Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
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Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10910",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Learning Disabilities - Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Learning disabilities are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by failure to acquire, retrieve, and use information competently. These disorders have a multifactorial aetiology and are most common and severe in children, especially when comorbid with other chronic health conditions. This book provides current and comprehensive information about learning disorders, including information on neurobiology, assessment, clinical features, and treatment. Chapters cover such topics as historical research and hypotheses of learning disorders, neuropsychological assessment and counselling, characteristics of specific disorders such as autism and ADHD, evidence-based treatment strategies and assistive technologies, and much more.",isbn:"978-1-83968-588-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-587-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-589-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95219",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"learning-disabilities-neurobiology-assessment-clinical-features-and-treatments",numberOfPages:382,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0999e5f759c2380ae5a4a2ee0835c98d",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10910.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2793,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 16th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 14th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 13th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 1st 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 30th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103586/images/system/103586.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sandro Misciagna received degrees in Medicine and Neurology from Catholic University, Rome, in 1995 and 1999, respectively. From 1993 to 1995, he was involved in researching cerebellar functions. From 1994 to 2003, he worked in the Neuropsychological Department, researching cognitive and behavioural disorders of the same university. From 2001 to 2003, he taught neuropsychology, neurology, and cognitive rehabilitation. In 2003, he obtained a Ph.D. in Neuroscience with a thesis about the behavioural and cognitive profile of frontotemporal dementia. Dr. Misciagna has worked in various neurology departments, Alzheimer’s clinics, neuropsychiatric clinics, and neuro-rehabilitative departments. Since 2016, he has worked at the Neuroscience Department of Belcolle Hospital, Viterbo, dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.",institutionString:"Belcolle Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Ospedale di Belcolle",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1239",title:"Learning Disability",slug:"learning-disability"}],chapters:[{id:"79619",title:"Types of Specific Learning Disability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100809",slug:"types-of-specific-learning-disability",totalDownloads:233,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter “Specific Learning Disability and its Types” is an effort to educate the readers, specially the educators about a developmental disorder that begins by school age, although it may not be recognized until later. It involves on-going problems learning key academic skills, including reading, writing, and math. The chapter makes an attempt to bring about understanding of SLD, brief historical perspective and its classification. The chapter elaborately discusses the seven types of specific learning disability according to Learning Disabilities Association of America. The chapter centers around seven learning disabilities namely, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, auditory processing disorder, language processing disorder, non-verbal learning disabilities, visual perceptual deficit; their causes and symptoms to give a holistic understanding about the disability for the teachers and parents to understand the individual differences.",signatures:"Vinutha U. Muktamath, Priya R. Hegde and Samreen Chand",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79619",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79619",authors:[{id:"417879",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Vinutha U.",surname:"Muktamath",slug:"vinutha-u.-muktamath",fullName:"Vinutha U. Muktamath"},{id:"428478",title:"Ms.",name:"Priya R.",surname:"Hegde",slug:"priya-r.-hegde",fullName:"Priya R. Hegde"},{id:"428479",title:"Ms.",name:"Samreen",surname:"Chand",slug:"samreen-chand",fullName:"Samreen Chand"}],corrections:null},{id:"78383",title:"Biological Understanding of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Based on Epigenetics, a New Genetic Concept in Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99867",slug:"biological-understanding-of-neurodevelopmental-disorders-based-on-epigenetics-a-new-genetic-concept-",totalDownloads:109,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder, and learning disabilities, are heterogeneous conditions that are thought to have a multifactorial etiology including congenital genetic abnormalities and acquired environmental factors. Epigenetics is a biological mechanism that controls gene expression based on chemical modifications of DNA and chromosomal histone proteins. Environmental factors, such as severe mental stress, have been demonstrated to alter gene expression by changing epigenetic chemical modifications in the brain. Therefore, epigenetics is not only involved in congenital autism spectrum disorder-like conditions (e.g., Prader-Willi syndrome and Rett syndrome) but may also be involved in acquired attention deficit hyperactive disorder-like conditions (e.g., via child abuse and neglect). In this chapter, we introduce the basis of the epigenetic