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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4818",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Mine Action - The Research Experience of the Royal Military Academy of Belgium",title:"Mine Action",subtitle:"The Research Experience of the Royal Military Academy of Belgium",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Every day, civilians in dozens of countries around the world are injured and killed by landmines and other lethal leftovers of conflict, years after hostilities of war have ended. Once planted, a mine will never be able to tell the difference between a military and civilian footstep, and a bomblet will continue to attract children and metal dealers. In order to put an end to the suffering and casualties caused by antipersonnel mines, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (the Ottawa Convention or Mine Ban Treaty), was adopted in 1997. Further, in order to prevent suffering and casualties caused by cluster munitions at the time of their use, the Convention on the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Cluster Munitions (the Oslo Convention), was adopted in 2008. In 1996, the Royal Military Academy (RMA) opted for the implementation of mine action technological projects funded by the Belgian Ministry of Defense and the Belgian State Secretariat for Development Cooperation. It further decided to set up a close collaboration with other Belgian universities, which started organizing their own research activities on mine action. Later, other funding sources were granted to RMA by the Belgian Science Policy, the European Commission, and the European Committee for Standardization. At a more politico-administrative level, RMA participates in the States Parties Meetings of the Mine Ban Treaty, and in this context, Prof. Acheroy created an expert group on mine action technologies with representatives of different organizations and countries, aiming at informing the States Parties of the Mine Ban Treaty about the evolution of the mine action technologies. Further, Prof. Y. Baudoin created working groups dedicated to robotics in mine action within international organization. This book reports research activities achieved by the RMA.",isbn:"978-953-51-3304-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3303-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4685-8",doi:"10.5772/60107",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"mine-action-the-research-experience-of-the-royal-military-academy-of-belgium",numberOfPages:292,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"103b330f3e2931050ea640f9c94165ad",bookSignature:"Charles Beumier, Damien Closson, Vinciane Lacroix, Nada Milisavljevic and Yann Yvinec",publishedDate:"August 30th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4818.jpg",numberOfDownloads:16652,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:34,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 15th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 5th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 12th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 10th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 9th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Authored by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"185125",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Beumier",slug:"charles-beumier",fullName:"Charles Beumier",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"13897",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:null,surname:"Closson",slug:"damien-closson",fullName:"Damien Closson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13897/images/1645_n.jpg",biography:"Damien Closson graduated from the University of Liege, Belgium. In collaboration with the Royal Museum for Central Africa, he obtained a Degree in Geography in 1991 based on work done in neotectonics in Burundi. In 1992, he became Master in Cartography and remote sensing, Catholic University of Louvain. From 1995 onwards, he has been a researcher at the Department of Geography (Liege), the Space Centre of Liege, and since 2003 at the Signal and Image Centre, Royal Military Academy. During his PhD (2005), he developed a strong collaboration with Professor Najib Abou Karaki of the University of Jordan. Together, they co-signed ten peer review articles focussing on the salt karst dynamics affecting the coastal areas of the Dead Sea. Currently, they are working on an early warning system. Damien Closson is regularly consulted in geomorphology and hazards mapping for engineering enterprises (KEYOBS, Tractebel, Coyne & Bellier, Vinci Construction Grands Projets).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Royal Military Academy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Belgium"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"176829",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinciane",middleName:null,surname:"Lacroix",slug:"vinciane-lacroix",fullName:"Vinciane Lacroix",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"4262",title:"Dr.",name:"Nada",middleName:null,surname:"Milisavljevic",slug:"nada-milisavljevic",fullName:"Nada Milisavljevic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4262/images/system/4262.jpg",biography:"Nada Milisavljević earned an electrical engineering degree from the University of Novi Sad in 1992, a Master of Science degree from the University of Belgrade in 1996, and a PhD degree in applied sciences from École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications, Paris (2001). From 1992 until 1997 she worked as a research and teaching assistant at the University of Novi Sad. Since 1997 she has been working as a researcher at the Royal Military Academy, involved in humanitarian demining, image processing and data fusion. She is an International Board member for the International Journal of Image and Data Fusion.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Royal Military Academy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Belgium"}}},coeditorFour:{id:"133433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yann",middleName:null,surname:"Yvinec",slug:"yann-yvinec",fullName:"Yann Yvinec",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Royal Military Academy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Belgium"}}},coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1371",title:"Remote Sensing",slug:"military-science-remote-sensing"}],chapters:[{id:"53852",title:"Research at RMA in the Evolving Context of Mine Action",doi:"10.5772/66710",slug:"research-at-rma-in-the-evolving-context-of-mine-action",totalDownloads:1030,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to put the research of the Royal Military Academy (RMA) in mine action in a historical perspective by providing some background information. The vocabulary used in mine action and the landmine contamination problem are first presented. Formalisation of close‐in detection and of area reduction is then proposed. An overview of the research projects, the involved partners and the objectives as well as the list of PhDs performed at RMA are then provided. The chapter ends with an overview of the book and their link with the cited projects.",signatures:"Vinciane Lacroix, Yann Yvinec and Marc Acheroy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53852",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53852",authors:[{id:"176829",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinciane",surname:"Lacroix",slug:"vinciane-lacroix",fullName:"Vinciane Lacroix"}],corrections:null},{id:"54115",title:"Positioning System for a Hand-Held Mine Detector",doi:"10.5772/65784",slug:"positioning-system-for-a-hand-held-mine-detector",totalDownloads:1220,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Humanitarian mine clearance aims at reducing the nuisance of regions infected by explosive devices. These devices need to be detected with a high rate of success while keeping a low false alarm rate to reduce time losses and personnel’s fatigue. This chapter describes a positioning system developed to track hand-held detector movements in the context of close-range mine detection. With such a system, the signals captured by the detector over time can be used to build two- or three-dimensional data. The objects possibly present in the data can then be visually appreciated by an operator to detect specific features such as shape or size or known signatures. The positioning system developed in the framework of the HOPE European project requires only a camera and an extra bar. It adds few constraints to current mine clearance procedures and requires limited additional hardware. The software developed for calibration and continuous acquisition of the position is described, and evaluation results are presented.",signatures:"Charles Beumier and Yann Yvinec",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54115",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54115",authors:[{id:"133433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yann",surname:"Yvinec",slug:"yann-yvinec",fullName:"Yann Yvinec"}],corrections:null},{id:"55272",title:"Ground‐Penetrating Radar for Close‐in Mine Detection",doi:"10.5772/67007",slug:"ground-penetrating-radar-for-close-in-mine-detection",totalDownloads:2877,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, two of the major challenges in the application of ground‐penetrating radar in humanitarian demining operations are addressed: (i) development and testing of affordable and practical ground penetrating radar (GPR)‐based systems, which can be used off‐ground and (ii) development of robust signal processing techniques for landmines detection and identification. Different approaches developed at the Royal Military Academy in order to demonstrate the possibility of enhancing close‐range landmine detection and identification using ground‐penetrating radar under laboratory and outdoor conditions are summarized here. Data acquired using different affordable and practical GPR‐based systems are used to validate a number of promising developments in signal processing techniques for target detection and identification. The proposed approaches have been validated with success in laboratory and outdoor conditions and