\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6380",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cytotoxicity",title:"Cytotoxicity",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book Cytotoxicity is aimed to be an essential reading to all medical students, biologists, biochemists and professionals involved in the field of toxicology. This book is a useful and ideal guide for novice researchers interested in learning research methods to study cytotoxic bioactive compounds. The parts of this book describe the replacement and different applications of the cytotoxic agents. All chapters are written by paramount experts in cytotoxicity research. This will hopefully stimulate more research initiatives, funding, and critical insight into the already increasing demand for cytotoxicity researches that have been evidenced worldwide.",isbn:"978-1-78923-431-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-430-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-443-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69919",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cytotoxicity",numberOfPages:278,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"60d61573c9a66207b8bc54613cac5716",bookSignature:"Tülay Aşkin Çelik",publishedDate:"July 25th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6380.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22498,numberOfWosCitations:40,numberOfCrossrefCitations:29,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:58,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:127,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 14th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 5th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 1st 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 30th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 28th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",middleName:null,surname:"Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin Celik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/74041/images/system/74041.png",biography:"Dr. Tülay AŞKIN ÇELİK gained her PhD from Fırat University, Art and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Elazığ/TURKEY. Presently she is an Associate Professor at Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Art and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Aydın/TURKEY in the field of genetics. She has been a referee for more than 25 international scientific journals and she worked as a researcher and project manager in 13 projects. She is a referent for issues related to the fields of genetic toxicology and anticancer and antioxidant plants. In 2008, she became a member of the European Association for Cancer Research (EACR) and Molecular Cancer Research Association (MOKAD) and in 2018, she became a member of the Medical Biology and Genetics Association (TBGDER). Currently, her scientific interests include bioactive phytochemicals and plant extracts on their cytogenetic and gentotoxic effects on chromosomes and cancer cells and in vivo /in vitro biological activities. Furthermore, she is also investigating the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of environmental pollutants such as pesticides. She has authored one book and two book chapters in reputed books published by IntechOpen Access Publisher.",institutionString:"Aydın Adnan Menderes University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Adnan Menderes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1208",title:"Medical Toxicology",slug:"medical-toxicology"}],chapters:[{id:"61438",title:"Introductory Chapter: Cytotoxicity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77244",slug:"introductory-chapter-cytotoxicity",totalDownloads:1347,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tülay Aşkin Çelik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61438",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61438",authors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",surname:"Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin Celik"}],corrections:null},{id:"57702",title:"Cytotoxicity Caused by Asbestos Fibers and Acquisition of Resistance by Continuous Exposure in Human T Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72064",slug:"cytotoxicity-caused-by-asbestos-fibers-and-acquisition-of-resistance-by-continuous-exposure-in-human",totalDownloads:984,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The cytotoxic effects of asbestos fibers on human T cells and the acquisition of resistance against asbestos-induced apoptosis have been studied. These analyses are based on the establishment of a continuous and relatively low-dose exposure model of human immune cells exposed to asbestos that resembles actual exposure in the human body. The MT-2 T cell line was selected as the candidate for the investigations. A transient and high-dose exposure to chrysotile resulted in apoptosis with production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. However, sublines continuously exposed to low dose of asbestos exhibited resistance to asbestos-induced apoptosis. The mechanism of resistance acquisition involved excess production of IL-10, activation of STAT3, and enhanced expression of Bcl-2 located downstream of STAT3. These changes were also found in a subline continuously exposed to crocidolite. Furthermore, sublines showed a marked decrease in the expression of forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) transcription factor. FoxO1 is known to regulate apoptosis and various other cellular processes. Regarding apoptosis, sublines continuously exposed to asbestos showed reduction of FoxP1-driven proapoptotic genes. This pathway is also considered one of the mechanisms that result in resistance to asbestos-induced apoptosis in sublines. These sublines also exhibited several characteristics suggesting reduction of antitumor immunity.",signatures:"Hidenori Matsuzaki, Suni Lee, Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Yu Min,\nNagisa Sada, Kei Yoshitome, Yasumitsu Nishimura, Megumi Maeda\nand Takemi Otsuki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57702",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57702",authors:[{id:"34101",title:"Prof.",name:"Takemi",surname:"Otsuki",slug:"takemi-otsuki",fullName:"Takemi Otsuki"},{id:"48627",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoko",surname:"Kumagai-Takei",slug:"naoko-kumagai-takei",fullName:"Naoko Kumagai-Takei"},{id:"48631",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasumitsu",surname:"Nishimura",slug:"yasumitsu-nishimura",fullName:"Yasumitsu Nishimura"},{id:"104893",title:"Dr.",name:"Suni",surname:"Lee",slug:"suni-lee",fullName:"Suni Lee"},{id:"104894",title:"Dr.",name:"Hidenori",surname:"Matsuzaki",slug:"hidenori-matsuzaki",fullName:"Hidenori Matsuzaki"},{id:"219725",title:"Dr.",name:"Kei",surname:"Yoshitome",slug:"kei-yoshitome",fullName:"Kei Yoshitome"},{id:"222581",title:"MSc.",name:"Yu",surname:"Min",slug:"yu-min",fullName:"Yu Min"},{id:"222582",title:"Dr.",name:"Nagisa",surname:"Sada",slug:"nagisa-sada",fullName:"Nagisa Sada"},{id:"222583",title:"Prof.",name:"Megumi",surname:"Maeda",slug:"megumi-maeda",fullName:"Megumi Maeda"}],corrections:null},{id:"58055",title:"The Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties of the Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin Z Alone and in Combination with Conventional Treatments",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71927",slug:"the-cytotoxic-antimicrobial-and-anticancer-properties-of-the-antimicrobial-peptide-nisin-z-alone-and",totalDownloads:7259,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nisin is an antimicrobial peptide commonly used as a food preservative since 1969. This peptide has potent antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive bacterial strains, including clinically important and resistant pathogens. The combination of nisin with conventional antibiotics has been shown to improve the antimicrobial activity of these antibiotic agents. Apart from the antimicrobial properties of nisin, this AMP also displays promising anticancer potential towards several types of malignancies. The nisin Z variant is able to induce selective cytotoxicity in melanoma cells compared to non-malignant cells. It was shown that nisin Z disrupts the cell membrane integrity of melanoma cells and that cytotoxicity is likely due to the activation of an apoptotic pathway. In addition, when used in combination with the conventional chemotherapeutic agents, nisin Z has the potential to enhance the cytotoxicity of these chemotherapeutic agents against cultured melanoma cells. Nisin Z has great potential for clinical application considering its low cytotoxicity to non-malignant cells and its effectiveness against Gram-positive bacterial strains and certain cancers.",signatures:"Angélique Lewies, Lissinda H. Du Plessis and Johannes F. Wentzel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58055",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58055",authors:[{id:"214707",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",surname:"Wentzel",slug:"johannes-wentzel",fullName:"Johannes Wentzel"},{id:"216091",title:"Dr.",name:"Angélique",surname:"Lewies",slug:"angelique-lewies",fullName:"Angélique Lewies"},{id:"216092",title:"Prof.",name:"Lissinda",surname:"Du Plessis",slug:"lissinda-du-plessis",fullName:"Lissinda Du Plessis"}],corrections:null},{id:"58788",title:"Cytotoxic Colchicine Alkaloids: From Plants to Drugs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72622",slug:"cytotoxic-colchicine-alkaloids-from-plants-to-drugs",totalDownloads:1412,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Plants