mechanism and the recent biological understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders based on epigenetics, which is a new genetic concept not only in medicine but also in education, which bridges internal brain mechanisms and external environmental factors.",signatures:"Takeo Kubota",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78383",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78383",authors:[{id:"417045",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeo",surname:"Kubota",slug:"takeo-kubota",fullName:"Takeo Kubota"}],corrections:null},{id:"78359",title:"Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and Learning Disabilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99570",slug:"self-regulation-self-efficacy-and-learning-disabilities",totalDownloads:283,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter will discuss the roles of self-regulation and self-efficacy in students with learning disabilities. The guiding conceptual framework is based in social cognitive theory. In this theory, self-efficacy is a key motivational variable and self-regulation is a means for persons to develop a sense of agency, or the belief that they can exert a large degree of control over outcomes in their lives. Following a description of the theory, research is presented showing the operation of self-regulation and self-efficacy in students with learning disabilities. Future research directions are suggested, and implications of theory and research for educational practice are discussed.",signatures:"Dale H. Schunk and Maria K. DiBenedetto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78359",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78359",authors:[{id:"418379",title:"Prof.",name:"Dale H.",surname:"Schunk",slug:"dale-h.-schunk",fullName:"Dale H. Schunk"},{id:"418381",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria K.",surname:"DiBenedetto",slug:"maria-k.-dibenedetto",fullName:"Maria K. DiBenedetto"}],corrections:null},{id:"80429",title:"Neuropsychological Assessment of Children with Learning Disabilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102565",slug:"neuropsychological-assessment-of-children-with-learning-disabilities",totalDownloads:75,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Learning disabilities are a heterogeneous and common group of disorders that have a relevant impact on children’s academic function. The most common learning disorders consist of dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia or other non-verbal learning disorders. These disorders are commonly associated with neurological or behavioral disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders. Understanding of cognitive and mental problems of children with learning disorders is an interesting challenge, and various approaches have been applied for their study, including medical, genetic, educational, epidemiologic and experimental psychologist. Nowadays, clinical neuropsychological approach, which is based on neurocognitive models, is one of the best existing models for description and interpretation of learning disorders. This approach assumes that there is a strong relationship between the various learning deficits and brain functioning. This paper consists of a descriptive review about components of a specialized neuropsychological approach that can be applied for the assessment of children with learning disabilities.",signatures:"Sandro Misciagna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80429",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80429",authors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],corrections:null},{id:"77919",title:"Examining Learning Disabilities in Schools through an Intersectional and Equitable Lens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99572",slug:"examining-learning-disabilities-in-schools-through-an-intersectional-and-equitable-lens",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This book chapter examines the intersection between learning disabilities (LD) and other marginalized identities to understand the diverse experiences of students with LDs and the disproportionalities that exist in LD identification and support in schools. Largely driven by the history and evolution of inclusion of disabilities in schools, Response to Intervention (RtI) arose as a model designed to increase academic performance among students with and without disabilities. Though RtI is a model shown to minimize inappropriate identification of LDs, intersectionality must be taken into consideration to understand the disproportionate representation of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students in special education. Data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress suggest social factors (e.g. socioeconomic disadvantages, racial and ethnic intersection) as a potential cause for disproportionate representation and points to a need to further understand the disproportionality of different groups of students being over- or under-identified to receive special education services.",signatures:"Enoch Leung",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77919",authors:[{id:"415915",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Enoch",surname:"Leung",slug:"enoch-leung",fullName:"Enoch Leung"}],corrections:null},{id:"80202",title:"Depression, Suicidal Tendencies, Hopelessness, and Stress among Patients with Learning Disabilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100530",slug:"depression-suicidal-tendencies-hopelessness-and-stress-among-patients-with-learning-disabilities",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Self-harm and suicide are most commonly observed in adolescents specially females in Asian countries and in western. The psychosocial predictors, along with hopelessness and non-suicidal injury (NSSI), have not been studied properly before. Therefore, there is a need to address these issues. The objective of the study was to ascertain the psychosocial and clinical features predicting