for different scenarios, including antipersonnel, low‐metal content landmines, improvised explosive devices and real mine‐affected soils.",signatures:"Olga Lucia Lopera Tellez and Bart Scheers",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55272",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55272",authors:[{id:"176830",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",surname:"Lopera Tellez",slug:"olga-lopera-tellez",fullName:"Olga Lopera Tellez"}],corrections:null},{id:"55347",title:"Data Fusion for Close‐Range Detection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68168",slug:"data-fusion-for-close-range-detection",totalDownloads:1105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Two approaches for combining humanitarian mine detection sensors are described in parallel, one based on belief functions and the other one based on possibility theory. In a first step, different measures are extracted from the sensor data. After that, based on prior information, mass functions and possibility distributions are derived. The combination of possibility degrees, as well as of masses, is performed in two steps. The first one applies to all measures derived from one sensor. The second one combines results obtained in the first step for all sensors used. Combination operators are chosen to account for different characteristics of the sensors. Comparison of the combination equations of the two approaches is performed as well. Furthermore, selection of the decision rules is discussed for both approaches. These approaches are illustrated on a set of real mines and non‐dangerous objects and using three sensors: an infrared camera, an imaging metal detector and a ground‐penetrating radar.",signatures:"Nada Milisavljevic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55347",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55347",authors:[{id:"4262",title:"Dr.",name:"Nada",surname:"Milisavljevic",slug:"nada-milisavljevic",fullName:"Nada Milisavljevic"}],corrections:null},{id:"55000",title:"Remote Sensing for Non‐Technical Survey",doi:"10.5772/66691",slug:"remote-sensing-for-non-technical-survey",totalDownloads:1526,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes the research activities of the Royal Military Academy on remote sensing applied to mine action. Remote sensing can be used to detect specific features that could lead to the suspicion of the presence, or absence, of mines. Work on the automatic detection of trenches and craters is presented here. Land cover can be extracted and is quite useful to help mine action. We present here a classification method based on Gabor filters. The relief of a region helps analysts to understand where mines could have been laid. Methods to be a digital terrain model from a digital surface model are explained. The special case of multi‐spectral classification is also addressed in this chapter. Discussion about data fusion is also given. Hyper‐spectral data are also addressed with a change detection method. Synthetic aperture radar data and its fusion with optical data have been studied. Radar interferometry and polarimetry are also addressed.",signatures:"Yann Yvinec, Nada Milisavljevic, Charles Beumier, Idrissa\nMahamadou, Dirk Borghys, Michal Shimoni and Vinciane Lacroix",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55000",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55000",authors:[{id:"133433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yann",surname:"Yvinec",slug:"yann-yvinec",fullName:"Yann Yvinec"}],corrections:null},{id:"52464",title:"InSAR Coherence and Intensity Changes Detection",doi:"10.5772/65779",slug:"insar-coherence-and-intensity-changes-detection",totalDownloads:1716,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This research aims at differentiating human-induced effects over the landscape from the natural ones by exploiting a combination of amplitude and phase changes in satellite radar images. At a first step, ERS and Envisat data stacks are processed using COS software developed by the company SARMAP. Various features related to amplitude and phase as well as to their changes are then extracted from images of the same sensor. Combinations of the features extracted from one image, from several images of one sensor as well as from different sensors are performed to derive robust indicators of potential human-related changes. Finally, possibilities of exploiting and integrating other types of information sources such as various reports, maps, historical or agricultural data, etc. in the combination process are analyzed to improve the obtained results. The outcomes are used to evaluate the potential of this method applied to Sentinel-1 images.",signatures:"Damien Closson and Nada Milisavljevic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52464",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52464",authors:[{id:"13897",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",surname:"Closson",slug:"damien-closson",fullName:"Damien Closson"}],corrections:null},{id:"52765",title:"PARADIS: Information Management for Mine Action",doi:"10.5772/65781",slug:"paradis-information-management-for-mine-action",totalDownloads:1062,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of information management can increase mine action safety and efficiency. Indeed, mine action includes the collection of a large amount of data coming from different sources and data needed for various processing flows. An information management system enables the manager to monitor and visualise critical variables, to get an overview of the situation, to produce customised reports and to perform geospatial analysis in order to make the best decisions. For the field workers, the system offers secure data collection. A Prototype for Assisting Rational Activities in Demining using Images from Satellites (PARADIS) designed and developed between 1999 and 2007, was an early example of how such a tool may improve the planning of humanitarian demining campaigns. The prototype was designed for the SEDEE-DOVO, the Mine Clearance Service [explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) Battalion] of the Belgian Army. This tool involves a software package working from the country scale to the field scale, software embedded in a geographical information system (GIS). The system was built on two user interfaces, one for the desk office, the other, mobile, for the field. The proof-of-concept of the tool aimed at encouraging similar ideas to help both mine action centres and the various actors involved in mine action in the realisation and coordination of day-to-day activities.",signatures:"Vinciane Lacroix",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52765",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52765",authors:[{id:"176829",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinciane",surname:"Lacroix",slug:"vinciane-lacroix",fullName:"Vinciane Lacroix"}],corrections:null},{id:"54088",title:"Assessing the Performance of Personal Protective Equipment1",doi:"10.5772/65778",slug:"assessing-the-performance-of-personal-protective-equipment1",totalDownloads:1454,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lightweight protective structures and materials such as the personal protective equipment (PPE) for explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) personnel are frequently under investigation globally. Their mechanical response to impulsive loads such as blast and ballistic impacts is critical for establishing the spectrum of their performance against various types of threats. This chapter presents a novel testing technique that incorporates three near-simultaneous impacts in one shot in order to acquire deeper understanding of the dynamic interactions that take place during an explosion. A numerical model of an aramid fabric is developed to examine the parameters that influence the ballistic performance under multiple impacts. Fragment cluster impacts with dense dispersion have increased probability to perforate the target material. Heterogeneous, non-isotropic materials, like most of the ballistic grade protective materials, distribute the energy of the impacts in the form of stress wave streams causing the material to behave differently depending on the formation of the impacting fragments. Experimental work with aramid fabrics against single and triple impacts with the fragment-simulating projectile (FSP, 1.102 g) indicates that the ballistic limit in triple impacts is considerably lower that the ballistic limit in single impacts. The actual ballistic performance against multiple fragment impacts is severely underestimated with the classical single-impact methodologies.",signatures:"Georgios Kechagiadakis and Marc Pirlot",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54088",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54088",authors:[{id:"176833",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Kechagiadakis",slug:"georgios-kechagiadakis",fullName:"Georgios Kechagiadakis"}],corrections:null},{id:"53260",title:"Unmanned Ground and Aerial Robots Supporting Mine Action Activities",doi:"10.5772/65783",slug:"unmanned-ground-and-aerial-robots-supporting-mine-action-activities",totalDownloads:1298,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During the Humanitarian‐demining actions, teleoperation of sensors or multi‐sensor heads can enhance-detection process by allowing more precise scanning, which is useful for the optimization of the signal processing algorithms. This chapter summarizes the technologies and experiences developed during 16 years through national and/or European‐funded projects, illustrated by some contributions of our own laboratory, located at the Royal Military Academy of Brussels, focusing on the detection of unexploded devices and the implementation of mobile robotics systems on minefields.",signatures:"Yvan Baudoin, Daniela Doroftei, Geert de Cubber, Jean‐Claude\nHabumuremyi, Haris Balta and Ioan Doroftei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53260",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53260",authors:[{id:"176831",title:"Dr.",name:"Yvan",surname:"Baudoin",slug:"yvan-baudoin",fullName:"Yvan Baudoin"}],corrections:null},{id:"53185",title:"Testing and Evaluating Results of