Source: Wolfram Alpha Knowledge Base, 2011.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7695",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Green Energy Advances",title:"Green Energy Advances",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'This book contributes to understanding the development and application of green energy solutions. The term "green energy" is widely used today to indicate sustainable energy sources with zero or minimal environmental and economic impact, obtained from various renewable energy sources. The contents presented in this book deal with different solutions, from small-scale applications (thermoelectric energy harvesting) to energy efficiency in buildings with local renewable energy production (also in critical seismic sites), local energy systems (smart energy management of storage and complex interactions), exploitation of biomasses from agricultural wastes, and voluntary certifications associated with energy trading in large energy systems. These aspects mark a more sustainable evolution of the society with wider green energy usage.',isbn:"978-1-78984-200-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-199-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-051-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77501",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"green-energy-advances",numberOfPages:156,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ca498ae0f824bac0c43f5cfb011d8e9c",bookSignature:"Diana Enescu",publishedDate:"February 20th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7695.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12876,numberOfWosCitations:50,numberOfCrossrefCitations:45,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:12,numberOfDimensionsCitations:77,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:16,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:172,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 25th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 16th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 15th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 3rd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 2nd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"226207",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Enescu",slug:"diana-enescu",fullName:"Diana Enescu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226207/images/system/226207.jpeg",biography:"Diana Enescu graduated in Industrial Energy Engineering at the University Politehnica of Bucharest (UPB), Romania, and holds a Master Degree in energy efficiency and economy of energy from UPB. She obtained her PhD in mechanical engineering at the Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest. In 2006 she was a visiting postdoctoral researcher at Yale University, USA. She has published more than 40 papers in national and international journals and conferences, four books and three book chapters. She is a member of ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) and a reviewer of many international journals. She teaches thermal engineering courses at the Valahia University of Targoviste, Romania. Her research interests include heat transfer, thermodynamics, and thermoelectric system applications.",institutionString:"Valahia University of Targoviste",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Valahia University of Targoviste",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"771",title:"Sustainability Science",slug:"sustainability-science"}],chapters:[{id:"65239",title:"Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting: Basic Principles and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83495",slug:"thermoelectric-energy-harvesting-basic-principles-and-applications",totalDownloads:5442,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:56,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Green energy harvesting aims to supply electricity to electric or electronic systems from one or different energy sources present in the environment without grid connection or utilisation of batteries. These energy sources are solar (photovoltaic), movements (kinetic), radio-frequencies and thermal energy (thermoelectricity). The thermoelectric energy harvesting technology exploits the Seebeck effect. This effect describes the conversion of temperature gradient into electric power at the junctions of the thermoelectric elements of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) device. This device is a robust and highly reliable energy converter, which aims to generate electricity in applications in which the heat would be otherwise dissipated. The significant request for thermoelectric energy harvesting is justified by developing new thermoelectric materials and the design of new TEG devices. Moreover, the thermoelectric energy harvesting devices are used for waste heat harvesting in microscale applications. Potential TEG applications as energy harvesting modules are used in medical devices, sensors, buildings and consumer electronics. This chapter presents an overview of the fundamental principles of thermoelectric energy harvesting and their low-power applications.",signatures:"Diana Enescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65239",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65239",authors:[{id:"226207",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Enescu",slug:"diana-enescu",fullName:"Diana Enescu"}],corrections:null},{id:"63514",title:"Definition and Design of Zero Energy Buildings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80708",slug:"definition-and-design-of-zero-energy-buildings",totalDownloads:1568,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The wide application of renewable energy system (RES) in buildings combined with numerous financial incentives on RES paves the way for future zero energy buildings (ZEB). Although the definition of ZEB still lacks a national building code and international standards, the number of ZEB projects is still increasing worldwide which seems to be the pioneer ZEB buildings. However, due to the intermittency of the renewable resources, various uncertain parameters, and dynamic electricity price from the grid, how to select the renewable energy system for buildings is one of the challenges and therefore becomes an extensive concern for both researchers and designers. In addition, questions like how to achieve the target of zero energy for different types of buildings, should the building be designed as an independent ZEB or a group of buildings to be a ZEB cluster, and how to make building owners actively involved in installing enough RES for the building are still on the air. This chapter will present a comprehensive view on several key issues related with ZEB, that is, definition, evaluation criteria, design method, and uncertainty analysis, and the penalty cost scheme is also proposed for consideration as one policy to assist the promotion of ZEB.",signatures:"Yuehong Lu, Xiao-Ping Zhang, Zhijia Huang, Jinli Lu and