produce and store many organic compounds like amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and alkaloids, which are usually treated as secondary metabolites. Many alkaloids are biologically active for humans. For thousand years, extracts from plants containing alkaloids had medicinal use as drugs and they owe their powerful effects thanks to presence of alkaloids. Alkaloids have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, local anesthetic, hypnotic, psychotropic, antimitotic, and antitumor activity. Nowadays, alkaloids from plants are still of great interest to organic chemists, pharmacologists, biologists, biochemists, and pharmacists. Plants of Liliaceae family contain colchicine as the main alkaloid, which has cytotoxic activity. Colchicine has limited pharmacological application because of its toxicity, but many derivatives have been synthesized and their cytotoxic activity and tubulin-binding properties have been tested. Many of the synthetic derivatives showed good cytotoxic activity.",signatures:"Joanna Kurek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58788",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58788",authors:[{id:"214632",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",surname:"Kurek",slug:"joanna-kurek",fullName:"Joanna Kurek"}],corrections:null},{id:"58539",title:"Natural Products as Cytotoxic Agents in Chemotherapy against Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72744",slug:"natural-products-as-cytotoxic-agents-in-chemotherapy-against-cancer",totalDownloads:1485,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nature continues to produce a great wealth of natural molecules endowed with cytotoxic activity toward a large panel of tumor cells. Some of these molecules are used in chemotherapy, and others have shown great anti-tumor and anti-metastatic potential in preclinical trials. This review discusses some examples of these molecules that have been studied in our laboratory and others. We report a differential cytotoxic activity of some monoterpenes (carvacrol, tymol, carveol, carvone, and isopulegol) against a panel of tumor cell lines. The carvacrol was the most cytotoxic molecule both in vitro and in vivo as demonstrated by preclinical studies using the DBA2/P815 mice model. On the other hand, polyphenols were also studied with respect to their cytotoxic effects. Interestingly, these compounds showed a prominent cytotoxic activity toward a panel of cancer cells with differential molecular mechanisms. In addition, we report a very strong antitumor efficacy of artemisinin, a sesquiterpen lactone from Artemisia annua, together with an antimetastatic potential as demonstrated by preclinical experiments. Furthermore, some of the molecular mechanisms involved in these effects are described.",signatures:"Abdelmajid Zyad, Inass Leouifoudi, Mounir Tilaoui, Hassan Ait\nMouse, Mouna Khouchani and Abdeslam Jaafari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58539",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58539",authors:[{id:"187827",title:"Dr.",name:"Inass",surname:"Leouifoudi",slug:"inass-leouifoudi",fullName:"Inass Leouifoudi"},{id:"204146",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelmajid",surname:"Zyad",slug:"abdelmajid-zyad",fullName:"Abdelmajid Zyad"},{id:"216446",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ait Mouse",slug:"hassan-ait-mouse",fullName:"Hassan Ait Mouse"},{id:"216447",title:"Prof.",name:"Mouna",surname:"Khouchani",slug:"mouna-khouchani",fullName:"Mouna Khouchani"}],corrections:null},{id:"58323",title:"Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Induction by Coumarins in CLL",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72446",slug:"cytotoxicity-and-apoptosis-induction-by-coumarins-in-cll",totalDownloads:1158,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is one of the leukemia types. Leukemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming cells. Cancer is a disease that is often characterized by too little apoptosis and uncontrolled duplicate of body cells. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a normal component of the development and health of multicellular organisms. Cells die in response to a variety of stimuli during apoptosis. During cancer, pathophysiology apoptosis of the cancerous cells is disrupted, so one of the strategies for cancer chemotherapy is inducing apoptosis in cancerous cells. Myeloid cell leukemia type 1 (Mcl-1) is one of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. It has been shown that the expression of Mcl-1 in CLL is significantly associated with a failure to achieve complete remission following cytotoxic therapy, so regulation of Mcl-1 expression by coumarins could be one of the mechanisms of CLL chemotherapy. Coumarins consist of a large class of phenolic substances found in plants. Different pharmacologic effects of coumarins were reported. One of these effects is cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in cancerous cells by coumarins. In this chapter, the cytotoxic activity of coumarins and their role in Mcl-1 regulation are discussed.",signatures:"Omid Gholami",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58323",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58323",authors:[{id:"214865",title:"Dr.",name:"Omid",surname:"Gholami",slug:"omid-gholami",fullName:"Omid Gholami"}],corrections:null},{id:"58914",title:"Cyto(Geno)Toxic Endpoints Assessed via Cell Cycle Bioassays in Plant Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72997",slug:"cyto-geno-toxic-endpoints-assessed-via-cell-cycle-bioassays-in-plant-models",totalDownloads:1022,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Environmental pollution is a matter of great concern. Therefore, researches that aim to access the risk of toxicity of these potential pollutants are welcome in the scientific community. The most common strategy to detect toxic agents is through chemical analysis. However, in the last years, the biological assays are often important for risk assessments. Among the bioassays using living organisms to detect toxicity of a compound, plant models have been highlighted as it is easy to be conducted, has low cost, high sensitivity and presents good correlation with other test systems, including mammals. Besides, it is in accordance with the Toxicology Guidelines for the twenty-first century, which claims for bioassays that could substitute the ones that use animals as models. At cellular level, the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity are the parameters determined by the endpoints as mitotic index, DNA fragmentation, induction of cell death, and malfunction of cellular structures leading to chromosome and cell cycle alterations. Each of these endpoints will be presented in details in this chapter.",signatures:"Larissa Fonseca Andrade Vieira and Graciele Lurdes Silveira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58914",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58914",authors:[{id:"215258",title:"Prof.",name:"Larissa",surname:"Fonseca Andrade Vieira",slug:"larissa-fonseca-andrade-vieira",fullName:"Larissa Fonseca Andrade Vieira"},{id:"215260",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Graciele",surname:"Silveira",slug:"graciele-silveira",fullName:"Graciele Silveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"58235",title:"Role of Cytotoxicity Experiments in Pharmaceutical Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72539",slug:"role-of-cytotoxicity-experiments-in-pharmaceutical-development",totalDownloads:1808,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Through the twentieth century, the road from synthetizing a new drug molecule to become an actual product got longer than ever before. Cytotoxicity assays are a quick way to assess a certain chemical compound’s effects on a given human cell line. The most well-known techniques are the MTT- and the LDH-assays. These tests are cheap, easy to execute, but not very precise and dependent on various environmental factors and also, they show no detail about the time-dependency of the toxic effect. Cytotoxicity experiments are a crucial part of a modern pharmaceutical development process. They are a cheap and safe way to get vital information about a new molecule’s biological attributes focusing on its basic tolerability. These studies not only save human lives and test animals, but they save the time and resources to be spared on a test molecule which is a complete failure having no in vitro safety.",signatures:"Ildikó Bácskay, Dániel Nemes, Ferenc Fenyvesi, Judit Váradi, Gábor\nVasvári, Pálma Fehér, Miklós Vecsernyés and Zoltán Ujhelyi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58235",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58235",authors:[{id:"215449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ildikó",surname:"Bácskay",slug:"ildiko-bacskay",fullName:"Ildikó Bácskay"},{id:"215453",title:"Dr.",name:"Dániel",surname:"Nemes",slug:"daniel-nemes",fullName:"Dániel Nemes"},{id:"215454",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltán",surname:"Ujhelyi",slug:"zoltan-ujhelyi",fullName:"Zoltán Ujhelyi"},{id:"215456",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferenc",surname:"Fenyvesi",slug:"ferenc-fenyvesi",fullName:"Ferenc Fenyvesi"},{id:"215457",title:"Dr.",name:"Judit",surname:"Váradi",slug:"judit-varadi",fullName:"Judit Váradi"},{id:"215458",title:"Dr.",name:"Gábor",surname:"Vasvári",slug:"gabor-vasvari",fullName:"Gábor Vasvári"},{id:"215459",title:"Dr.",name:"Pálma",surname:"Fehér",slug:"palma-feher",fullName:"Pálma