Research in Mine Action",doi:"10.5772/65780",slug:"testing-and-evaluating-results-of-research-in-mine-action",totalDownloads:1138,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter summarizes the experience of the Royal Military Academy in testing and evaluating new tools for mine action. It first underscores the importance of testing and evaluating new methods in general and in mine action in particular. Some recommendations are given to help the design of test protocols: defining carefully the objectives of the test and what is to be measured, the importance of blind and double‐blind tests, choosing between realism and statistical relevance, the importance of how to display the results, etc. These recommendations are illustrated by real‐life examples, mainly from test and evaluation of detectors of mines in which RMA has been involved. A test protocol is detailed. It is the one that RMA designed and used to evaluate a detector that was proven to be useless and that led to the criminal conviction of its designer in the United Kingdom. Sources of available test protocols and test reports are also listed.",signatures:"Yann Yvinec",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53185",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53185",authors:[{id:"133433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yann",surname:"Yvinec",slug:"yann-yvinec",fullName:"Yann Yvinec"}],corrections:null},{id:"55688",title:"The Special Case of Sea Mines",doi:"10.5772/66994",slug:"the-special-case-of-sea-mines",totalDownloads:2226,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, work carried out at the Royal Military Academy regarding sea mines and mine countermeasures is summarized. Three sensors used for the detection and identification of sea mines are studied here: sonar, gradiometer and infrared camera. These sensors can be applied to detect different types of sea mines. Some signal and image processing techniques developed to extract relevant information for the detection of underwater objects are presented in this chapter. These techniques are validated using data collected in the frame of different European and NATO projects.",signatures:"Olga Lucia Lopera Tellez, Alexander Borghgraef and Eric Mersch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55688",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55688",authors:[{id:"176830",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",surname:"Lopera Tellez",slug:"olga-lopera-tellez",fullName:"Olga Lopera Tellez"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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\r\n\tUnder natural conditions, plants are constantly challenged by adverse environmental conditions including abiotic stresses such as heat, cold, drought, and salinity, or biotic factors such as pathogens, insects, and herbivores. These stressors limit the utilization of arable lands worldwide and hamper the growth, development, and productivity of crop plants. Understanding the stress signaling and responses is inevitable to improve stress resistance in crop plants and achieve agricultural sustainability and global food security for the growing population.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book welcomes contributions reporting plant responses to both abiotic (salinity, drought, flooding, temperature extremes, heavy metals, etc.) and biotic (pathogens, insects, pests, weeds, herbivores) stresses, highlighting, among other aspects, the role of stress hormones, signaling mechanisms, and changes in gene expression patterns and their regulation. P"lant Stress Responses and Defense Mechanisms" will be useful for researchers in diverse fields as well as for plant biologists, environmental biologists, faculty, and students. The book will also be helpful for further advancement of research in the area of plant stress biology.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-957-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-956-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-958-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"fd76ac80924e5a4d530ad0a1b54ca1f4",bookSignature:"Dr. Saddam Hussain, Dr. Tahir Hussain Awan, Dr. Ejaz Waraich and Dr. Masood Iqbal Awan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11788.jpg",keywords:"Abiotic Stress, Biotic Stress, Pathogens, Nutrient Deficiency, Heat, Drought, Salinity, Phytohormones, Signaling Molecules, Combined Stresses, ABA, Ethylene",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 8th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 16th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 15th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 2nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"14 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A well-known academic in the field of plant stress physiology, Highly Cited Researcher-2021 by Clarivate/Web of Science, Dr. Hussain published over 150 refereed journal papers that seek to understand crop responses to abiotic stresses and mechanisms imparting tolerance to stresses. He is an editor of several reputed international journals including the Journal of Advanced Research, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, and BMC Plant Biology.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Tahir Hussain Awan works is a Senior Scientist with a Ph.D. from the University of the Philippines Los Baños in 2015. He has more than 25 years of research experience in the area of crop physiology and agronomy, where he has published around 100 articles in reputed journals.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Ejaz Ahmad Waraich is an Associate Professor of Plant Stress Physiology. As a professional teacher and researcher, he has been recognized with several awards, including the Endeavour Executive award 2015 from Govt. of Australia and a Post-doc fellowship award 2008-09 from the Higher Education Commission, Pakistan. He has published more than 140 refereed journal papers in his field.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:"Dr. Masood Iqbal Awan is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Agronomy. He has a Ph.D. (2013) from Wageningen University, The Netherlands (2013) and was a University Associate (2015-2017) at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Key research interests include stress physiology, resource use efficiency, alternate production systems, and eco-efficient cropping systems.",coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"247858",title:"Dr.",name:"Saddam",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"saddam-hussain",fullName:"Saddam Hussain",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSF2aQAG/Profile_Picture_1625658281836",biography:"Dr. Saddam Hussain is working as an Assistant Professor in the area of Plant Stress Physiology at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan. He has been recognized with several international awards in recent years. He published over 150 refereed journal papers (h-index: 50, citations: >9500), many of which have sought to understand the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular basis of crop responses to individual and concurrent abiotic stresses and mechanisms imparting tolerance for such stresses. He devised promising strategies for improving crop performance under sub-optimum conditions (salinity, drought, submergence, temperature extremes, metal toxicity) and suggested various novel indicators for augmenting stress tolerance in plants. The impact of his publications is consistently on the increase, and he is now receiving over 1500 citations every single year. 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Karwacki and Wojciech Wozniak",authors:[{id:"86757",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",middleName:"W.",surname:"Karwacki",fullName:"Marek Karwacki",slug:"marek-karwacki"}]},{id:"29551",title:"Studies of Osteoporosis in Cancer Patients in Slovakia – Experience from Single Institute",slug:"studies-of-osteoporosis-in-cancer-patients-in-slovakia-experience-from-single-institute",signatures:"Beata Spanikova and Stanislav Spanik",authors:[{id:"79511",title:"Dr",name:"Stanislav",middleName:null,surname:"Spanik",fullName:"Stanislav Spanik",slug:"stanislav-spanik"},{id:"123883",title:"Dr.",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Spanikova",fullName:"Beata Spanikova",slug:"beata-spanikova"}]},{id:"29552",title:"Osteoporosis in Pediatric Patients and Its Clinical Management",slug:"osteoporosis-in-pediatric-patients-and-its-clinical-management",signatures:"Emilio González Jiménez",authors:[{id:"77001",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"González-Jiménez",fullName:"Emilio González-Jiménez",slug:"emilio-gonzalez-jimenez"}]},{id:"29553",title:"Physical Activity Interactions with Bone Accrual in Children and Adolescents",slug:"physical-activity-interactions-with-bone-accrual-in-children-and-adolescents",signatures:"Izabella A. 