\r\n\tWe need such information of the environmental indicators day and night, from the crowded cities and the most remote locations. Therefore the study, development, and application of automated sensing systems have been booming during the last decades and the progress in this field is really fast.
\r\n\r\n\tThe current book intends to provide the reader with the most recent trends in the development of sensing technologies for environmental control and monitoring, application of these novel technologies for the detection and monitoring of different environmental indicators, but also identification of hazardous chemical compounds and pathogens, and to introduce various aspects of using the online sensing data for decision-making in different fields of social life.
\r\n\t
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Optic nerve glioma (OPG) is a rare tumor comprising 1–5% of central nervous system tumors [1]. Child and adolescent patients are most commonly affected [2]. Depending upon the tumor extent as to optic chiasma, hypothalamus, there are symptoms like vision loss, proptosis, hydrocephalous, focal neurological symptoms, precocious puberty, and short stature. Location and also, the volume of the disease are determinants of prognosis. As gliomas limited to only optic nerve (OPN) have better long-term visual outcomes than those with post-chiasmatic disease [3].
OPG has been associated with the neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) gene in 50–60% of cases [4]. It has been observed decreased visual acuity is a more common presentation in non-NF1 patients than in NF1 positive (90% vs. 72%). However, proptosis has been found in 20–30% of cases with NF1+ and, only in 5–12% cases with non-NF1 [5].
Natural history and growth patterns have been variable for this tumor [6]. Some remain stable for years, while others demonstrate slow or rapid growth patterns.
2. Diagnosis
OPG is a radiological and clinical diagnosis. It is a type of tumor where pretreatment tissue diagnosis is not mandatory [7]. A biopsy is limited to cases with unusual clinical and imaging findings. Pilocytic astrocytoma is the most common histopathological variant observed, pilomyxoid astrocytoma and grade II diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma are other variants [8].
A detailed ophthalmological examination including visual clinical examination, fundoscopy, Goldmann visual field, and imaging studies (CT/MRI orbit and brain) [9], all are vital in knowing the tumor extent, response to treatment, and prognosis.
3. Treatment
The aim of the treatment should be to preserve vision. However, the timing and selection of optimal treatment modality are always a clinical dilemma [10] as it is challenging due to tumor location and treatment-related effects. Patients once diagnosed can be kept in surveillance as it remains stable for multiple years. Active intervention is to be taken once there is evidence for progression in diminition of vision or size of the tumor. Choice of the treatment to be assessed in a multidisciplinary clinic and at well-equipped centers having state of art facilities.
3.1 Surgery
Surgery can be curative when the tumor is localized to the optic nerve, [10], it can be offered as palliative treatment in advanced OPGs with no vision, and severe disfiguring proptosis. Also, as most of the time there is an involvement of optic chiasma, hypothalamus, surgery is not attempted avoid to unacceptable adverse effects.
3.2 Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy when started early this could minimize vision loss [11]. There have been reports of stabilization and also improvement in vision in the range of 13–81% post-RT [9, 12].
Long-term results of radiotherapy in a retrospective study including 89 pediatric optic-hypothalamic gliomas patients showed 10-year event-free survival (EFS) of 61.9% in NF1+ and 67.5% without NF1, whereas 10 years overall survival (OS) was 92.3%. The median dose of radiotherapy was 54 Gy/30#. However, there were reports of secondary neoplasms possibly due to RT in eight patients (four in NF1+); also, the 10-year cumulative incidence of vasculopathy was 7%. Older patients without NF1 were at low risk of toxicity [13].
So, caution should be taken while selecting patients as in children less than 6 years, where the risk of precocious puberty, growth hormone deficiency, and cerebrovascular complications has been observed in studies [14].
We have reported a case of bilateral OPG in an 18-year-old patient who was treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). 54Gy/1.8 Gy/#, x 30 fractions over 6 weeks was prescribed to the planning target volume (PTV). Organs at risk (OARs) were taken care off for their tolerance. The patient had only mild irritation and watery discharge in bilateral eyes during radiotherapy with onset after 4 weeks of RT which resolved with symptomatic treatment. We observed stabilization of vision at 8 weeks follow-up [15].
