiang Hao, Yao Li, Ming Yan, Hui Zhou and Heping Zeng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12564",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12564",authors:[{id:"14193",title:"Prof.",name:"Heping",surname:"Zeng",slug:"heping-zeng",fullName:"Heping Zeng"},{id:"14196",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenxue",surname:"Li",slug:"wenxue-li",fullName:"Wenxue Li"},{id:"14197",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiang",surname:"Hao",slug:"qiang-hao",fullName:"Qiang Hao"},{id:"14198",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",surname:"Li",slug:"yao-li",fullName:"Yao Li"},{id:"14199",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",surname:"Yan",slug:"ming-yan",fullName:"Ming Yan"},{id:"14200",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui",surname:"Zhou",slug:"hui-zhou",fullName:"Hui Zhou"}],corrections:null},{id:"12565",title:"Carrier-Envelope Phase Stablization of Grating Based High-Power Ultrafast Laser",doi:"10.5772/13526",slug:"carrier-envelope-phase-stablization-of-grating-based-high-power-ultrafast-laser",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shouyuan Chen, Yi Wu, Kun Zhao and Zenghu Chang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12565",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12565",authors:[{id:"15015",title:"Prof.",name:"Shouyuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"shouyuan-chen",fullName:"Shouyuan Chen"},{id:"15017",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",surname:"Wu",slug:"yi-wu",fullName:"Yi Wu"},{id:"15018",title:"Dr.",name:"Kun",surname:"Zhao",slug:"kun-zhao",fullName:"Kun Zhao"},{id:"15019",title:"Prof.",name:"Zenghu",surname:"Chang",slug:"zenghu-chang",fullName:"Zenghu Chang"}],corrections:null},{id:"12566",title:"The Generation and Characterisation of Ultrashort Mid-Infrared Pulses",doi:"10.5772/13163",slug:"the-generation-and-characterisation-of-ultrashort-mid-infrared-pulses",totalDownloads:3524,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jens Biegert, Olivier Chalus and Philip Bates",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12566",authors:[{id:"13988",title:"Dr.",name:"Jens",surname:"Biegert",slug:"jens-biegert",fullName:"Jens Biegert"},{id:"13989",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",surname:"Chalus",slug:"olivier-chalus",fullName:"Olivier Chalus"},{id:"13990",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Bates",slug:"philip-bates",fullName:"Philip Bates"}],corrections:null},{id:"12567",title:"Contrast Improvement of Relativistic Few-Cycle Light Pulses",doi:"10.5772/12932",slug:"contrast-improvement-of-relativistic-few-cycle-light-pulses",totalDownloads:2407,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Laszlo Veisz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12567",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12567",authors:[{id:"13500",title:"Prof.",name:"Laszlo",surname:"Veisz",slug:"laszlo-veisz",fullName:"Laszlo Veisz"}],corrections:null},{id:"12568",title:"Modeling the Interaction of a Single-Cycle Laser Pulse with a Bound Electron without Ionization",doi:"10.5772/13142",slug:"modeling-the-interaction-of-a-single-cycle-laser-pulse-with-a-bound-electron-without-ionization",totalDownloads:2050,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ufuk Parali and Dennis Alexander",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12568",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12568",authors:[{id:"13269",title:"Dr.",name:"Dennis",surname:"Alexander",slug:"dennis-alexander",fullName:"Dennis Alexander"},{id:"13933",title:"Prof.",name:"Ufuk",surname:"Parali",slug:"ufuk-parali",fullName:"Ufuk Parali"}],corrections:null},{id:"12677",title:"Ultrashort, Strongly Focused Laser Pulses in Free Space",doi:"10.5772/12930",slug:"ultrashort-strongly-focused-laser-pulses-in-free-space",totalDownloads:3004,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alexandre April",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12677",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12677",authors:[{id:"13499",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"April",slug:"alexandre-april",fullName:"Alexandre April"}],corrections:null},{id:"12569",title:"Interaction of Short Laser Pulses with Gases and Ionized Gases",doi:"10.5772/13102",slug:"interaction-of-short-laser-pulses-with-gases-and-ionized-gases",totalDownloads:4596,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Stephan Brückner, Wolfgang Viöl and Stephan Wieneke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12569",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12569",authors:[{id:"13598",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephan",surname:"Wieneke",slug:"stephan-wieneke",fullName:"Stephan Wieneke"},{id:"13823",title:"MSc.",name:"Stephan",surname:"Brückner",slug:"stephan-bruckner",fullName:"Stephan Brückner"},{id:"13824",title:"Dr.",name:"Wolfgang",surname:"Viöl",slug:"wolfgang-viol",fullName:"Wolfgang Viöl"}],corrections:null},{id:"12570",title:"Characterisation and Manipulation of Proton Beams Accelerated by Ultra-Short and High-Contrast Laser Pulses",doi:"10.5772/13266",slug:"characterisation-and-manipulation-of-proton-beams-accelerated-by-ultra-short-and-high-contrast-laser",totalDownloads:2867,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sargis Ter-Avetisyan, Matthias Schnürer and Peter Victor Nickles",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12570",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12570",authors:[{id:"13571",title:"Dr.",name:"Sargis",surname:"Ter-Avetisyan",slug:"sargis-ter-avetisyan",fullName:"Sargis Ter-Avetisyan"},{id:"14238",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthias",surname:"Schnürer",slug:"matthias-schnurer",fullName:"Matthias Schnürer"},{id:"14239",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter Victor",surname:"Nickles",slug:"peter-victor-nickles",fullName:"Peter Victor Nickles"}],corrections:null},{id:"12571",title:"Picosecond Laser Pulse Distortion by Propagation through a Turbulent Atmosphere",doi:"10.5772/13511",slug:"picosecond-laser-pulse-distortion-by-propagation-through-a-turbulent-atmosphere",totalDownloads:3469,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ivan Prochazka, Lukas Kral and Josef Blazej",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12571",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12571",authors:[{id:"14960",title:"Dr.",name:"Josef",surname:"Blazej",slug:"josef-blazej",fullName:"Josef Blazej"},{id:"14967",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Prochazka",slug:"ivan-prochazka",fullName:"Ivan Prochazka"},{id:"14968",title:"Dr.",name:"Lukas",surname:"Kral",slug:"lukas-kral",fullName:"Lukas Kral"}],corrections:null},{id:"12678",title:"Comparison between Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method and Experimental Results for Femtosecond Laser Pulse Propagation",doi:"10.5772/12854",slug:"comparison-between-finite-difference-time-domain-method-and-experimental-results-for-femtosecond-las",totalDownloads:2822,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shinki Nakamura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12678",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12678",authors:[{id:"4143",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinki",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"shinki-nakamura",fullName:"Shinki Nakamura"}],corrections:null},{id:"12572",title:"Non Perturbative Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory, TDDFT: Study of Ionization and Harmonic Generation in Linear Di-(N₂) and Tri-(CO₂, OCS, CS₂) Atomic Molecules with Ultrashort Intense Laser Pulses-Orientational Effects",doi:"10.5772/13227",slug:"non-perturbative-time-dependent-density-functional-theory-tddft-study-of-ionization-and-harmonic-gen",totalDownloads:2592,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Andre D Bandrauk and Emmanuel Penka Fowe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12572",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12572",authors:[{id:"14146",title:"Dr.",name:"Andre D.",surname:"Bandrauk",slug:"andre-d.-bandrauk",fullName:"Andre D. Bandrauk"},{id:"14147",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Penka Fowe",slug:"emmanuel-penka-fowe",fullName:"Emmanuel Penka Fowe"}],corrections:null},{id:"12679",title:"Femtosecond Fabrication of Waveguides in Ion-Doped Laser Crystals",doi:"10.5772/12885",slug:"femtosecond-fabrication-of-waveguides-in-ion-doped-laser-crystals",totalDownloads:2589,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Andrey Okhrimchuk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12679",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12679",authors:[{id:"13399",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Okhrimchuk",slug:"andrey-okhrimchuk",fullName:"Andrey Okhrimchuk"}],corrections:null},{id:"12573",title:"Heat Absorption, Transport and Phase Transformation in Noble Metals Excited by Femtosecond Laser Pulses",doi:"10.5772/13211",slug:"heat-absorption-transport-and-phase-transformation-in-noble-metals-excited-by-femtosecond-laser-puls",totalDownloads:2900,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wai-lun Chan and Robert Averback",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12573",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12573",authors:[{id:"14122",title:"Dr.",name:"Wai-Lun",surname:"Chan",slug:"wai-lun-chan",fullName:"Wai-Lun Chan"},{id:"14123",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert S.",surname:"Averback",slug:"robert-s.-averback",fullName:"Robert S. Averback"}],corrections:null},{id:"12574",title:"Probing Ultrafast Dynamics of Polarization Clusters in BaTiO₃ by Pulsed Soft X-Ray Laser Speckle Technique",doi:"10.5772/13379",slug:"probing-ultrafast-dynamics-of-polarization-clusters-in-batio-by-pulsed-soft-x-ray-laser-speckle-tech",totalDownloads:2341,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kai Ji and Keiichiro Nasu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12574",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12574",authors:[{id:"14564",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai",surname:"Ji",slug:"kai-ji",fullName:"Kai Ji"},{id:"14599",title:"Prof.",name:"Keiichiro",surname:"Nasu",slug:"keiichiro-nasu",fullName:"Keiichiro Nasu"}],corrections:null},{id:"12575",title:"Two-Photon Polymerization of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polymers as Scalable Technology Using Ultra-Short Laser Pulses",doi:"10.5772/13203",slug:"two-photon-polymerization-of-inorganic-organic-hybrid-polymers-as-scalable-technology-using-ultra-sh",totalDownloads:3463,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Houbertz, Ruth, Steenhusen, Sönke, Stiche, Thomas1, and Sext, Gerhard",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12575",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12575",authors:[{id:"14099",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth",surname:"Houbertz",slug:"ruth-houbertz",fullName:"Ruth Houbertz"}],corrections:null},{id:"12576",title:"Several Diffractive Optical Elements Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Pulses Writing Directly",doi:"10.5772/13729",slug:"several-diffractive-optical-elements-fabricated-by-femtosecond-laser-pulses-writing-directly",totalDownloads:2683,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zhongyi Guo, Lingling Ran, Shiliang Qu and Shutian Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12576",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12576",authors:[{id:"15733",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongyi",surname:"Guo",slug:"zhongyi-guo",fullName:"Zhongyi