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Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and Tibolone in the Prevention and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis",slug:"the-role-of-hormone-replacement-therapy-hrt-and-tibolone-in-the-prevention-and-treatment-of-postmeno",signatures:"Marta Lamarca",authors:[{id:"81148",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Lamarca",fullName:"Marta Lamarca",slug:"marta-lamarca"}]},{id:"29563",title:"Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Involving Bisphosphonate Treatment for Osteoporosis",slug:"osteonecrosis-of-the-jaw-involving-bisphosphonate-treatment-for-osteoporosis",signatures:"Maria Panaś, Małgorzata Zaleska and Tomasz Kaczmarzyk",authors:[{id:"85541",title:"Dr",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Panaś",fullName:"Maria Panaś",slug:"maria-panas"},{id:"122594",title:"Dr.",name:"Małgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Zaleska",fullName:"Małgorzata Zaleska",slug:"malgorzata-zaleska"},{id:"122595",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Kaczmarzyk",fullName:"Tomasz Kaczmarzyk",slug:"tomasz-kaczmarzyk"}]},{id:"29564",title:"Balloon Kyphoplasty for Osteoporosis: Technical Notes",slug:"balloon-kyphoplasty-for-osteoporosis-technical-notes",signatures:"Antoine Nachanakian, Antonios El Helou, Sami Salem and Moussa Alaywan",authors:[{id:"116842",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoine",middleName:null,surname:"Nachanakian",fullName:"Antoine Nachanakian",slug:"antoine-nachanakian"},{id:"117443",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonios",middleName:"Georges",surname:"El Helou",fullName:"Antonios El Helou",slug:"antonios-el-helou"},{id:"117444",title:"Dr.",name:"Sami",middleName:null,surname:"Salem",fullName:"Sami Salem",slug:"sami-salem"},{id:"117445",title:"Dr.",name:"Moussa",middleName:null,surname:"Alaywan",fullName:"Moussa Alaywan",slug:"moussa-alaywan"}]},{id:"29565",title:"Minimally Invasive Treatment of Vertebral Body Fractures",slug:"minimally-invasive-treatment-of-vertebral-body-fractures",signatures:"Pasquale De Negri and Tiziana 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Apostolova",authors:[{id:"75527",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",middleName:"Dimitrova",surname:"Apostolova",fullName:"Margarita Apostolova",slug:"margarita-apostolova"},{id:"86282",title:"MSc.",name:"Iliyan",middleName:null,surname:"Kolev",fullName:"Iliyan Kolev",slug:"iliyan-kolev"},{id:"86283",title:"MSc.",name:"Lyudmila",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanova",fullName:"Lyudmila Ivanova",slug:"lyudmila-ivanova"},{id:"86284",title:"Mrs.",name:"Leni",middleName:null,surname:"Markova",fullName:"Leni Markova",slug:"leni-markova"},{id:"86286",title:"Prof.",name:"Anelia",middleName:"Aleksandrova",surname:"Dimitrova",fullName:"Anelia Dimitrova",slug:"anelia-dimitrova"},{id:"86289",title:"Prof.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Popov",fullName:"Cyril Popov",slug:"cyril-popov"}]},{id:"29567",title:"Simulating Bone Atrophy and Its Effects on the Structure and Stability of the Trabecular Bone",slug:"simulating-bone-atrophy-and-its-effects-on-the-structure-and-stability-of-the-trabecular-bone",signatures:"Christoph Räth, Irina Sidorenko, Roberto Monetti, Jan Bauer, Thomas Baum, Maiko Matsuura, Philippe Zysset and Felix Eckstein",authors:[{id:"56283",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Räth",fullName:"Christoph Räth",slug:"christoph-rath"}]},{id:"29568",title:"Role of Phytoestrogen Ferutinin in Preventing/Recovering Bone Loss: Results from Experimental Ovariectomized Rat Models",slug:"role-of-phytoestrogen-ferutinin-in-preventing-recovering-bone-loss-results-from-experimental-ovariec",signatures:"Carla Palumbo, Francesco Cavani, Laura Bertoni and Marzia Ferretti",authors:[{id:"75816",title:"Prof.",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Palumbo",fullName:"Carla Palumbo",slug:"carla-palumbo"},{id:"84964",title:"Prof.",name:"Marzia",middleName:null,surname:"Ferretti",fullName:"Marzia Ferretti",slug:"marzia-ferretti"},{id:"84968",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Cavani",fullName:"Francesco Cavani",slug:"francesco-cavani"},{id:"84970",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Bertoni",fullName:"Laura Bertoni",slug:"laura-bertoni"}]},{id:"29569",title:"The Phytoestrogens, Calcitonin and Thyroid Hormones: Effects on Bone Tissue",slug:"the-phytoestrogens-calcitonin-and-thyroid-hormones-effects-on-bone-tissue",signatures:"Branko Filipović and Branka Šošić-Jurjević",authors:[{id:"44958",title:"Dr.",name:"Branko",middleName:null,surname:"Filipovic",fullName:"Branko Filipovic",slug:"branko-filipovic"},{id:"85513",title:"Dr.",name:"Branka",middleName:null,surname:"Sosic-Jurjevic",fullName:"Branka Sosic-Jurjevic",slug:"branka-sosic-jurjevic"}]},{id:"29570",title:"Nutrition for Enhancing Bone Volume in Mice",slug:"nutrition-for-enhancing-bone-volume-in-mice",signatures:"Junji Ohtani, Fujita Tadashi, R.A. Marquez Hernandez, Toshitsugu Kawata, Masato Kaku, Masahide Motokawa and Kazuo Tanne",authors:[{id:"81412",title:"Dr.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Ohtani",fullName:"Junji Ohtani",slug:"junji-ohtani"}]},{id:"29571",title:"Osteoporosis and Bone Regeneration",slug:"osteoporosis-and-bone-regeneration",signatures:"Shinji Kuroda, Kanako Noritake and Shohei Kasugai",authors:[{id:"61656",title:"Prof.",name:"Shohei",middleName:null,surname:"Kasugai",fullName:"Shohei Kasugai",slug:"shohei-kasugai"},{id:"84104",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Kuroda",fullName:"Shinji Kuroda",slug:"shinji-kuroda"},{id:"90335",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanako",middleName:null,surname:"Noritake",fullName:"Kanako Noritake",slug:"kanako-noritake"}]},{id:"29572",title:"Lactoferrin – A Potential Anabolic Intervention in Osteoporosis",slug:"lactoferrin-a-potential-anabolic-intervention-in-osteoporosis",signatures:"Dorit Naot, Kate Palmano and Jillian Cornish",authors:[{id:"78754",title:"Prof.",name:"Jillian",middleName:null,surname:"Cornish",fullName:"Jillian Cornish",slug:"jillian-cornish"},{id:"84689",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorit",middleName:null,surname:"Naot",fullName:"Dorit Naot",slug:"dorit-naot"},{id:"84704",title:"Dr.",name:"Kate",middleName:null,surname:"Palmano",fullName:"Kate Palmano",slug:"kate-palmano"}]},{id:"29573",title:"How Dentistry Can Help Fight Osteoporosis",slug:"how-dentistry-can-help-fight-osteoporosis",signatures:"Plauto Christopher Aranha Watanabe, Marlivia Gonçalves de Carvalho Watanabe and Rodrigo Tiossi",authors:[{id:"76171",title:"Prof.",name:"Plauto C. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",fullName:"Plauto C. A. Watanabe",slug:"plauto-c.-a.-watanabe"}]},{id:"29574",title:"Effect of Bisphosphonates on Root Growth and on Chlorophyll Formation in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings",slug:"effect-of-bisphosphonates-on-root-growth-and-on-chlorophyll-formation-in-arabidopsis-thaliana-seedli",signatures:"Ana I. Manzano, F. Javier Medina, Francisco J. Pérez-Zuñiga, Maria A. Günther Sillero and Antonio Sillero",authors:[{id:"81573",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Sillero",fullName:"Antonio Sillero",slug:"antonio-sillero"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"758",title:"Osteoporosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b52e42df6cd850721e557bedd3a4a77b",slug:"osteoporosis",bookSignature:"Yannis Dionyssiotis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/758.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76883",title:"PhD.",name:"Yannis",surname:"Dionyssiotis",slug:"yannis-dionyssiotis",fullName:"Yannis Dionyssiotis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"794",title:"Insights and Perspectives in Rheumatology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66a39793c12474c99a1dd595cba5b1e8",slug:"insights-and-perspectives-in-rheumatology",bookSignature:"Andrew Harrsion",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/794.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"126484",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Harrison",slug:"andrew-harrison",fullName:"Andrew Harrison"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"795",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",subtitle:"Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ca0136a9a627eabf24307a6f9c0d613",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-etiology-consequences-and-co-morbidities",bookSignature:"Andrew B. 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Rothschild"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1879",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",subtitle:"Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e88feb84b3258c60a4ba97cf8a692e5",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-treatment",bookSignature:"Andrew B. Lemmey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1879.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63624",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Lemmey",slug:"andrew-lemmey",fullName:"Andrew Lemmey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"75196",title:"The Application of Artificial Neural Network to Predicting the Drainage from Waste Rock Storages",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96162",slug:"the-application-of-artificial-neural-network-to-predicting-the-drainage-from-waste-rock-storages",body:'Hard rock mining generates a huge amount of mine wastes (mine tailings and waste rocks), which often contains metal sulfide minerals. Once exposed to air and water during and after mining, the oxidation of metal sulfides minerals releases acid and heavy metals to the environment. The oxidation of metal sulfides can be accelerated in the presence of microorganisms. The drainage from mine wastes may have high level of toxic elements and chemicals such as arsenic, selenium, lead, uranium, zinc etc. Over time, waste rocks are deposited in the storages which can contain over one hundred million tons and cover a few hundred hectares. The drainage water from waste rock storages and its impact on the surrounding environment are becoming critical challenges to both of mining companies and the public. The treatment of the drainage from waste rock storages may have to last decades, even centuries, and bring a significant cost to the mining sectors [1, 2].
For day-to-day mine site management, flood control and contaminant remediation plan are dependent on the evaluation and prediction of drainage flow rates and drainage chemistries. Various methodologies have been developed over the past several decades to predict the drainage from waste rock storages. For predicting drainage flow rates, a numerical model to simulate groundwater flow through unsaturated bed or layers of earth is developed in [3]. In reference [4], a water balance approach is proposed to calculate the conservation of total water flow through waste rock piles by dividing the whole hydrological process into independent components. In terms of predicting drainage chemistries, a numerous numerical models enabled with mass transport effect are developed to evaluate the geochemical reaction and transport inside waste rock piles [5, 6, 7]. Furthermore, using dimensional equation to correlate drainage chemistries with seepage flow rates from waste rock piles is explored in [8]. In reference [9], the effectiveness of a cover system is assessed and a Multiphysics model is developed to predict the iron loading and lime consumption for a full-scale waste rock pile.