Fehér"},{id:"215460",title:"Dr.",name:"Miklós",surname:"Vecsernyés",slug:"miklos-vecsernyes",fullName:"Miklós Vecsernyés"}],corrections:null},{id:"61672",title:"Biocompatibility of Doped Semiconductors Nanocrystals and Nanocomposites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77197",slug:"biocompatibility-of-doped-semiconductors-nanocrystals-and-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:1078,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Exposure of humans and environment to nanocrystals are inevitable, and nanotoxicological analyses are a requirement. The wide variety of nanocrystals with different applications is increasing, and characterization of their effects after exposure includes their potential toxicity and uses. This review summarizes the characterization of doped nanocrystals and nanocomposites, Ca-doped ZnO, Ag- and Eu-doped ZnO and Ni-doped ZnO NCs, their biocompatibility and applications. This review uncovers how these nanocrystals present desirable biocompatible properties, which can be useful as antitumoral and antimicrobial inducing agents, which differ markedly from toxic properties observed in other general nanocrystals.",signatures:"Anielle Christine Almeida Silva, Mariana Alves Pereira Zóia, Lucas Ian Veloso Correia,\nFernanda Van Petten Vasconcelos Azevedo, Aline Teodoro de\nPaula, Larissa Prado Maia, Layara Santana de Carvalho, Loyna\nNobile Carvalho, Maria Paula Camargo Costa, Layssa Carrilho\nGiaretta, Renata Santos Rodrigues, Veridiana de Melo Ávila, Luiz\nRicardo Goulart and Noelio Oliveira Dantas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61672",authors:[{id:"13001",title:"Dr.",name:"Noelio",surname:"Oliveira Dantas",slug:"noelio-oliveira-dantas",fullName:"Noelio Oliveira Dantas"},{id:"217672",title:"Prof.",name:"Anielle",surname:"Silva",slug:"anielle-silva",fullName:"Anielle Silva"},{id:"227086",title:"MSc.",name:"Fernanda",surname:"Van Petten Vasconcelos Azevedo",slug:"fernanda-van-petten-vasconcelos-azevedo",fullName:"Fernanda Van Petten Vasconcelos Azevedo"},{id:"227087",title:"MSc.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Alves Pereira Zóia",slug:"mariana-alves-pereira-zoia",fullName:"Mariana Alves Pereira Zóia"},{id:"227089",title:"BSc.",name:"Lucas Ian",surname:"Veloso Correia",slug:"lucas-ian-veloso-correia",fullName:"Lucas Ian Veloso Correia"},{id:"227090",title:"Dr.",name:"Aline",surname:"Teodoro De Paula",slug:"aline-teodoro-de-paula",fullName:"Aline Teodoro De Paula"},{id:"227099",title:"Prof.",name:"Renata",surname:"Santos Rodrigues",slug:"renata-santos-rodrigues",fullName:"Renata Santos Rodrigues"},{id:"227100",title:"Prof.",name:"Veridiana",surname:"De Melo Ávila",slug:"veridiana-de-melo-avila",fullName:"Veridiana De Melo Ávila"},{id:"227101",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz Ricardo",surname:"Goulart",slug:"luiz-ricardo-goulart",fullName:"Luiz Ricardo Goulart"},{id:"227368",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria Paula",surname:"Camargo Costa",slug:"maria-paula-camargo-costa",fullName:"Maria Paula Camargo Costa"},{id:"227369",title:"Ms.",name:"Layssa",surname:"Carrilho Giaretta",slug:"layssa-carrilho-giaretta",fullName:"Layssa Carrilho Giaretta"}],corrections:null},{id:"57853",title:"Toxicity of Titanate Nanosheets on Human Immune Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72234",slug:"toxicity-of-titanate-nanosheets-on-human-immune-cells",totalDownloads:936,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Titanium oxide is regarded as a bio-inert material, but studies concerning the toxic effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2), particularly nano-scaled TiO2 particles, have been accumulating that indicate nano-scaled TiO2 particles show more harm and cause greater alteration of immune functions compared with large particles. Inorganic nanosheets have been the focus of increasing interest because of their ultrathin structure, as well as diversity of compounds and structures leading to various functions. Oxide nanosheets are included in the group comprising inorganic nanosheets, and titanate nanosheets (TiNSs) represent a form of oxide nanosheets. We therefore examined the toxicity of nano-scaled 2D materials of TiNSs on human immune cells. Our study revealed that TiNSs have the potential to cause harm through caspase-dependent apoptosis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to the same degree as asbestos. Furthermore, isolated monocytes developed marked vacuoles prior to cell death upon exposure to TiNSs, which were found in the vacuoles and indicated engulfment of TiNSs. A consideration of these findings with the co-localization of vacuoles with endocytosed fluorescence-labeled dextran indicates that TiNSs entered the endosomal pathway, leading to the formation of vacuoles in monocytes and subsequent cell death. TiNSs might therefore affect immune functions through interference of endo-lysosomal functions.",signatures:"Yasumitsu Nishimura, Daisuke Yoshioka, Naoko Kumagai-Takei,\nSuni Lee, Hidenori Matsuzaki, Kei Yoshitome and Takemi Otsuki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57853",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57853",authors:[{id:"48631",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasumitsu",surname:"Nishimura",slug:"yasumitsu-nishimura",fullName:"Yasumitsu Nishimura"}],corrections:null},{id:"58365",title:"General Cytotoxicity and Its Application in Nanomaterial Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72578",slug:"general-cytotoxicity-and-its-application-in-nanomaterial-analysis",totalDownloads:1560,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The recent increasing interest in the use of different nanoparticles in biological and medical applications encouraged scientists to analyse their potential impact on biological systems. The biocompatibility analyses of novel materials for medical applications are conducted using quantitative and qualitative techniques collected by the International Standards Organization (ISO). The well-known assays, such as tetrazolium-based assays used for mitochondrial function monitoring, LDH for membrane permeability determination and neutral red uptake (NRU) describing lysosome function, need to be optimised due to specific properties of wide range of nanomaterials. Physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) such as size, composition, concentration, shape and surface (e.g., charge, coating, aspect ratio), as well as the cell type play a crucial role in determining the nanomaterial toxicity (also uptake pathway(s) of NPs). Different nanomaterials exhibit different cytotoxicity from relatively non-toxic hexagonal boron nitride to rutile TiO2 NPs that induce oxidative DNA damage in the absence of UV light. Finally, the results of the nanomedical analysis can be enriched by holographic microscopy that gives valuable information about the doubling time (DT), cell segmentation, track cell movement and changes in cell morphology. The results can be also completed by phenotype microarrays (PMs) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques that fulfil experimental data.",signatures:"Magdalena Jedrzejczak-Silicka and Ewa Mijowska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58365",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58365",authors:[{id:"186478",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Jedrzejczak-Silicka",slug:"magdalena-jedrzejczak-silicka",fullName:"Magdalena Jedrzejczak-Silicka"},{id:"231014",title:"Prof.",name:"Ewa",surname:"Mijowska",slug:"ewa-mijowska",fullName:"Ewa Mijowska"}],corrections:null},{id:"61587",title:"Review of In vitro Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Nanorods: Part 1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76365",slug:"review-of-in-vitro-toxicity-of-nanoparticles-and-nanorods-part-1",totalDownloads:1101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The specific use of engineered nanostructures in biomedical applications has become very attractive, due to their ability to interface and target specific cells and tissues to execute their functions. Additionally, there is continuous progress in research on new nanostructures with unique optical, magnetic, catalytic, and electrochemical properties that can be exploited for therapeutic or diagnostic methods. On the other hand, as nanostructures become widely used in many different applications, the unspecific exposure of humans to them is also unavoidable. Therefore, studying and understanding the toxicity of such materials is of increasing importance. Previously published reviews regarding the toxicological effects of nanostructures focuses mostly on the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles and their internalization, activated signaling pathways, and cellular response. Here, the most recent studies on the in vitro cytotoxicity of NPs, nanowires, and nanorods for biomedical applications are reviewed and divided into two parts. The first part considers nonmagnetic metallic and magnetic nanostructures. While part 2 covers carbon structures and semiconductors. The factors influencing the toxicity of these nanostructures are elaborated, to help elucidating the effects of these nanomaterials on cells, which is a prerequisite for their save clinical use.",signatures:"Jose Efrain Perez, Nouf Alsharif, Aldo Isaac Martínez Banderas,\nBasmah Othman, Jasmeen Merzaban, Timothy Ravasi and Jürgen\nKosel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61587",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61587",authors:[{id:"141848",title:"Prof.",name:"Jurgen",surname:"Kosel",slug:"jurgen-kosel",fullName:"Jurgen