Guo"}],corrections:null},{id:"12577",title:"Sub-Wavelength Patterning of Self-Assembled Organic Monolayers via Nonlinear Processing with Femtosecond Laser Pulses",doi:"10.5772/13050",slug:"sub-wavelength-patterning-of-self-assembled-organic-monolayers-via-nonlinear-processing-with-femtose",totalDownloads:2217,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nils Hartmann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12577",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12577",authors:[{id:"13736",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils",surname:"Hartmann",slug:"nils-hartmann",fullName:"Nils Hartmann"}],corrections:null},{id:"12578",title:"Application of Short Laser Pulses",doi:"10.5772/13300",slug:"application-of-short-laser-pulses",totalDownloads:2665,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"S. Mehdi Sharifi and Abdossamad Talebpour",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12578",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12578",authors:[{id:"13471",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mehdi",surname:"Sharifi Kalahroudi",slug:"seyed-mehdi-sharifi-kalahroudi",fullName:"Seyed Mehdi Sharifi Kalahroudi"}],corrections:null},{id:"12579",title:"Ultrashort Laser Pulses Applications",doi:"10.5772/13095",slug:"ultrashort-laser-pulses-applications",totalDownloads:3697,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ricardo Samad, Lilia Courrol, Sonia Baldochi and Nilson Vieira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12579",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12579",authors:[{id:"13815",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Samad",slug:"ricardo-samad",fullName:"Ricardo Samad"},{id:"14327",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilia",surname:"Courol",slug:"lilia-courol",fullName:"Lilia Courol"},{id:"14328",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Baldochi",slug:"sonia-baldochi",fullName:"Sonia Baldochi"},{id:"14329",title:"Dr.",name:"Nilson Dias",surname:"Vieira Junior",slug:"nilson-dias-vieira-junior",fullName:"Nilson Dias Vieira Junior"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"356",title:"Laser Pulse Phenomena and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0326c656c0dd5480c2dd15d22a772d18",slug:"laser-pulse-phenomena-and-applications",bookSignature:"F. J. Duarte",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",surname:"Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte",fullName:"F. J. Duarte"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1505",title:"Scanning Electron Microscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3305b759b0efc22e8ed16e9048818817",slug:"scanning-electron-microscopy",bookSignature:"Viacheslav Kazmiruk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1505.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100815",title:"Dr.",name:"Viacheslav",surname:"Kazmiruk",slug:"viacheslav-kazmiruk",fullName:"Viacheslav Kazmiruk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2397",title:"Advanced Aspects of Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bcc83fcd6b4bbfdaa677b37d94bdbdb6",slug:"advanced-aspects-of-spectroscopy",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2397.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2018",title:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9f4716122beee57c42cff13c357a2cb",slug:"recent-progress-in-optical-fiber-research",bookSignature:"Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",surname:"Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2245",title:"Plasmonics",subtitle:"Principles and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e74f79681a8c87bb027f48ad33a3e068",slug:"plasmonics-principles-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ki Young Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2245.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3166",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:"Advanced Materials and Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7263978cf34e637a4b9592eb4975f3e",slug:"optoelectronics-advanced-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Sergei L. Pyshkin and John M. Ballato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3166.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43016",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Pyshkin",slug:"sergei-pyshkin",fullName:"Sergei Pyshkin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3710",title:"Advances in Solid State Lasers",subtitle:"Development and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances-in-solid-state-lasers-development-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mikhail Grishin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3710.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4862",title:"Mr.",name:"Mikhail",surname:"Grishin",slug:"mikhail-grishin",fullName:"Mikhail Grishin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3581",title:"Recent Optical and Photonic Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"recent-optical-and-photonic-technologies",bookSignature:"Ki Young Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3581.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"256",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:"Materials and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c0d6a2a51ac114edd58f2c667297503",slug:"optoelectronics-materials-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Padmanabhan Predeep",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/256.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36735",title:"Prof.",name:"P.",surname:"Predeep",slug:"p.-predeep",fullName:"P. Predeep"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"525",title:"Optoelectronics",subtitle:"Devices and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f444b982565b0c4be6117a35f7810047",slug:"optoelectronics-devices-and-applications",bookSignature:"Padmanabhan Predeep",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/525.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36735",title:"Prof.",name:"P.",surname:"Predeep",slug:"p.-predeep",fullName:"P. Predeep"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-versatility-of-simulated-annealing-with-crystallization-heuristic-its-application-to-",title:"Corrigendum to: Versatility of Simulated Annealing with Crystallization Heuristic: Its Application to a Great Assortment of Problems",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80608.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80608",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80608",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80608",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80608",chapter:{id:"77426",slug:"versatility-of-simulated-annealing-with-crystallization-heuristic-its-application-to-a-great-assortm",signatures:"Tiago G. Goto, Hossein R. Najafabadi, Guilherme C. Duran, Edson K. Ueda, André K. Sato, Thiago C. Martins, Rogério Y. Takimoto, Hossein Gohari, Ahmad Barari and Marcos S.G. Tsuzuki",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"May 25th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 6th 2021",datePublished:null,book:{id:"10627",title:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki and Prof. Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10627.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146384",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Sales Guerra",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuzuki",slug:"marcos-sales-guerra-tsuzuki",fullName:"Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"77426",slug:"versatility-of-simulated-annealing-with-crystallization-heuristic-its-application-to-a-great-assortm",signatures:"Tiago G. Goto, Hossein R. Najafabadi, Guilherme C. Duran, Edson K. Ueda, André K. Sato, Thiago C. Martins, Rogério Y. Takimoto, Hossein Gohari, Ahmad Barari and Marcos S.G. Tsuzuki",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"May 25th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 6th 2021",datePublished:null,book:{id:"10627",title:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki and Prof. Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10627.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146384",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Sales Guerra",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuzuki",slug:"marcos-sales-guerra-tsuzuki",fullName:"Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"10627",title:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki and Prof. Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10627.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146384",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Sales Guerra",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuzuki",slug:"marcos-sales-guerra-tsuzuki",fullName:"Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"1380",leadTitle:null,title:"Corrosion Resistance",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book has covered the state-of-the-art technologies, development, and research progress of corrosion studies in a wide range of research and application fields. The authors have contributed their chapters on corrosion characterization and corrosion resistance. The applications of corrosion resistance materials will also bring great values to reader's work at different fields. \nIn addition to traditional corrosion study, the book also contains chapters dealing with energy, fuel cell, daily life materials, corrosion study in green materials, and in semiconductor industry.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0467-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6188-2",doi:"10.5772/1844",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"corrosion-resistance",numberOfPages:484,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"07e772d5bde6effcc31982a3f4fc0038",bookSignature:"Hong Shih",publishedDate:"March 30th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1380.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:85660,numberOfWosCitations:99,numberOfCrossrefCitations:50,numberOfDimensionsCitations:130,numberOfTotalCitations:279,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 3rd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 7th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 7th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 6th 2012",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"11 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"89658",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Shih",slug:"hong-shih",fullName:"Hong Shih",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89658/images/system/89658.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hong Shih, Senior Technology Director at Lam Research Corporation, received his Ph.D. in Metallurgy from the Pennsylvania State University in 1986. He was a Post Doctor and a Research Professor at University of Southern California. He holds B.S. in Chemistry from Beijing University in 1970 and M.S. in Electrochemistry from Academic Sinica in 1981. He has been working at Applied Materials (1994-2002) and at Lam Research Corporation (2002-). He has 120 publications in the referred journals and books, 160 technical consulting reports,200 semiconductor equipment specifications and best known methods, 1,300 technical reports, and 190 USA and International Patents granted/published. His pioneer work in the study of materials under high density plasma opened a new scientific and engineering field. Dr. Shih is a well-known scientist on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, corrosion monitoring and control, electrochemical techniques and expert in plasma resistance materials, anodized aluminum, surface coatings, precision wet cleaning, defect, particle, and metal contamination reduction on plasma etching equipment served in semiconductor wafer fabrication.