However, there are several limitations with above predictive models. For example: 1. Many predictive models are based on lab testing and then scaled up to predict the result in the field, but there is little comprehensive understanding on how to scale up; 2. Simplification and assumptions of geo-bio-chemical processes for the geochemical reaction and leaching process in waste rock storages are critical to the accuracy of the predictive models; 3 Lab or field characterization of material and transport properties related to predictive models is essential, which is also very costly and time-consuming.
To understand and minimize the environmental impact from the contaminated drainage, routine monitoring of waste rock storages is required by many governmental regulators. With the rapid development of computer and sensing technologies, constant and comprehensive monitoring on the waste rock storages is now possible for many mine sites. Daily or even hourly monitoring data become available for many key parameters such as precipitation, temperature, wind, internal temperature, gas concentrations, air/water flow rates, drainage chemistries, etc. These monitoring data are accumulated to weekly, monthly and yearly datasets, and become so huge and complex that traditional data analysis approaches are inadequate to handle and investigate them. As one of the most famous machine learning technologies, artificial neural network not only has the advantages of high processing speed and high computational accuracy, but also enables a machine to mimic human learning behavior and problem solving functions. Thus using neural network to investigate the huge monitoring datasets and further predict drainage flow rates and drainage chemistries from waste rock storages shows very promising potentials. For example, the concentrations of sulphate, chlorine, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids in mine water are predicted by artificial neural network based on the input of pH, temperature and hardness in [10]. Heavy metal included in acid rock drainage is investigated by support vector machine and neural network for a copper mine in Iran [11]. Five machine learning approaches to predict copper concentration are compared in [12]. A feedforward neural network with weather input is proposed to predict drainage flow rates for a full scale waste rock pile [13].
In this book chapter, a refined feedforward neural network based on [13] will be introduced to learn from historical monitoring data and then predict the drainage flow rate, in addition, the refined neural network will also be extended to predict the drainage chemistries in the field. Compared with above traditional predictive models, the proposed neural network approach requires much less simplification and assumption of geo-bio-chemical processes involved and it can significantly reduce characterization cost for mining companies, as the monitoring data inherently contain the information of all the underlying physical mechanisms within real waste rock storages. However, the prediction accuracy is highly dependent on the quality of monitoring data as the proposed neural network is actually a mathematical regression process.
The proposed feedforward neural network selects the weather monitoring data from mine sites as the input to predict and the drainage as the output. The underlying logic for this approach is based on the fact that the water passing through the waste rock storage is mainly from two sources: 1 precipitation falls directly onto the storage and infiltrates into it; 2 groundwater originating from uphill precipitation flows into the storage from higher elevations. Both sources are highly dependent on rain, snow, temperature, hydrologic properties and geo-bio-chemical conditions in the field. As the hydrologic properties and geo-bio-chemical conditions are relatively stable than previous factors related to the weather, the evolution of total precipitation and mean temperature from ambient environment at the mine site is then adopted to correlate with the drainage flow rates and also drainage chemistries. The correlation can be gradually captured by machine learning through studying historical monitoring data from a specific waste rock storage. In addition, the reference [13] proposed to use the number of year and month as additional input to capture long-term fluctuation of drainage. As the number of month is naturally uncycled, the value of the month number has no meaning for machine learning but only brings learning issue when December transits to January. The chapter proposes to use the concept of accumulated days to capture the long term fluctuation instead. With further normalizing all input data, the refined feedforward neural network can better predict the drainage flow rates and further the drainage chemistries. A case study on a full-scale waste rock storage will be provided to validate the proposed approach in this chapter.
The Feedforward neural network is an artificial neural network wherein connections between the artificial neurons do not form a cycle, which is different from its variant: recurrent neural networks. The artificial neurons are capable of simulating basic learning behaviors through receiving inputs, calculating a weighted sum and then passing the sum through a transformation known as activation function to produce outputs. The mathematical calculation for an artificial neuron in a feedforward neural network is generally illustrated as follows:
where
The schematic of the proposed feedforward neural network structure is illustrated in Figure 1. As mentioned above, hydrologic properties and geo-bio-chemical conditions in waste rock storages are generally considered as a very slow evolution, which means they are relatively stable compared with weather conditions such as rain, snow and temperature in the field. The dynamics of weather conditions are powerful to act as driving input forces for the training process, leaving hydrologic properties and geo-bio-chemical conditions as coefficients within neural network to be determined during learning process. As the temperature controls not only the formation of rain/snow but also evaporation rate on the surface, total precipitation and mean temperature are then selected as two groups of neurons in the input layer. Current and preceding total precipitation and mean temperature are extracted from the weather monitoring database, then they are formatted into a time series in the input layer before entering the hidden layer. The length of time series determines the neuron number in each group of the input layer. For example, an input including previous 10 daily weather monitoring data indicates 10 neurons for previous daily total precipitation and 10 neurons for previous daily mean temperature in the input layer.
The proposed feedforward neural network structure.
An additional neuron in the input layer is composed of a time tag that represents the drainage measurement day. For example, the day with first weather monitoring data is considered as the first day, and the corresponding time tag is set to 1. Any future time tag for one drainage measurement is the accumulated day number adding from the first day to the measurement day. By introducing the concept of accumulated day number as the time tag, the geo-bio-chemical evolutions inside the waste rock storages no longer have to keep constant in the temporal scale, and become potentially time dependent. Thus this hybrid input structure enables the proposed neural network to capture the long-term trend of the drainage flow rates and drainage chemistries.
The output can be calculated by moving forward in the neural network based on Eq. (1). After the output is obtained, it is compared with drainage monitoring data (target) including flow rate and chemistry concentration. A cost function is then adopted to evaluate the difference between output and target. In this study, the mean squared errors (
where
As both of input and target data are different in terms of their scales, it is generally required to pre-process them to become normalized before the training starts. The normalization could accelerate the training process by making all undetermined coefficients in the neural network get updated in the same scales. For this study, the mean for each data set (total precipitation, mean temperature, flow rate, chemistry concentration) is set to 0 and the standard deviation is set to 1. The normalization is obtained by following calculations:
where
In the beginning, all coefficients within the neural network shown in Eq. (1) are randomly initiated. During the training process, they are automatically updated through a special data iteration technique called backpropagation algorithm, which calculates the gradient of the cost function based on comparing target with output. The proposed feedforward neural network should be trained with a fair amount of observation samples from historical monitoring database so that it can capture the correlation between input data and target data. Here an observation sample is defined as a combination of input and target from historical monitoring database. The training needs assessment to prevent both of underfitting and overfitting with various validation methods. The hold-out approach is adopted in this study. Among all observation samples, the training observation samples are those for actual training, the validation observation samples are for evaluating the generalization of the neural network and the training process continues until the generalization does not get improved, and the rest are called testing observation samples which do not impact on the training process but give independent assessment for the training performance.
After the training is completed, both of
Theoretically, the lower value for
In theory, a well-trained neural network proposed in this study is able to reasonably predict future drainage flow rate and drainage chemistry concentration for full-scale waste rock storages as long as the historical weather monitoring database, historical drainage monitoring database and the weather forecast onsite are available. Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of the general functions for the proposed feedforward neural network approach. There are two processes involved in the implementation of the approach. After the training processed is completed, the correlation between weather and drainage for the waste rock storage is believed to be captured by the proposed neural network, and then the prediction process starts to utilize weather forecast to predict future drainage on site.
The functions of the proposed feedforward neural network.
To validate the proposed neural network approach, a full-scale case study is performed to predict real drainage flow rate and drainage chemistry in field condition. A real waste rock pile from an anonymous mine site in western Canada is adopted in this study. The proposed neural network is trained by historical monitoring data for 16 years (Year 1 to Year 16). After the training is completed, it will be used to predict the drainage in the next 2 years (Year 17 and Year 18). A comparison between real measurement and predicted value will be provided.