In centers, where fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) [16] is available, the dose to the organs at risk (OARs) can be minimized by a smaller clinical target volume (CTV) margin of 1 mm and planning target volume (PTV) of 3 mm. Radiotherapy should be done by using a conformal newer technique, for example proton therapy (PRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), FSRT, and Gamma knife surgery (GKS)/Cyberknife. The patient’s MRI can be fused with the planning CT scan for better delineation of the tumor.
An earlier study published in 1999 by M Fuss et al. compared the dosimetric difference between PRT, 3-dimensional radiotherapy (3-D RT), and lateral photons in cases of OPG. Gross tumor volume (GTV) ranged from 3.9 cm2 to 127 cm2. PRT gave the advantage of covering the smallest volumes of normal tissue at all isodose levels that will extrapolate as resulting in decreased long-term toxicity. With PRT a 47–77% dose reduction to the contralateral optic nerve (OPN) was observed in comparison as to be received by 3-DRT and lateral photons. Similarly for optic chiasma and pituitary glands doses were reduced with PRT [17].
Another study involved 22 patients’ majority having an extension to Chiasma/hypothalamus and five having disease limited to OPN treated with GKS. The median age of the patients was 16 years, with tumor volume 3.1 cm3 (0.15–18.2 cm3), prescription dose of 11.5 Gy (8–14 Gy), and mean follow-up (FU) was 43 months. Two patients were progressed, two died, the tumor shrank in 12 patients and remained stable in six patients, a controlled rate of 90% could be achieved. The authors concluded GKS to be a safe and effective treatment for OPG [18].
GKS has also shown promising results in another report where two patients of pilocytic astrocytoma of optic apparatus were treated with a dose of 11–15 Gy to 50% isodose line. Near complete response was observed in both of them at 60 months of FU [19]. Other reports using FSRT and Cyberknife in a young patient have shown a significant reduction in tumor size post-RT on FU MRI [20].
3.3 Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy has been an effective treatment in young children to preserve and stabilization of vision and delays radiotherapy [14]. It is indicated when there is a progressive disease which is evident by substantial tumor progression on MRI and or worsening of visual acuity. Although chemotherapy shrinks the tumor, up to 60% of children have tumor progression after 5 years [21].
The most common combination regimen is vincristine and carboplatin with 3–5 years progression-free survival (PFS) 77–69% respectively, although these results are from studies where the disease was extending beyond the optic nerve [22]. Other regimens with cisplatin and etoposide with 3-year PFS up to 78% have been reported [23]. In recent times monotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) [24], vinblastine, and vinorelbine has been used for progressive or refractory disease with positive results and low toxicity. Although TMZ should be avoided in patients with NF1+.
MEK inhibitors, for example selumetinib have been reported to give 2-year PFS of 78% in a phase 2 study involving 25 patients with recurrent/progressive optic-hypothalamic gliomas. Common toxicities were grade 1–2 fatigue, asthenia, liver enzymes and creatinine phosphor kinase (CPK) elevation, diarrhea, rash, etc. [25].
OPGs are highly vascular tumors and in other tumors increased microvascular density has been associated with worse PFS. By inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), neovascularization, vascular permeability, and tumor growth are inhibited with bevacizumab. In a refractory setting bevacizumab-based therapy has been reported to result in objective response and rapid improvement in visual symptoms in up to 86% of cases [26]. Adverse effects of hypertension, fatigue, bleeding have been associated with bevacizumab.
4. Conclusion
OPG is rare and difficult to treat the tumor. Improvement in vision and/or checking further progression should be the aim of selecting a treatment modality. Results with advanced techniques of radiotherapy and newer chemotherapy regimens are promising.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the Radiation Oncology Department staff for their support in the treatment of the patient.
Conflict of interest
None.