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Lam Research (United States)",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"949",title:"Solid Mechanics",slug:"solid-mechanics"}],chapters:[{id:"34479",title:"A Systematic Study and Characterization of Advanced Corrosion Resistance Materials and Their Applications for Plasma Etching Processes in Semiconductor Silicon Wafer Fabrication",slug:"a-systematic-study-and-characterization-of-advanced-corrosion-resistance-materials-and-their-applica",totalDownloads:12228,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"89658",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong",surname:"Shih",slug:"hong-shih",fullName:"Hong Shih"}]},{id:"34480",title:"Corrosion Resistance of Directionally Solidified Casting Zinc-Aluminum Matrix",slug:"corrosion-resistance-of-directionally-solidified-casting-zinc-aluminum-matrix-composites",totalDownloads:2242,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"},{id:"99853",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliana Mabel",surname:"Gassa",slug:"liliana-mabel-gassa",fullName:"Liliana Mabel Gassa"}]},{id:"34481",title:"Corrosion Resistance of High Nitrogen Steels",slug:"corrosion-resistance-of-high-nitrogen-steels",totalDownloads:3948,totalCrossrefCites:5,authors:[{id:"93746",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",surname:"Ritzenhoff",slug:"roman-ritzenhoff",fullName:"Roman Ritzenhoff"},{id:"93939",title:"BSc",name:"André",surname:"Hahn",slug:"andre-hahn",fullName:"André Hahn"}]},{id:"34482",title:"Tribocorrosion: Material Behavior Under Combined Conditions of Corrosion and Mechanical Loading",slug:"tribocorrosion-material-behaviour-under-combined-conditions-of-corrosion-and-mechanical-loading",totalDownloads:3962,totalCrossrefCites:10,authors:[{id:"105257",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean Pierre",surname:"Celis",slug:"jean-pierre-celis",fullName:"Jean Pierre Celis"},{id:"105319",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Ponthiaux",slug:"pierre-ponthiaux",fullName:"Pierre Ponthiaux"},{id:"105320",title:"Prof.",name:"François",surname:"Wenger",slug:"francois-wenger",fullName:"François Wenger"}]},{id:"34483",title:"Corrosion Resistance of Pb-Free and Novel Nano-Composite Solders in Electronic Packaging",slug:"corrosion-resistance-of-pb-free-and-novel-nano-composite-solders-in-electronic-packaging",totalDownloads:3157,totalCrossrefCites:6,authors:[{id:"94540",title:"Dr.",name:"Lung-Chuan",surname:"Tsao",slug:"lung-chuan-tsao",fullName:"Lung-Chuan Tsao"}]},{id:"34484",title:"Electrochemical Passive Properties of AlxCoCrFeNi (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00) High-Entropy Alloys in Sulfuric Acids",slug:"electrochemical-passive-properties-of-alxcocrfeni-x-0-0-25-0-50-1-00-high-entropy-alloys-in-sulfuric",totalDownloads:2981,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"97627",title:"Prof.",name:"Swe-Kai",surname:"Chen",slug:"swe-kai-chen",fullName:"Swe-Kai Chen"}]},{id:"34485",title:"Reinforcement Fibers in Zinc-Rich Nano Lithiun Silicate Anticorrosive Coatings",slug:"reinforcement-fibers-in-zinc-rich-nano-lithium-silicate-anticorrosive-coatings",totalDownloads:2015,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"100127",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Giudice",slug:"carlos-giudice",fullName:"Carlos Giudice"}]},{id:"34486",title:"Comparative Study of Porphyrin Systems Used as Corrosion Inhibitors",slug:"corrosion-resistance",totalDownloads:2514,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"25269",title:"Dr.",name:"Adina-Elena",surname:"Segneanu",slug:"adina-elena-segneanu",fullName:"Adina-Elena Segneanu"},{id:"33887",title:"Dr.",name:"Ionel",surname:"Balcu",slug:"ionel-balcu",fullName:"Ionel Balcu"},{id:"33888",title:"Mrs.",name:"Corina Amalia",surname:"Macarie",slug:"corina-amalia-macarie",fullName:"Corina Amalia Macarie"},{id:"100065",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nandina",surname:"Vlatanescu",slug:"nandina-vlatanescu",fullName:"Nandina Vlatanescu"},{id:"100067",title:"Mr.",name:"Zoltan",surname:"Urmosi",slug:"zoltan-urmosi",fullName:"Zoltan Urmosi"}]},{id:"34487",title:"Properties of Graphite Sinters for Bipolar Plates in Fuel Cells",slug:"corrosion-resistance-of-composites-based-to-graphite-used-as-bipolar-plates-in-fuel-cells",totalDownloads:2957,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"89656",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",surname:"Wlodarczyk",slug:"renata-wlodarczyk",fullName:"Renata Wlodarczyk"},{id:"99764",title:"Dr.",name:"Agata",surname:"Dudek",slug:"agata-dudek",fullName:"Agata Dudek"}]},{id:"34488",title:"Oxidation Resistance of Nanocrystalline Alloys",slug:"oxidation-resistance-of-nanocrystalline-alloys",totalDownloads:3048,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"102243",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Gupta",slug:"rajeev-gupta",fullName:"Rajeev Gupta"},{id:"128180",title:"Dr.",name:"Nick",surname:"Birbilis",slug:"nick-birbilis",fullName:"Nick Birbilis"},{id:"135299",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianqiang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jianqiang-zhang",fullName:"Jianqiang Zhang"}]},{id:"34489",title:"Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels Modified by Cerium Oxides Layers",slug:"corrosion-behavior-of-stainless-steels-modified-by-cerium-oxides-layers",totalDownloads:3650,totalCrossrefCites:6,authors:[{id:"95149",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitar",surname:"Stoychev",slug:"dimitar-stoychev",fullName:"Dimitar Stoychev"},{id:"98126",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilia",surname:"Stoyanova",slug:"emilia-stoyanova",fullName:"Emilia Stoyanova"}]},{id:"34490",title:"Corrosion of Metal - Oxide Systems",slug:"corrosion-of-oxide-layers-and-oxide-dispersed-metallic-systems",totalDownloads:6531,totalCrossrefCites:5,authors:[{id:"94619",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramesh Kumar",surname:"Guduru",slug:"ramesh-kumar-guduru",fullName:"Ramesh Kumar Guduru"},{id:"128622",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravansu S.",surname:"Mohanty",slug:"pravansu-s.-mohanty",fullName:"Pravansu S. Mohanty"}]},{id:"34491",title:"Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Steels by Surface Modification",slug:"improvement-of-corrosion-resistance-of-steels-by-surface-modification",totalDownloads:5381,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"94210",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitar",surname:"Krastev",slug:"dimitar-krastev",fullName:"Dimitar Krastev"}]},{id:"34492",title:"Low Temperature Thermochemical Treatments of Austenitic Stainless Steel Without Impairing Its Corrosion Resistance",slug:"low-temperature-thermochemical-treatments-of-austenitic-stainless-steel-without-impairing-its-corros",totalDownloads:5516,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"93101",title:"Dr.",name:"Askar",surname:"Triwiyanto",slug:"askar-triwiyanto",fullName:"Askar Triwiyanto"}]},{id:"34493",title:"Corrosion Performance and Tribological Properties of Carbonitrided 304 Stainless Steel",slug:"corrosion-performance-and-tribological-properties-of-carbonitrided-304-stainless-steel",totalDownloads:3244,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"96582",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abd El-Rahman",slug:"ahmed-abd-el-rahman",fullName:"Ahmed Abd El-Rahman"}]},{id:"34494",title:"Corrosion Resistance of High-Mn Austenitic Steels for the Automotive Industry",slug:"corrosion-resistance-of-high-mn-austenitic-steels-for-the-automotive-industry",totalDownloads:3426,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"99116",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",surname:"Grajcar",slug:"adam-grajcar",fullName:"Adam Grajcar"}]},{id:"34495",title:"Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium Alloy by Natural Products",slug:"improvement-of-corrosion-resistance-of-aluminium-alloy-by-natural-products",totalDownloads:4560,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"93338",title:"Dr.",name:"R.",surname:"Rosliza",slug:"r.-rosliza",fullName:"R. Rosliza"}]},{id:"34496",title:"Studies of Resistance to Corrosion of Selected Metallic Materials Using Electrochemical Methods",slug:"studies-of-corrosion-resistance-of-selected-metallic-materials-using-electrochemical-methods",totalDownloads:4081,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"93623",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Trzaska",slug:"maria-trzaska",fullName:"Maria Trzaska"}]},{id:"34497",title:"Households' Preferences for Plumbing Materials",slug:"households-preferences-for-plumbing-materials",totalDownloads:4191,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"24388",title:"Dr.",name:"Ewa",surname:"Kleczyk",slug:"ewa-kleczyk",fullName:"Ewa Kleczyk"},{id:"115604",title:"Prof.",name:"Darrell",surname:"Bosch",slug:"darrell-bosch",fullName:"Darrell Bosch"}]},{id:"34498",title:"Renewable Resources in Corrosion Resistance",slug:"renewable-resources-in-corrosion-resistance",totalDownloads:6032,totalCrossrefCites:8,authors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"},{id:"107375",title:"Dr.",name:"Eram",surname:"Sharmin",slug:"eram-sharmin",fullName:"Eram Sharmin"},{id:"137947",title:"Prof.",name:"Sharif",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"sharif-ahmad",fullName:"Sharif Ahmad"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2800",title:"Nanoindentation in Materials Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf2cff0c009d78d80db94161ef08c8ca",slug:"nanoindentation-in-materials-science",bookSignature:"Jiri Nemecek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2800.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136403",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",surname:"Nemecek",slug:"jiri-nemecek",fullName:"Jiri Nemecek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1379",title:"Recent Researches in Corrosion Evaluation and Protection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"391f1fb716c1a300e76e61f387901dc9",slug:"recent-researches-in-corrosion-evaluation-and-protection",bookSignature:"Reza Shoja Razavi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1379.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31536",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",surname:"Shoja Razavi",slug:"reza-shoja-razavi",fullName:"Reza Shoja Razavi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5983",title:"Severe Plastic Deformation Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"859d778bfff0b9e24c7ff6360a164c8c",slug:"severe-plastic-deformation-techniques",bookSignature:"Marcello Cabibbo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180609",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Cabibbo",slug:"marcello-cabibbo",fullName:"Marcello Cabibbo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6234",title:"Contact and Fracture Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2625b0c2edba9239b4f1b07e20fb8d70",slug:"contact-and-fracture-mechanics",bookSignature:"Pranav H. Darji and Veera P. Darji",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6234.