At this mine site, the drainage flow rates are not directly measured but they are calculated based on readings of the water level in v-notch weirs installed at the end of the drainage collecting ditch. Thus the v-notch is used as the one actual target of neural network training. In the following discussion, the drainage flow rate actually refers to the original measurement of v-notch from the weirs. Among all drainage chemistry data from this waste rock pile, acidity is selected for this case study as another target, because it is directly linked to the lime consumption for contaminant treatment. These drainage measurement are generally performed in a dynamic time frame at this mine site. During spring freshet and large precipitation periods, the measurements are usually more frequent than the remaining time in a year, as increased drainage flow rate is observed.
The weather monitoring data at this site is extracted from the website of Environment Canada (weather.gc.ca) on a daily basis, including minimum temperature, maximum temperature, mean temperature, total rain, total snow, total precipitation and snow thickness on ground, etc. For this case study, the total 16 years weather monitoring data have been obtained for the training purpose. As mentioned in the previous section, two independent weather parameters measured on a daily basis - the total precipitation and mean temperature are selected as the inputs for the proposed neural network.
To evaluate how long the weather can impact on the drainage from this waste rock pile, two types of input layers are proposed for comparison in the study. When a target (flow rate or acidity) is selected to train the neural network, its measurement date is extracted. Daily average input layer consists of 21 neurons including the time tag of measurement day, daily total precipitation and daily mean temperature from previous 9 days and the measurement day, which mainly investigates short-term weather impact on the drainage. Furthermore, weekly average input layer has 21 neurons including the time tag of measurement day, weekly average total precipitation and weekly averaged mean temperature from previous 9 weeks and current week to investigate long-term weather impact. The weekly average input layer reflects longer weather monitoring data than the daily average input layer does, however, high frequent information is filtered in the weekly average input layer. The summary of daily average and weekly average input layers can be found in Table 1. Here 0 day means the measurement day, 0 week means measurement day and previous 6 days. Finally, both types of input layers are adopted to train the neural network to determine which input layer is more competent to capture the underlying pattern and make a better prediction.
Type of input layer | Daily Average | Weekly Average |
---|---|---|
Neuron number | 21 | 21 |
Description | Mean temperature of −9 day Total precipitation of −9 day Mean temperature of −8 day Total precipitation of −8 day … … … … Mean temperature of −1 day Total precipitation of −1 day Mean temperature of 0 day Total precipitation of 0 day Time tag of measurement day | Mean temperature of −9 week Total precipitation of −9 week Mean temperature of −8 week Total precipitation of −8 week … … … … Mean temperature of −1 week Total precipitation of −1 week Mean temperature of 0 week Total precipitation of 0 week Time tag of measurement day |
Description of daily average and weekly average input layers.
As the mine site is anonymous, the original monitoring data is confidential and not publicly accessed. To protect the site information, only normalized historical monitoring data including total precipitation, mean temperature, flow rate and acidity from the 16 years are provided in Figure 3. Total numbers of flow rate measurement and acidity measurement during the 16 years is 1741 and 320, respectively. It should be noticed that the weather data are extracted on a daily basis and any missing data is represented by a gap. The flow rate and acidity is not measured in a fixed time frame and the time interval is dynamic, so each measurement data is represented by a solid dot in the figure. As some weather data are missing, not all of drainage measurements are utilized for the training. Those drainage measurements that do not have a complete daily average or weekly average input will be excluded. In terms of the hold-out approach to avoid overfitting, 80% of the total observation samples are used for training and 20% for validation. No testing data is allocated in the training process, as a prediction of the drainage in the next 2 years will be performed after the training is completed. As the monitoring data of weather and drainage during the next 2 years are also available. The real weather data will be utilized as the input of the neural network. In real situation, weather forecasting data should be adopted for prediction purpose. The predicted drainage flow rates and acidities will be compared with the real monitoring values.
Normalized monitoring data for the 16 years (year 1 to year 16). (a) Year 1 to year 4; (b) year 5 to year 8; (c) year 8 to year 12 and (d) year 13 to year 16.
As shown in the Figure 1, only a single hidden layer is in the feedforward neural network adopted for this case study. So the number of neurons in the hidden layer is considered as a hyperparameter for the training process. A grid search is performed on 5, 10 and 20 neurons in the hidden layer to find the optimized size. The proposed neural network is trained through Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation algorithm. The adaptive value (damping factor) is set to 0.001 initially, and will increase by 10 until the change of above results in a reduced performance value. The change is then made to the network and adaptive value is decreased by 0.1. The maximum adaptive value is set to 1e10. The maximum epochs before the stop of training is set to 1000. However, the training may be stopped early if the
The proposed neural network is implemented through the machine learning toolbox built in commercial software MATLAB. The weather monitoring data are pre-constructed for both types of input layer through Microsoft Excel Macro before exporting into the MATLAB.
After the training is completed, all training and validation observation samples go through Eq. (1) again and then the calculated output is called drainage regression. The
Number of Neurons in the Hidden layer | Flow Rate ( | Acidity ( | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Daily Average | Weekly Average | Daily Average | Weekly Average | |
5 | 1.01, 0.62 | 0.25, 0.93 | 0.53, 0.65 | 0.35, 0.78 |
10 | 0.99, 0.63 | 0.18, 0.95 | 0.55, 0.65 | 0.41, 0.79 |
20 | 0.92, 0.67 | 0.18, 0.95 | 0.58, 0.67 | 0.28, 0.84 |
Results of the grid search.
The comparison between regressions of flow rate and acidity and real measurements (target) in temporal scale are provided in Figure 4. It is found that the proposed neural network is capable to capture the underlying correlation between the drainage and weather, as not only seasonal fluctuations in a year but also long term evolution across years are well reflected in the drainage regression.
Drainage regression vs. real measurement for the 16 years (year 1 to year 16). (a) Flow rate and (b) acidity.
In addition, the successful candidate neuron networks (weekly average input layer with 10 neurons in hidden layer for flow rate, and weekly average input layer with 20 neurons in hidden layer for acidity) are adopted to predict the future flow rate and acidity in the Year 17 and Year 18 based on the input extracted from the real weather monitoring data. The prediction and real measurement in temporal scale are compared in Figure 5.
Drainage prediction vs. real measurement for the next 2 years (year 17 and year 18). (a) Flow rate and (b) acidity.
It is observed that the general trend for both of flow rate and acidity are well predicted by the neural network. The proposed neural network is capable to predict the time and also the amount of peak flow rates in the spring freshet of both years, which is important for site water management. In terms of acidity, the long term downward trend shown in Year 11 to Year 16 is reflected in the prediction, which matches the trend of real measurement in both years. However, seasonal fluctuation has some mismatch. The reason is that the amount of observation samples for acidity is much less than those for flow rate, so the acidity prediction is not as good as the flow rate prediction in this case study. The accuracy can be improved when more monitoring data are accumulated for the training in the future.
A machine learning algorithm based on feedforward neural network is introduced in this chapter to correlate the drainage flow rate and drainage chemistry with the field precipitation and temperature for waste rock storages. Comparing with traditional predictive models, the neural network approach requires little simplification and assumptions of bio-geo-chemical processes involved, in additional, the cost and time for characterizations can be significantly reduced. The advantage of the neural network is that all underlying mechanisms have been naturally reflected in the monitoring data, which can be gradually captured during the machine learning process.
A case study on a full-scale waste rock storage is performed. The results show that the flow rate and acidity of the drainage discharged in the field have strong correlations with previous 10 weekly averaged weather data at this site. The capability of making prediction of future drainage in the field is also validated. However, the structure of input layer, hidden layer number, neurons in the hidden layer are all site specific, which may be adjusted for the applications to other waste rock storages.
It should also be addressed that the measurements of drainage flow rate and drainage chemistry may not always be accurate in the field, furthermore, they can fluctuate in a single day depending on the hydrogeological conditions. So the monitoring data may not represent the daily average in some cases, which means that some mismatch between the prediction and measurement does not necessarily indicate the prediction is wrong. High frequent (multiple in a single day or hourly) measurement is highly suggested, so that good quality monitoring data will be available to predict drainage for waste rock storages in the future.