Kosel"},{id:"225868",title:"Mr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Perez",slug:"jose-perez",fullName:"Jose Perez"},{id:"225869",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nouf",surname:"Alsharif",slug:"nouf-alsharif",fullName:"Nouf Alsharif"},{id:"225870",title:"Mr.",name:"Aldo Martinez",surname:"Banderas",slug:"aldo-martinez-banderas",fullName:"Aldo Martinez Banderas"},{id:"225871",title:"Prof.",name:"Jasmeen",surname:"Merzaban",slug:"jasmeen-merzaban",fullName:"Jasmeen Merzaban"},{id:"225872",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",surname:"Ravasi",slug:"timothy-ravasi",fullName:"Timothy Ravasi"}],corrections:null},{id:"62231",title:"Review of In Vitro Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Nanorods—Part 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78616",slug:"review-of-in-vitro-toxicity-of-nanoparticles-and-nanorods-part-2",totalDownloads:1351,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The specific use of engineered nanostructures in biomedical applications has become very attractive, due to their ability to interface and target specific cells and tissues to execute their functions. Additionally, there is continuous progress in research on new nanostructures with unique optical, magnetic, catalytic and electrochemical properties that can be exploited for therapeutic or diagnostic methods. On the other hand, as nanostructures become widely used in many different applications, the unspecific exposure of humans to them is also unavoidable. Therefore, studying and understanding the toxicity of such materials are of increasing importance. Previously published reviews regarding the toxicological effects of nanostructures focus mostly on the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles and their internalization, activated signaling pathways and cellular response. Here, the most recent studies on the in-vitro cytotoxicity of NPs, nanowires and nanorods for biomedical applications are reviewed and divided into two parts. The first part considers nonmagnetic metallic and magnetic nanostructures, while, the second part covers carbon structures and semiconductors. The factors influencing the toxicity of these nanostructures are elaborated to help elucidate the effects of these nanomaterials on cells, which is a prerequisite for their safe clinical use.",signatures:"Jose E. Perez, Nouf Alsharif, Aldo I. Martínez-Banderas, Basmah\nOthman, Jasmeen Merzaban, Timothy Ravasi and Jürgen Kosel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62231",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62231",authors:[{id:"141848",title:"Prof.",name:"Jurgen",surname:"Kosel",slug:"jurgen-kosel",fullName:"Jurgen Kosel"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8073",title:"Chromosomal Abnormalities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a9d3c58434edf5e65f9849a6858edfe",slug:"chromosomal-abnormalities",bookSignature:"Tülay Aşkın Çelik and Subrata Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",surname:"Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin 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However, on the other hand, the tendency of autoimmune disease [1] and cancer [2] is increasingly being found with the availability of early detection screening tools. Genetic susceptibility, nutrition, and environmental factors are risk factors for the increasing prevalence and incidence of autoimmune diseases in the population [3, 4].
Autoimmune cases in specific thyroid organs are the second-highest after rheumatoid arthritis [1], with an incidence rate of about 2–5% affecting the world population [5]. Based on screening data from US and European populations, it was reported that autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Graves’ Disease were more dominant in women than men with a ratio of 5: 1 [6, 7]. The cause of the predominant tendency of women to develop autoimmune disorders is still being debated. Several hypotheses are associated with the structure of the X chromosome and hormonal changes. Morphologically, the X chromosome is larger and contains more genes (800–900 genes) than Y chromosomes (50–60 genes). Most of the genes related to immune system response and regulators are present on the X chromosome so that women have a higher risk of developing autoimmune disorders than men who only have one X chromosome [8, 9].
Graves’ Disease (GD) is a form of specific autoimmune disorder in the thyroid organ characterized by the formation of thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb) and increased thyroid hormone secretion (hyperthyroidism) [10]. This disorder was first introduced by Robert James Graves in 1835, who has clinical features such as goiter, palpitations, and orbitopathy [11]. About 60–80% of hyperthyroid disorders in the population are due to GD [12], with an incidence of 1–2 cases occurring in 1000 pregnancies [13]. GD disorders can affect all age groups, both children [14], reproductive age [15], and the elderly [16], but the most incidence occurs in women aged 20–49 years [6, 17].
Pregnant women are the most susceptible to GD, which is thought to be due to decreased immune tolerance during pregnancy [18] and hormonal changes [19]. Approximately 0.4%-1.0% of women of reproductive age have GD before pregnancy, and 0.2% have it during pregnancy [13]. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) has issued recommendations for routine thyroid health screening in pregnant women, especially the first trimester of pregnancy and postpartum [20]. Besides, all women of reproductive age who are suffering from GD or have a previous history of GD are encouraged to seek counseling when planning pregnancy as an effort to improve fetomaternal health [19].
The high titer of maternal TSAb that can cross the placental barrier will manifest in impaired fetal thyroid function, increasing fetomaternal morbidity, and mortality [18, 21]. Preterm birth (prematurity) [22], low birth weight (LBW) [21, 22], and risk of neonatal thyrotoxicosis [23] are some of the frequently reported fetomaternal complications. Apart from TSAb testing, the ATA also recommends that pregnant women with a positive TPOAb be advised to evaluate serum TSH levels every four weeks during the second trimester [20].
Genetically, polymorphisms in the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene found on chromosome 14q31 [24, 25, 26] and the thyroid peroxidase gene on chromosome 2p25 (TPO) [27, 28] are closely related to susceptibility and severity of GD disease in various populations. Both thyroid-specific genes can act as autoantigens and are potential genetic biomarkers for GD [29, 30]. The term autoantigen indicates that a protein originates within the individual’s own body, has a highly conserved structure, and is coded for genes with a low mutation rate. Thus, autoantigen is not an abnormal molecule but is coded only for genes that undergo polymorphisms in the population. Polymorphisms cause variations in protein structure and function so that they are sometimes recognized as foreign antigens that can interact with T lymphocytes and antibodies [31, 32].
Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a protein molecule that plays a vital role in the growth and differentiation of the thyroid gland and is directly involved in signal transduction and regulation of thyroid hormone biosynthesis [33, 34]. TSHR protein is the primary autoantigen that triggers GD and is a target that is attacked by TSAb [35]. T lymphocyte immunotolerance’s failure to the TSHR antigen triggers the infiltration of lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages into the thyroid follicle. Furthermore, lymphocyte infiltration triggers the secretion of several pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1ß, IL-6, IL-12 interferon-ƴ, ligand CD40, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Presentation of TSHR peptides by dendritic cells on MHC-II molecules will activate B cells and differentiate plasma cells to synthesize and secrete TSAb into the circulation [10, 36]. TSAb protein, which mimics the action of TSH on the surface of the thyroid follicle cells, is the leading cause of thyroid hyperplasia and hyperfunctioning of T3 and T4 secretion becomes uncontrolled [37].
In the majority of people with GD, other autoantibodies can also be found, such as thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) [38, 39]. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is the main enzyme that assists in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. The TPO enzyme catalyzes the organization of iodine (iodination) and the coupling process of iodothyrosine residues in thyroglobulin [40]. In GD, the persistent lymphocyte infiltration of the thyroid follicular cells can also trigger a failure to tolerate the TPO autoantigen’s immune response. About 80% of people with GD have positive TPOAb, which can activate the complement cascade, causing thyroid gland damage and dysfunction [38, 41]. Physiologically, the presence of TPOAb can also be found in normal populations around 10%-15% [42, 43], and in thyroid malignancies around 10%-20% [41].
Although both autoantibodies cross the placental barrier, only maternal TSAb titer can interfere with fetal and neonatal thyroid function. In contrast, the presence of TPOAb does not significantly affect neonatal thyroid function [20, 44]. However, monitoring of thyroid antibody titer and regular counseling is necessary during pregnancy due to complications of morbidity in the mother and infant [20, 45].
