\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5853",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Mycobacterium - Research and Development",title:"Mycobacterium",subtitle:"Research and Development",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'This book arose from the combination of diverse areas of knowledge, experience, research, and points of view that try to demonstrate that mycobacteria are a complex science and very relevant to scientific studies that affect the human being in the world. Sophisticated techniques for improving human health do not guarantee that the "battle" against mycobacteria has been won, since tuberculosis, mycobacteriosis, and leprosy are a daily challenge in the world. The book includes contributions made by prestigious experts and research groups in different areas of mycobacteria, and they have contributed new perspectives of their area giving a comprehensive, important, and fascinating emphasis of this field that continues to offer challenges that lead various disciplines to understand their biology and pathogenicity. It is hoped that these chapters will be very useful for learning and discussion.',isbn:"978-1-78923-211-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-210-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-250-8",doi:"10.5772/65613",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"mycobacterium-research-and-development",numberOfPages:374,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"073e7ca9fbfdd31da5499271f17ecdf2",bookSignature:"Wellman Ribón",publishedDate:"June 20th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5853.jpg",numberOfDownloads:24224,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:50,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:74,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 6th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 27th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 18th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 18th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 18th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"88491",title:"Dr.",name:"Wellman",middleName:null,surname:"Ribón",slug:"wellman-ribon",fullName:"Wellman Ribón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/88491/images/system/88491.jpeg",biography:"Wellman Ribón, bacteriologist and clinical laboratory professional of the Industrial University of Santander, Master\\'s degree in Biochemistry from Universidad Javeriana; with more than fifteen years of experience as public health adviser, Colciencias (Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia y Tecnología de Colombia) senior researcher in scientific and technological development. He has worked at the National Health Institute of Colombia as coordinator of the mycobacteria group, manager of research projects and member of Centro Colombiano de Excelencia de Investigación en Tuberculosis (CCITB), EurolabTB Consortium and the SLAMTB. Ribón was the Microbiology School director and is currently a professor in Medicine School and works as professor and researcher at the Industrial University of Santander,.He is also the director of the Mycobacterium Research laboratory. Mr. Ribón has published articles about tuberculosis, leprosy and mycobacteriosis diseases, and has written four book chapters. His major area of interest and research is Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.",institutionString:"Industrial University of Santander",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Industrial University of Santander",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"895",title:"Medical Microbiology",slug:"medical-microbiology"}],chapters:[{id:"61262",title:"Introductory Chapter: Scientific Research on Mycobacteria and the Absence of Evaluation Processes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76831",slug:"introductory-chapter-scientific-research-on-mycobacteria-and-the-absence-of-evaluation-processes",totalDownloads:943,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wellman Ribón",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61262",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61262",authors:[{id:"88491",title:"Dr.",name:"Wellman",surname:"Ribón",slug:"wellman-ribon",fullName:"Wellman Ribón"}],corrections:null},{id:"60090",title:"Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Macrophage Takeover and Modulation of Innate Effector Responses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75003",slug:"mycobacterium-tuberculosis-macrophage-takeover-and-modulation-of-innate-effector-responses",totalDownloads:2045,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Macrophages mediate the first line of defense in the host against various intracellular pathogens. They are armed with several immune-effector mechanisms to detect and combat pathogens. However, intracellular pathogens have developed strategies to overcome the macrophage protective immune responses and colonize inside the macrophages. Tuberculosis (TB), both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, is an infectious disease of global concern caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis is a highly successful pathogen and has acquired various strategies to downregulate critical innate-effector immune responses of macrophages such as phagosome-lysosome fusion, antigen presentation, autophagy, and inhibition of reactive oxygen (ROI) and reactive nitrogen (RNI) species to ensure its longer survival inside the macrophages. In addition to these, the bacilli also modulate T cell immune response which can help the bacilli to survive inside the host for a long time. In this chapter, we focus to describe important macrophage innate defense mechanisms and the signaling that can influence T cell adaptive response and the strategies adopted by the bacilli to exploit these signaling cascades to favor its replication and persistence inside the macrophages for establishing a productive infection.",signatures:"Khalid Hussain Bhat and Imtiyaz Yaseen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60090",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60090",authors:[{id:"162478",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid Hussain",surname:"Bhat",slug:"khalid-hussain-bhat",fullName:"Khalid Hussain Bhat"},{id:"233902",title:"Dr.",name:"Imtiyaz",surname:"Yaseen",slug:"imtiyaz-yaseen",fullName:"Imtiyaz Yaseen"}],corrections:null},{id:"55940",title:"The Existence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Microenvironment of Bone",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69394",slug:"the-existence-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-in-microenvironment-of-bone",totalDownloads:1818,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe bacteria requiring oxygen in its metabolism. In normal condition, bones have pH of 6.9–7.4 and temperature of 37°C. With the composition mentioned, bones fall in the group of tissue with less rich oxygen (<35%) which theoretically means, M. tuberculosis is hard to grow in the bone environment. Bone microliving environment is formed by the cells constructing the bone itself and the active cells which periodically interact with the bone cells. Activation of these cells gives impact to the temperature, pH, gas concentration, and liquid concentration, and at the same time triggers calcium, phosphor, and other minerals to be deposited in the bone. In the process of new bone formation, the osteoblast cells produce matrix and release them to the microenvironment that needs a high concentration of calcium and phosphor. The survival of M. tuberculosis in the microenvironment of bone is reflected in interaction of the bacteria and the non-immune cells, the bacteria and the organic environment, and the bacteria and the inorganic environment. In addition, the immune system also threatens the survival of M. tuberculosis. The results of these interactions will affect the lives of bacteria and has an impact on the bone microenvironment.",signatures:"Rahyussalim Ahmad Jabir, Andriansjah Rukmana, Ifran Saleh and\nTri Kurniawati",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55940",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55940",authors:[{id:"198914",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Jabir",surname:"Rahyussalim",slug:"ahmad-jabir-rahyussalim",fullName:"Ahmad Jabir Rahyussalim"},{id:"198916",title:"Dr.",name:"Andriansjah",surname:"Rukmana",slug:"andriansjah-rukmana",fullName:"Andriansjah Rukmana"},{id:"198917",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifran",surname:"Saleh",slug:"ifran-saleh",fullName:"Ifran Saleh"},{id:"198918",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tri",surname:"Kurniawati",slug:"tri-kurniawati",fullName:"Tri Kurniawati"}],corrections:null},{id:"59957",title:"Conventional and Molecular Diagnosis of Drug-Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75004",slug:"conventional-and-molecular-diagnosis-of-drug-sensitive-and-drug-resistant-pulmonary-tuberculosis",totalDownloads:1368,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tuberculosis