Changlong Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63514",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63514",authors:[{id:"258333",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yuehong",surname:"Lu",slug:"yuehong-lu",fullName:"Yuehong Lu"},{id:"269313",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhijia",surname:"Huang",slug:"zhijia-huang",fullName:"Zhijia Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"65163",title:"Energy and Seismic Rehabilitation of RC Buildings through an Integrated Approach: An Application Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82581",slug:"energy-and-seismic-rehabilitation-of-rc-buildings-through-an-integrated-approach-an-application-case",totalDownloads:882,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The high number of existing buildings in Italy without adequate seismic and thermal performances requires the definition of integrated retrofitting techniques in order to improve the seismic performance and to reduce energy losses at the same time. On one hand, an integrated approach appears mandatory considering that improving only the energy efficiency of nonseismic buildings leads to an increase of their exposure and, therefore, of their risk in the case of seismic events. On the other hand, seismic strengthening without an adequate thermal assessment and rehabilitation could compromise living comfort and energy maintenance costs. In this context, an application of integrated approach for the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete (RC) existing buildings has been proposed referring to a case study representative of the Italian building stock. Different configurations of infill panels have been considered in order to analyze both energy and seismic performance. Monthly quasi-steady state and hourly dynamic models have been used for the calculation of the energy need of buildings located in different Italian climate and seismic zones. Seismic performances have been evaluated by means of incremental nonlinear dynamic analysis (IDA). As-built and post-retrofit performances have been compared in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed intervention solutions.",signatures:"Antonio D’Angola, Vincenzo Manfredi, Angelo Masi and Marianna Mecca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65163",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65163",authors:[{id:"144482",title:"PhD.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Dangola",slug:"antonio-dangola",fullName:"Antonio Dangola"},{id:"281765",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Masi",slug:"angelo-masi",fullName:"Angelo Masi"},{id:"281766",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Manfredi",slug:"vincenzo-manfredi",fullName:"Vincenzo Manfredi"},{id:"281767",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marianna",surname:"Mecca",slug:"marianna-mecca",fullName:"Marianna Mecca"}],corrections:null},{id:"63225",title:"A Smart Battery Management System for Photovoltaic Plants in Households Based on Raw Production Forecast",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80562",slug:"a-smart-battery-management-system-for-photovoltaic-plants-in-households-based-on-raw-production-fore",totalDownloads:1553,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A basic battery management system (BMS) permits the safe charge/discharge of the batteries and the supply of loads. 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Starting from raw 1-day ahead weather forecast and prediction of consumption, the proposed BMS preserves battery charge when it is expected high load and low PV production and performs peak shaving with a negligible reduction in self-sufficiency.",signatures:"Filippo Spertino, Alessandro Ciocia, Paolo Di Leo, Gabriele Malgaroli\nand Angela Russo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63225",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63225",authors:[{id:"52199",title:"Dr.",name:"Filippo",surname:"Spertino",slug:"filippo-spertino",fullName:"Filippo Spertino"},{id:"54831",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Di Leo",slug:"paolo-di-leo",fullName:"Paolo Di Leo"},{id:"198475",title:"Prof.",name:"Angela",surname:"Russo",slug:"angela-russo",fullName:"Angela Russo"},{id:"258823",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Ciocia",slug:"alessandro-ciocia",fullName:"Alessandro Ciocia"},{id:"258824",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriele",surname:"Malgaroli",slug:"gabriele-malgaroli",fullName:"Gabriele Malgaroli"}],corrections:null},{id:"65063",title:"Integration of Advanced Technologies for Efficient Operation of Smart Grids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83570",slug:"integration-of-advanced-technologies-for-efficient-operation-of-smart-grids",totalDownloads:1098,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The current transition of electrical power systems toward smart grids is encompassing a fundamental change in their structure, as well as operation. This is setting the path to be followed by the hardware and software embedded in electrical power systems, as well as technology adaptation to the “open-source” customers’ needs and consumption patterns. This chapter is following the evolution of energy sector, accompanied by constant improvements of technology, which is providing increasingly complex hardware, which embeds power quality improvement devices, for an efficient operation of electrical power assets. This chapter presents a comprehensive survey of continuous advances of renewable energy sources and storage technology which have started the transformation of end users into energy-efficient and clean prosumers, underlining the subsequent energy markets support of peer-to-peer energy trading through novel technologies as blockchain.",signatures:"Radu Porumb and George Serițan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65063",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65063",authors:[{id:"258532",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Radu",surname:"Porumb",slug:"radu-porumb",fullName:"Radu Porumb"},{id:"258533",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Serițan",slug:"george-seritan",fullName:"George Serițan"}],corrections:null},{id:"64335",title:"Sustainable Energy Model for the Production of Biomass Briquettes Based on Rice Husks in Peruvian Low-Income Agricultural Areas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81817",slug:"sustainable-energy-model-for-the-production-of-biomass-briquettes-based-on-rice-husks-in-peruvian-lo",totalDownloads:1358,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An energy model focuses on the sustainability of environmental proposals that use clean biomass technology. In this case, briquette production seeks to generate socio-environmental development in agricultural areas contaminated by the burning of rice husks. However, this agricultural waste product has a large heating capacity and can be used as a raw material for briquette production, replacing conventional contaminant fuels