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141348",title:"Dr.",name:"Pranav H.",surname:"Darji",slug:"pranav-h.-darji",fullName:"Pranav H. Darji"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5474",title:"Study of Grain Boundary Character",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"591ee927a4e438667ce39c8251cdacfa",slug:"study-of-grain-boundary-character",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tanski and Wojciech Borek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5474.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"26982",title:"Sugarcane Responses at Water Deficit Conditions",doi:"10.5772/30986",slug:"sugarcane-responses-at-water-deficit-conditions-",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/26982.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26982",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26982",totalDownloads:5653,totalViews:186,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:20,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:6,impactScorePercentile:94,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 24th 2011",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 25th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/26982",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/26982",book:{id:"911",slug:"water-stress"},signatures:"Sonia Marli Zingaretti, Fabiana Aparecida Rodrigues, José Perez da Graça, Livia de Matos Pereira and Mirian Vergínia Lourenço",authors:[{id:"85115",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonia Marli",middleName:null,surname:"Zingaretti",fullName:"Sonia Marli Zingaretti",slug:"sonia-marli-zingaretti",email:"szingaretti@unaerp.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade de Ribeirão Preto",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"124439",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirian Vergínia",middleName:null,surname:"Lourenço",fullName:"Mirian Vergínia Lourenço",slug:"mirian-verginia-lourenco",email:"mvrlourenco@unaerp.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade de Ribeirão Preto",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"124440",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiana Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues",fullName:"Fabiana Aparecida Rodrigues",slug:"fabiana-aparecida-rodrigues",email:"deganuti@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade de Ribeirão Preto",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"124441",title:"Dr.",name:"Livia",middleName:null,surname:"De Matos Pereira",fullName:"Livia De Matos Pereira",slug:"livia-de-matos-pereira",email:"liviadematos@yahoo.com.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade de Ribeirão Preto",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"124442",title:"MSc.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Perez da Graça",fullName:"Jose Perez da Graça",slug:"jose-perez-da-graca",email:"perezparr@yahoo.com.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidade de Ribeirão Preto",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"911",type:"book",title:"Water Stress",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Water Stress",slug:"water-stress",publishedDate:"January 25th 2012",bookSignature:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman and Hiroshi Hasegawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/911.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-963-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4375-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:252,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"201022",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hasegawa",slug:"hiroshi-hasegawa",fullName:"Hiroshi Hasegawa"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"837"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"27305",type:"chapter",title:"Water Stress in Plants: Causes, Effects and Responses",slug:"water-stress-in-plants-causes-effects-and-responses",totalDownloads:28495,totalCrossrefCites:72,signatures:"Seyed Y. S. Lisar, Rouhollah Motafakkerazad, Mosharraf M. Hossain and Ismail M. M. Rahman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman"}]},{id:"26970",type:"chapter",title:"Plant Water-Stress Response Mechanisms",slug:"plant-water-stress-response-mechanisms",totalDownloads:20728,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Şener Akıncı and Dorothy M. Lösel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78435",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sener",middleName:null,surname:"Akinci",fullName:"Sener Akinci",slug:"sener-akinci"},{id:"126728",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorothy M.",middleName:null,surname:"Lösel",fullName:"Dorothy M. Lösel",slug:"dorothy-m.-losel"}]},{id:"26971",type:"chapter",title:"Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Semiarid Plants Subjected to Water Stress",slug:"physiological-and-biochemical-responses-of-semiarid-plants-subjected-to-water-stress",totalDownloads:6042,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Alexandre Bosco de Oliveira, Nara Lídia Mendes Alencar and Enéas Gomes-Filho",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77880",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:"Bosco",surname:"De Oliveira",fullName:"Alexandre De Oliveira",slug:"alexandre-de-oliveira"},{id:"88628",title:"Ms.",name:"Nara Lídia",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes Alencar",fullName:"Nara Lídia Mendes Alencar",slug:"nara-lidia-mendes-alencar"},{id:"88629",title:"Dr.",name:"Enéas",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes-Filho",fullName:"Enéas Gomes-Filho",slug:"eneas-gomes-filho"}]},{id:"26972",type:"chapter",title:"Controlled Water Stress to Improve Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Quality",slug:"controlled-water-stress-to-improve-fruit-and-vegetable-postharvest-quality",totalDownloads:7100,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Leonardo Nora, Gabriel O. Dalmazo, Fabiana R. Nora and Cesar V. Rombaldi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"81191",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Nora",fullName:"Leonardo Nora",slug:"leonardo-nora"},{id:"89354",title:"Prof.",name:"Cesar Valmor",middleName:null,surname:"Rombaldi",fullName:"Cesar Valmor Rombaldi",slug:"cesar-valmor-rombaldi"},{id:"89355",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel O.",middleName:"Ollé",surname:"Dalmazo",fullName:"Gabriel O. Dalmazo",slug:"gabriel-o.-dalmazo"},{id:"120319",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiana Roos",middleName:null,surname:"Nora",fullName:"Fabiana Roos Nora",slug:"fabiana-roos-nora"}]},{id:"26973",type:"chapter",title:"Water Stress and Afforestation: A Contribution to Ameliorate Forest Seedling Performance During the Establishment",slug:"water-stress-and-afforestation-a-contribution-to-ameliorate-forest-seedling-performance-during-the-e",totalDownloads:2778,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"A. B. Guarnaschelli, A. M. Garau and J. H. Lemcoff",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"92345",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Garau",fullName:"Ana Garau",slug:"ana-garau"},{id:"92352",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana",middleName:"Beatriz",surname:"Guarnaschelli",fullName:"Ana Guarnaschelli",slug:"ana-guarnaschelli"},{id:"92354",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:"Hugo",surname:"Lemcoff",fullName:"Jorge Lemcoff",slug:"jorge-lemcoff"}]},{id:"26974",type:"chapter",title:"Systemic Signaling Under Water Deficit Condition and Its Exploitation in Water Saving Agriculture",slug:"systemic-signaling-under-water-deficit-condition-and-its-exploitation-in-water-saving-agriculture",totalDownloads:2756,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bingbing Li and Wensuo Jia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"86537",title:"Prof.",name:"Wensuo",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",fullName:"Wensuo Jia",slug:"wensuo-jia"},{id:"128013",title:"Dr.",name:"Bingbing",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Bingbing Li",slug:"bingbing-li"}]},{id:"26975",type:"chapter",title:'The "Pot-in-Pot" System Enhances the Water Stress Tolerance Compared with Above-Ground Pot',slug:"the-pot-in-pot-system-enhances-the-water-stress-tolerance-compared-with-above-ground-pot",totalDownloads:3167,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"J. Miralles, J.J. Martínez-Sánchez and S. Bañón",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84577",title:"Mr.",name:"Julián",middleName:null,surname:"Miralles Crespo",fullName:"Julián Miralles Crespo",slug:"julian-miralles-crespo"},{id:"88895",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan J.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Sánchez",fullName:"Juan J. Martínez-Sánchez",slug:"juan-j.-martinez-sanchez"},{id:"88896",title:"Prof.",name:"Sebastián",middleName:"Del Pilar",surname:"Bañón Arias",fullName:"Sebastián Bañón Arias",slug:"sebastian-banon-arias"}]},{id:"26976",type:"chapter",title:"Towards a New Ecophysiological Approach to Understand Citrus Crop Yield Under Abiotic Stresses Mirroring in the Brazilian Savanna Genetic Resources",slug:"towards-a-new-ecophysiological-approach-to-understand-citrus-crop-yield-under-abiotic-stresses-mirro",totalDownloads:2385,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Marcelo Claro de Souza and Gustavo Habermann",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"86314",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Habermann",fullName:"Gustavo Habermann",slug:"gustavo-habermann"},{id:"89553",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcelo Claro de",middleName:"Claro De",surname:"Souza",fullName:"Marcelo Claro de Souza",slug:"marcelo-claro-de-souza"}]},{id:"26977",type:"chapter",title:"Antioxidant Enzyme Activities as a Tool to Discriminate Ecotypes of Crithmum maritimum L. Differing in Their Capacity to Withstand Salinity",slug:"antioxidant-enzyme-activities-as-a-tool-to-discriminate-ecotypes-of-crithmum-maritimum-l-differing-i",totalDownloads:4317,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ben Hamed Karim, Magné Christian and Abdelly Chedly",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"87734",title:"Prof.",name:"Chedly",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelly",fullName:"Chedly Abdelly",slug:"chedly-abdelly"}]},{id:"26978",type:"chapter",title:"Use of Finite Element Method to Determine the Influence of Land Vehicles Traffic on Artificial Soil Compaction",slug:"use-of-finite-element-method-to-determine-the-influence-of-land-vehicles-traffic-on-artificial-soil-",totalDownloads:3050,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Biris Sorin-Stefan and Vladut Valentin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"81249",title:"Dr.",name:"Sorin-Stefan",middleName:"I",surname:"Biris",fullName:"Sorin-Stefan Biris",slug:"sorin-stefan-biris"},{id:"149766",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentin",middleName:null,surname:"Vladut",fullName:"Valentin Vladut",slug:"valentin-vladut"}]},{id:"26979",type:"chapter",title:"The Influence of Water Stress on Yield and Related Characteristics in Inbred Quality Protein Maize Lines and Their Hybrid Progeny",slug:"the-influence-of-water-stress-on-yield-and-related-characteristics-in-inbred-quality-protein-maize-l",totalDownloads:9652,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dagne Wegary, Maryke Labuschagne and Bindiganavile Vivek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"81395",title:"Prof.",name:"Maryke",middleName:"Tine",surname:"Labuschagne",fullName:"Maryke Labuschagne",slug:"maryke-labuschagne"}]},{id:"26980",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Molecular Breeding for Development of the Drought-Tolerant Genotypes in Wheat",slug:"application-of-molecular-breeding-for-development-of-the-drought-tolerant-genotypes-in-wheat-",totalDownloads:4284,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohamed Najeb Barakat and Abdullah Abdullaziz Al-Doss",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"85469",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Najib",middleName:null,surname:"Barakat",fullName:"Mohamed Najib Barakat",slug:"mohamed-najib-barakat"},{id:"124809",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah Abdullaziz",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Doss",fullName:"Abdullah Abdullaziz Al-Doss",slug:"abdullah-abdullaziz-al-doss"}]},{id:"26981",type:"chapter",title:"Integrated Agronomic Crop Managements to Improve Tef Productivity Under Terminal Drought",slug:"integrated-agronomic-crop-managments-to-improve-tef-productivity-under-terminal-drought",totalDownloads:9475,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dejene K. Mengistu and Lemlem S. Mekonnen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"83613",title:"Mr.",name:"Dejene K.",middleName:"Kassahun",surname:"Mengistu",fullName:"Dejene K. Mengistu",slug:"dejene-k.