is a transmissible disease, which is primarily caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and by other Mycobacterium species, forming the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Until the end of the 20th Century, most cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were considered curable. Nevertheless, the rising of tuberculosis resistant to first- and second-line anti-tuberculous drugs is threatening the world’s tuberculosis control programs. Due to this fact, the World Health Organization and other public health institutions recommended applying the conventional methods, affordable by low-incoming countries, to diagnose tuberculosis and to develop faster and more sensitive and specific methods to identify M. tuberculosis and determine their condition of anti-tuberculous drug resistance or drug sensitivity. In this chapter, we mention the most used conventional and molecular methods designed to identify M. tuberculosis and to determine their drug sensitivity or drug resistance. We also briefly describe the fundamentals of methods and its advantages and limitations.",signatures:"Yazmin Berenice Martínez-Martínez, Herminia Guadalupe\nMartínez-Rodríguez and Salvador Luis Said-Fernández",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59957",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59957",authors:[{id:"199705",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",surname:"Said-Fernández",slug:"salvador-said-fernandez",fullName:"Salvador Said-Fernández"},{id:"205596",title:"MSc.",name:"Yazmin-Berenice",surname:"Martínez-Martínez",slug:"yazmin-berenice-martinez-martinez",fullName:"Yazmin-Berenice Martínez-Martínez"},{id:"205597",title:"Dr.",name:"Herminia-Guadalupe",surname:"Martínez-Rodríguez",slug:"herminia-guadalupe-martinez-rodriguez",fullName:"Herminia-Guadalupe Martínez-Rodríguez"},{id:"205598",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",surname:"Said-Fernández",slug:"salvador-said-fernandez",fullName:"Salvador Said-Fernández"}],corrections:null},{id:"55553",title:"Diagnosis of Tuberculosis among Children and Adolescents",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69227",slug:"diagnosis-of-tuberculosis-among-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:1145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The authors discuss the challenging aspects of the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children and adolescents, since there is no gold standard for its diagnosis. The different clinical and radiological presentations and the low bacteriological positivity of tuberculosis in childhood are grounds for confrontation to the present. Immunological tests called interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) failed to overcome the tuberculin skin test in practice. Advances with nucleic acid amplification tests, on the other hand, have contributed to the diagnosis of tuberculosis among adolescents. Standardized systems for diagnosis can be useful as tools for screening or for decision‐making in childhood tuberculosis.",signatures:"Clemax Couto Sant’Anna, Maria de Fátima B. Pombo March and\nRafaela Baroni Aurílio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55553",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55553",authors:[{id:"202255",title:"Prof.",name:"Clemax",surname:"Sant Anna",slug:"clemax-sant-anna",fullName:"Clemax Sant Anna"},{id:"202586",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria De Fatima",surname:"Pombo March",slug:"maria-de-fatima-pombo-march",fullName:"Maria De Fatima Pombo March"},{id:"202587",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafaela",surname:"Baroni",slug:"rafaela-baroni",fullName:"Rafaela Baroni"}],corrections:null},{id:"57080",title:"Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69656",slug:"drug-resistance-in-mycobacterium-tuberculosis",totalDownloads:1446,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tuberculosis (TB) remains to be a serious health problem worldwide. There is an increased transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with drug resistance, hence complicating TB control. The deciphering of the M. tuberculosis genome, together with the implementation of new molecular biology tools, has allowed the identification of changes in nucleic acid sequences with a functional impact. These mutations have become important in the design of early‐diagnostic kits to identify the resistance profile of M. tuberculosis. Since the conventional methods to determine the identity of M. tuberculosis strains based in cultures are laborious, time‐consuming and performed by specialized technicians, the result is generated until 4 months after receiving the samples. During this time, patients with TB are not adequately treated, and resistant strains may be transmitted to the rest of the population. In this chapter, we describe the most relevant mutations in genes associated with drug resistance in M. tuberculosis, the analysis of gene expression to identify new markers of drug resistance strains, and the development of new antituberculosis drugs against drug‐resistant strains.",signatures:"Katia Peñuelas-Urquides, Fabiola Castorena-Torres, Beatriz Silva\nRamírez and Mario Bermúdez de León",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57080",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57080",authors:[{id:"188810",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Bermúdez De León",slug:"mario-bermudez-de-leon",fullName:"Mario Bermúdez De León"},{id:"188821",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiola",surname:"Castorena Torres",slug:"fabiola-castorena-torres",fullName:"Fabiola Castorena Torres"},{id:"198351",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",surname:"Peñuelas Urquides",slug:"katia-penuelas-urquides",fullName:"Katia Peñuelas Urquides"},{id:"206230",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",surname:"Silva Ramírez",slug:"beatriz-silva-ramirez",fullName:"Beatriz Silva Ramírez"}],corrections:null},{id:"55889",title:"The Physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Context of Drug Resistance: A System Biology Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69594",slug:"the-physiology-of-mycobacterium-tuberculosis-in-the-context-of-drug-resistance-a-system-biology-pers",totalDownloads:1555,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the main cause of death due to an infectious disease. After more than 100 years of the discovery of Mtb, clinicians still face difficulties finding an effective treatment for the increasing number of drug-resistant cases. The difficulties in the clinical setting can be related to the slow pace at which the understanding of the physiology of this bacterium has occurred. Mtb is distinct from other microorganisms not only due to its slow growth and difficulties to study in the laboratory, but also due to its inherent physiology such as its complex cell envelope and its metabolic pathways. Understanding the physiology of drug susceptible and resistant Mtb strains is crucial for the design of an effective chemotherapy against TB. This chapter will review the mycobacterial cell envelope and major physiological pathways together with recent discoveries in Mtb drug resistance through different “omics” disciplines.",signatures:"Luisa Maria Nieto, Carolina Mehaffy and Karen M. Dobos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55889",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55889",authors:[{id:"198240",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",surname:"Mehaffy",slug:"carolina-mehaffy",fullName:"Carolina Mehaffy"},{id:"221619",title:"Dr.",name:"Luisa",surname:"Nieto",slug:"luisa-nieto",fullName:"Luisa Nieto"}],corrections:null},{id:"59139",title:"Web Resources on Tuberculosis: Information, Research, and Data Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73549",slug:"web-resources-on-tuberculosis-information-research-and-data-analysis",totalDownloads:1050,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Since the first edition of this book in 2013, many new tools and databases have become publicly available, as well as several have been discontinued. Here, we present an updated version of web resources on tuberculosis, providing more detailed information on some key concepts. However, the purpose of this chapter is by no means to offer an exhaustive list of all the resources available on the Internet about TB, the topic of this book. This would be a massive and perhaps futile work since the evolution of the Internet occurs at a very fast pace. Rather, this chapter concentrates on a selection of the most important, relevant and stable websites with relevance to several aspects of TB, such as research, treatment, main institutions, funding, and specialized platforms. We think this should complement all the other information already presented in this book, offering the reader a more integrated view of the disease, as well as access to new platforms and systems specialized in the analysis of data generated by a series of new