such as firewood and reducing Peru’s annual energy consumption by approximately 833,000 kg of CO2 per year, considering the minimization of emissions from the felling of trees and the burning of rice husks. These rice husks are burned and generate pollutant gases, causing respiratory and pulmonary problems. Despite these negative effects, it is an agricultural waste product with great untapped energy potential and constitutes an opportunity to promote socio-environmental development based on economic valorization. The level of deforestation would decrease by approximately 2070 trees per year, 23% of a market population which consumes 10 kg of firewood per day. Unlike similar projects, briquette production sustainability may be achieved when economic, environmental and social aspects are included in energy model development, based on the application of clean technology and efficient management of energy supplies, such as husk supplies and corresponding briquettes.",signatures:"Juan Arévalo, Grimaldo Quispe and Carlos Raymundo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64335",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64335",authors:[{id:"256337",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Raymundo",slug:"carlos-raymundo",fullName:"Carlos Raymundo"},{id:"272063",title:"Mr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Arevalo",slug:"juan-arevalo",fullName:"Juan Arevalo"},{id:"272064",title:"Dr.",name:"Grimaldo",surname:"Quispe",slug:"grimaldo-quispe",fullName:"Grimaldo Quispe"}],corrections:null},{id:"63953",title:"Voluntary Certification of Carbon Emission in Brazil - The Experience of an Electricity Trader",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81185",slug:"voluntary-certification-of-carbon-emission-in-brazil-the-experience-of-an-electricity-trader",totalDownloads:976,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Few countries in the world have such availability of natural resources as Brazil. Even so, the country records increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to electricity, and this is due to political and economic factors. This chapter shows the experience of the largest Brazilian power trader in its pioneering effort to develop voluntary certifications (2011) in power buy and sell transactions, along with other energy efficiency actions. The initiative has accumulated 9 years’ experience with more than 1600 units in different industries, using a methodology aligned with the Paris Agreement. The chapter presents the calculation methodology and the safeguards that ensure information integrity and verification of the certified indicators. Only renewable sources are used in this methodology, such sources being qualified as incentivized by their sustainability characteristics being small-size power plants (less than 30 MW of capacity installed).",signatures:"Fernando Amaral de Almeida Prado and Edvaldo Avila",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63953",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63953",authors:[{id:"257274",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Almeida Prado Jr.",slug:"fernando-almeida-prado-jr.",fullName:"Fernando Almeida Prado Jr."},{id:"259329",title:"BSc.",name:"Edvaldo",surname:"Avila",slug:"edvaldo-avila",fullName:"Edvaldo Avila"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"23",label:"women in science book program"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"205",title:"Fundamental and Advanced Topics in Wind Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b8b5955addb75d98a6bba1c94e3e7a74",slug:"fundamental-and-advanced-topics-in-wind-power",bookSignature:"Rupp Carriveau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/205.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22234",title:"Dr.",name:"Rupp",surname:"Carriveau",slug:"rupp-carriveau",fullName:"Rupp Carriveau"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2706",title:"Small-Scale Energy Harvesting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63bc4c27bdf9ec1e00aa20ff6f1d804f",slug:"small-scale-energy-harvesting",bookSignature:"Mickael Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2706.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"115",title:"Wind Turbines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"wind-turbines",bookSignature:"Ibrahim Al-Bahadly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/115.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19588",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim H.",surname:"Al-Bahadly",slug:"ibrahim-h.-al-bahadly",fullName:"Ibrahim H. 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Walp: A Strategic Crop for Nutritional Security, Well being and Environmental Protection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103025",slug:"vigna-unguiculata-l-walp-a-strategic-crop-for-nutritional-security-well-being-and-environmental-prot",body:'Legumes are third largest family of flowering plants which consist of over 20,000 species, under the family of Fabaceae, amoung them
It is an important crop in the semiarid regions across India, Africa and Russia, naturally it is the farmers friendly crop due to crop survival, yield, resistance towards pest, tolerance in sandy soil, low rainfall, whole plant is used as cattle feed and also well-suited to intercropping with other crops as the plant fixes nitrogen with
There are many species can exist but the common sub-species are includes as
The bean crop is cultivated for the purpose of cattle feed and its seeds have high nutrient values, in terms of rich protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The cow pea plant green stems and leaves and seed coats are high nutrients, so consider as cattle feed which increase cattle milk production for many application for in the dairy industry. Many varieties cowpeas were traditionally cultivated in some states India, but in Africa consider as primary cultivar. The countries such as United States of America, United Kingdom, Europe and some parts of Asia.
The cowpea was emerging crop for food and Nigeria considered as largest production country approximately 3.67 million tons and the second largest cultivar Niger global production of cowpea are approximately 2.6 million tons and other countries cowpea production is approximately 2 million tons in 2020. The production of cowpea is marginally reduced in globally approximately 8.2 million tons in 2020. Cow pea seeds are usually cooked and made into stews and curries, or ground into flour or paste.
Most cowpeas are grown on the African continent, particularly in Nigeria and Niger and also in India which account for 66% of world production. Recently the estimate suggests that cowpeas are cultivated on 12.5 million hectares of land. The cowpea has been cultivated in tons of three million and two hundred million humans consume in everyday. The large number of production of cowpea in many places should drastically reduction by the involvement of many pests and insects, particularly causing over ninety percentage loss in crop yield.