suicide and NSSI in adolescents with major depression. Increased number of suicidality and impaired family function at entry is autonomously connected with a suicidal attempt. NSSI are connected at base line and apply additive effect on likelihood, one keeping on through treatment period. Poor family functions, as well as family problems and social problems, were the causative agents for adolescent’s high suicidality and NSSI. A history of NSSI treatment is a clinical marker for suicidality. The previous suicidal attempts should be evaluated in depressed juvenile patients as indicators of future suicidal intent and behavior. Both suicidal and NSSI adolescents during the therapy and after treatment endure to be depressed when they are engaged in study. Major causes of suicide among our study participants were lost friend(s), drug abuse, living alone, disturbed parental marriage, sexual abuse, and other domestic problems.",signatures:"Fahad Hassan Shah, Song Ja Kim, Laiba Zakir, Aqsa Ehsan, Sohail Riaz, Muhammad Sulaiman and Saad Salman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80202",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80202",authors:[{id:"418086",title:"Dr.",name:"Saad",surname:"Salman",slug:"saad-salman",fullName:"Saad Salman"},{id:"439291",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahad Hassan",surname:"Shah",slug:"fahad-hassan-shah",fullName:"Fahad Hassan Shah"},{id:"439292",title:"Dr.",name:"Song Ja",surname:"Kim",slug:"song-ja-kim",fullName:"Song Ja Kim"},{id:"439293",title:"Dr.",name:"Laiba",surname:"Zakir",slug:"laiba-zakir",fullName:"Laiba Zakir"},{id:"439294",title:"Dr.",name:"Aqsa",surname:"Ehsan",slug:"aqsa-ehsan",fullName:"Aqsa Ehsan"},{id:"451112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sohail",surname:"Riaz",slug:"sohail-riaz",fullName:"Sohail Riaz"},{id:"451113",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"muhammad-sulaiman",fullName:"Muhammad Sulaiman"}],corrections:null},{id:"78041",title:"Counseling Parents of Special Children: Insight from Resilient Parents",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99573",slug:"counseling-parents-of-special-children-insight-from-resilient-parents",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Resilience is the ability to “bounce back” from adversity. Resilience research shifts our focus from the stress response to coping response. ‘Human agency’ takes center stage, which can be understood as making choices and taking actions intentionally. Defining resilience, as the ability of individuals to navigate their way to psychological, social, cultural, and physical resources in a culturally meaningful way to sustain their wellbeing, will be more meaningful in the Indian context. Factors leading to parental resilience are explored in the context of Indian society, with specific reference to Mumbai city, where the research has been done. This chapter summarizes the factors that both hinder and favor resilience and discusses the role of counselors in this process.",signatures:"Radhika Mohan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78041",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78041",authors:[{id:"416959",title:"Dr.",name:"Radhika",surname:"Mohan",slug:"radhika-mohan",fullName:"Radhika Mohan"}],corrections:null},{id:"79195",title:"Learning Disorder (Dyslexia): An Overview Description of the Entity through Available Researches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100807",slug:"learning-disorder-dyslexia-an-overview-description-of-the-entity-through-available-researches",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dyslexia is a specific learning disability can be explained with number of biological and neuropsychological theories. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. The available research in this field show that there is impairment in processing the sensory input that enters the nervous system. It also indicate that there are problem in phonological decoding. There are various educational interventions and programs to address dyslexia which includes regular teaching in small group, a learning support assistant like a specialist teacher, policy interventions etc. The basic strategies of intervention focus on phonemic skill such as the ability to identify and process word sounds.",signatures:"Sambhu Prasad and Rajesh Sagar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79195",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79195",authors:[{id:"417903",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Sambhu",surname:"Prasad",slug:"sambhu-prasad",fullName:"Sambhu Prasad"},{id:"456868",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Sagar",slug:"rajesh-sagar",fullName:"Rajesh Sagar"}],corrections:null},{id:"78321",title:"Phonological Deficit Traits in Verbal Language of Dyslexics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99871",slug:"phonological-deficit-traits-in-verbal-language-of-dyslexics",totalDownloads:140,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Developmental dyslexia is a common learning disorder which is defined as a specific deficit in reading acquisition that cannot be accounted for by low IQ , lack of typical educational opportunities, or an obvious sensory or neurological damage. Dyslexic children commonly present with delayed language development first, which selectively affects phonological processing more than other aspects of language. The problem at the level of phonological representations causes a range of typical symptoms which include problems of verbal short-term memory, non-word repetitions, phonological learning of new verbal information, word retrieval, and rapid naming. This chapter will address the picture of early oral language difficulties especially phonological deficits in dyslexia, and how reading problems are related to them.",signatures:"Aya Adel and Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78321",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78321",authors:[{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh"},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel"}],corrections:null},{id:"77883",title:"Neuropsychological