technologies such as DNA sequencing.",signatures:"Edson Machado, Camillo Cerdeira, Antonio Basílio de Miranda and\nMarcos Catanho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59139",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59139",authors:[{id:"161917",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",surname:"Catanho",slug:"marcos-catanho",fullName:"Marcos Catanho"}],corrections:null},{id:"59262",title:"Patients and Health System-Related Factors Impacting on Tuberculosis Program Implementation in Resource-Constrained Settings: Experience from Multi-TB Facilities in Oyo State, South-West of Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73583",slug:"patients-and-health-system-related-factors-impacting-on-tuberculosis-program-implementation-in-resou",totalDownloads:1143,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent human infections and is the second leading cause of deaths from infectious diseases worldwide, and Nigeria is the fourth among the 22 high-burden countries in the world for tuberculosis even though the exact burden of TB in Nigeria is not known.",signatures:"Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Joyce Tsoka-Gwegweni, Lungelo Mlangeni,\nLehlogonolo Makola and Olusegun Awolaran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59262",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59262",authors:[{id:"160349",title:null,name:null,surname:null,slug:"",fullName:null}],corrections:null},{id:"60405",title:"Clients’ Perception of Quality of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment and Care in Resource-Limited Setting: Experience from Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76001",slug:"clients-perception-of-quality-of-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-treatment-and-care-in-resource-lim",totalDownloads:1209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: Quality care is essential to the well-being and survival of people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The aim of this study is to explore how MDR- TB patients, who were voluntarily hospitalized, perceived care and treatment strategy and to assess the influence of psychosocial factors on their perception of care and treatment strategy in Nigeria. Methods: The study enrolled 98 MDR-TB patients on voluntary confinement in four MDR-TB hospitals in Nigeria. Patients’ perceptions of quality of care and treatment strategy were evaluated with 28-item and 6-item instruments, respectively. Bivariate analysis was used to test for an association and multivariate analysis for factors that might contribute to the perceived quality of care. Results: Seventy-eight per cent (78%) of the participating patients perceived the quality of care to be good. Patients with better psychosocial well-being had five times higher odds to report good quality of care. Conclusion: The majority of MDR-TB patients perceived the quality of inpatient care to be good in Nigerian hospitals; however, their psychological health influenced their perception significantly. Health care providers need to improve treatment strategies to encourage acceptance of care as poor perception to health care service delivery may deter treatment completion and also cause relapse among clients on treatment.",signatures:"Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka, Lehlogonolo\nMakola, Kabwebwe Honoré Mitonga, Ekerette Emmanuel Udoh,\nBoniface Ayanbekongshie Ushie, Kelechi Elizabeth Oladimeji,\nJeremiah Chikovore, Musawenkosi Mabaso, Atilola Adeleke, Osman\nEltayeb, Oluwatoyin J. Kuye, Gidado Mustapha, Olusoji Mayowa\nIge, Joyce Nonhlanhla Mbatha, Jacob Creswell, Joyce M. Tsoka-\nGwegweni, Lovett Lawson and Ehimario Uche Igumbor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60405",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60405",authors:[{id:"160349",title:null,name:null,surname:null,slug:"",fullName:null}],corrections:null},{id:"59732",title:"Mosaic Structure as the Main Feature of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Genomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75005",slug:"mosaic-structure-as-the-main-feature-of-mycobacterium-bovis-bcg-genomes",totalDownloads:1126,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: The genome stability of attenuated live BCG vaccine preventing the acute forms of childhood tuberculosis is an important aspect of vaccine production. The purpose of our study was a whole genome comparative analysis of BCG sub-strains and identification of potential triggers of sub-strains’ transition.",signatures:"Voronina Olga Lvovna, Aksenova Ekaterina Ivanovna, Kunda\nMarina Sergeevna, Ryzhova Natalia Nikolaevna, Semenov Andrey\nNikolaevich, Sharapova Natalia Eugenievna and Gintsburg Alexandr\nLeonidovich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59732",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59732",authors:[{id:"192852",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Olga",surname:"Voronina",slug:"olga-voronina",fullName:"Olga Voronina"},{id:"225483",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Kunda",slug:"marina-kunda",fullName:"Marina Kunda"},{id:"225484",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Ryzhova",slug:"natalia-ryzhova",fullName:"Natalia Ryzhova"},{id:"225485",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",surname:"Aksenova",slug:"ekaterina-aksenova",fullName:"Ekaterina Aksenova"},{id:"225486",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Semenov",slug:"andrey-semenov",fullName:"Andrey Semenov"},{id:"225487",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Sharapova",slug:"natalia-sharapova",fullName:"Natalia Sharapova"},{id:"225489",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandr",surname:"Gintsburg",slug:"alexandr-gintsburg",fullName:"Alexandr Gintsburg"}],corrections:null},{id:"57746",title:"Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity of Mycobacterium",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72027",slug:"virulence-factors-and-pathogenicity-of-mycobacterium",totalDownloads:2989,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Virulence, is referred as the ability of a pathogen to cause disease, and for mycobacteria it depends on their ability to reside within host cells and evade the microbicidal mechanisms of macrophages. The outcome of tuberculosis (TB) infection is highly variable and it seems that the closest relationship between the Mycobacterium genre and humans has shaped the mycobacterial genome to encode bacterial factors that reflects a highly evolved and coordinated program of immune evasion strategies that interfere with both innate and adaptive immunity causing disease even in fully immunocompetent host. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) does not have classical virulence factors, it has described many virulence-associated genes and virulence lifestyle genes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). In this chapter, we describe the most important gene/molecule involved in the host defense modulation response, also the plethora of strategies to evade immune mechanisms of macrophage. We review the main genes whose inactivation in the mycobacterial genome leads to a measurable loss in virulence in the different validated TB models.",signatures:"Gabriela Echeverria-Valencia, Susana Flores-Villalva and Clara I.\nEspitia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57746",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57746",authors:[{id:"81895",title:"Dr.",name:"Clara",surname:"Espitia",slug:"clara-espitia",fullName:"Clara Espitia"},{id:"90043",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Echeverria-Valencia",slug:"gabriela-echeverria-valencia",fullName:"Gabriela Echeverria-Valencia"},{id:"220022",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Susana",surname:"Flores-Villalva",slug:"susana-flores-villalva",fullName:"Susana Flores-Villalva"}],corrections:null},{id:"59157",title:"Overview of Non Tuberculosis Mycobacterial Lung Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73542",slug:"overview-of-non-tuberculosis-mycobacterial-lung-diseases",totalDownloads:1576,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous in nature and opportunistically infect different animals, including humans. Currently, NTM is emerging as an important cause of pulmonary infection among both immunocompromised and immunocompetent persons worldwide. The clinical relevance of pulmonary NTM varies among species while showing geographical heterogeneity in distribution as well as pathogenicity. The outcome of the respiratory NTM disease is a consequence of a complex interplay between microbial factors and host susceptibility. Furthermore, HIV infection, cystic fibrosis, cancer, underlying chronic lung disease and history of tuberculosis (TB) may be associated as risk factors for active nontuberculosis pulmonary diseases (NTMPD). The diagnosis of NTMPD requires the presence of symptoms, radiographic evidences, microscopic observations and definitive laboratory diagnostics. Lung infections resulted from a clinically significant