Kingdom | Plantae |
Sub kingdom | Trcheobionta |
Super division | Spermatophyta |
Division | Magnoliophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Sub class | Rosidae |
Order | Rosales |
Family | |
Genus | |
Species | |
Sub species |
Source: Wolfram Alpha Knowledge Base, 2011.
The most common important cultivar of cowpea is
The Magnoliopsida class of this plant describes the ovule enclosed with ovary. The order of the plant os Rosales means the petals separated. This group crops family Fabaceae is particularly bean or pea plants. There are many sub species such as
Cowpea are annual, small, sub erect herbaceous plant, have tap root system with root nodules, Glabrous stems and leaves are alternate and compound in nature. The fruits have pods and have cross pollination and epigeal seed germination. Inflorecence is receme, flowers bisexual, have five fused sepals and five free petals. It also has polyandrocium and monocarpellary superior ovary (Figures 1 and 2).
Morphology of Cowpea.
The word ‘cowpea’ primarily mentioned in America on 1798. The bean plant fodder was eagerly eating the cow animals, so the name as cowpea. The common name
Variety of cowpea grown by the many countries of people.
The cow pea does efficiently fix nitrogen to enhance to fertility of the different kinds soils. This is improvement of biodiversity on the particular cow pea growing area. The Excellent Manures are prepared by the senescence parts of long bean crop. The grains and leaves from cow pea food for all animals including humans and cattle, the cattle milk have rich nutrients as well as improve income of people. Below image describe the various uses of cowpea in daily life (Figure 4).
Cow pea consider as source of income and multidimensional applications.
The seeds from cowpea seeds have high content of proteins, carbohydrates, low cholesterol, minerals and vitamins. The leaves of cowpea also have high proteins. The calorie values are higher in cowpea when compare to other crops. The nutrient value will be more and easily cultivable even in polluted or low mineral soils, so many countries consider it is important chief food source.
The homo-polysaccharide starch is present in all crops but in cowpea has to do delay in digestion than other crop starch, so it is good for all animals as well as people consumption. The cowpeas seed have high content of vitamin B9 and helps in reduce or remove inborn error metabolism by means of efficiently develop neural tube in babies like fetus.
The cowpea cultivated by very poor people so it is called poor man crop and easy to grow under high drought conditions. These beans have phyticacids and some metabolic inhibitors which decrease the nutritional value. Some physiological methods like soaking, autoclaving fermentation, seed germination and stage of debranning used for the anti-nutritional properties of the cowpea by to is increased the cowpea nutrient bioavailability in soil.
Although the researchers has been identified importance of nutrients in many crop varieties. The anti-nutritional factors are high in dried seeds in some corps including cowpea than young or old leaves and pods. The below the images (Figure 5) describes the nutrient values, (Figure 6) describes the vitamin constituents and (Figure 7) describes the mineral quantity present in gram/100 gram of dried seeds or leaves.
Nutrient content of cow pea seeds (g/100 g).
Vitamin constituent of cow pea seeds (g/100 g).
Mineral quantity of cow pea seeds (g/100 g).
Vegetable-based food systems are more sustainable than meat-based ones because it requires less energy, land, and water resources. The proteins from pulses is used for the balanced growth with have high nutrients to prevent human diseases and maintain good health [2].
The cowpea plants have highest medical constituents such as high fibers, important vitamins like vitamin B complex, folic acids and vitamin K for to promote good health. Cowpea has more potassium content, it lowers cholesterol, low fat, have high iron and antioxidants and do weight loss (Figure 8). The phenolics and carotenoids components and anthocyanins pigments are involved and maintain good anabolic and catabolic processes [3, 4].
The seed content of cowpea is used for decrease cholesterol formation so to decrease the body weight [5], cowpea seeds also increase blood cells in hematopoiesis to improve cardiac circulation and do efficient food digestion and also reduce digestive problems such as constipation, etc. [6]. The cow plants have lack of glycemic content of index is to delay the digestion of starch, so the cowpea seeds have high dietary fiber involved in insulin metabolism to decrease hunger for approximately in twelve hours [7].
Cowpea regular consumption to cause prevent or reduce many chronic communicable and non communicable diseases [8], the cow pea seeds have high nutrients to remove many gastric syndromes [6]. Cowpea beans also eradicate many heart diseases, decrease cholesterol diseases and improve weight loss [9]. Cowpea seeds or leaves have many medical properties, including reduce carcinoma, improve insulin, reduce lipid diseases, decrease pathogenic infections and remove certain allergies [10, 11].
The high content of carbohydrates, proteins as well as essential amino acids of cowpea seeds used for many health or therapeutic purposes. Cowpea proteins are highly valuable for both consumption and some culinary and some cowpea seed proteins also used for designing the texture of foods [12]. High regular intake of cowpea seeds may reduce blood plasma cholesterol like low density lipoprotein and also reduce non communicable diseases like many cancers and atherosclerosis or myogenic heart diseases [13].