The early diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis is a challenge for clinicians because of the atypical clinical features and parallels the physiological changes in normal pregnancy [18]. Total T3, free T4, and TSH levels established during pregnancy also have different parameters or reference values from non-gravidas [46, 47]. The cause of thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy must be identified immediately, and must be able to differentiate between GD and other non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism such as gestational transient thyrotoxicosis (GTT) [13]. Although serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels were higher in GTT patients compared to GD, this parameter is not typical in the early phase, so TSAb examination can be indicated to differentiate the cause of thyrotoxicosis [20].
The presence of TSAb in serum is a hallmark or the primary marker in the diagnosis of GD. More than 95% of the presence of TSAb can be found in serum with GD [31, 48]. The presence of TSAb can be detected in the early phase of GD before causing characteristic clinical symptoms (asymptomatic), and the titer will continue to increase if not handled adequately [44]. Apart from the diagnostic screening for GD, TSAb measurement is also useful for predicting cases of GD relapse after stopping treatment [37, 49]. The research of Kwon et al. (2016) found that only TSAb measurements could predict cases of GD relapse, while the thyrotropin-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin (TBII) examination was insensitive to relapsing GD cases [49]. Although the use of thionamide anti-thyroid drugs such as propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI) has an immunomodulatory effect of lowering TSAb titers [50], many reports of remission after treatment [51, 52, 53, 54]. Carella et al. reported that TSAb titers remained positive in the majority of GD patients after 18 months of treatment with Methimazole (MMI) [51].
Increased TSAb titer also affects extrathyroid clinical manifestations, such as orbitopathy [55] and dermopathy (pretibial myxedema) [56], which can increase morbidity and decrease the quality of life for Graves sufferers. Bahn stated that TSAb titers have diagnostic value in euthyroid patients with exophthalmic [57].
In addition, TSAb measurement can also be used to determine treatment response (monitoring) and prognosis of Graves’ Disease patients who have been treated with oral anti-thyroid [52, 58].
TSAb examination in pregnant women suffering from GD or post anti-thyroid treatment can predict the likelihood of neonatal thyrotoxicosis [59, 60]. Pregnant women who have high TSAb titers and persist until the third trimester require special monitoring of neonates and mothers because of their increased risk of thyrotoxicosis [37]. The results of research by Hamada et al. showed that patients with GD with a history of radioactive iodine therapy (I-131) had a higher TSAb titer during pregnancy and were at risk of delivering babies with thyrotoxicosis [61].
Positive TPO autoantibodies can also be found in GD abnormalities, even though a change in titer can predict recurrence of GD after anti-thyroid treatment [27]. TPOAb titers are less specific than TSAb in determining the diagnosis of GD. This is because, in certain levels, TPOAb titer can be found in the serum of normal individuals (euthyroid) and pregnant women without autoimmune thyroid disorders. The prevalence of both reaches 15% in the average population and 14% in pregnant women [42, 43]. This percentage affects the clinical specificity of TPOAb as a diagnostic indicator for the detection of AITD.
Interestingly, TPOAb titers were also found in people with GD, which suggests an association with the course of thyroiditis. Umar et al. found that 15–20% of Grave’s patients had spontaneous hypothyroidism as a result of chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto), and suspected that the widespread immune response in Grave’s episode would trigger an increase in TPO and Tg autoantibodies, causing marked thyroiditis. With lymphocyte infiltration in thyrocytes cells [62].
In recent decades, methods of measuring thyroid antibodies have continued to evolve, ranging from semiquantitative testing via agglutination and complement fixation tests [63, 64], to ligand-specific testing using recombinant antigens and cultured cells transfected with human TSHR [65, 66]. The hemagglutination method is rarely used and has many shortcomings in terms of specificity, sensitivity and depending on operator skills (subjective). Current examination methods have better precision because they directly measure autoantigen and autoantibody interactions with high sensitivity and specificity [67].
Currently, there are two methods that are often used to detect the presence of TSHR autoantibodies, namely (i) the TBII test (TSH Binding Inhibition Immunoglobulin), also known as the TRAb test, which is a test to assess the capacity of a patient’s serum or IgG to inhibit TSH receptor binding with TSH labeled I125 or against recombinant TSHR protein expressed on CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells [37, 66]. (ii) A functional test (bioassay) to detect the presence of TSAb (stimulation) or TBAb (inhibition), using intact cells that are transfected with chimeric or human TSH receptors, which will then produce a biological response in the form of an increase in cAMP or bioreporter (luciferase) genes as markers. Biological activity against TSAb or TBAb activity in patient serum [68].
The TRAb method can detect TSHR autoantibodies that interact with the TSH receptor, regardless of their functional character (stimulation or inhibition). This method works based on competitive binding, i.e., the immunoglobulin in the patient’s serum will compete with either porcine (porcine) or bovine TSH that is a radiolabeled or human monoclonal antibody (code M22) which binds to the TSH receptor (recombinant human TSHR) (Figure 1) [66, 67]. In its development, the third generation TRAb test uses a monoclonal antibody that binds to TSH (M22). In the research of Zöphel et al. proved that the sensitivity of using human TSHR monoclonal antibody M22 (90.3%, positive cutoff 0.32 IU / I) was better than that of bovine TSH (62.9%, positive cutoff 1.64 IU/I) [66]. The results of a meta-analysis study conducted by Tozzoli, et al. showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the third generation TRAb test (98.3% and 99.2%) were higher than the second generation (97.1% and 97.4%) [67].
Schematic illustration of TSHR autoantibodies detection with competitive binding of TSH receptor with radiolabelled or human monoclonal antibody (code: M22) [
The second method is bioassay (TSAb or TBAb), which uses intact cells transfected with chimeric or human TSH receptors, which will produce a biological response in the form of an increase in cAMP or a bioreporter gene (luciferase) as a biological marker of stimulating or inhibiting TSHR antibody activity in serum patient [68]. This method is a functional examination, which can technically be modified to detect the presence of TSAb or TBAb that are present together in a patient’s serum. The development of a second-generation bioassay method using a mouse/human chimeric TSHR-LH receptor (MC4) can effectively eliminate the effect of TBAb. This approach demonstrates sufficient specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of GD and is clinically useful for monitoring the effect of anti-thyroid treatment (relapse and remission) [69].
One of the modalities of the bioassay method introduced recently and widely used in research is Thyretain, a method of measuring TSAb activity with a luciferase bioreporter using chimeric TSH-LH receptors (MC4) expressed on the surface of CHO (MC4-CHO-Luc) cells (Figure 2). In MC4, C-terminal TSHR (amino acid 262–335) is substituted with amino acids 261–329 derived from the mouse LH-hCG (luteinizing hormone-choriogonadotropin) receptor. The substituted TSHR C-terminal area contains the epitope TBAb. The MC4 receptor was designed to reduce TBAb interactions when TSAb was measured, by eliminating the epitope area of TSHR using TBAb. When TSAb binds to the MC4 receptor on CHO-MC4 cells, it produces a cascade signal that stimulates increased intracellular cAMP production. Furthermore, cAMP induces activation of a promoter containing the luciferase gene CRE-luc (cAMP response element-luciferase). Luciferase activity is measured as a relative light unit, determined in cell-lysate through a luminometer [69, 70, 71].
Schematic illustration of measuring TSAb activity with a luciferase bioreporter chimeric TSH-LH receptor [
Initially, TPO autoantibodies were detected as antibodies to thyroid microsome or AMA (anti microsomal antibody), using the semiquantitative method of erythrocyte hemagglutination and complement fixation [63]. The development of more specific detection methods is done by immunoassay or immunometric, using recombinant or purified TPO [72]. A recent study by D’Aurizio et al. evaluating and developing the diagnostic performance of third-generation immunometric methods, obtained increased sensitivity and specificity that are better than before [73].