NTM species should be treated with appropriate antimicrobial regimen.",signatures:"Overview of Non Tuberculosis Mycobacterial Lung\nDiseases",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59157",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59157",authors:[{id:"219525",title:"Dr.",name:"Chamila",surname:"Adikaram",slug:"chamila-adikaram",fullName:"Chamila Adikaram"}],corrections:null},{id:"56790",title:"Unique Biochemical Features of the Cytokinetic Protein FtsZ of Mycobacteria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70540",slug:"unique-biochemical-features-of-the-cytokinetic-protein-ftsz-of-mycobacteria",totalDownloads:1385,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"FtsZ, the bacterial cytokinetic protein, a structural homologue of mammalian β-tubulin, is present in bacteria of diverse genera, including mycobacteria. The FtsZ protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis FtsZ), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is the most studied among the mycobacterial FtsZ proteins as it is a potential anti-tuberculosis drug target. M. tuberculosis FtsZ possesses many unique biochemical features, which include slow polymerisation kinetics, presence of charged amino acids in the C-terminal domain that interacts with a variety of other cell division proteins, and the presence of specific amino acids at unique locations that makes it distinct from the FtsZ of other mycobacterial species and of other bacterial genera. On the other hand, although the FtsZ of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae FtsZ), the causative agent of leprosy, shows high level of conservation with M. tuberculosis FtsZ, it has biochemical properties that are very different from those of M. tuberculosis FtsZ due to the difference in specific amino acid residues at critical locations on the protein. The present review focuses on these structural features of M. tuberculosis FtsZ and M. leprae FtsZ, as studied by others and by us, in comparison to those of the FtsZ of other mycobacterial species and of other bacterial genera.",signatures:"Prabuddha Gupta, Atul Pradhan and Parthasarathi Ajitkumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56790",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56790",authors:[{id:"198875",title:"Dr.",name:"Parthasarathi",surname:"Ajitkumar",slug:"parthasarathi-ajitkumar",fullName:"Parthasarathi Ajitkumar"},{id:"199664",title:"Dr.",name:"Prabuddha",surname:"Gupta",slug:"prabuddha-gupta",fullName:"Prabuddha Gupta"},{id:"204994",title:"Dr.",name:"Atul",surname:"Pradhan",slug:"atul-pradhan",fullName:"Atul Pradhan"}],corrections:null},{id:"57032",title:"Mycobacteria-Derived Agents for the Treatment of Urological and Renal Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69659",slug:"mycobacteria-derived-agents-for-the-treatment-of-urological-and-renal-cancers",totalDownloads:1004,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mycobacteria are the unique group of bacteria that are currently used in antitumoral immunotherapy. Specifically, intravesical instillation of viable cells of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), after transurethral resection of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, is the most efficacious treatment for avoiding recurrence and progression of the disease. BCG has been used for the last 35 years for bladder cancer treatment, but other mycobacteria or mycobacteria components are currently under preclinical and clinical studies for the immunotherapeutic treatment of non-invasive bladder cancer and also of other types of tumors located at the urinary system. Those are, for instance, cell wall extracts or heat-killed forms from BCG or other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium phlei or Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) or even viable cells from non-pathogenic mycobacteria such us Mycobacterium brumae. A review of the literature in which mycobacteria components, non-viable mycobacteria, and viable mycobacteria have been used for these different cancers will be performed. In this chapter, the function of mycobacteria as antitumor agents will be then analyzed, awarding the audience a broad knowledge of one of the beneficial applications of mycobacteria, which are usually introduced as dangerous microorganisms.",signatures:"Estela Noguera-Ortega and Esther Julián",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57032",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57032",authors:[{id:"199657",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",surname:"Julián",slug:"esther-julian",fullName:"Esther Julián"},{id:"205121",title:"Dr.",name:"Estela",surname:"Noguera-Ortega",slug:"estela-noguera-ortega",fullName:"Estela Noguera-Ortega"}],corrections:null},{id:"55267",title:"Application of Integrated Translational Research as Leprosy Problem Solution in Indonesia",doi:"10.5772/67967",slug:"application-of-integrated-translational-research-as-leprosy-problem-solution-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:1235,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In Indonesia, leprosy remains a health problem because its elimination has not achieved. This shows the high Mycobacterium leprae transmission as a result of difficulties in the early detection, termination of the transmission chain, and management evaluation. Integrated translational research has been carried out as a solution for the problem. Dissemination of the various results of the research is conducted by the educational aspects tiered with a variety of learning methods including a textbook based on research findings, scientific papers at various scientific meetings, and published journals, as well as aspects of community service through electronic media, newspapers, and management and counseling with leprosy patients and their contact person, especially in endemic pockets area.",signatures:"Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55267",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55267",authors:[{id:"198381",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cita Rosita Sigit",surname:"Prakoeswa",slug:"cita-rosita-sigit-prakoeswa",fullName:"Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa"}],corrections:null},{id:"59150",title:"Mycobacterium as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Degrader",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73546",slug:"mycobacterium-as-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-pahs-degrader",totalDownloads:1191,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The genus Mycobacterium has the ability to degrade various environmental pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Mycobacterium has an ability to withstand adverse environmental conditions and it has been considered for future bioremediation applications for the removal of PAH contaminants from crude oil–polluted sites. The degradation of PAHs using a cost-effective laboratory microcosm system was discussed. The various conditions such as environmental habitat, degradation behavior, enzymatic mechanisms, and ecological survival are thoroughly discussed in this chapter. Based on the above study, Mycobacterium has proved to be a better candidate in bioremediation of PAH-contaminated sites.",signatures:"Dushyant R. Dudhagara and Bharti P. Dave",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59150",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59150",authors:[{id:"219060",title:"Prof.",name:"Bharti",surname:"Dave",slug:"bharti-dave",fullName:"Bharti Dave"},{id:"225052",title:"Dr.",name:"Dushyant",surname:"Dudhagara",slug:"dushyant-dudhagara",fullName:"Dushyant Dudhagara"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4567",title:"Tuberculosis",subtitle:"Expanding Knowledge",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6620343e9ad62f2984bc393701cee6ff",slug:"tuberculosis-expanding-knowledge",bookSignature:"Wellman Ribon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4567.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88491",title:"Dr.",name:"Wellman",surname:"Ribón",slug:"wellman-ribon",fullName:"Wellman Ribón"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6178",title:"Hansen's Disease",subtitle:"The Forgotten and Neglected Disease",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68f443f518dcee16e6083e7295a2532",slug:"hansen-s-disease-the-forgotten-and-neglected-disease",bookSignature:"Wellman Ribòn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6178.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88491",title:"Dr.",name:"Wellman",surname:"Ribón",slug:"wellman-ribon",fullName:"Wellman Ribón"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"548",title:"Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria",subtitle:"A Continuous Challenge in the New Millennium",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8a58b7ebbb9cd01db5c16fbf9f80b44",slug:"antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-a-continuous-challenge-in-the-new-millennium",bookSignature:"Marina Pana",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/548.