-mengistu"},{id:"119640",title:"Mrs.",name:"Lemlem S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mekonnen",fullName:"Lemlem S. Mekonnen",slug:"lemlem-s.-mekonnen"}]},{id:"26982",type:"chapter",title:"Sugarcane Responses at Water Deficit Conditions",slug:"sugarcane-responses-at-water-deficit-conditions-",totalDownloads:5653,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Sonia Marli Zingaretti, Fabiana Aparecida Rodrigues, José Perez da Graça, Livia de Matos Pereira and Mirian Vergínia Lourenço",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"85115",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonia Marli",middleName:null,surname:"Zingaretti",fullName:"Sonia Marli Zingaretti",slug:"sonia-marli-zingaretti"},{id:"124439",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirian Vergínia",middleName:null,surname:"Lourenço",fullName:"Mirian Vergínia Lourenço",slug:"mirian-verginia-lourenco"},{id:"124440",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiana Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues",fullName:"Fabiana Aparecida Rodrigues",slug:"fabiana-aparecida-rodrigues"},{id:"124441",title:"Dr.",name:"Livia",middleName:null,surname:"De Matos Pereira",fullName:"Livia De Matos Pereira",slug:"livia-de-matos-pereira"},{id:"124442",title:"MSc.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Perez da Graça",fullName:"Jose Perez da Graça",slug:"jose-perez-da-graca"}]},{id:"26983",type:"chapter",title:"Strategies for Selecting Drought Tolerant Germplasm in Forage Legume Species",slug:"strategies-for-selecting-drought-tolerant-germplasm-in-forage-legume-species",totalDownloads:3346,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hernán Acuña, Luis Inostroza and Gerardo Tapia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84028",title:"Dr.",name:"Hernán",middleName:null,surname:"Acuña",fullName:"Hernán Acuña",slug:"hernan-acuna"},{id:"149813",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Inostroza",fullName:"Luis Inostroza",slug:"luis-inostroza"},{id:"149814",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Tapia",fullName:"Gerardo Tapia",slug:"gerardo-tapia"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5284",title:"Water Stress in Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d9302a9f0513cd166f05d6c7d9a33d1",slug:"water-stress-in-plants",bookSignature:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman, Zinnat Ara Begum and Hiroshi Hasegawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5284.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"51733",title:"Water Stress Hinders In Vitro Regeneration of Plants",slug:"water-stress-hinders-in-vitro-regeneration-of-plants",signatures:"Mustafa Yildiz, Emine Selcen Darcin and Ramazan Beyaz",authors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz"}]},{id:"51947",title:"Water Stress Induced by Enrichment of Nutrient and Climate Change Factors",slug:"water-stress-induced-by-enrichment-of-nutrient-and-climate-change-factors",signatures:"Daniela Simina Stefan and Mircea Stefan",authors:[{id:"182778",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela Simina",middleName:null,surname:"Stefan",fullName:"Daniela Simina Stefan",slug:"daniela-simina-stefan"}]},{id:"50584",title:"Determination of the Effect of Drought Stress on the Seed Germination in Some Plant Species",slug:"determination-of-the-effect-of-drought-stress-on-the-seed-germination-in-some-plant-species",signatures:"Nurcan Yigit, Hakan Sevik, Mehmet Cetin and Nur Kaya",authors:[{id:"93082",title:"Dr.",name:"Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Sevik",fullName:"Hakan Sevik",slug:"hakan-sevik"},{id:"166881",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Cetin",fullName:"Mehmet Cetin",slug:"mehmet-cetin"},{id:"182121",title:"Dr.",name:"Nurcan",middleName:null,surname:"Yigit",fullName:"Nurcan Yigit",slug:"nurcan-yigit"},{id:"182122",title:"MSc.",name:"Nur",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",fullName:"Nur Kaya",slug:"nur-kaya"}]},{id:"51336",title:"Ameliorating Drought-Induced Stress in Turfgrass through Genetic Manipulation",slug:"ameliorating-drought-induced-stress-in-turfgrass-through-genetic-manipulation",signatures:"Mostafa K. Sarmast",authors:[{id:"182074",title:"Dr.",name:"Mostafa K.",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmast",fullName:"Mostafa K. Sarmast",slug:"mostafa-k.-sarmast"}]},{id:"50617",title:"Water Use Strategy of Four Desert Shrubs in Gonghe Basin, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau",slug:"water-use-strategy-of-four-desert-shrubs-in-gonghe-basin-qinghai-tibetan-plateau",signatures:"Yajuan Zhu",authors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu"}]},{id:"51221",title:"Intelligent Soft Computing Models in Water Demand Forecasting",slug:"intelligent-soft-computing-models-in-water-demand-forecasting",signatures:"Sina Shabani, Peyman Yousefi, Jan Adamowski and Gholamreza\nNaser",authors:[{id:"157223",title:"Mr.",name:"Peyman",middleName:null,surname:"Yousefi",fullName:"Peyman Yousefi",slug:"peyman-yousefi"},{id:"168412",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Adamowski",fullName:"Jan Adamowski",slug:"jan-adamowski"},{id:"181986",title:"Dr.",name:"Gholamreza",middleName:null,surname:"Naser",fullName:"Gholamreza Naser",slug:"gholamreza-naser"},{id:"187881",title:"Mr.",name:"Sina",middleName:null,surname:"Shabani",fullName:"Sina Shabani",slug:"sina-shabani"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3491",title:"Current Perspectives in Contaminant Hydrology and Water Resources Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8fb9b880397a9a6e536cf504ca7dfe56",slug:"current-perspectives-in-contaminant-hydrology-and-water-resources-sustainability",bookSignature:"Paul M. Bradley",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3491.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105017",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bradley",slug:"paul-bradley",fullName:"Paul Bradley"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5284",title:"Water Stress in Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d9302a9f0513cd166f05d6c7d9a33d1",slug:"water-stress-in-plants",bookSignature:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman, Zinnat Ara Begum and Hiroshi Hasegawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5284.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5355",title:"Water Quality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d371f1ad9fbc2b37808571c3b1cc7042",slug:"water-quality",bookSignature:"Hlanganani Tutu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5355.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93222",title:"Prof.",name:"Hlanganani",surname:"Tutu",slug:"hlanganani-tutu",fullName:"Hlanganani Tutu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5453",title:"Hydrology of Artificial and Controlled Experiments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9855d30d1a8707ed84d8f72e3ca0f187",slug:"hydrology-of-artificial-and-controlled-experiments",bookSignature:"Jiu-Fu Liu and Wei-Zu Gu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5453.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259236",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiu-Fu",surname:"Liu",slug:"jiu-fu-liu",fullName:"Jiu-Fu Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6157",title:"Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bda09a247dff84ce8091d8bd039850b9",slug:"water-challenges-of-an-urbanizing-world",bookSignature:"Matjaž Glavan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82604",title:"Dr.",name:"Matjaž",surname:"Glavan",slug:"matjaz-glavan",fullName:"Matjaž Glavan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"911",title:"Water Stress",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"639300ffd325d217a7b6ec2261ff26e0",slug:"water-stress",bookSignature:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman and Hiroshi Hasegawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/911.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3352",title:"Responses of Organisms to Water Stress",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9958d9e3c59992582a4b24380d55986f",slug:"responses-of-organisms-to-water-stress",bookSignature:"Sener Akıncı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78435",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sener",surname:"Akinci",slug:"sener-akinci",fullName:"Sener Akinci"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81288",title:"How Do Whales See?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104564",slug:"how-do-whales-see",body:'
The cetaceans are fully aquatic mammals with 89 species recognized by the Society of Marine Mammalogy Committee on Taxonomy [1]. The artiodactylian ancestors moved to aquatic life about 50 million years ago [2] and at present some relatives, like hippopotamuses, are semi-aquatic.
The adaptation to the new media, under the water, induced several changes in the morphology of the eyes. Although anatomy and functional vision have been studied in the odontocetes like dolphins and orca (cetaceans with teeth), limited studies have been done on mysticete eyes, the larger cetaceans (with baleen). Moreover, very few studies have been done on the molecular distribution and ultrastructure of the retina. In the present chapter, we will summarize the main results of our group on the structure of the eyes of two large fin whales (18 meters large and 20 tons in weight) that beached on the Cantabric coast of Spain; they died a few hours after beaching, but this allowed us to study the eye in perfect morphological details and some biochemical analysis. Since the eyes of both fin whales had similar size and the animals were of the same sex, we will discuss both without distinction. Both specimens were adult males; one was
The results shown in the present chapter are based on anatomical, histologic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopy studies performed during the last 2 years that have partially been published in several articles [3, 4, 5]. The methodology was explained in those articles. Here, we will concentrate on explaining the conclusions of how our research has helped us understand how the whales see.