Legume plants are known to form symbioses with extremely broad range of beneficial soil microorganisms (BSM), the examples of almost all plant-microbe mutuality systems present in soil. The different legume plants have interaction with many beneficial microorganisms to increase nutritious, minerals and also do the intake of water from soil via prominent root hairs. (Figure 9).
Cowpea (Legumes) involved in N2 fixation and Carbon fixation. Courtesy: Sanjay K. Jaiswal, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems.
Cowpea plants promote the other plant development and also give protection to many bacterial of fungal plant pathogens and insect-pests. In the field of environmental sciences and agricultural aspects, the cowpea consider do most important beneficial legume to do the symbioses, they are bacterial specifically root nodule (RN) symbiosis and the fungi particularly arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM).
These symbioses explains the metabolic and genetically relations with host plants and have that plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria which are beneficial endophytic bacteria interact with legumes such as cowpea. The RNS requires a set of genes belonging to common symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP), most of which are present in all land plants including legumes that can form a second symbiosis with, the fungi arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) [14, 15].
Legumes are able to fix nitrogen from the air in symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria [16]. The symbiotic relationship between plants with Rhizobium bacteria or any fungi to do fix the atmospheric nitrogen and compensate the ecological gas balance and also do the growth of crop plants to ultimately improve agriculture and maintain sustainable development of life.
The cowpea plants is eager to absorb high heavy metals such as copper from highly polluted soil or industrial effluents or etc., so it is otherwise called hyper-accumulator plants [17]. The cow pea consider as great pollution eradicator.
Cowpea have morphologically and taxonomically well adapted in tropical countries. The herbaceous nature of cowpea is easy for crop cultivation, crop rotation as well as intercrop. It have able to withstand drought or seasonal conditions. The nutrient aspects have more starchy content to proof that stable food for poor people. Cowpeas have other high protein less fat and high vitamins and minerals for maintain excellent metabolism for consuming organisms. Cowpea do fixing atmospheric nitrogen by to symbiotic relations with microorganisms with do recycling with biogeochemical cycles to enhance atmospheric gases.
The cowpea is one of the the largest cultivator crop among legume family and is commonly cultivated crop in most of the countries globally. The cow pea has highest nutrient values so used for maintain good nutrient calories required for our body. This crop plant is considered as good medical applications to cure or reduce the most non-communicable diseases in animals and or human systems. Cow also pea maintain ecological balances by fixing nitrogen, to chelate heavy metals for water and soil pollution removal and it used as bio-fuel production to improve our green environment and reduce fossil fuels to control other environmental pollutions.
The morphological aspects ultimately deals with, the cowpea is recognized as an annual crop, herbaceous woody and greenish in nature. The seedlings were early to germinate in less moisture conditions. Cowpea leaves are rich in main green pigments such as chlorophyll
The medical aspects enumerate the cowpea is no limit. The cowpea has high potassium to improve cell signaling in animals. The legume lowers the blood glucose level to reduce the diabetes among humans and it lowers blood cholesterol. The seeds have high in full of dietary fibers to regulate metabolism. The fiber content of cowpea is responsible to maintain very low fat in our body. Cowpeas have marvelous cell antioxidant mechanism to remove reactive oxygen species and reduce the effect certain toxic substances due to stress and radiation. The seeds rich in protein contents, the ingredients of cowpea show wonderful circulatory system and improve cardiac muscle function and lower the blood pressure. The black eyed seeds also induce gall bladder bile secretion for digestion purpose. Cowpea role in to decrease body weight, it means that improve weight loss.
The ecological review deals with by symbiotic relationship among various types of beneficial microorganisms. The root nodules of cowpea have to fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia with the help of
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
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New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Gábor Kereszturi and Károly Németh",authors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"},{id:"62029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Kereszturi",slug:"gabor-kereszturi",fullName:"Gabor Kereszturi"}]},{id:"38733",doi:"10.5772/51270",title:"An Overview of Mud Volcanoes Associated to Gas Hydrate System",slug:"an-overview-of-mud-volcanoes-associated-to-gas-hydrate-system",totalDownloads:3993,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Umberta Tinivella and Michela Giustiniani",authors:[{id:"151612",title:"Dr.",name:"Umberta",middleName:null,surname:"Tinivella",slug:"umberta-tinivella",fullName:"Umberta Tinivella"},{id:"151614",title:"Dr.",name:"Michela",middleName:null,surname:"Giustiniani",slug:"michela-giustiniani",fullName:"Michela Giustiniani"}]},{id:"52524",doi:"10.5772/65425",title:"Earthquakes and Structural Damages",slug:"earthquakes-and-structural-damages",totalDownloads:3391,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Earthquakes are the most destructive natural hazards throughout human history. Hundreds of thousand people lost their lives and loss of billions of dollars’ properties occurred in these disasters. Occurred medium or high-intensity magnitude earthquakes in last twenty years showed that these loses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, inappropriate design such as soft and weak stories, strong beam–weak column, short column, hammering, unconfined gable wall and in-plane/out-of-plane movement of the walls causes damages. These are the main reasons. In addition to this, low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of engineering services, and construction with insufficient detailing of the structural elements are the another reasons of damages. Main reasons of masonry building damages in terms of design faults can be shown as heavy earthen roofs, inappropriate detailing of wall to wall connection and wall to roof connection, absence of bond beams, large openings. However, construction of buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the other reason of failures for these buildings. In this book chapter, earthquakes and reasons of damages arose from earthquakes for reinforced concrete and masonry structures were presented. In addition to this, appropriate solutions are suggested.