Although many benefits can be obtained from regular TSAb and TPOAb titer checks in pregnant women who are suffering from GD or who have a history of GD before pregnancy. However, in reality, most clinicians have not routinely performed thyroid antibody tests, of course, with various considerations such as the high cost of examinations. Not all laboratory facilities can carry out TSAb examinations.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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The majority of seed treatments are based on seed imbibition allowing the seeds to go through the first reversible stage of germination but do not allow radical protrusion through the seed coat. Seeds keeping their desiccation tolerance are then dehydrated and can be stored until final sowing. During subsequent germination, primed seeds exhibit a faster and more synchronized germination and young seedlings are often more vigorous and resistant to abiotic stresses than seedlings obtained from unprimed seeds. Priming often involves soaking seed in predetermined amounts of water or limitation of the imbibition time. The imbibition rate could be somehow controlled by osmotic agents such as PEG and referred as osmopriming. Halopriming implies the use of specific salts while "hormopriming" relies on the use of plant growth regulators. Some physical treatments (UV, cold or heat,..) also provide germination improvement thus suggesting that priming effects are not necessarily related to seed imbibition. A better understanding of the metabolic events taking place during the priming treatment and the subsequent germination should help to use this simple and cheap technology in a more efficient way.',book:{id:"5218",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology"},signatures:"Stanley Lutts, Paolo Benincasa, Lukasz Wojtyla, Szymon Kubala S,\nRoberta Pace, Katzarina Lechowska, Muriel Quinet and Malgorzata\nGarnczarska",authors:[{id:"94090",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanley",middleName:null,surname:"Lutts",slug:"stanley-lutts",fullName:"Stanley Lutts"},{id:"181730",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Benincasa",slug:"paolo-benincasa",fullName:"Paolo Benincasa"},{id:"181732",title:"Dr.",name:"Lukasz",middleName:null,surname:"Wojtyla",slug:"lukasz-wojtyla",fullName:"Lukasz Wojtyla"},{id:"181733",title:"Dr.",name:"Szymon",middleName:null,surname:"Kubala",slug:"szymon-kubala",fullName:"Szymon Kubala"},{id:"181734",title:"Mrs.",name:"Katzzarina",middleName:null,surname:"Lechowska",slug:"katzzarina-lechowska",fullName:"Katzzarina Lechowska"},{id:"181735",title:"Dr.",name:"Muriel",middleName:null,surname:"Quinet",slug:"muriel-quinet",fullName:"Muriel Quinet"},{id:"181736",title:"Prof.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Garnczarska",slug:"malgorzata-garnczarska",fullName:"Malgorzata Garnczarska"}]},{id:"44143",doi:"10.5772/54592",title:"Production of Anthocyanins in Grape Cell Cultures: A Potential Source of Raw Material for Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetic Industries",slug:"production-of-anthocyanins-in-grape-cell-cultures-a-potential-source-of-raw-material-for-pharmaceuti",totalDownloads:7939,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:70,abstract:null,book:{id:"3143",slug:"the-mediterranean-genetic-code-grapevine-and-olive",title:"The Mediterranean Genetic Code",fullTitle:"The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive"},signatures:"Anthony Ananga, Vasil Georgiev, Joel Ochieng, Bobby Phills and Violeta Tsolova",authors:[{id:"74792",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel W.",middleName:null,surname:"Ochieng",slug:"joel-w.-ochieng",fullName:"Joel W. Ochieng"},{id:"126149",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Ananga",slug:"anthony-ananga",fullName:"Anthony Ananga"},{id:"136830",title:"Dr.",name:"Devaiah",middleName:null,surname:"Kambiranda",slug:"devaiah-kambiranda",fullName:"Devaiah Kambiranda"},{id:"137412",title:"Dr.",name:"Violetka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsolova",slug:"violetka-tsolova",fullName:"Violetka Tsolova"},{id:"165414",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasil",middleName:null,surname:"Georgiev",slug:"vasil-georgiev",fullName:"Vasil Georgiev"},{id:"165415",title:"Dr.",name:"Bobby",middleName:null,surname:"Phills",slug:"bobby-phills",fullName:"Bobby Phills"}]},{id:"43341",doi:"10.5772/54859",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants and Metabolic Responses",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-and-metabolic-responses",totalDownloads:5308,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:null,book:{id:"3226",slug:"abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture",title:"Abiotic Stress",fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress - Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture"},signatures:"Saúl Fraire-Velázquez and Victor Emmanuel Balderas-Hernández",authors:[{id:"51144",title:"Dr.",name:"Saul",middleName:null,surname:"Fraire",slug:"saul-fraire",fullName:"Saul Fraire"},{id:"156646",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Balderas-Hernández",slug:"victor-emmanuel-balderas-hernandez",fullName:"Victor Emmanuel Balderas-Hernández"}]},{id:"43220",doi:"10.5772/52779",title:"Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants: Unraveling the Complexity of Genes and Networks to Survive",slug:"abiotic-stress-responses-in-plants-unraveling-the-complexity-of-genes-and-networks-to-survive",totalDownloads:7347,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:null,book:{id:"3226",slug:"abiotic-stress-plant-responses-and-applications-in-agriculture",title:"Abiotic Stress",fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress - Plant Responses and Applications in Agriculture"},signatures:"Ana Sofia Duque, André Martinho de Almeida, Anabela Bernardes da Silva, Jorge Marques da Silva, Ana Paula Farinha, Dulce Santos, Pedro Fevereiro and Susana de Sousa Araújo",authors:[{id:"59945",title:"Dr.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"dulce-santos",fullName:"Dulce Santos"},{id:"59946",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Fevereiro",slug:"pedro-fevereiro",fullName:"Pedro Fevereiro"},{id:"156799",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Araújo",slug:"susana-araujo",fullName:"Susana Araújo"},{id:"165802",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Duque",slug:"ana-sofia-duque",fullName:"Ana Sofia Duque"},{id:"165803",title:"Dr.",name:"André",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",slug:"andre-almeida",fullName:"André Almeida"},{id:"165804",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"anabela-silva",fullName:"Anabela Silva"},{id:"165805",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Marques Da Silva",slug:"jorge-marques-da-silva",fullName:"Jorge Marques Da Silva"},{id:"165806",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Farinha",slug:"ana-paula-farinha",fullName:"Ana Paula Farinha"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50720",title:"Use of Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Fertility, Plant Growth, and Yield in a Tropical Environment",slug:"use-of-organic-fertilizers-to-enhance-soil-fertility-plant-growth-and-yield-in-a-tropical-environmen",totalDownloads:4940,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Soils rarely have sufficient nutrient for crops to reach their potential yield. Applying organic fertilizers without prior knowledge of their properties may cause yield decline under low application or pollute the environment with excessive application. Understanding the nutrient variability and release pattern of organic fertilizers is crucial to supply plants with sufficient nutrients to achieve optimum productivity, while also rebuilding soil fertility and ensuring protection of environmental and natural resources. This chapter presents the authors’ experiences with different organic amendments under Hawaii's tropical conditions, rather than an intensive literature review. For meat and bone meal by‐products (tankage), batch‐to‐batch variability, nutrient content/release pattern and quality, and plant growth response to the liquid fertilizer produced from tankage were evaluated. For animal livestock, dairy manure (DM) and chicken manure (CM) quality, changes in soil properties, and crop biomass production and root distributions were evaluated. For seaweed, an established bio‐security protocol, nutrient, especially potassium (K) variability, and plant growth and yield response were evaluated in different tropical soils.