The first anatomical discovery was the size of the eye. Even though it was very small in proportion to the large body size of the animal, the whale eye was huge. When compared with other terrestrial mammals, it weighs 1 kilogram and is almost 13 cm in diameter. The shape of the eyeball was markedly flattened on the anterior segment compared with the spherical shape of the terrestrial mammals. As a result, the axial length of the eyecup was smaller than its diameter is close to a hemisphere. The eyes were located, as in other mysticetes, in the oral commissure. Two very thick eyelids protect the eye. The eyelids lack eyelashes that would not function under water (Figure 1A–D). Due to the adaptation to the big body size, and to resist the high pressures, the sclera was very thick, and was 4 cm in the thickest posterior part of the eye. Its composition was mainly collagen indicating that even when its texture is like bone the composition lacks hydroxyapatite [3]. Encapsulated sensory corpuscles were found in the sclera in groups in the proximity of the iridocorneal angle. It has been suggested that this corpuscle within the cetacean eye may function as pressure receptors, possibly to control intraocular pressure [6, 7].
(A) Eye and upper eyelid. Note the oval shape of the cornea and the round iris. (B) Detailed of the cavernous tissue surrounding the optic nerve. (C) Transversal section of the cornea and location of the round crystalline in the Centre. Note that the cornea is flat and thicker in the periphery than in the Centre. (D) Section of the eye showing the thick sclera, and the hemispheric retina and its vascularization. (E) Detail of the retina vascularization with parallel vessels.
The cornea was an elongation of the sclera that becomes transparent only in the most anterior part of the eye. The thickness of the cornea was not uniform. The cornea was thinner in the centre and thicker at the periphery with a peripheral rim of almost 4 mm thick while the central part was 2 mm. Moreover, the cornea in the central part of the eye was flattened, another adaptation to vision underwater [3]. The cornea in the case of these cetaceans acted as a weak divergent lens and the refractive index is very little different from that of the water (Figure 1C). Therefore, in cetaceans, light refraction and focusing of an image on the retina are almost entirely performed by the lens [8]. The intraocular lens, the crystalline, in these mysticetes was almost spherical similar to that in fishes and measured 2 cm in diameter. It was placed in the centre of the eyecup so that light coming from any direction is focused on the retina. The curvature of the lens surface provides sufficient refractive power to focus images on the retina. Thus, the optics of these cetaceans are similar to those of fish, reflecting the adaptation to the common environment and optical properties of the vision under the water. The very viscous vitreous body filled the vitreous chamber and as in fish, this viscosity is an adaptation to equilibrate the refraction.
The adaptation of the cetacean vision, from the deep underwater where the light is very low to a rapid change of brightness at the surface of ocean when the animal dives into the well-lit water surface, is perhaps due to the iris structure and its pupil shape. Most cetaceans have a special pupil with a U-shaped slit, however, the two mysticetes studied had the pupil oval and horizontally elongated with dimensions of 5 x 3 cm (Figure 1A). Several studies on the refraction index in the cetacean eyes, and especially in dolphins, had evoked the conclusion that the refractive index between the air and the cornea should make the cetacean eye catastrophically myopic (near-sighted) in air. However, this myopia is countered by the presence of flattened cornea [9]. The constriction of the iris and pupil shape can provide a correction of aerial myopia. Another adaptation of the cetacean eyes to conditions of low luminosity is a highly developed reflective layer, the tapetumlucidum, which lies behind the retinal pigment epithelium within the choroid. The tapetum in cetaceans has been described previously by [10]. We found a well-developed tapetum in the present two mysticetes studied. Its tapetum is formed with extracellular collagen fibrils and covers the complete fundus. What is unusual in the terrestrial mammals that live and hunt during the night is that the tapetumlucidum does not usually extend below the horizontal equator of the eye.
The eyes have strong extraocular muscles that cover a large cavernous tissue refilling the space that forms the sclera in the back of the eye and it surrounds the optic nerve with a conical shape. The cavernous tissue is also named by other authors as vascular plexus, rete ophthalmica and musculus retractor bulbi is speculated to function as a vascular rete to supply both heat and oxygen during dives [11]. A great number of blood vessels were surrounded by elastic fibers, smooth muscle and fat (Figure 1B). The function of this tissue could be to protect the optic nerve from the cold water and warm it and propel the eye outwards thereby helping with the focus. The massive musculus retractor bulbi, which produces axial displacements of the globe of the eye within the orbit, has been observed in other animals, mainly non-mammals like amphibians and the whale shark, and other cetaceans. However, the theory purposed by Kröger and Kirschfeld for dolphins in 1989, about the possibility that the focus could be based on shifting the lens backward due to the changes in the intraocular pressure, are very unprovable mechanism for whales, because of the very thick sclera (4 cm), that surrounds the retina, will protect the inner part of the eye from deforming and thus would be impossible to move the lens. We believe that the filling of the rete will increase necessary pressure to move the eyeball outwards. The retractor muscle will accompany the outward movement and when the rete is emptied the eye returns to the interior of the orbit. During this movement, the thick sclera will protect the eyeball from deforming forces. This could provide a mechanism to increase the field of vision when the eye protrudes. However, we do not believe that the lens will modify its position due to the propulsion of the eye.
The macroscopic view of the retina showed a dichotomous vascularization similar to that in a horse but in this case, it was holangiotic (Figure 1D, E). The vasculature had a radial distribution for the whole extension of the retina as previously described [12]. The shape of the retina is an incomplete hemisphere and a peripheral rim of the retina is bent inward (Figure 1D).
The thickness of the retina in cross-sections was not thicker than the human or pig retina. The number of rows of photoreceptors was 6–8 in the outer nuclear layer of the retina, however, the inner layers were thinner with less cellularity especially noticeable were the scarce and larger RGCs that were between 26.5 and 112.9 micrometers in diameter (Figure 2A) [4].
(A) Immunostaining of a retina section. Red neurofilaments labels the large retinal ganglion cell and their branches. In blue DAPI, staining shows the 6–7 layers of photoreceptors in the upper part of the picture. (B) Flat mount of the retina showing a melanopsin positive retinal ganglion cell. (C) immunostaining of a retina section. In red, the Müller glial cells are stained with antibodies against vimentin.
A detailed study of the photoreceptors showed that these species of mysticetes do not have cones. We used several antibodies to identify the different opsins, like rhodopsin, M/L opsin and S opsin as well as antibodies against rat and human cone arrestin. The only positive result was with rhodopsin, which specifically was present in rods. We conclude that in our study, the cone opsins that terrestrial animals used were not present in the whale retinas [4]. Previous studies demonstrated the monochromacy in some cetaceans and several mutations in the opsin gene sequences suggesting evolutionary modification of the cone cell function. In some cases, the cone structures have been partially maintained but with the absence of outer and inner segments [13]. Recent studies in other species of cetacean have found that cones have been adapted to other use, and instead of having visual pigments, like cone-opsins, they contain two proteins involved in magneto sensation, suggesting the possibility of an alternative functional role in responding to changes in geomagnetic fields [14].
Once the light impacts the photoreceptors, the next cells responsible for the transmission of the visual impulse within the retina are the bipolar and amacrine cells. We found that even when the cones’ opsins were not present, bipolar and amacrine cells maintained their molecular signals as well as location. The same results were found using electroretinograms to measure the electrical response to the light of these interneurons. [15] found that the cetaceans rod monochromat has both On and OFF bipolar cell pathways. The next step within the retina is the cells that are responsible to communicate the eye with the brain. These are the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The density of these cells was very low, lower than in any cetacean studied earlier [4], confirming the low resolution of that the whales’ retina. It appears that relatively few RGCs may have to integrate the information from a great number of photoreceptors that are abundant. We did not count the number of photoreceptors, however, considering the large size of the eye and the number of rows of rods, the proportion of information that the RGCs have to integrate is massive. Even when the RGCs were scarce in number, the size of the cell bodies was 3 times larger than in humans, with some cells reaching 100 micrometers (Figure 2A).
Besides the RGCs that integrate the visual inputs and send this information to the visual centres of the brain for processing, other specific type of cells are located in the retinal ganglion cell layer that does not transmit information to the image forming visual area of the brain. These specific cells only transmit information regarding light intensity to the brain and are areas responsible for controlling the circadian rhythms and pupillary light reflexes. We have been the first research group to describe them in cetaceans. These cells are melanopsinipRGCs [4]. They form a mosaic that covers the complete area of the retina and were more abundant in the centre of the retina and reduce in density toward the periphery (Figure 2B). There are at least six types of ipRGCs and in the whale’s retinas, we identify three types, the M1, M2 and M3 although the majority of them were M2. As per comparison in rodent retina, the number of M1 is higher than M2 or M3 [16]. In humans, M1d ipRGC is the predominant subtype [17]. These differences between species may be due to the different roles of the ipRGC subtypes. M1 projects to approximately 15 brain targets not involved in image forming activities, projecting predominantly to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and to the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) to control pupillary light reflex [18, 19]. However, M2 ipRGCs that were the predominant ones in the whales´ retinas project mostly to the OPN and relatively fewer to the SCN suggesting that the control of the pupillary light reflex is very important for the whale [4].