The work is financially supported by the Environmental Advances in Mining Program and New Beginnings Initiative in the National Research Council Canada.
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The literature source was Web of Science and SSCI, SCI-EXPANDED, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, and ESCI indexes. Fifty-two articles were reviewed; however, 14 of them were not been included in the study. As a result, 38 articles were examined. Level of education, field of education, and material types of AR used in education and reported educational advantages of AR have been investigated. All articles are categorized according to target groups, which are early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, high school education, graduate education, and others. AR technology has been mostly carried out in primary and graduate education. “Science education” is the most explored field of education. Mobile applications and marker-based materials on paper have been mostly preferred. The major advantages indicated in the articles are “Learning/Academic Achievement,” “Motivation,” and “Attitude”.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]},{id:"63639",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81086",title:"Cooperative Learning: The Foundation for Active Learning",slug:"cooperative-learning-the-foundation-for-active-learning",totalDownloads:3417,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"The role of instructors is evolving from the presenter of information to the designer of active learning processes, environments, and experiences that maximize student engagement. The more active a lesson, the more students tend to engage intellectually and emotionally in the learning activities. Cooperative learning is the foundation on which many of the active learning procedures are based. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximize their own and each other’s learning. Most of the active learning procedures, such as problem-based learning, team-learning, collaborative learning, and PALS, require that students work cooperatively in small groups to achieve joint learning goals. Cooperative learning is based on two theories: Structure-Process-Outcome theory and Social Interdependence theory. Four types of cooperative learning have been derived: formal cooperative learning, informal cooperative learning, cooperative base groups, and constructive controversy. There is considerable research confirming the effectiveness of cooperative learning. To be cooperative, however, five basic elements must be structured into the situation: positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, social skills, and group processing.",book:{id:"6929",slug:"active-learning-beyond-the-future",title:"Active Learning",fullTitle:"Active Learning - Beyond the Future"},signatures:"David W. Johnson and Roger T. 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The importance of VR/AR for the mental health field comes from three main concepts: (1) VR/AR as an imaginal technology, people can feel “as if they are” in a reality that does not exist in external world; (2) VR/AR as an embodied technology, the experience to feel user’s body inside the virtual environment; and (3) VR/AR as connectivity technology, the “end of geography’. In this chapter, we explore the opportunities provided by VR/AR as technologies to improve people’s quality of life and to discuss new frontiers for their application in mental health and psychological well-being promotion.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Sara Ventura, Rosa M. Baños and Cristina Botella",authors:[{id:"106036",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Baños",slug:"rosa-maria-banos",fullName:"Rosa Maria Baños"},{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura"},{id:"229056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Botella",slug:"cristina-botella",fullName:"Cristina Botella"}]},{id:"58060",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72341",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8743,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"64583",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81714",title:"Evaluating a Course for Teaching Advanced Programming Concepts with Scratch to Preservice Kindergarten Teachers: A Case Study in Greece",slug:"evaluating-a-course-for-teaching-advanced-programming-concepts-with-scratch-to-preservice-kindergart",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Coding is a new literacy for the twenty-first century, and as a literacy, coding enables new ways of thinking and new ways of communicating and expressing ideas, as well as new ways of civic participation. A growing number of countries, in Europe and beyond, have established clear policies and frameworks for introducing computational thinking (CT) and computer programming to young children. In this chapter, we discuss a game-based approach to coding education for preservice kindergarten teachers using Scratch. The aim of using Scratch was to excite students’ interest and familiarize them with the basics of programming in an open-ended, project-based, and personally meaningful environment for a semester course in the Department of Preschool Education in the University of Crete. For 13 weeks, students were introduced to the main Scratch concepts and, afterward, were asked to prepare their projects. For the projects, they were required to design their own interactive stories to teach certain concepts about mathematics or physical science to preschool-age students. The results we obtained were more satisfactory than expected and, in some regards, encouraging if one considers the fact that the research participants had no prior experiences with computational thinking.",book:{id:"6936",slug:"early-childhood-education",title:"Early Childhood Education",fullTitle:"Early Childhood Education"},signatures:"Stamatios Papadakis and Michail Kalogiannakis",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58060",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8743,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"61746",title:"Facilitation of Teachers’ Professional Development through Principals’ Instructional Supervision and Teachers’ Knowledge- Management Behaviors",slug:"facilitation-of-teachers-professional-development-through-principals-instructional-supervision-and-t",totalDownloads:3349,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"With the rise of global competition and the focus on teacher quality, teacher professional development is becoming increasingly crucial, and the stress and challenges for principals are more severe than ever. Teachers can improve their professional abilities through principals’ instructional supervision and their own knowledge-management (KM) behaviors to benefit students. Thus, this chapter analyzes the relationship among principals’ instructional supervision, teachers’ KM, and teachers’ professional development. The author believes that principals’ instructional supervision and effective KM can facilitate the professional development of teachers. The author also believes the readers can know the relationships among them, and teachers’ professional development can be improved through principal’s instructional supervision and teachers’ KM behaviors.",book:{id:"6674",slug:"contemporary-pedagogies-in-teacher-education-and-development",title:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development",fullTitle:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development"},signatures:"Chien-Chin Chen",authors:[{id:"232569",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chien Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chien-chih-chen",fullName:"Chien Chih Chen"}]},{id:"75908",title:"From the Classroom into Virtual Learning Environments: Essential Knowledge, Competences, Skills and Pedagogical Strategies for the 21st Century Teacher Education in Kenya",slug:"from-the-classroom-into-virtual-learning-environments-essential-knowledge-competences-skills-and-ped",totalDownloads:501,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"As teachers in Kenya begin to migrate from the classroom to virtual learning spaces following COVID 19 pandemic, there is pressing need to realign Teacher Education to requisite Knowledge, competences, skills, and attitudes that will support online teaching. This chapter explores these needs using a combination of lived experiences and literature review that captured a meta-analysis of research trends on e-learning. While trends in Teacher Education indicate progression towards adoption of technology, there are disparities between the theory and practice. Evidence from recent research and reports; and the recollected experiences confirmed knowledge, competence, skills and pedagogical gaps in the implementation of online learning, that have been exacerbated by COVID-19. The researcher recommends that teacher education should sensitize and train teacher trainees on how to access, analyze and use new knowledge emerging with technology; they also should be coached on how learners learn with technology and on fundamentals of the communication process. Particularly the course on educational technology, should focus on how to create and manage online courses. The 5-stage E-Moderator Model and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) are recommended as effective pedagogical scaffold for online teaching.",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Catherine Adhiambo Amimo",authors:[{id:"333482",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine Adhiambo",middleName:null,surname:"Amimo",slug:"catherine-adhiambo-amimo",fullName:"Catherine Adhiambo Amimo"}]},{id:"75224",title:"Decoding the Digital Gap in Teacher Education: Three Perspectives across the Globe",slug:"decoding-the-digital-gap-in-teacher-education-three-perspectives-across-the-globe",totalDownloads:552,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Educational use of technology is regularly assessed, and results often show a gap between educational policies and what is actually practiced. This chapter will help clarify how teacher educators experience the changing educational contexts due to the digital revolution, how their meaning-making shifts, and how outside forces influence those processes. The results are based on comparative international studies. Central for this study is practitioners’ professional digital competence, their attitudes towards digital technology and the use of digital technology in education. We found that the influence and contribution of digital practice is carried out quite differently across the globe. Our research questions were: How do practitioners experience teaching in a rapidly changing context? How do attitudes change due to top-down governing of education? and What motivates teacher educators to implement digital technology?",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Steinar Thorvaldsen and Siri Sollied Madsen",authors:[{id:"332624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Siri Sollied",middleName:null,surname:"Madsen",slug:"siri-sollied-madsen",fullName:"Siri Sollied Madsen"},{id:"332626",title:"Prof.",name:"Steinar",middleName:null,surname:"Thorvaldsen",slug:"steinar-thorvaldsen",fullName:"Steinar Thorvaldsen"}]},{id:"75416",title:"Self-Study Research: Challenges and Opportunities in Teacher Education",slug:"self-study-research-challenges-and-opportunities-in-teacher-education",totalDownloads:724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This article aims to describe what self-study research is, why self-study can be a good approach to teacher educators’ professional development and improvements in practice and highlight some challenges and opportunities in this research approach. In addition, the article will shed light on some