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77349",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Pana",slug:"marina-pana",fullName:"Marina Pana"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5193",title:"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"facfb45c80773cd5151d8f53b902be39",slug:"probiotics-and-prebiotics-in-human-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao and Leticia G. Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5193.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5197",title:"Microbial Biofilms",subtitle:"Importance and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51bccaa7388a26d55298525fd28dd8f1",slug:"microbial-biofilms-importance-and-applications",bookSignature:"Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran and Nooruddin Thajuddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5197.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48914",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharumadurai",surname:"Dhanasekaran",slug:"dharumadurai-dhanasekaran",fullName:"Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7534",title:"Role of Microbes in Human Health and Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ad71073664357a1e5e73eb81f08be582",slug:"role-of-microbes-in-human-health-and-diseases",bookSignature:"Nar Singh Chauhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7534.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"216883",title:"Prof.",name:"Nar Singh",surname:"Chauhan",slug:"nar-singh-chauhan",fullName:"Nar Singh Chauhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5162",title:"The Gut Microbiome",subtitle:"Implications for Human Disease",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f21c4722be61a42e7e6ed30cb898b9ad",slug:"the-gut-microbiome-implications-for-human-disease",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5162.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8292",title:"Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"327e750e83634800ace02fe62607c21e",slug:"oral-health-by-using-probiotic-products",bookSignature:"Razzagh Mahmoudi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8292.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245925",title:"Dr.",name:"Razzagh",surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"razzagh-mahmoudi",fullName:"Razzagh Mahmoudi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66065",slug:"corrigendum-to-eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",title:"Corrigendum to: Eating Disorders as New Forms of Addiction",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66065.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66065",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66065",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66065",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66065",chapter:{id:"52200",slug:"eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",signatures:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal, María I. Ramos-Fuentes, Laura Rodríguez-\nSantos and M. Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",dateSubmitted:"June 28th 2016",dateReviewed:"August 12th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz-Leal",fullName:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal",slug:"francisco-j.-vaz-leal",email:"fjvazleal@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188719",title:"Dr.",name:"María Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez Mateos",fullName:"María Cristina Álvarez Mateos",slug:"maria-cristina-alvarez-mateos",email:"cristinaalvarezmateos@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195142",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Santos",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez Santos",slug:"laura-rodriguez-santos",email:"laura@unex.es",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195143",title:"Dr.",name:"María I",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos Fuentes",fullName:"María I Ramos Fuentes",slug:"maria-i-ramos-fuentes",email:"miramos@unex.es",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"52200",slug:"eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",signatures:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal, María I. Ramos-Fuentes, Laura Rodríguez-\nSantos and M. Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",dateSubmitted:"June 28th 2016",dateReviewed:"August 12th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz-Leal",fullName:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal",slug:"francisco-j.-vaz-leal",email:"fjvazleal@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188719",title:"Dr.",name:"María Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez Mateos",fullName:"María Cristina Álvarez Mateos",slug:"maria-cristina-alvarez-mateos",email:"cristinaalvarezmateos@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195142",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Santos",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez Santos",slug:"laura-rodriguez-santos",email:"laura@unex.es",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195143",title:"Dr.",name:"María I",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos Fuentes",fullName:"María I Ramos Fuentes",slug:"maria-i-ramos-fuentes",email:"miramos@unex.es",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11451",leadTitle:null,title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tMolecular modeling methods in new drug discovery or 'repurposing' approaches of known approved drugs have gained a very important place in understanding the behavior of complex biological and chemical systems. The integration of experimental methods with computational methods is invaluable both in the development of promising new bioactive compounds and in the molecular characterization of protein-ligand or protein-protein interactions. Molecular docking, in one of these molecular modeling methods, is a unique approach to revealing key interactions in important molecular recognition processes and to accurately predict receptor-ligand binding free energies. Today, the molecular docking method has not only enabled the discovery of new drugs and therapeutic agents but also opened different windows to the submicroscopic world of interacting partner molecules by providing a unique atomistic perspective in the explanation of important intermolecular phenomena.
\r\n\r\n\tThe topics covered in this book are mainly:
\r\n\t1. Emphasizing the unique power of the molecular docking method in new drug discovery;
\r\n\t2. Demonstration of how the molecular docking technique has led to the discovery of new molecules in cancer therapy, proteasome, and STAT3 inhibition, and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease;
\r\n\t3. Underlining the importance of molecular docking-based modeling methods in the various branches of biotechnology
\r\n\tWe hope that this book will be a common point where researchers working in the fields of life sciences and drug development will eventually meet.
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Donnelly, JeanMarie Houghton and Yana Zavros",authors:[{id:"49368",title:"Dr.",name:"Yana",middleName:null,surname:"Zavros",fullName:"Yana Zavros",slug:"yana-zavros"}]},{id:"17338",title:"Differentiation of Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"differentiation-of-cancer-stem-cells",signatures:"Taro Yamashita, Masao Honda and Shuichi Kaneko",authors:[{id:"27817",title:"Dr.",name:"Taro",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",fullName:"Taro Yamashita",slug:"taro-yamashita"},{id:"43187",title:"Dr.",name:"Masao",middleName:null,surname:"Honda",fullName:"Masao Honda",slug:"masao-honda"},{id:"43188",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneko",fullName:"Shuichi Kaneko",slug:"shuichi-kaneko"}]},{id:"17339",title:"Carbohydrate Antigens as Cancer-Initiating Cell Markers",slug:"carbohydrate-antigens-as-cancer-initiating-cell-markers",signatures:"Wei-Ming Lin, Uwe Karsten, Steffen Goletz and Yi Cao",authors:[{id:"51917",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",fullName:"Yi Cao",slug:"yi-cao"},{id:"52594",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Wei-Ming Lin",slug:"wei-ming-lin"},{id:"52595",title:"Dr.",name:"Uwe",middleName:null,surname:"Karsten",fullName:"Uwe Karsten",slug:"uwe-karsten"},{id:"52596",title:"Dr.",name:"Steffen",middleName:null,surname:"Goletz",fullName:"Steffen Goletz",slug:"steffen-goletz"}]},{id:"17340",title:"Influence of Culture Environment and Mollicutes Contaminations on CD133 Modulation in Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"influence-of-culture-environment-and-mollicutes-contaminations-on-cd133-modulation-in-cancer-stem-ce",signatures:"Elisabetta Mariotti, Peppino Mirabelli, Francesca D’Alessio, Marica Gemei, Rosa Di Noto, Giuliana Fortunato and Luigi Del Vecchio",authors:[{id:"28066",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Di Noto",fullName:"Rosa Di Noto",slug:"rosa-di-noto"},{id:"44267",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",middleName:null,surname:"Mariotti",fullName:"Elisabetta Mariotti",slug:"elisabetta-mariotti"},{id:"44268",title:"Dr.",name:"Peppino",middleName:null,surname:"Mirabelli",fullName:"Peppino Mirabelli",slug:"peppino-mirabelli"},{id:"44269",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"D'Alessio",fullName:"Francesca D'Alessio",slug:"francesca-d'alessio"},{id:"44270",title:"Dr.",name:"Marica",middleName:null,surname:"Gemei",fullName:"Marica Gemei",slug:"marica-gemei"},{id:"44271",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuliana",middleName:null,surname:"Fortunato",fullName:"Giuliana Fortunato",slug:"giuliana-fortunato"},{id:"44272",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Del Vecchio",fullName:"Luigi Del Vecchio",slug:"luigi-del-vecchio"}]},{id:"17341",title:"Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"therapeutic-strategies-targeting-cancer-stem-cells",signatures:"Atique U. Ahmed, Bart Thaci, Derek A. Wainwright, Mahua Dey and Maciej S. 