In addition to neurons, there are glial cells in the retina that develop a very important role. The glia cells in cetacean’s retinas were slightly different to other mammals. Thus, the astrocytes had a punctate pattern surrounding the large arteries of the retina but due to the very large and strong blood vessels, they were seldom visualized embracing the vessels as they typically do in other mammalian retinas. The Müller glia was very robust and with the same morphology as in other mammalian retinas (Figure 2C). They had the capacity to facilitate the elongation of the RGC axons [20] and for that reason, we had immortalized the whale’s Müller glia for further study [5]. We also studied the microglial cells, which are the immune cells within the retina. They are present but were larger and more diffused. These differences with the terrestrial mammals could be related to the metabolism of the cetacean retina. For further discussion on the glial cells, see Ref. [4].
The optic nerve was 1 cm in diameter, small in comparison with the large size of the eye. The axons in the optic nerve were mainly ‘Giant’ (greater than 15micrometres in diameter) corresponding to the very large RGCs found in the retina. The size of the axons and cells is a common plesiomorphic character of cetaceans rather than being related to the large body size of these animals. This interpretation is supported by the comparison with other large terrestrial species. Thus, in elephants there are no Giant RGCs’ despite the large size of the animals [21], indicating that this has been an adaptation to the aquatic environment.
The high astroglial content in the cetacean nerve could be due to the highly developed metabolic support that the central nervous system required to sustain nervous activity during anaerobic and energy-demanding tasks like prolonged apnea [22]. The bigger the diameter of the axons is, the faster the impulse travels [23]. There was considerably more astroglia in the cetacean optic nerve than inland mammals, with astrocyte processes and myelin occupying a higher proportion of the nerve [4].
Similar characteristics of adaptation to the aquatic vision as described in the present study, have been found in other mysticetes of smaller size humpback and Bryde’s whales [24] or in Gray whale [25] aquatic mammals.
The described characteristics of the cornea play a minor role under the water because of its mall curvature and refractive indices of the media in front (seawater) and behind the cornea (aqueous humor). Although some refraction cannot be neglected especially due to the thickness [26]. The spatial resolving power of the cetaceans is very low compared to that of terrestrial mammals. Computing the peak of RGC density values range indicates that it is approximately 1 to 5 cycles/degree [24], compared for example with the horse that is approximately 20 cycles/degree [27], or the giraffe with approximately 20 cycles/degree [28].
Due to the large numbers of rod photoreceptors, and the few RGCs, it seems that for the cetaceans the sensitivity to the light is far more important than the resolution. A rod-vision provides better underwater vision in conditions where light intensity is low and light is scattered with increasing depth and rod dominance animals are more rapid to dark adaptation. Marine mammals use vision primarily in low light levels, where color vision may be of secondary importance. We believe that Peichl’s comments are very appropriate in this regard ‘the ocean for the whales is not blue’ [29]. Moreover, the very well developed melanopsin RGCs network indicates that the sensibility to the changes in light is highly preserved and the control of the pupil is very important to reduce the amount of light that penetrates the retina thus, as a pinhole camera they could see better the object that it wants to see. The mechanism which protrudes the eye with the cavernous tissue together with the retractor bulbils muscle allows them to move the eye forward and backwords. This could facilitate the whales to focus when the eye is protruded outward and be protected from the cold temperatures when in the deep ocean waters where the eye is moved inside the orbit and covered by the eyelids.
The large whales’ studies have been adapted to the underwater vision by a pupil that regulates the variations in luminosity together with the optic tapetum. The retina is similar to that of nocturnal terrestrial mammals with the absence of cones and large size of ganglion cells, separated by wide intercellular spaces, but a very well developed melanopsin system provides an adaptation for vision in low light environments. Thus, despite their eye large size, the retinal resolving power in cetaceans is generally weaker than in terrestrial mammals, due primarily to their low density of retinal ganglion cells.
This study was supported by ELKARTEK (KK-2019/00086), MINECO-Retos (PID2019-111139RB-I00), Grupos UPV/EHU (GIU 2018/150), and Proyectos de InvestigaciónBásica y/o Aplicada (PIBA_2020_1_0026) to EV, Basque Government postdoctoral grant (POS_2020_2_0031) to XP and UPV/EHU postdoctoral grant (ESPDOC20/058) to NR. We would like to thank the organizations AMBAR and CEPESMA for their support in getting the whales’ eyes in the best possible conditions.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Content alerts
",metaTitle:"Content alerts",metaDescription:"Content alerts",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/content-alerts",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Content alerts
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Content alerts
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5,6,12,13,18"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11630",title:"Life in Extreme Environments - Diversity, Adaptability and Valuable Resources of Bioactive Molecules",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c39aa5fd22296ba53d87df6d761a5fc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afef Najjari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11630.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11608",title:"Candida and Candidiasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"862074d07a4355fe3035ae1d14f3e2e6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tulin Askun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11608.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"89795",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulin",surname:"Askun",slug:"tulin-askun",fullName:"Tulin Askun"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11793",title:"Production, Nutritional and Industrial Perspectives of Barley",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"996125d4599193b3b6b749f5d8aa3cb2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farhan Saeed and Dr. Muhammad Afzaal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11793.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"192244",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhan",surname:"Saeed",slug:"farhan-saeed",fullName:"Farhan Saeed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12157",title:"Rice Crops - Productivity, Quality and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2a38bb2448f4516740db05ce746f08e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Min Huang, Dr. Jiana Chen, Dr. Xiaowu Pan and Dr. Haiming Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12157.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11810",title:"Animal Behavior - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"db1dacc9284b2fc73f38fa985a586e15",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Volkan Gelen and Dr. Abdulsamed Kükürt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11810.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11637",title:"Neuropsychology of Dementia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d40f707b9ef020bb202be89404f77a1e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Devendra Kumar, Prof. Sushil Kumar Singh and Dr. Ankit Ganeshpurkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11637.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"454030",title:"Dr.",name:"Devendra",surname:"Kumar",slug:"devendra-kumar",fullName:"Devendra Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11624",title:"Agricultural Waste - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f86a9f720cc3ac0f1c385d0367ea89b9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Fiaz Ahmad and Prof. Muhammad Sultan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11624.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"338219",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiaz",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"fiaz-ahmad",fullName:"Fiaz Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11788",title:"Plant Stress Responses and Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fd76ac80924e5a4d530ad0a1b54ca1f4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saddam Hussain, Dr. Tahir Hussain Awan, Dr. Ejaz Waraich and Dr. Masood Iqbal Awan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11788.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247858",title:"Dr.",name:"Saddam",surname:"Hussain",slug:"saddam-hussain",fullName:"Saddam Hussain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11643",title:"Genetic Diversity - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:69},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:53},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"214",title:"Neurogastronomy",slug:"neurogastronomy",parent:{id:"18",title:"Neuroscience",slug:"life-sciences-neuroscience"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:76,numberOfWosCitations:75,numberOfCrossrefCitations:42,numberOfDimensionsCitations:107,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"214",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5485",title:"The Amygdala",subtitle:"Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5b1c2a89185e92e721290beabdc2e8",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",bookSignature:"Barbara Ferry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139945",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Ferry",slug:"barbara-ferry",fullName:"Barbara Ferry"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1592",title:"Neuroscience",subtitle:"Dealing With Frontiers",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"438fef28742bb47d3a4c39e053551c6c",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",bookSignature:"Carlos M. Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1592.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35182",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos M.",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",slug:"carlos-m.-contreras",fullName:"Carlos M. Contreras"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"54565",doi:"10.5772/67828",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Regulating the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-regulating-the-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis",totalDownloads:3573,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"We investigated the regulatory role of the amygdala upon the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as measured by median eminence corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) content and serum levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. Our findings showed that (1) lesions of the central amygdala inhibited the HPA axis responses to a variety of stressful stimuli. (2) Depletion of norepinephrine or serotonin in the amygdala and hypothalamus and local injections of norepinephrine and serotonin receptor antagonists into the central amygdala inhibited the HPA axis responses to neural stress. Norepinephrine and serotonin agonists injected into the amygdala caused an increase in HPA axis activity. The activation of the amygdala facilitated the in vivo release of serotonin from the paraventricular nucleus following electrical stimulation of the brainstem raphe nuclei. (3) Electrical stimulation of the amygdala impaired the glucocorticoid negative feedback action following neural stressful stimuli probably via a decrease in hippocampal corticosteroid receptors.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Joseph Weidenfeld and Haim Ovadia",authors:[{id:"190851",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Haim",middleName:null,surname:"Ovadia",slug:"haim-ovadia",fullName:"Haim Ovadia"},{id:"192823",title:"Prof.