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Burak Yön, Erkut Sayın and Onur Onat",authors:[{id:"192483",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Yön",slug:"burak-yon",fullName:"Burak Yön"},{id:"192486",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sayın",slug:"erkut-sayin",fullName:"Erkut Sayın"},{id:"192487",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Onat",slug:"onur-onat",fullName:"Onur Onat"}]},{id:"52565",doi:"10.5772/65511",title:"Earthquake Prediction",slug:"earthquake-prediction",totalDownloads:2049,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Among the countless natural disasters, earthquakes are capable to inflict vast devastation to a large number of buildings and constructions at the blink of an eye. Lack of knowledge and awareness on earthquake as well as its comeback is conspicuous and results in disaster; leading to bitter memories. Therefore, earthquake forecast has been a polemical study theme that has defied even the most intelligent of minds. In this chapter, an attempt was made to do an extensive overview in the area of the earthquake prediction as well as classifying them into the main strategies comprising short‐, immediate‐, and long‐term prediction. An example of each strategy was carried out by mentioning their corresponding approaches/algorithms, such as ΔCFS, CN, MSc, M8, ANN, FFBPANN, KNN, GRNN, RBF, and LMBP; depending on the importance of each strategy. Based on these, it was concluded that, after the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake with M9.0, the current orientation of the Headquarters for earthquake Research Promotion of MEXT in Japan declare that, their mission would be long‐term statistical forecast of seismicity. Even, it is claimed that they do not emphasize on short‐term forecasting. Besides, intermediate‐term estimations are not capable to be used for prevention of all damages and protect all human life, but they may be utilized to undertake certain affordable activities to decrease damage, losses, and modify postdisaster relief. And, despite the long‐term prediction is more concerned by researchers, there is no certain satisfactory level to content them. De facto, the made covenant of 1970 that investigators will be capable to forecast/predict ground excitations within a decade, still remains unmet.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Khaled Ghaedi and Zainah Ibrahim",authors:[{id:"190572",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Ghaedi",slug:"khaled-ghaedi",fullName:"Khaled Ghaedi"},{id:"196228",title:"Prof.",name:"Zainah",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"zainah-ibrahim",fullName:"Zainah Ibrahim"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"41664",title:"Volcanic Natural Resources and Volcanic Landscape Protection: An Overview",slug:"volcanic-natural-resources-and-volcanic-landscape-protection-an-overview",totalDownloads:3782,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Jiaqi Liu, Jiali Liu, Xiaoyu Chen and Wenfeng Guo",authors:[{id:"60000",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiaqi",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jiaqi-liu",fullName:"Jiaqi Liu"}]},{id:"31815",title:"Disaster Management Based on Business Process Model Through the Plant Lifecycle",slug:"disaster-management-based-on-business-process-model-through-the-plant-lifecycle",totalDownloads:2727,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"600",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",fullTitle:"Approaches to Managing Disaster - Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts"},signatures:"Yukiyasu Shimada, Teiji Kitajima, Tetsuo Fuchino and Kazuhiro Takeda",authors:[{id:"70197",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Shimada",slug:"yukiyasu-shimada",fullName:"Yukiyasu Shimada"},{id:"82055",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Fuchino",slug:"tetsuo-fuchino",fullName:"Tetsuo Fuchino"},{id:"82056",title:"Prof.",name:"Teiji",middleName:null,surname:"Kitajima",slug:"teiji-kitajima",fullName:"Teiji Kitajima"},{id:"121284",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",slug:"kazuhiro-takeda",fullName:"Kazuhiro Takeda"}]},{id:"52524",title:"Earthquakes and Structural Damages",slug:"earthquakes-and-structural-damages",totalDownloads:3388,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Earthquakes are the most destructive natural hazards throughout human history. Hundreds of thousand people lost their lives and loss of billions of dollars’ properties occurred in these disasters. Occurred medium or high-intensity magnitude earthquakes in last twenty years showed that these loses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, inappropriate design such as soft and weak stories, strong beam–weak column, short column, hammering, unconfined gable wall and in-plane/out-of-plane movement of the walls causes damages. These are the main reasons. In addition to this, low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of engineering services, and construction with insufficient detailing of the structural elements are the another reasons of damages. Main reasons of masonry building damages in terms of design faults can be shown as heavy earthen roofs, inappropriate detailing of wall to wall connection and wall to roof connection, absence of bond beams, large openings. However, construction of buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the other reason of failures for these buildings. In this book chapter, earthquakes and reasons of damages arose from earthquakes for reinforced concrete and masonry structures were presented. In addition to this, appropriate solutions are suggested.