\n',keywords:"optic nerve glioma, pediatric optic glioma, radiotherapy in optic glioma, challenges in treatment in optic glioma, optic glioma and neurofibromatosis 1",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79318.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79318.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79318",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79318",totalDownloads:76,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"July 5th 2021",dateReviewed:"October 4th 2021",datePrePublished:"November 13th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"November 13th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Optic nerve glioma (OPG) is a rare tumor in children and adolescents. It comprises 1–5% of central nervous system tumors. It can be sporadic or associated with the neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) gene. These are usually slow-growing tumors and may remain localized to the optic nerve or can have encroached upon adjoining structures like optic chiasma, opposite optic nerve, and hypothalamus. So, there may be decreased or loss of vision, proptosis, focal neurological symptoms, precocious puberty, and short stature. Due to the involvement of these critical structures, its treatment should be based on multidisciplinary consensus. The treatment modalities include surgery, RT, and chemotherapy. The aim of the treatment should be to preserve vision. However, the timing and selection of optimal treatment modalities are always a clinical dilemma. Recently, there have been promising results with newer techniques of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79318",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79318",signatures:"Rashmi Singh, Anup Kumar, Payal Raina, Rajanigandha Tudu and Praveer K.S. Munda",book:{id:"10792",type:"book",title:"Radiation Oncology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Radiation Oncology",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Badruddeen, Dr. Usama Ahmad, Dr. Mohd Aftab Aftab Siddiqui and Dr. Juber Akhtar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10792.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-019-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-018-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-020-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"345932",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Badruddeen",slug:"badruddeen",fullName:"Badruddeen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Diagnosis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Treatment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Surgery",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Radiotherapy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Chemotherapy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Financial support",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'[Heideman RL, Packer RJ, Albright LA, Freeman CR, Rorke LB. Tumors of the central nervous. In: Pizzo P, Poplack D, editors. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven; 1997. pp. 633-697]'},{id:"B2",body:'[Alvord EC Jr, Lofton S. Gliomas of the optic nerve or chiasm: Outcome by patient’s age, tumour site, and treatment. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1988;68:85-98]'},{id:"B3",body:'[Tow SL, Chandela S, Miller NR, Avellino AM. Long-term outcome in children with gliomas of the anterior visual pathway. Pediatric Neurology. 2003;28:262-270]'},{id:"B4",body:'[Campen CJ, Gutmann DH. Optic pathway gliomas in neurofibromatosis type 1. Journal of Child Neurology. 2018;33(1):73-81]'},{id:"B5",body:'[Jahraus CD, Tarbell NJ. Optic pathway gliomas. Pediatric Blood and Cancer. 2006;46(5):586-596]'},{id:"B6",body:'[Nicolin G, Parkin P, Mabbott D, Hargrave D, Bartels U, Tabori U, et al. Natural history and outcome of optic pathway gliomas in children. Pediatric Blood and Cancer. 2009;53(7):1231-1237]'},{id:"B7",body:'[Revere KE, Katowitz WR, Katowitz JA, et al. Childhood optic nerve glioma: Vision loss due to biopsy. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2017;33:S107-S109]'},{id:"B8",body:'[Hoffman HJ, Soloniuk DS, Humphreys RP, et al. Management and outcome of low-grade astrocytomas of the midline in children: A retrospective review. Neurosurgery. 1993;33:964-971]'},{id:"B9",body:'[Tao ML, Barnes PD, Billett AL, Leong TS. Childhood optic chiasm gliomas: Radiographic response following radiotherapy and long- term clinical out- come. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1997;39:579-587]'},{id:"B10",body:'[Jenkin D, Angyalfi S, Becker L, Berry M. Optic glioma in children: Surveillance, resection, or irradiation? International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1993;25:215-225]'},{id:"B11",body:'[Flickinger JC, Torres C, Deutsch M. Management of low-grade gliomas of the optic nerve and chiasm. Cancer. 1988;61:635-642]'},{id:"B12",body:'[Grabenbauer G, Schuchardt U, Buchfelder M, Rödel CM. Radiation therapy of optico-hypothalamic gliomas (OHG)—Radiographic response, vision and late toxicity. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2000;54:239-245]'},{id:"B13",body:'[Tsang DS, Murphy ES, Merchant TE. Radiation therapy for optic pathway and hypothalamic low-grade gliomas in children. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2017;99(3):642-651]'},{id:"B14",body:'[Janss AJ, Grundy R, Cnaan A, Savino PJ. Optic pathway an hypothalamic/chiasmatic glioma in children younger than age 5 years with a 6-year follow-up. Cancer. 1995;75:1051-1059]'},{id:"B15",body:'[Singh R, Kumar A, Tudu R, Raina P, Munda P. IMRT in a rare case of bilateral optic nerve glioma. Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice. 2021;20(1):120-122]'},{id:"B16",body:'[Combs S, Schulz D, Moschos D, Thilmamm C. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy of optic pathway gliomas: Tolerance and long-term outcome. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2005;62:814-819]'},{id:"B17",body:'[Fuss M, Hug EB, Schaefer RA, Nevinny-Stickel M, Miller DW, Slater JM, et al. Proton radiation therapy (PRT) for pediatric optic pathway gliomas: Comparison with 3D planned conventional photons and a standard photon technique. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1999;45(5):1117-1126]'},{id:"B18",body:'[El-Shehaby AM, Reda WA, Abdel Karim KM, Emad Eldin RM, Nabeel AM. Single-session Gamma Knife radiosurgery for optic pathway/hypothalamic gliomas. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2016;125(Suppl 1):50-57]'},{id:"B19",body:'[Liang CL, Lu K, Liliang PC, Chen HJ. Gamma Knife surgery for optic glioma. Report of 2 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2010;113:44-47]'},{id:"B20",body:'[Uslu N, Karakaya E, Dizman A, Yegen D, Guney Y. Optic nerve glioma treatment with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. 2013;11(5):596-599]'},{id:"B21",body:'[Kelly JP, Leary S, Khanna P, Weiss AH. Longitudinal measures of visual function, tumor volume, and prediction of visual outcomes after treatment of optic pathway gliomas. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(6):1231-1237]'},{id:"B22",body:'[Packer RJ, Ater J, Allen J, et al. Carboplatin and vincristine chemotherapy for children with newly diagnosed progressive low-grade gliomas. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997;86:747-754]'},{id:"B23",body:'[Massimino M, Spreafico F, Cefalo G, et al. High response rate to cisplatin/etoposide regimen in childhood low-grade glioma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2002;20:4209-4216]'},{id:"B24",body:'[Gururangan S, Fisher MJ, Allen JC, et al. Temozolomide in children with progressive low-grade glioma. Neuro-Oncology. 2007;9:161-168]'},{id:"B25",body:'[Fangusaro J, Onar-Thomas A, Poussaint TY, Wu S, et al. A phase 2 trial of selumetinib in children with recurrent optic pathway and hypothalamic low-grade glioma without NF1: A pediatric brain tumor consortium study. Neuro-Oncology. 2021;23(10):1777-1788]'},{id:"B26",body:'[Hwang EI, Jakacki RI, Fisher MJ, et al. Long-term efficacy and toxicity of bevacizumab-based therapy in children with recurrent low-grade gliomas. Pediatric Blood and Cancer. 2013;60:776-782]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Rashmi Singh",address:"rashmisingh.noor@gmail.com",affiliation:'- Department of Radiation Oncology, RIMS, Ranchi, India
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'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Rajanigandha Tudu",address:null,affiliation:'- Department of Radiation Oncology, RIMS, Ranchi, India
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Praveer K.S. Munda",address:null,affiliation:'- Department of Radiation Oncology, RIMS, Ranchi, India
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He received his PhD degree from the Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics (ISSP), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Sofia, Bulgaria, where he is currently employed. His research activity is in the area of electromagnetic interactions with solids and is concentrated on the creation of various methods for control of materials and processes, mainly in the field of quality control. The methods can be used for the control of solids, liquids and gases. Dr Ivanov is an author and co-author of 54 publications in scientific journals and books, including four invited papers, and he has participated in 26 international conferences. He has worked as a member or leader in 14 projects of ISSP with organizations outside of the Academy. Prof. Ivanov also teaches physics at the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy in Sofia. 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\\n\\nGoogle Scholar
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Provides a simple way to search broadly for scholarly literature. Includes peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professsional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. Google Scholar sorts articles by weighing the full text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article appears, and how often the article has been cited in other scholarly literature, so that the most relevant results are returned on the first page.