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Behie",authors:[{id:"32955",title:"Prof.",name:"Leo",middleName:"Augustus",surname:"Behie",fullName:"Leo Behie",slug:"leo-behie"}]},{id:"17347",title:"Cancer Stem Cells: The Role of the Environment and Methods to Identify Them",slug:"cancer-stem-cells-the-role-of-the-environment-and-methods-to-identify-them",signatures:"Giuseppe Pirozzi",authors:[{id:"34509",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pirozzi",fullName:"Giuseppe Pirozzi",slug:"giuseppe-pirozzi"}]},{id:"17348",title:"Modulation of Multidrug Resistance on the Same Single Cancer Cell in a Microfluidic Chip: Intended for Cancer Stem Cell Research",slug:"modulation-of-multidrug-resistance-on-the-same-single-cancer-cell-in-a-microfluidic-chip-intended-fo",signatures:"XiuJun Li, Yuchun Chen and Paul C.H. Li",authors:[{id:"29972",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Paul Li",slug:"paul-li"},{id:"40073",title:"Prof.",name:"XiuJun",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"XiuJun Li",slug:"xiujun-li"},{id:"40074",title:"Ms.",name:"Yuchun",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yuchun Chen",slug:"yuchun-chen"}]},{id:"17349",title:"Evolution of Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"evolution-of-cancer-stem-cells",signatures:"Stanley Shostak",authors:[{id:"28104",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanley",middleName:null,surname:"Shostak",fullName:"Stanley Shostak",slug:"stanley-shostak"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"539",title:"Novel Aspects in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dfef11575616931bbc329551f943115f",slug:"novel-aspects-in-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia",bookSignature:"Stefan Faderl",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/539.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64603",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Faderl",slug:"stefan-faderl",fullName:"Stefan Faderl"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"826",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7623895df0aba62ffdeed2e9588df06",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis",bookSignature:"Sophia Ran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/826.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79980",title:"Dr.",name:"Sophia",surname:"Ran",slug:"sophia-ran",fullName:"Sophia Ran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"946",title:"Advancements in Tumor Immunotherapy and Cancer Vaccines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aa9eb0c98931a6c6e516ecf1962f99a4",slug:"advancements-in-tumor-immunotherapy-and-cancer-vaccines",bookSignature:"Hilal Arnouk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/946.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76431",title:"Dr.",name:"Hilal",surname:"Arnouk",slug:"hilal-arnouk",fullName:"Hilal Arnouk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3292",title:"Clinical Epidemiology of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia",subtitle:"From the Molecules to the Clinic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"096a7b5fba63e475141912ac41b802b5",slug:"clinical-epidemiology-of-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-from-the-molecules-to-the-clinic",bookSignature:"Juan Manuel Mejia-Arangure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3292.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31782",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Manuel",surname:"Mejia-Arangure",slug:"juan-manuel-mejia-arangure",fullName:"Juan Manuel Mejia-Arangure"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3386",title:"Multiple Myeloma",subtitle:"A Quick Reflection on the Fast Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e17fb4e84fd9ca172a59ea4fbffa9440",slug:"multiple-myeloma-a-quick-reflection-on-the-fast-progress",bookSignature:"Roman Hajek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92830",title:"Prof.",name:"Roman",surname:"Hajek",slug:"roman-hajek",fullName:"Roman Hajek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"75456",title:"Risk Communication in the Age of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96390",slug:"risk-communication-in-the-age-of-covid-19",body:'A pandemic presents a special kind of health crisis that requires “collective responsibility” together with changes in communication techniques ([1], p. 515). Previous research has confirmed that communication during a health crisis is crucial [2] in order to create awareness for the existence of a health threat [3, 4]. Hence, health risk messages disseminated during the crisis should be both instructing and adjusting, informing the public of which precautionary measures to take to reduce physical harm and the virus from spreading, while also providing individuals with guidance as to how to deal with the psychological threats of the crisis [5].
In the event of a pandemic, the government becomes a key actor in managing the (health) crisis [6, 7]. Conditioned by high degrees of trust, messages distributed on part of the government can drive the general population to comply with its recommended actions [8, 9, 10, 11]. This is the case, since health messages for which the government is the identified source are perceived as both credible and relevant [7, 12], for individuals are convinced that the government can control the crisis [13]. This is in line with previous research, which suggests that controllability and responsibility for the health threat influence the public’s risk perceptions and, consequently, responses to these risks [14].
The primary aim of this chapter is to present some guidelines for effective health risk message design, drawing input from established crisis communication literature in general and some recent studies on COVID-19 risk communication in particular. To this end, recommendations regarding message presentation and design will be presented, before limitations and directions for future research are addressed.
Pandemics qualify as a form of health crisis [1]. As crises present situations for which individuals are neither prepared nor possess knowledge of how to deal with the uncertain circumstances [15], they actively seek support and guidance [16, 17]. In order to mobilize the affected public as a partner [18, 19], individuals’ need for information must be satisfied. Useful information is usually based on scientific facts. Following the Office and Science and Technology [20], science communication comprises all communication activities between different stakeholder groups, and, as in the case of a health crisis, takes place between “the government and the public”. In line with Burns et al. [21], one of the many objectives of science communication is to raise awareness for and create familiarity with new aspects of science. Consisting of three separate processes – i.e. communication, consultation and participation [22] – science communication needs to be designed strategically to fill existing (knowledge) gaps and present information in an appealing manner [23]. Only this way, the public’s understanding of science can be assured [21]1.
Media messages afford individuals with instruction and, thus, present respondents’ primary sources of information in crises [26, 27, 28]. Message credibility and trust is elevated, if the government is the identified source [12, 29], highlighting its central role in the crisis management process [6, 7]. On the one hand, it can help sensitize people for the risks associated with the crisis and, on the other hand, encourage them to adopt preventive measures [30]. For this reason, governmental officials are advised to invest in “well-coordinated health communications” to assist individuals in managing their daily lives in times of upheaval [31]. Previous studies have investigated how the public responds to a government’s overall health risk communication, for instance during the avian influenza [12], SARS [32], or Ebola [33]. Findings confirm that the government is perceived to be in the position to mitigate potential health risks [13].