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Amjad A. Ahmad, Theodore J.K. Radovich, Hue V. Nguyen, Jensen\nUyeda, Alton Arakaki, Jeana Cadby, Robert Paull, Jari Sugano and\nGlenn Teves",authors:[{id:"178933",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"A.",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"amjad-ahmad",fullName:"Amjad Ahmad"},{id:"184973",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Radovich",slug:"theodore-radovich",fullName:"Theodore Radovich"},{id:"184974",title:"Prof.",name:"Hue",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hue-nguyen",fullName:"Hue Nguyen"},{id:"184975",title:"MSc.",name:"Jensen",middleName:null,surname:"Uyeda",slug:"jensen-uyeda",fullName:"Jensen Uyeda"},{id:"184976",title:"MSc.",name:"Alton",middleName:null,surname:"Arakaki",slug:"alton-arakaki",fullName:"Alton Arakaki"},{id:"184977",title:"Mr.",name:"Glenn",middleName:null,surname:"Teves",slug:"glenn-teves",fullName:"Glenn Teves"},{id:"184978",title:"MSc.",name:"Jeana",middleName:null,surname:"Cadby",slug:"jeana-cadby",fullName:"Jeana Cadby"},{id:"184979",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Paull",slug:"robert-paull",fullName:"Robert Paull"},{id:"184980",title:"MSc.",name:"Jari",middleName:null,surname:"Sugano",slug:"jari-sugano",fullName:"Jari Sugano"}]},{id:"59450",title:"Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables: Review from Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"health-benefits-of-fruits-and-vegetables-review-from-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:3309,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"A fruit is defined as the edible part of a plant that consists of the seeds and surrounding tissues, while vegetables are plants cultivated for their edible parts. Fruits and vegetables are important sources of micronutrients and dietary fibres and are components of a healthy diet, which help in preventing major diseases. Due to the fact that fruits and vegetables have health promoting properties, they contribute to dietary guidance. This chapter defines the basic concepts related to health benefits of fruits and vegetables, reviews the previous literature on health benefits of fruits and vegetables and enumerates the health benefits of some common fruits and vegetables. It also examined the dietary recommendation of fruits and vegetables in less developed countries as well as present situation of fruits and vegetables consumption with particular reference to sub-Saharan Africa.",book:{id:"6492",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",title:"Vegetables",fullTitle:"Vegetables - Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health"},signatures:"Ifeoluwapo Amao",authors:[{id:"223341",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeoluwapo",middleName:null,surname:"Amao",slug:"ifeoluwapo-amao",fullName:"Ifeoluwapo Amao"}]},{id:"51934",title:"Seed Priming: New Comprehensive Approaches for an Old Empirical Technique",slug:"seed-priming-new-comprehensive-approaches-for-an-old-empirical-technique",totalDownloads:7908,totalCrossrefCites:50,totalDimensionsCites:109,abstract:'Seed priming is a pre-sowing treatment which leads to a physiological state that enables seed to germinate more efficiently. The majority of seed treatments are based on seed imbibition allowing the seeds to go through the first reversible stage of germination but do not allow radical protrusion through the seed coat. Seeds keeping their desiccation tolerance are then dehydrated and can be stored until final sowing. During subsequent germination, primed seeds exhibit a faster and more synchronized germination and young seedlings are often more vigorous and resistant to abiotic stresses than seedlings obtained from unprimed seeds. Priming often involves soaking seed in predetermined amounts of water or limitation of the imbibition time. The imbibition rate could be somehow controlled by osmotic agents such as PEG and referred as osmopriming. Halopriming implies the use of specific salts while "hormopriming" relies on the use of plant growth regulators. Some physical treatments (UV, cold or heat,..) also provide germination improvement thus suggesting that priming effects are not necessarily related to seed imbibition. A better understanding of the metabolic events taking place during the priming treatment and the subsequent germination should help to use this simple and cheap technology in a more efficient way.',book:{id:"5218",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology"},signatures:"Stanley Lutts, Paolo Benincasa, Lukasz Wojtyla, Szymon Kubala S,\nRoberta Pace, Katzarina Lechowska, Muriel Quinet and Malgorzata\nGarnczarska",authors:[{id:"94090",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanley",middleName:null,surname:"Lutts",slug:"stanley-lutts",fullName:"Stanley Lutts"},{id:"181730",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Benincasa",slug:"paolo-benincasa",fullName:"Paolo Benincasa"},{id:"181732",title:"Dr.",name:"Lukasz",middleName:null,surname:"Wojtyla",slug:"lukasz-wojtyla",fullName:"Lukasz Wojtyla"},{id:"181733",title:"Dr.",name:"Szymon",middleName:null,surname:"Kubala",slug:"szymon-kubala",fullName:"Szymon Kubala"},{id:"181734",title:"Mrs.",name:"Katzzarina",middleName:null,surname:"Lechowska",slug:"katzzarina-lechowska",fullName:"Katzzarina Lechowska"},{id:"181735",title:"Dr.",name:"Muriel",middleName:null,surname:"Quinet",slug:"muriel-quinet",fullName:"Muriel Quinet"},{id:"181736",title:"Prof.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Garnczarska",slug:"malgorzata-garnczarska",fullName:"Malgorzata Garnczarska"}]},{id:"61691",title:"Role of Vegetables in Human Nutrition and Disease Prevention",slug:"role-of-vegetables-in-human-nutrition-and-disease-prevention",totalDownloads:3197,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Vegetables are important for human health because of their vitamins, minerals, phytochemical compounds, and dietary fiber content. Especially antioxidant vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E) and dietary fiber content have important roles in human health. Adequate vegetable consumption can be protective some chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, as well as improve risk factors related with these diseases. In this chapter, basic information will be given about the classification of vegetables, preparation and cooking, and their effects on food content of vegetables and effects on health and diseases (diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer).",book:{id:"6492",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",title:"Vegetables",fullTitle:"Vegetables - Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health"},signatures:"Taha Gökmen Ülger, Ayşe Nur Songur, Onur Çırak and Funda Pınar\nÇakıroğlu",authors:[{id:"176588",title:"Prof.",name:"Funda Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Çakıroğlu",slug:"funda-pinar-cakiroglu",fullName:"Funda Pınar Çakıroğlu"},{id:"244239",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Çırak",slug:"onur-cirak",fullName:"Onur Çırak"},{id:"251662",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayşe Nur",middleName:null,surname:"Songür",slug:"ayse-nur-songur",fullName:"Ayşe Nur Songür"},{id:"251663",title:"MSc.",name:"Taha Gökmen",middleName:null,surname:"Ülger",slug:"taha-gokmen-ulger",fullName:"Taha Gökmen Ülger"}]},{id:"62292",title:"Introductory Chapter: Quality Vegetable Production and Human Health Benefits",slug:"introductory-chapter-quality-vegetable-production-and-human-health-benefits",totalDownloads:1724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"6492",slug:"vegetables-importance-of-quality-vegetables-to-human-health",title:"Vegetables",fullTitle:"Vegetables - Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health"},signatures:"Md Asaduzzaman and Toshiki Asao",authors:[{id:"106510",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiki",middleName:null,surname:"Asao",slug:"toshiki-asao",fullName:"Toshiki Asao"},{id:"171564",title:"Dr.",name:"Md",middleName:null,surname:"Asaduzzaman",slug:"md-asaduzzaman",fullName:"Md Asaduzzaman"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"38",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81669",title:"Recent Techniques and Developments on Cherry Growing in Turkey",slug:"recent-techniques-and-developments-on-cherry-growing-in-turkey",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104081",abstract:"The wild cherries are mostly seen in the North Anatolian and the Taurus mountains of Turkey. Cherry cultivation is concentrated on the slopes of 1000–1500 m where wild cherries are grown, also at the river valleys or in Izmir and Manisa provinces at the western parts of the country over 100 m elevation with very high quality. Turkey is the leading country in the world on cherry production. Cherry production in Turkey has been performed mostly with ‘0900 Ziraat’ cherry cultivar, which was known as Turkish cherry in Europe. As a result of the studies carried out for fruit cracking and self fertility, Regina, Kordia, Sweet Heart and Lapins cherry cultivars were selected as alternative cherry cultivars to ‘0900 Ziraat’. In 1997, “Turkish National Cherry Working Group” was founded and organized 20 working group meetings until today to solve all the problems of cherries. In these meetings, all the research results were shared and discussed among cherry scientists. Recently, studies on prolonging the cherry season with early and late cherry cultivars to increase the amount of cherry exportation was achieved. For this aim, Sweet Heart at high elevations, Royal Lynn® and Royal Tioga® at subtropical climatic conditions were found to be suitable.