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Burak Yön, Erkut Sayın and Onur Onat",authors:[{id:"192483",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Yön",slug:"burak-yon",fullName:"Burak Yön"},{id:"192486",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sayın",slug:"erkut-sayin",fullName:"Erkut Sayın"},{id:"192487",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Onat",slug:"onur-onat",fullName:"Onur Onat"}]},{id:"41478",title:"Monogenetic Basaltic Volcanoes: Genetic Classification, Growth, Geomorphology and Degradation",slug:"monogenetic-basaltic-volcanoes-genetic-classification-growth-geomorphology-and-degradation",totalDownloads:6195,totalCrossrefCites:71,totalDimensionsCites:142,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Gábor Kereszturi and Károly Németh",authors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"},{id:"62029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Kereszturi",slug:"gabor-kereszturi",fullName:"Gabor Kereszturi"}]},{id:"62769",title:"Disaster Mitigation Model of Eruption Based on Local Wisdom in Indonesia",slug:"disaster-mitigation-model-of-eruption-based-on-local-wisdom-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:1462,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Kelud is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia and suffered a major eruption in 2014. Although they are not part of the super volcano, the impact of the eruption is extraordinary. However, the eruption is not too worrying for the surrounding community. The lack of disaster victims caused by the eruption in 2014 became a successful representation of disaster mitigation models owned by local communities in answering the eruption problem. The easy evacuation process and quickly post-eruption rehabilitation illustrate a pattern of environmental adaptation around the volcano. This discussion focuses on how the people behavior around the volcano in responding to the challenge of eruption? How the role of local government in preparing the community in the face of an eruption, and what actions are done so that the rehabilitation process can take place quickly? To answer all these questions, the researchers collected relevant data through observation, documentation, and interviews with the local communities and local government representatives directly involved in disaster mitigation measures. In addition, the researchers also revealed local traditions that are considered capable of supporting the process of preparing the community in answering the eruption challenges and becoming part of disaster mitigation in the volcanic region.",book:{id:"6821",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-assessment-and-vulnerability-reduction",title:"Natural Hazards",fullTitle:"Natural Hazards - Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Reduction"},signatures:"Eko Hariyono and Solaiman Liliasari",authors:[{id:"214360",title:"Dr.",name:"Eko",middleName:null,surname:"Hariyono",slug:"eko-hariyono",fullName:"Eko Hariyono"},{id:"219699",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliasari",middleName:null,surname:"S",slug:"liliasari-s",fullName:"Liliasari S"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"106",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81241",title:"Physiological and Molecular Adaptation of Sugarcane under Drought vis-a-vis Root System Traits",slug:"physiological-and-molecular-adaptation-of-sugarcane-under-drought-vis-a-vis-root-system-traits",totalDownloads:21,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103795",abstract:"Among various abiotic stresses, water is reported as a rare entity in many parts of the world. Decreased frequency of precipitation and global temperature rise will further aggravate the situation in future. Being C4 plant, sugarcane requires generous water for the proper growth. Plant root system primarily supports above-ground growth by anchoring in the soil and facilitates water and nutrients uptake from the soil. The plasticity and dynamic nature of roots endow plants for the uptake of vital nutrients from the soil even under soil moisture conditions. In sugarcane, the major part of root system are generally observed in the upper soil layers, while limited water availability shifts the root growth towards the lower soil layer to sustained water uptake. In addition, root traits are directly related to physiological traits of the shoot to cope up with water limited situations via reduction in stomatal conductance and an upsurge in density and deep root traits, adaptations at biochemical and molecular level which includes osmotic adjustment and ROS detoxification. Under stressed conditions, these complex interactive systems adjust homeo-statically to minimize the adverse impacts of stress and sustain balanced metabolism. Therefore, the present chapter deals with physiological and biochemical traits along with root traits that helps for better productivity of sugarcane under water-limited conditions.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Pooja Dhansu, Arun Kumar Raja, Krishnapriya Vengavasi, Ravinder Kumar, Adhini S. Pazhany, Ashwani Kumar, Naresh Kumar, Anita Mann and Shashi Kant Pandey"},{id:"79973",title:"Impacts of Drought on Homestead Plant Diversity in Barind Tract of Bangladesh",slug:"impacts-of-drought-on-homestead-plant-diversity-in-barind-tract-of-bangladesh",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101885",abstract:"Homestead is a great place for household food access, diet, and nutrition. Drought affects homestead plant diversity and reduces production, availability, and diversity that lead toward less supply and consumption. Drought detains moisture and degrades the soil that supports plant growth. Homestead provides regular bread and income in the rural areas with an effective means for both economic and environmental well-being. People are getting a good amount of subsidiary income without any extra care and effort. In managing homestead land and drought, the household needs necessary technical and managerial training. In reducing drought effects to the homestead, action research needs to be carried out on available knowledge, effective practices, water management, and the adoption of local varieties and knowledge to develop effective homestead integration. Government initiatives, community engagement and not harming the environment, and efficient uses of water could be great solutions for the adverse effects of drought on the homestead plant diversity.