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\\n\\nMicrosoft Academic
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\\n\\nBritish Library
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\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
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\\n\\nCrossref
\\n\\n\\n\\t- The official DOI (digital object identifier) link registration agency for scholarly and professional publications. Crossref operates a cross-publisher citation linking system that allows a researcher to click on a reference citation on one publisher’s platform and link directly to the cited content on another publisher’s platform, subject to the target publisher’s access control practices. This citation-linking network covers millions of articles and other content items from several hundred scholarly and professional publishers.
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\\n\\nDimensions
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\\n\\nDOAB
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\\n\\nOAPEN
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\\n\\nOpenAIRE
\\n\\n\\n\\t- OpenAIRE aims at promoting and implementing the directives of the European Commission (EC) and the European Research Council on the promotion and funding of science and research. OpenAIRE supports the Open Access Mandate and the Open Research Data Pilot developed as part of the Horizon 2020 projects.
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\\n\\nEx Libris SFX®
\\n\\n\\n\\t- SFX® link resolver gives patrons and librarians a wealth of features that optimize management of and access to resources. It provides patrons with a direct route to electronic full-text records through OpenURL linking, delivers alternative links for further resource discovery, access to journals, and more. Released in 2001 as the first OpenURL resolver, SFX is continuously enhanced to support the newest industry developments and meet the evolving needs of customers. The records include a mix of scholarly material – primarily articles and e-books – but also conference proceedings, newspaper articles, and more.
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\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\t- A non-profit, membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs. More than 41,555 libraries in 112 countries and territories around the world use OCLC services to locate, acquire, catalogue, lend and preserve library materials.
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\\n\\nCORE
\\n\\n\\n\\t- The world’s largest collection of open access research papers. CORE's mission is to aggregate all open access research outputs from repositories and journals worldwide and make them available to the public. In this way CORE facilitates free unrestricted access to research for all.
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\\n\\nResearch4Life
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Since 2002, Research4Life has provided researchers at more than 10,500 institutions in over 125 lower and middle-income countries with free or low-cost online access to up 151,000 leading journals and books in the fields of health, agriculture, environment, applied sciences and legal information. There are five programs through which users can access content: Research for Health (Hinari), Research in Agriculture (AGORA), Research in the Environment (OARE), Research for Development and Innovation (ARDI) and Research for Global Justice (GOALI).
\\n
\\n\\nPerlego
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Perlego is a digital online library focusing on the delivery of academic, professional and non-fiction eBooks. It is a subscription-based service that offers users unlimited access to these texts for the duration of their subscription, however IntechOpen content integrated on the platform will always be available for free. They have been billed as “the Spotify for Textbooks” by the Evening Standard. Perlego is based in London but is available to users worldwide.
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\\n\\nMyScienceWork
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\\n\\nCNKI
\\n\\n\\n\\t- CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) is a key national information construction project under the lead of Tsinghua University, and supported by PRC Ministry of Education, PRC Ministry of Science, Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China and PRC General Administration of Press and Publication. CNKI has built a comprehensive China Integrated Knowledge Resources System, including journals, doctoral dissertations, masters' theses, proceedings, newspapers, yearbooks, statistical yearbooks, ebooks, patents, standards and so on. CNKI keeps integrating new contents and developing new products in 2 aspects: full-text academic resources, software on digitization and knowledge management. Began with academic journals, CNKI has become the largest and mostly-used academic online library in China.
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\\n\\nCNPIEC - CNPeReading
\\n\\n\\n\\t- As one of the largest digital content platform in China,independently developed by CNPIEC, CNPeReading positions herself as “One Platform,Vast Content, Global Services”. Through their new cooperation model and service philosophy, CNPeReading provides integrated promotion and marketing solutionsfor upstream publishers, one-stop, triune, recommendation, online reading and management servicesfor downstream institutions & libraries.