In the event of a crisis, governments are advised to engage in intensified communication [9, 10]. In order to build community trust and engagement, communication must be open and transparent, as well as scientifically based in order to facilitate the public’s preparedness to deal with the health threat [9, 16, 34]. This call seems to be expressive of recent social developments towards a knowledge or information society [35]. Thereby, knowledge (re)production centers on documented scientific knowledge (e.g., scientific findings), which no longer solely has its origin in natural sciences but is also based on social sciences [29]. Moreover, this kind of knowledge is increasingly discussed in the media. While science communication is concerned with raising awareness for and creating familiarity with new aspects of science (as part of a “Public Understanding of Science” and “Public Awareness of Science”, [24, 25]), messages disseminated during any (health) crisis need to be designed strategically to present information in an appealing manner in order to draw respondents to (scientific) message content [21].
Effective risk communication is a requirement in case of health emergencies and crises [2] and can assist the public in managing the crisis [36]. Health crises, including epidemics and pandemics, do not present an exception to this trend. For this reason, governments throughout the world heavily depend on health campaigns, described as “a systematic effort to change health behaviors (or attitudes and beliefs about health and/or social and environmental conditions that mediate health behaviors) within a target population of people who are at risk for a health problem or problems” [37]. Health messages by the government are also known as Public Service Announcements (PSAs, [38]). Contrary to traditional advertising messages, these materials set out to change individual behaviors. For this reason, they have been commonly used in health crises [39].
With PSAs appealing to individuals to change their behaviors and instructing them on how to achieve these proposed behavioral changes, they are in line with health campaigns’ three communicative objectives: awareness, instruction or persuasion [37, 40]. In case of a health crisis, health campaigns primarily intend to raise awareness for the severity of the threat amongst the affected population and offer instruction to individuals on how to utilize self-protective measures [41, 42]. As such, PSAs appeal to individuals’ self-efficacy [16, 43, 44]. For instance, health messages spread during the H1N1 influenza emphasized the need to take up hygiene measures, such as “hand washing, sanitizer use, covering of coughs and sneezes, and staying at home” ([16]: p. 5). Similar message content was also employed as part of national COVID-19 health campaigns.
Albeit different campaign themes exist, amongst them community building [16], messages typically center on risk reduction strategies [5, 30]. Particularly during health emergencies, information on which preventive measures should be taken is valuable [45]. These measures, for instance, could be nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), which are nation-wide actions proposed by the government to resolve the health crisis [31]. NPIs are useful in controlling the pandemic and are, thus, often labeled “community mitigation strategies”. With measures often concerning “disruptive actions” ([44], p. S2), individuals are forced to reconfigure their daily lives and routines [46]. For this reason, health risk messages must be carefully designed to prevent controversial arguments and negative emotions from surfacing [19, 47, 48].
Campaigns advocating NPIs rely on media messages to reach diverse publics in crisis situations [49]. While an increasing amount of research is available on how health messages are used to create awareness amongst the population during risk situations [33, 50, 51, 52, 53]. In this chapter we review articles pertaining to health risk message design and focus on the special case of pandemics and emerging infectious diseases [8].
The purpose of this paper is to present the cumulated results of an excessive literature review, looking at propositions for and examples of health risk messages disseminated during previous epidemics and pandemics, as well as during COVID-19. Hence, this review will only include articles from the field of risk communication and health communication which were released between 2000 and 2020, even though parallels to messages addressing ongoing pandemics, such as HIV/AIDS and Cholera, can be found.
We used keywords such as risk, health risk, risk communication, health communication, epidemic, pandemic and a combination thereof to compose our sample. With this scope in mind, we conducted a search using national library databases. We covered the major journals in strategic communication, risk communication, and health communication, such as
With the above considerations we have now summed up some recommendations for designing health risk messages. For government officials, it is now of great interest to learn more about how health risk messages can be designed to benefit not only their own agenda, but also whole populations affected by crisis situations. After reviewing relevant (and recent) literature, it becomes obvious that scholars have devoted their research to studying communication during crisis situations in detail. In the following, several recommendations for designing and drafting health risk messages will be presented.
The availability of timely and transparent information allows the public to derive at a realistic assessment of the health threat [3, 4, 54]. Building on previous research, messages disseminated in times of disruption should “[e]mphasize the rationale and importance of adherence to public health measures that some people may consider intrusive (e.g., quarantine)” (US Department of Health and Human Services 2008). Providing a solid reasoning is seen as paramount, given that in recent years, individuals trust in the validity of scientific findings has decreased considerably [55]. Hence, PSAs must address the necessity for specific crisis mitigation strategies and actions.
Experts have determined that ensuring public access to information – and thus engaging in a process of constant communication – is seen as essential in crisis situations [56]. Thereby, different forms of information need to be distinguished: instructing information, preventive information, and reactive information [57]. Instructing information covers three areas: information on the pandemic, the public’s primary needs, and precautionary measures [57]. Through preventive information, public opinion regarding the crisis is sensitized, whilst through reactive information, the affected population is informed about the crisis progression, and a potential panic and the spread of rumors can be prevented [1].
Austrian PSAs advising grandparents to refrain from visiting their grandchildren (left) and social distancing (right). (Source:
In the process of encouraging individuals to follow the proposed preventive actions [58, 59, 60], information should be presented in a straight-forward manner [16] and in “one voice”. Moreover, messages should use simple language [61], and be consistent in terms of message content, as inconsistency can lead to confusion and undesired health outcomes: “A well-crafted national message [has] the potential to build unity around the goal of defeating the virus through behavior change, preferably with clear, unambiguous recommendations of what actions to take” ([61], 1736).
Austrian PSAs featuring the baby elephant. (Source:
According to Fishbein and Ajzen [62], effective communication should stress which behaviors have to be changed, further providing the public with clear instruction as to how this change can be obtained [3]. Therefore, message should appeal to individuals’ self-efficacy [63, 64]. Self-efficacy is activated if identification with message content is high [43, 44]. Clear communication can boost individual self-efficacy and help mitigate the risks associated with the health threat [61]. If individuals feel empowered, this can then improve the relationship between the public and the government lastingly [10].
Australian PSAs presenting risk mitigation strategies. (Source:
As individual behavior is influenced by social norms, i.e. how people in one’s immediate environment react [65], health communication messages should promote these norms [29, 39], which can induce behavioral change. Besides the relevance of collective norms2 [67], norms that require personal investment (e.g., social distancing, personal hygiene) are presumed to predict behavioral intentions even more strongly [68].
Prosocial Appeal as part of #MaskUpAmerica. (Source:
The risks associated with any crisis have been renowned to elicit negative emotions in individuals [69], further influencing their risk perceptions [70, 71, 72]. Therefore, the negative emotions associated with the pandemic should be counterbalanced with positive emotional appeals [29, 73]. This, for instance, can be achieved through “prosocial motivation” or a collective orientation, in the course of which the positive impact of a certain behavior on the community elicits hope in recipients [74, 75]. Likewise, higher intentions to comply with proposed behaviors can be achieved if prosocial appeals are used [76].
Austrian PSAs emphasizing prosocial and collective action, such as staying at home if feeling unwell (left) and shopping for at risk groups (right). (Source:
Besides stressing the necessity for engaging in selected NPIs, messages also must point out why it is essential to do so [3, 77]. This builds upon previous research, which has demonstrated that increased efficacy levels are reliable in predicting individual behavior [78]. One potential way, for instance, could be to increase the perceived relevance of message content or the similarity to the source, which have proven successful in mitigating negative message consequences [79, 80, 81], e.g., the spread of the virus.