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Weidenfeld",slug:"joseph-weidenfeld",fullName:"Joseph Weidenfeld"}]},{id:"32399",doi:"10.5772/36092",title:"Brain Energy Metabolism in Health and Disease",slug:"brain-energy-metabolism-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:9165,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"Felipe A. Beltrán, Aníbal I. Acuña, María Paz Miró and Maite A. Castro",authors:[{id:"107041",title:"Dr.",name:"Maite A",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"maite-a-castro",fullName:"Maite A Castro"},{id:"109692",title:"Mr.",name:"Felipe A",middleName:null,surname:"Beltran",slug:"felipe-a-beltran",fullName:"Felipe A Beltran"},{id:"109695",title:"Mr.",name:"Aníbal",middleName:"I.",surname:"Acuña",slug:"anibal-acuna",fullName:"Aníbal Acuña"},{id:"109696",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria Paz",middleName:null,surname:"Miro",slug:"maria-paz-miro",fullName:"Maria Paz Miro"}]},{id:"32393",doi:"10.5772/34852",title:"The Neurochemical Anatomy of Trigeminal Primary Afferent Neurons",slug:"the-neurochemical-anatomy-of-trigeminal-primary-afferent-neurons",totalDownloads:4742,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"Nikolai E. Lazarov",authors:[{id:"101891",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Lazarov",slug:"nikolai-lazarov",fullName:"Nikolai Lazarov"}]},{id:"55211",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68618",title:"The Amygdala and Anxiety",slug:"the-amygdala-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:3017,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The amygdala has a central role in anxiety responses to stressful and arousing situations. Pharmacological and lesion studies of the basolateral, central, and medial subdivisions of the amygdala have shown that their activation induces anxiogenic effects, while their inactivation produces anxiolytic effects. Many neurotransmitters and stress mediators acting at these amygdalar nuclei can modulate the behavioral expression of anxiety. These mediators may be released from different brain regions in response to different types of stressors. The amygdala is in close relationship with several brain regions within the brain circuitry that orchestrates the expression of anxiety. Recent developments in optogenetics have begun to unveil details on how these areas interact.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Sergio Linsambarth, Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro, Daisy Quintana-\nDonoso, Sebastian Rojas and Jimmy Stehberg",authors:[{id:"144923",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Stehberg",slug:"jimmy-stehberg",fullName:"Jimmy Stehberg"},{id:"194182",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga-Amaro",slug:"rodrigo-moraga-amaro",fullName:"Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro"},{id:"194183",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Linsambarth",slug:"sergio-linsambarth",fullName:"Sergio Linsambarth"}]},{id:"54301",doi:"10.5772/67585",title:"Revisiting the Role of the Amygdala in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder",slug:"revisiting-the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-posttraumatic-stress-disorder",totalDownloads:2193,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Over the past 20 years, the reactivity of amygdala to emotive stimuli has been explored by emerging neuroimaging techniques in an effort to understand the role of amygdala in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A fear neurocircuitry model, whereby the amygdala is hyperactive due to poor top-down control from the anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, has been supported by numerous experimental studies and meta-analyses. However, this model has not always been upheld by experimental data and clinical observations. In particular, many neuroimaging studies find that the amygdala fails to activate in response to negative stimuli in individuals with PTSD. Several technical and design issues may explain disparate results regarding amygdala reactivity in PTSD. However, biological and symptom-based factors emerge as possible mediators of amygdala function in PTSD, leading to the conclusion that symptoms of emotional disengagement and dissociation are associated with amygdala hyporeactivity, and symptoms of hypervigilance/hyperarousal and problems with fear conditioning and extinction are reflected by amygdala hyperactivity. Therefore, treatment of PTSD should take into account the nature of amygdala dysfunction in the individual to optimize treatment outcomes.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Raluca M. Simons and Lee A. Baugh",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"195109",title:"Dr.",name:"Raluca",middleName:null,surname:"Simons",slug:"raluca-simons",fullName:"Raluca Simons"},{id:"195110",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Baugh",slug:"lee-baugh",fullName:"Lee Baugh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54675",title:"The Key Role of the Amygdala in Stress",slug:"the-key-role-of-the-amygdala-in-stress",totalDownloads:2965,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Several data highlighted that stress exposure is strongly associated with several psychiatric disorders. The amygdala, an area of the brain that contributes to emotional processing, has a pivotal role in psychiatric disorders and it has been demonstrated to be highly responsive to stressful events. Here we will review evidences indicating how the amygdala changes its functionality following exposure to stress and how this contributes to the onset of anxiety disorders.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Diego Andolina and Antonella Borreca",authors:[{id:"190318",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Andolina",slug:"diego-andolina",fullName:"Diego Andolina"},{id:"192832",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Borreca",slug:"antonella-borreca",fullName:"Antonella Borreca"}]},{id:"55211",title:"The Amygdala and Anxiety",slug:"the-amygdala-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:3025,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The amygdala has a central role in anxiety responses to stressful and arousing situations. Pharmacological and lesion studies of the basolateral, central, and medial subdivisions of the amygdala have shown that their activation induces anxiogenic effects, while their inactivation produces anxiolytic effects. Many neurotransmitters and stress mediators acting at these amygdalar nuclei can modulate the behavioral expression of anxiety. These mediators may be released from different brain regions in response to different types of stressors. The amygdala is in close relationship with several brain regions within the brain circuitry that orchestrates the expression of anxiety. Recent developments in optogenetics have begun to unveil details on how these areas interact.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Sergio Linsambarth, Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro, Daisy Quintana-\nDonoso, Sebastian Rojas and Jimmy Stehberg",authors:[{id:"144923",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Stehberg",slug:"jimmy-stehberg",fullName:"Jimmy Stehberg"},{id:"194182",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga-Amaro",slug:"rodrigo-moraga-amaro",fullName:"Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro"},{id:"194183",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Linsambarth",slug:"sergio-linsambarth",fullName:"Sergio Linsambarth"}]},{id:"32387",title:"The Mystery of P2X7 Ionotropic Receptor: From a Small Conductance Channel to a Large Conductance Channel",slug:"the-mystery-of-p2x7-receptor-from-a-small-channel-to-a-big-pore",totalDownloads:2441,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"R.X. Faria, L.G.B. Ferreira and L.A. Alves",authors:[{id:"76663",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz A.",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",slug:"luiz-a.-alves",fullName:"Luiz A. Alves"},{id:"76674",title:"Mr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Braga",slug:"leonardo-braga",fullName:"Leonardo Braga"},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria"}]},{id:"32399",title:"Brain Energy Metabolism in Health and Disease",slug:"brain-energy-metabolism-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:9168,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"Felipe A. Beltrán, Aníbal I. Acuña, María Paz Miró and Maite A. Castro",authors:[{id:"107041",title:"Dr.",name:"Maite A",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"maite-a-castro",fullName:"Maite A Castro"},{id:"109692",title:"Mr.",name:"Felipe A",middleName:null,surname:"Beltran",slug:"felipe-a-beltran",fullName:"Felipe A Beltran"},{id:"109695",title:"Mr.",name:"Aníbal",middleName:"I.",surname:"Acuña",slug:"anibal-acuna",fullName:"Aníbal Acuña"},{id:"109696",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria Paz",middleName:null,surname:"Miro",slug:"maria-paz-miro",fullName:"Maria Paz Miro"}]},{id:"54509",title:"The Contribution of the Amygdala to Reward-Related Learning and Extinction",slug:"the-contribution-of-the-amygdala-to-reward-related-learning-and-extinction",totalDownloads:1761,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"There has been substantial research into the role of the amygdala in fear conditioning and extinction of conditioned fear. The role of the amygdala in appetitive conditioning is relatively less explored. Here, we will review research into the role of the amygdala in reward‐related learning. Research to date suggests that the basolateral and central amygdala are responsible for learning about distinct aspects of a reinforcing event. For example, the basolateral amygdala is essential for distinguishing and choosing between specific rewards based on the specific‐sensory properties of those rewards as well as updating the relative value of specific rewarding events. In contrast, the central amygdala is involved in encoding reinforcement more generally and for regulating motivational influences on responding. We will also review what is known about the role of the amygdala in extinction of reward‐related behaviours and highlight areas for future research.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Rose Chesworth and Laura Corbit",authors:[{id:"193670",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Corbit",slug:"laura-corbit",fullName:"Laura Corbit"},{id:"194020",title:"Dr.",name:"Rose",middleName:null,surname:"Chesworth",slug:"rose-chesworth",fullName:"Rose Chesworth"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"214",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82387",title:"Kept Promises? The Evolution of the EU Financial Contribution to Climate Change",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105541",signatures:"Cecilia Camporeale, Roberto Del Ciello and Mario Jorizzo",slug:"kept-promises-the-evolution-of-the-eu-financial-contribution-to-climate-change",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Mario",surname:"Jorizzo"},{name:"Cecilia",surname:"Camporeale"},{name:"ROBERTO",surname:"DEL CIELLO"}],book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",slug:"food-systems-resilience",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Daniel S. Tevera, Luís F. Goulao and Lucas D. Tivana",hash:"ae9dd92f53433e4607f1db188dc649b4",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Food Systems Resilience",editors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Barros",slug:"ana-i.-ribeiro-barros",fullName:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",biography:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Ph.D., is the director of the Tropical College, University of Lisbon (ULisboa). She obtained a Ph.D. in Plant Molecular Biology from Wageningen University, the Netherlands. She is also a senior researcher, head of the lab, and professor at the School of Agriculture, ULisboa, and an invited professor at Nova University Lisbon (NOVA), Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM), and Gorongosa National Park (GNP). She is a member of the Coordination and Scientific Committees of the doctoral program “Tropical Knowledge and Management” (NOVA), Master in Biotechnology (UEM), and Master in Conservation Biology (GNP); and a national expert for Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture - High-Level Policy Dialogue EU-Africa. Her research expertise and interests are centered on biodiversity, environmental sustainability, agro-ecological approaches, and food and nutritional security.",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82552",title:"Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105913",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Abdul Jan, Priyank Desai, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Kareem Hamdy, Nafees Haider, Nasar Khan, Rochelle Annan, Olanrewaju Badaru, Ricardo Izurieta and Stella Smith",slug:"perspective-chapter-sars-cov-2-variants-two-years-post-onset-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:69,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:56,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:191,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-em-streptococcus-mutans-em-virulence-targets-a-proteomic",totalDownloads:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79515",title:"White Spot Lesions and Remineralization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101372",signatures:"Monisha Khatri, Shreya Kishore, S. Nagarathinam, Suvetha Siva and Vanita Barai",slug:"white-spot-lesions-and-remineralization",totalDownloads:79,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",id:"7"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/26982",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"26982"},fullPath:"/chapters/26982",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()