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Ali Kuden, Ayzin B. Kuden, Songul Comlekcioglu, Burhanettin Imrak and Muhsin Bag"},{id:"77912",title:"Stock Influence on Growth, Morphological and Biochemical Leaf Parameters Prunus domestica L.",slug:"stock-influence-on-growth-morphological-and-biochemical-leaf-parameters-prunus-domestica-l",totalDownloads:90,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99522",abstract:"Vegetation growth peculiarities and morphological and physical-biochemical features of Prunus domestica L. Utro and Yaichnaya Sinyaya varieties leaves grafted on different growing strength rootstocks were studied. Low-growing clonal rootstocks 140–1 and Novinka decreased the trees growing strength on 15–20% in comparison with strong-growing stocks; medium-growing rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 reduced it on 10%. The longest growing activity and the largest sprouts length was stated on these rootstocks as well, i.e. 1.3–1.4 times more than on other ones. Stable sprouts average length decrease was registered on grafted stocks 140–1 and Novinka. Leaf surface index value on the trees grafted on clonal rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 was on 40% higher than on control, i.e. 4.3 leaves m2/crown projection area m2. Optimal values of total increment, sprouts average length, leaves area and the largest part of physiological-biochemical parameters were stated at medium-growing clonal rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 use. Plum leaves blades were hypostomatic; numerous stomata were located on the abaxial (bottom) side of leaves. Stomata were located in interveinal space irregularly. Stomata length size varied from 14.6 μm (Utro/seedlings) to 22.1 μm (Yaichnaya Sinyaya/OP-23-23). The rootstock has influence on the process of photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, accumulation of minerals and metabolic answerin the leaves.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Svetlana Motyleva, Galina Upadysheva, Tatyana Tumaeva and Ivan Kulikov"},{id:"79448",title:"Logistics Chain and Cost Assessment of Pruning-to-Energy Value Chains: Application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis Approach",slug:"logistics-chain-and-cost-assessment-of-pruning-to-energy-value-chains-application-of-life-cycle-cost",totalDownloads:73,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101428",abstract:"Biomass from agricultural residue has significant potential as renewable energy resource. Therefore, cost-efficient processing and supply of agricultural residues are important to strategically plan and utilize this energy resource. This chapter describes the agricultural pruning to energy (PtE) value chains and presents the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA)-based cost assessment results, focusing on almond and peach tree pruning data obtained from Spain during 2015–2016. Along the main life cycle stages of PtE system, costs of harvesting, off-farm storage, transport, biomass loss, and management of biomass supply chain were considered. In terms of functional unit cost, the life cycle cost (LCC) was calculated to be about 126 €/t for almond PtE and 115 €/t for peach PtE value chain. In both cases, the harvesting stage was found to be cost at hot stage followed by the storage stage. The cost at harvesting stage was about 83% (of 126 €/t) and 82% (of 115 €/t) in the case of almond and peach cases, respectively. Similarly, the share of operational cost was about 74% and 76% for almond and peach cases, respectively. Therefore, more efforts should be made to improve the performance of logistics operations and management of such PtE initiatives.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Techane Bosona and Girma Gebresenbet"},{id:"79048",title:"Advances in Breeding of Peach, Plum and Apricot",slug:"advances-in-breeding-of-peach-plum-and-apricot",totalDownloads:119,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100284",abstract:"Research on the expression of fruit specific genes may allow breeders in the future to selectively manipulate through gene transfer in certain aspects of fruit development/quality in their advanced breeding lines thus reducing the time necessary for cultivar development. This would be particularly useful in breeding programmes, hybridizing standard cultivars with exotic germplasm of low fruit quality. The use of exotic germplasm will be important for the expansion of the peach germplasm base and the development of stress resistant cultivars. More immediate results of research on fruit specific gene expression will provide a better understanding of fruit development and quality. It is required to learn how the differences at the gene level correlate with quality characteristics. With the continued cooperation of fruit biochemists it is expected to obtain a better definition of fruit quality and a better understanding of fruit biochemistry. The potential will exit to generate a range of “anti-sense mutants” i.e. transgenic plants expressing anti-sense gene contstructs that reduce or nullify the effects of the normal gene. The phenotypes of these mutants could help to define the biochemistry, genetics and quality of peach fruit. The development of efficient regeneration and transformation system in peach will be useful not only for the modification of fruit characteristics, but also for the transfer and manipulation of genes affecting stress resistance and other economically important characters.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Rimpika and DP Sharma"},{id:"77733",title:"Genetic Diversity in Almond (Prunus dulcis)",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-almond-prunus-dulcis",totalDownloads:96,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99249",abstract:"Almond (Prunus dulcis), a stone fruit belonging to a family Rosaceae (rose) is broadly cultivated for ornament and fruit. Within this genus, the almond is very much associated with the peach, and these two fruits share the same subgenus the Amygdalus. About 430 species are spread all through the northern temperate regions of the world. The Mediterranean climate region of the Middle East like Turkey and Pakistan eastward to Syria is native to the almond and its related species. Almond is one of the ancient fruit trees known to the Asian as well as European regions with the most primitive proof of cultivation dating about 2000 B.C. Prunus dulcis (Almond) is a nutrient-loaded nut crop. Almond possesses a great genetic diversity due to the genetically controlled self-incompatibility system which can be estimated by a morphological characteristic including molecular markers and isoenzymes with a wide range of marker techniques. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) involving RFLP or SNP are the most commonly used molecular techniques among the DNA-based molecular symbols. Particular agronomic characters, e.g. kernel bitterness or self-compatibility can also be traced by these molecular markers. The direct association between the level of diversity and the basis of the germplasm cannot be understood by the studies of genetic diversity. Genetic diversity cannot be seriously lost by self-compatibility in almonds. The breeding, conservation, and cultivation of wild-growing almonds may similarly advantageous after the genetic diversity research studies (especially those applying molecular markers).",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Sadia Sana, Naheed Akhter, Fozia Amjum, Samreen Gul Khan and Muhammad Akram"},{id:"78516",title:"Varietal Wealth of Prunus Species",slug:"varietal-wealth-of-prunus-species",totalDownloads:82,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99048",abstract:"Genus Prunus includes all the stone fruits (peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, almond and cherry) comprise around 98 species and classified under three subgenera namely: Amygdalus (peaches, nectraine and almonds), Prunophora (plums and apricots) and Cerasus (cherries). Genus Prunus have attained a prime position among all the temperate fruit crops as delicious edible drupe, and many species have ornamental values as well. Major species of importance are Prunus persica (peach), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus domestica (European plum), Prunus americana (American plum), Prunus avium (Sweet cherry), Prunus cerasus (Sour cherry), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus ceracifera (Cherry plum), Prunus mira (Behmi), Prunus cerasoides (Wild Himalayan cherry), Prunus mahaleb (Mahaleb cherry) etc. Interspecific hybrids namely: plumcots, pluots and apriums also produce very delicious edible fruits. Commercial cultivars of different stone fruits are J H Hale, Cresthaven, Flordasun, Florda Prince, Elberta, Glohaven, July Elberta, Redhaven, Kanto 5, Sun Haven etc. of peaches, Fantasia, Mayfire, Red Gold, Snow Queen etc. belongs to nectarine, Turkey, Charmagz, Perfection, St. Ambroise, Royal, New Castle etc. are apricots, Santa Rosa, Black Beauty, Kelsey, Green Gage, Methley, Satsuma, Frontier, Burbank etc. are plums, Regina, Burlat, Lapins, Kordia, Stella, Bing, Van, Black Heart, Compact Lambert, Compact Stella etc. are cherries, and California Paper Shell, IXL, Mission, Nonpareil, Drake, Ne Plus Ultra, Pranyaj, Merced etc. are almonds.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Amit Kumar, Mahendra Kumar Sharma, Tajamul Farooq Wani, Anil Sharma and Gepu Nyorak"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"