Individuals’ risk perceptions usually incorporate emotional aspects [53] that have been found to drive individuals to take up protective behaviors in crisis situations [82, 83, 84]. Hence, the use of (positive) emotion has been found to be conducive to behavioral change [85], also in times of crisis, where emotions have been found to drive (health) risk message reception, e.g., by impacting individuals’ willingness and motivation to take up precautionary measures (e.g., [86, 87, 88, 89]).
#MaskUpAmerica featuring Everyday Heroes. (Source:
While some audiences seek out facts and scientific information, others are more drawn to emotional and personalized message content [37]. Thereby, message appeals describe promotional cues that are used to drive both recipients’ interest and attention [90]. While i
Health risk communication’s reliance on an emotional (visual) presentation might stem from the fact that visuals drive risk perceptions more than factual information [96, 97]. In case of strong emotional reactions, individuals’ likelihood to ignore factual information is increased [98, 99]. Therefore, the use of pictures is recommended and can increase the likelihood of a message receiving fixation [100].
Austrian PSAs featuring individuals in their domestic settings. (Source:
As pandemics evoke negative emotional responses – first and foremost, fear [29] - that affect whole populations, crisis communication itself should not only center on people [101] but also familiarize them with proper behavior, e.g., by featuring role models [102, 103]. If identification is high, people are driven into compliance, which can positively effect crisis management [104, 105].
Besides medical experts or celebrities [39], a number of studies has highlighted the importance of featuring nonpolitical sources, whose statements are perceived as credible and trustworthy [77, 106, 107]. For instance, people have been found to easily relate to individuals who are similar to them (i.e. “community ambassadors”; [16]). Previous research has been able to demonstrate that similarity with the testimonial featured in a promotional or risk message can be a useful tool to increase message effectiveness [108, 109], as well as message credibility and acceptance [110]. As community members resemble real people, individuals are also more likely to follow their lead and take up proposed behaviors [111].
Messages also must be reflective of individuals’ respective health literacy levels3 [48, 72, 114]. Numerous studies determined individual’s health literacy is rather low [48, 114, 115, 116]. “Barriers that keep the people we want to become more scientifically literate from understanding what we do [is that] they do not know the terminology”. For this reason, messages must ensure that people do not feel overwhelmed with the information they are presented with.
While low health literacy levels can result in unintended health outcomes [51], messages low in complexity can enhance both individuals’ message processing and willingness to act on the recommendations presented therein [51]. More complex messages, however challenge individuals as they require more elaborate health literacy skills for individuals to not only understand the message, but also align message content with existing knowledge [117].
Austrian PSAs with strong visuals but low in complexity. (Source:
Health campaigns have been found to increasingly rely on videos [118], which present information in dual form, meaning in both textual and visual form. In the first instance, facts can be both presented in written and auditory form (voiceover or narration) and might be supported by illustrations and pictograms (e.g., [51]). Narration particularly caters to individuals with low health literacy levels, who can process spoken information more readily than written information [119]. Personal stories that are directly linked to the health-cause and narrated by testimonials, can increase identification and message impact [108, 110]. Videos’ dual-mode presentation information processing and message recall [120, 121].
Austrian PSAs utilizing information and pictograms. (Source:
If individuals act upon the proposed actions by the government depends on the impact – both in economic and social terms – associated with the health risk [18, 44], as well as their ability to make sense of the information they are presented with [122]. Governments are, therefore, advised to tailor their communications to individual information needs [123, 124, 125].
According to previous research, individual message preferences vary, and different message formats are preferred [16, 54]. For this reason, messages must be provided where individuals are likely to encounter them [126, 127], taking generational differences and media preferences into consideration.
If crisis strikes, government officials are called upon to act quickly and engage in increased communication [6, 7]. The present study reviewed some existing literature and combined it with insights from health communication, in an attempt to provide some recommendations for effective COVID-19 health risk message design. This is crucial, for individuals’ risk perceptions have been found to predict their likelihood of engaging in preventive behaviors, also in the case of pandemics [82] and in the case of emerging infectious diseases (EID) [8].
At any time during the crisis, message complexity should be reduced [122, 128], requiring lesser cognitive capacities on behalf of individuals to process message [51]. This is specifically important, if scientific evidence is presented. Only if message match the audience’s cognitive capacities, individuals can play an active role in managing health risks. Moreover, visual (affective) stimuli can elicit emotions in individuals, and enhance message acceptance and learning, specifically if new information is presented [121].
Communication strategies are further recommended to take audiences’ attitudes and inherent needs for comprehensive and instructional information – which appeals to their self-efficacy [43] – into account [129]. Hence, government officials are advised to optimize message presentation, especially when the problem or risk addressed in this message affects whole populations. As such, it is important to increase both the identification with and the relevance of message content, evoking individuals into compliance. In order to increase identification and create familiarity with proper crisis behavior, communication should center on the affected population [18, 80, 104] and feature community members [43]. In order to increase message comprehensibility, information needs to be presented in simple language and in a straight-forward-manner, while also reducing message complexity [100, 120], e.g., through the inclusion of visuals. If message content is too complex, effectiveness can be enhanced by presenting information in dual form, i.e. by combining visual/auditory and textual elements [51]. For instance, narration can increase a message’s persuasive impact [130], while also aiding respondents’ identification with the message [131]. A dual-more presentation can thus help overcome respondents’ potential resistance to message content [132], while also favoring those with low health literacy rates – a problem, that still challenges health communication in the age of COVID-19 [48, 114].
There are several limitations to the list of recommendations presented herein. Even though the study is based on a comprehensive literature review, it only focused on research articles from the field of strategic communication and health communication. Moreover, the national campaign examples only offer insights into the communication strategies utilized by the German, Austrian, U.S. American (New York) and Australian government. PSAs might be conceptualized differently in other parts of the world. Future research should also emphasize how campaign messages have changed as the COVID-19 pandemic progressed.
The author acknowledges the financial support by the University of Klagenfurt.
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
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Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). 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He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. 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He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"94",type:"subseries",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",keywords:"Environmental protection, Socio-economic development, Resource exploitation, Environmental degradation, Climate change, Degraded ecosystems, Biodiversity loss",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable development focuses on linking economic development with environmental protection and social development to ensure future prosperity for people and the planet. To tackle global challenges of development and environment, the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 adopted the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. SDGs emphasize that environmental sustainability should be strongly linked to socio-economic development, which should be decoupled from escalating resource use and environmental degradation for the purpose of reducing environmental stress, enhancing human welfare, and improving regional equity. Moreover, sustainable development seeks a balance between human development and decrease in ecological/environmental marginal benefits. Under the increasing stress of climate change, many environmental problems have emerged causing severe impacts at both global and local scales, driving ecosystem service reduction and biodiversity loss. Humanity’s relationship with resource exploitation and environment protection is a major global concern, as new threats to human and environmental security emerge in the Anthropocene. 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