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\\n\\nERIC
\\n\\n\\n\\t- ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education, provides access to education literature to support the use of educational research and information to improve practice in learning, teaching, educational decision-making, and research. The ERIC website is available to the public for searching more than one million citations going back to 1966.
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\\n\\nACM Digital Library
\\n\\n\\n\\t- The ACM Digital Library is a research, discovery and networking platform containing: The Full-Text Collection of all ACM publications, including journals, conference proceedings, technical magazines, newsletters and books. A collection of curated and hosted full-text publications from select publishers.
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\\n\\nBASE
\\n\\n\\n\\t- BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine) is one of the world's most voluminous search sengines especially for academic web resources, e.g. journal articles, preprints, digital collections, images / videos or research data. BASE facilitates effective and targeted searches and retrieves high quality, academically relevant results. Other than search engines like Google or Bing BASE searches the deep web as well. The sources which are included in BASE are intellectually selected (by people from the BASE team) and reviewed. That's why data garbage and spam do not occur.
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\\n\\nzbMath
\\n\\n\\n\\t- Zentralblatt MATH (zbMATH) is the world’s most comprehensive and longest-running abstracting and reviewing service in pure and applied mathematics. It is edited by the European Mathematical Society (EMS), the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and FIZ Karlsruhe. zbMATH provides easy access to bibliographic data, reviews and abstracts from all areas of pure mathematics as well as applications, in particular to natural sciences, computer science, economics and engineering. It also covers history and philosophy of mathematics and university education. All entries are classified according to the Mathematics Subject Classification Scheme (MSC 2020) and are equipped with keywords in order to characterize their particular content.
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\\n\\nRePEc IDEAS
\\n\\n\\n\\t- IDEAS is the largest bibliographic database dedicated to Economics and available freely on the Internet. Based on RePEc, it indexes over 3,100,000 items of research, including over 2,900,000 that can be downloaded in full text. RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) is a large volunteer effort to enhance the free dissemination of research in Economics which includes bibliographic metadata from over 2,000 participating archives, including all the major publishers and research outlets. IDEAS is just one of several services that use RePEc data.
\\n
\\n\\nChemical Abstracts Service
\\n\\n\\n\\t- As the authoritative source for chemical names, structures and CAS Registry Numbers®, the CAS substance collection, CAS REGISTRY®, serves as a universal standard for chemists worldwide. Covering advances in chemistry and related sciences over the last 150 years, the CAS content collection empowers researchers, business leaders, and information professionals around the world with immediate access to the reliable information they need to fuel innovation.
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\n\nBIOSIS Previews
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\n\nZoological Record
\n\n\n\t- Produced by the Web Of Science group, Zoological Record is the world’s oldest continuing database of animal biology. It is considered the world’s leading taxonomic reference, and with coverage back to 1864, has long acted as the world’s unofficial register of animal names. The broad scope of coverage ranges from biodiversity and the environment to taxonomy and veterinary sciences.
\n
\n\nGoogle Scholar
\n\n\n\t- Provides a simple way to search broadly for scholarly literature. Includes peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professsional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. Google Scholar sorts articles by weighing the full text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article appears, and how often the article has been cited in other scholarly literature, so that the most relevant results are returned on the first page.
\n
\n\nMicrosoft Academic
\n\n\n\t- Microsoft Academic is a project exploring how to assist human conducting scientific research by leveraging machine’s cognitive power in memory, computation, sensing, attention, and endurance. Re-launched in 2016, the tool features an entirely new data structure and search engine using semantic search technologies. The Academic Knowledge API offers information retrieval from the underlying database using REST endpoints for advanced research purposes.
\n
\n\nBritish Library
\n\n\n\t- The national library of the United Kingdom includes 150 million manuscripts, maps, newspapers, magazines, prints and drawings, music scores, and patents. Online catalogues, information and exhibitions can be found on its website. The library operates the world's largest document delivery service, providing millions of items a year to national and international customers.