methodological aspects related to self-study. Self-study refers to teacher educators who in an intentionally and systematically way examine their practice to improve it, based on a deeper understanding of practice, as well as the context practice takes place. In the article, I argue that engaging in self-study is a learning and development process and an approach to developing personal professionalism, collective professionalism and improvements in practice.",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Kåre Hauge",authors:[{id:"332053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kåre",middleName:null,surname:"Hauge",slug:"kare-hauge",fullName:"Kåre Hauge"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"265",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81937",title:"Socialization Experiences among Undergraduate Students in Higher Learning Institutions (HLI)",slug:"socialization-experiences-among-undergraduate-students-in-higher-learning-institutions-hli",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99007",abstract:"This work portrays the problems of socialization among undergraduate students in higher learning institutions. The socialization processes in higher learning institution are significant for the successful navigation of students in the academic programs and university environment in preparing the next generation of professional practitioners and scholars. But the undergraduate student socialization experiences of students at university environment are overlooked. To navigate in the higher learning institutions, students should be socialized effectively to the normative contexts of the higher learning institutions. The normative contexts of the higher learning institutions are generally categorized into social and academic contexts, because these context academic and social context integration have been linked to student retention and success. Social integration involves interpersonal relationships, support, interactions with others, and a sense of belonging at a university, which stems from extracurricular activities, informal dealings with peer groups, and interactions with faculty and staff, whereas academic integration is described through grade performance and intellectual development that reflects an ability to meet the standards of the academic system; intellectual development involves a student valuing their education as a process of development in which they gain knowledge and ideas. Students’ background is also the contributing factor for students’ socialization in the University.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Mulusew Birhanu Ayalew"},{id:"80280",title:"Adoption of Online Learning during the Covid19 Pandemic Lockdown by Universities in Garowe",slug:"adoption-of-online-learning-during-the-covid19-pandemic-lockdown-by-universities-in-garowe",totalDownloads:87,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99941",abstract:"In response to the Covid-19 outbreak the world closed and therefore countries like Somalia have not been exceptional. The government of Somalia and all higher education institutions adopted crisis intervention measures on implementation of blended learning approaches like online teaching and learning. In this chapter we explore the process and challenges of adopting online learning in response to the world wide lockdown due to the pandemic. Given that this was an abrupt requirement, the survey was interested in finding out whether universities adopted and adapted easily. Researchers compared findings from previous studies and theoretical inclinations on online learning. Results indicate that the adoption of online learning among universities in Garowe was as a matter of crisis management whereby administration, lecturers and students were all not ready and had no prior grounding in this pedagogical learning platform. Just like previous studies online learning implementers have continued to encounter several challenges like intermittent internet network, cost of gadgets and facilities, inadequate skills of both the instructors and students, aspects of communication and satisfaction from stakeholders. With the research survey in Garowe, results show that this is still pervading and therefore need for more rigorous contextualised research on this subject.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Tumwebaze Alicon Auf and Omer Abdi Hamdi"},{id:"78597",title:"Public-Private Participation in Funding University Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Nigerian Case-Study for Sustainable Development",slug:"public-private-participation-in-funding-university-education-in-sub-saharan-africa-a-nigerian-case-s",totalDownloads:132,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99940",abstract:"The developing countries in Africa still cannot withstand the pressure of the highly competitive global education market. Together with the large numbers of people who make a living in various innovative companies, these countries have solved key contemporary issues affecting global education. For this reason, it is necessary to actively respond to current technological innovation and educational challenges and to eliminate new technology graduates who can effectively interact with students through the responsive expansion of education and training. Expansion of education can produce effective expansion that promotes educational development, but due to budget constraints, most African governments cannot successfully and sustainably implement such educational programs. This is difficult. However, public-private partnership efforts provide a way out of this financial dilemma. The Sub-Saharan Africa initiative has achieved important educational objectives, such as: ensuring relevance for quality; secure funding for sustainability and establish resource mobilization partnerships and connections; and promote international cooperation. This discussion is relevant to the basic conditions for a successful public-private partnership with educational institutions and extended education and sheds light on the impact, lessons, and challenges. The public is increasingly concerned about the importance of higher education in the 21st century. This chapter explores some of the key functions of an innovative education system that supports the development of education in Nigeria and enhances people’s ability to use information. Nigeria’s education system re-emphasizes the importance of public and private universities, but the country does not have a sustainable education system and well-equipped educational institutions to support people’s ability to use information, learning, education, and research activities.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Lawrence Jones-Esan"},{id:"79197",title:"University Teachers’ Conceptions of What University Is: Implications for the Future of Higher Education",slug:"university-teachers-conceptions-of-what-university-is-implications-for-the-future-of-higher-educatio",totalDownloads:107,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100813",abstract:"This chapter presents the perception of university teachers about the university, the most recent changes and how they have influenced their activity. The phenomenographic study was conducted with 10 university teachers, nine females and one male with more than 15 years of professional activity. The perception of the university emerges, in the teachers’ voice, focused on the description of its mission, namely as a context for the production and diffusion of knowledge to society, as a space for creative and critical thinking about the world, as an interdisciplinary space and as a system focused on teaching and research. It also includes characteristics related to its structure and functioning, such as the level of hierarchization, bureaucratization, competitiveness, dehumanization and bibliometrics overvaluation. Regarding the perceived changes, they are related to the structural reforms resulting from the Bologna Process, diverse student populations, research and internationalization, new technologies, institutional cooperation, bureaucratization and relationship with the community. Teachers also revealed some dissatisfaction in the way they are experiencing university life due to the overwork resulting from the multiple tasks required in the four activity strands (teaching, research, management and extension) with an impact on quality and innovation, but in line with what the institution demands.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Elisa Chaleta"},{id:"78595",title:"Globalization and Education: Trends towards Sustainability",slug:"globalization-and-education-trends-towards-sustainability",totalDownloads:57,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99974",abstract:"Higher Education Institutions (IES) have a very relevant role in the path towards sustainability. The problem of the implementation of curricular sustainability is the disparity of solutions that can be adopted depending on the political and economic situation of each country. The study of a practical case in the south of Honduras allows the student to approach key decisions in a real scenario to bring improvements to a very disadvantaged population, lacking basic services, such as water and electricity, under the premise of sustainability, facing aspects as relevant such as sustainable mobility, water resources management, energy and construction models, in a context where globalization and technological innovation play a very important role. It is essential to know in depth the real context where structural changes will be applied to understand that there is no single reality, that actions are built adapting to specific situations and that the effectiveness of the measures that can be adopted to establish models that prioritize that part of sustainability that best weighs the balance between the environment, society and the economy for each case.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Maria Olga Bernaldo and Gonzalo Fernandez-Sanchez"},{id:"79255",title:"Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Africa Embracing the “New Normal” for Knowledge Production and Innovation: Barriers, Realities, and Possibilities",slug:"higher-education-institutions-heis-in-africa-embracing-the-new-normal-for-knowledge-production-and-i",totalDownloads:127,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101063",abstract:"If Africa is to remain relevant and competitive in today’s knowledge-based economy, it has to rely on higher education institutions (HEIs) as centers of excellence for knowledge production. HEIs nurture and sustain the production of highly-skilled individuals to support Africa’s growing economies. Among all possible ways, this could be achievable through strategic curricula innovation driven by emerging mobile technologies. Consequently, Africa’s HEIs need to embrace the ‘New Normal’ by optimizing online teaching and learning in their pursuit to expand information and communications technology (ICT) literacy as a means to increase students’ opportunities in higher education (HE). However, Africa’s ability to embrace the ‘New Normal’ has been marred by inadequate ICT infrastructures, low connectivity, unreliable power supply, and national budget constraints that may undermine Africa’s HEIs’ potential to augment knowledge production and innovation.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Christopher B. Mugimu"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:17},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"14",type:"subseries",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). 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Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:34,paginationItems:[{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - 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