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Md. Shafiqul Islam and Md. Nazrul Islam Mukul"},{id:"82110",title:"Hydrological Drought Index Based on Discharge",slug:"hydrological-drought-index-based-on-discharge",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104625",abstract:"Drought is a natural phenomenon causing disasters and its period of occurrence can be predicted in recent times based on several methods using the same or different variables. The prediction is usually associated with the climate interactions in the form of rainfall or discharge patterns which can be analyzed using the return period. Therefore, this research was conducted in four different stages of data acquisition and validation, drought analysis method based on the data, drought prediction method based on hydrology, and sample applications to determine the debit availability in other watersheds. Historical rainfall data converted to dependable rainfall at 80% probability were used as input for the rainfall-discharge analysis while the hydrological drought analysis was conducted using the drought threshold value. Moreover, the drought was predicted using an artificial neural network model while historical data were used to verify the hydrological character of the prediction model. The results of the analysis conducted were further used to predict the water balance in different river areas due to the fact that each area has a different hydrological character. Meanwhile, the watersheds used as case research showed that the model has reliability of up to 80%.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"R. Rintis Hadiani, Bambang Suharto, Agus Suharyanto and Suhardjono"},{id:"81203",title:"Climate Change: A Real Danger to Human and Animal Survival",slug:"climate-change-a-real-danger-to-human-and-animal-survival",totalDownloads:42,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103022",abstract:"Some countries in Southern Africa where hit by either a storm or cyclone or both in 2019 alone manifesting a changing climate. Infrastructure and cropping land was destroyed, both animal and human lives were lost due to the flooding events. Drought is a common phenomenon in this region, often occurring once in three years. This has affected food, feed and nutritional security of both humans and livestock. Saline soils unsuitable for agriculture, other animal and plant life are expanding fast due to insufficient precipitation. Soil degradation is on the rise, leaving soils with poor water holding capacity to support sustainable agriculture. Climate change is changing the environment and new pests and diseases for both crops and livestock are emerging. World governments, industries and general populace should find better ways of reducing air pollution by greenhouse gases which have a net effect of damaging the ozone layer and increasing atmospheric temperatures. At the same time, plant and animal breeding should aim at improving crop cultivars and animal breeds that resist to the constraints such as drought and heat stress brought by climate change. The human population is increasing at an alarming rate and need both food and nutritional security.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Godwill Makunde, Nation Chikumba, Walter Svinurai and Xavier Mhike"},{id:"81810",title:"Water Shortages: Cause of Water Safety in Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"water-shortages-cause-of-water-safety-in-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:27,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103927",abstract:"This chapter highlights a high rate of water crisis across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite its huge hydro-potential. Factors contributing to water stress include rainfall deficit and drought, increased water requirements, population growth, urbanization, and poverty. Coupled with the uneven distribution of water resources and mismanagement of water facilities, the gap between the demand for water and available supply has deepened. This has led almost half of the SSA population to drink water from unprotected sources. Moreover, many millions travel far distances and spend several hours daily to collect water. Children and women are mainly involved in water collection. The growing scarcity of water in Africa has a negative impact on economic growth. Besides, water shortages are at the heart of many social crises in SSA and have become directly or indirectly the first cause of death in Africa linked to waterborne diseases. The prevailing water-related diseases include malaria, typhoid fever, cholera, poliomyelitis, etc. To attain the African agenda 2063, national governments in SSA need a multidisciplinary approach integrating, supervising informal settlements of the population in urban and peri-urban areas; improving water storage capacity; increasing irrigation potential for agriculture; and having a good understanding of the epidemiology of waterborne diseases.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Chelea Matchawe, Patrice Bonny, Germaine Yandang, Huguette Cecile Yangoua Mafo and Bonglaisin J. Nsawir"},{id:"81584",title:"Reducing the Effects of Drought and Degradation of Agricultural Soils, in the Context of Climate Change, through the Application of Regenerative Ecological Technologies",slug:"reducing-the-effects-of-drought-and-degradation-of-agricultural-soils-in-the-context-of-climate-chan",totalDownloads:43,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104446",abstract:"The agricultural sector has a limited capacity for expansion, consequently, deficient technologies based on the widespread use of synthetic chemicals have been implemented in the last decades, having a major negative impact on natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and environmental services. Desertification, land degradation, and drought, combined with human activity and environmental changes, cause important soil losses and a reduction in natural defenses against droughts and floods. The combined impact of climate change, land mismanagement and unsustainable freshwater use has long been affecting agricultural productivity, the most common cause being unsustainable land management practices. This chapter aims to briefly assess the most effective strategies for reducing the impact of climate change on agricultural crops, as well as to prevent or reverse the process of desertification and systematic loss in food quality and quantity. Regenerative management practices such as minimum tillage technologies, cover crops and mulching, inoculation with microorganisms, nutrients cycling, the balance of the organic fertilizers or foliar application help farmers in managing healthy soils, capable of growing rich and ecological crops without the use of chemical hazardous substances.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Eugen Popescu, Florin Nenciu and Valentin Nicolae Vladut"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. 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