\n
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\n\n\t- The digital NSK portal is the central gathering place for the digital collections of the National and University Library (NSK) in Croatia. It was established in 2016 to provide access to the Library’s digital and digitized material collections regardless of storage location. The digital NSK portal enables a unified search of digitized material from the NSK Special Collections - books, visual material, maps and music material. From the end of 2019, all thematic portals are available independently: Digital Books, Digitized Manuscripts, Digitized Visual Materials, Digital Music Materials and Digitized Cartographic Materials (established in 2017). Currently available only in Croatian.
\n
\n\nCrossref
\n\n\n\t- The official DOI (digital object identifier) link registration agency for scholarly and professional publications. Crossref operates a cross-publisher citation linking system that allows a researcher to click on a reference citation on one publisher’s platform and link directly to the cited content on another publisher’s platform, subject to the target publisher’s access control practices. This citation-linking network covers millions of articles and other content items from several hundred scholarly and professional publishers.
\n
\n\nDimensions
\n\n\n\t- Dimensions is a next-generation linked research information system that makes it easier to find and access the most relevant information, analyze the academic and broader outcomes of research, and gather insights to inform future strategy. Dimensions delivers an array of search and discovery, analytical, and research management tools, all in a single platform. Developed in collaboration with over 100 leading research organizations around the world, it brings together over 128 million publications, grants, policy, data and metrics for the first time, enabling users to explore over 4 billion connections between them.
\n
\n\nDOAB
\n\n\n\t- The primary aim of DOAB (Directory of Open Access Books) is to increase discoverability of Open Access books. Metadata will be harvestable in order to maximize dissemination, visibility and impact. Aggregators can integrate the records in their commercial services and libraries can integrate the directory into their online catalogues, helping scholars and students to discover the books.
\n
\n\nOAPEN
\n\n\n\t- OAPEN is dedicated to open access, peer-reviewed books. OAPEN operates two platforms, the OAPEN Library (www.oapen.org), a central repository for hosting and disseminating OA books, and the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB, www.doabooks.org), a discovery service for OA books.
\n
\n\nOpenAIRE
\n\n\n\t- OpenAIRE aims at promoting and implementing the directives of the European Commission (EC) and the European Research Council on the promotion and funding of science and research. OpenAIRE supports the Open Access Mandate and the Open Research Data Pilot developed as part of the Horizon 2020 projects.
\n
\n\nEBSCOhost Research Platfrom
\n\n\n\t- An integrated information service combining reference databases, subscription management, online journals, books and linking services. Widely used by libraries, schools, government institutions, medical institutions, corporations and others.
\n
\n\nEx Libris SFX®
\n\n\n\t- SFX® link resolver gives patrons and librarians a wealth of features that optimize management of and access to resources. It provides patrons with a direct route to electronic full-text records through OpenURL linking, delivers alternative links for further resource discovery, access to journals, and more. Released in 2001 as the first OpenURL resolver, SFX is continuously enhanced to support the newest industry developments and meet the evolving needs of customers. The records include a mix of scholarly material – primarily articles and e-books – but also conference proceedings, newspaper articles, and more.
\n
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\n\n\n\t- As one of the largest digital content platform in China,independently developed by CNPIEC, CNPeReading positions herself as “One Platform,Vast Content, Global Services”. Through their new cooperation model and service philosophy, CNPeReading provides integrated promotion and marketing solutionsfor upstream publishers, one-stop, triune, recommendation, online reading and management servicesfor downstream institutions & libraries.
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\n\nRePEc IDEAS
\n\n\n\t- IDEAS is the largest bibliographic database dedicated to Economics and available freely on the Internet. Based on RePEc, it indexes over 3,100,000 items of research, including over 2,900,000 that can be downloaded in full text. RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) is a large volunteer effort to enhance the free dissemination of research in Economics which includes bibliographic metadata from over 2,000 participating archives, including all the major publishers and research outlets. IDEAS is just one of several services that use RePEc data.
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\n\nChemical Abstracts Service
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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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