Perspective on Dyslexia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99386",slug:"neuropsychological-perspective-on-dyslexia",totalDownloads:177,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to offer a neuropsychological approach to dyslexia. Firstly, the definition of dyslexia is addressed, as a specific learning disability that is neuropsychological in origin. Secondly, the clinical manifestations of dyslexia are discussed: academic, cognitive-linguistic, and socio-emotional. Thirdly, the main clinical explanations are explored, based on genetic theories (familial and twin heritability) and neurological theories, mainly neuroanatomical (brain asymmetry, corpus callosum morphology, cerebellar morphology, and variations in grey/white matter) and neurophysiological hypotheses (magnocellular system, connectivity between brain areas, and functional activity of brain areas). Finally, the main bases of an adequate neuropsychological intervention are detailed, such as training in visual perception, auditory perception, phonological processing, and orthographic processing.",signatures:"María-José González-Valenzuela and Isaías Martín-Ruiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77883",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77883",authors:[{id:"201295",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Jose",surname:"Gonzalez-Valenzuela",slug:"maria-jose-gonzalez-valenzuela",fullName:"Maria-Jose Gonzalez-Valenzuela"},{id:"417743",title:"Dr.",name:"Isaías",surname:"Martín- Ruiz",slug:"isaias-martin-ruiz",fullName:"Isaías Martín- Ruiz"}],corrections:null},{id:"78552",title:"Oral Language Skills and Literacy Skills of Malay Children with Dyslexia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99787",slug:"oral-language-skills-and-literacy-skills-of-malay-children-with-dyslexia",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dyslexia can involve among others, difficulties in spoken language. However, there is limited local data on oral language (narrative skills) and literacy skills in children with dyslexia. The relationship between language and literacy is well documented although they involve complicated and non-straightforward processes. There is also evidence suggesting a link between language difficulties with subsequent literacy difficulties. Thus, this study aims to identify and describe the language and literacy skills of Malay children with dyslexia, and to discuss the possible relationships between them. Subjects were six children with dyslexia in the Klang Valley, Malaysia aged 8:0 to 9:11 (mean age, 8:10) who were compared to an age-matched control group (n = 10). The battery of tests administrated was phonological awareness test, language task, narrative, and literacy tasks. Our findings showed that children with dyslexia had generally weaker language and literacy skills than the control group. There were significant differences (p < .05) in grammar understanding, sentence repetition, and reading and spelling at both word and paragraph levels. Pearson correlation between language and literacy was shown to be positive and strong, r = .887, p < .05. The qualitative discussion of the data is presented. Findings from this study would provide useful information to teachers and speech-language therapists in their teaching or planning of appropriate clinical evaluation and management of children with dyslexia.",signatures:"Rogayah A. Razak, Loke Xing Lin and Mohd Azmarul A. Aziz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78552",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78552",authors:[{id:"419028",title:"Dr.",name:"Rogayah",surname:"Razak",slug:"rogayah-razak",fullName:"Rogayah Razak"},{id:"427897",title:"Ms.",name:"Xing Lin",surname:"Loke",slug:"xing-lin-loke",fullName:"Xing Lin Loke"},{id:"427898",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Azmarul",surname:"A.Aziz",slug:"mohd-azmarul-a.aziz",fullName:"Mohd Azmarul A.Aziz"}],corrections:null},{id:"79900",title:"Dyslexia, Dysgraphia and Dyscalculia: A Response to Intervention Approach to Classification",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101163",slug:"dyslexia-dysgraphia-and-dyscalculia-a-response-to-intervention-approach-to-classification",totalDownloads:156,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides a model for classification of dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia through analysis of the response of children to treatment. The model is discussed with reference to the types of multivariate treatment applied in a particular programme which works interactively online using an electronic data-base for linking functional difficulties in learning to treatment, and through this to firm diagnosis and classification. In applying the model, initial diagnosis of learning disabilities is treated as provisional, based on functional indicators as well as test data. Firm classification becomes possible through longitudinal assessment, analysis of response to multivariate intervention as well as response to specific programmes. Diagnosis can then be linked both to concessions as well as ongoing treatment.",signatures:"Charles Potter",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79900",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79900",authors:[{id:"93190",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Potter",slug:"charles-potter",fullName:"Charles Potter"}],corrections:null},{id:"78256",title:"Impacts of Dyscalculia in Learning Mathematics: Some Considerations for Content Delivery and Support",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99038",slug:"impacts-of-dyscalculia-in-learning-mathematics-some-considerations-for-content-delivery-and-support",totalDownloads:191,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dyscalculia is one of the important but less prioritized areas in learning mathematics. A group of students about 3–7 percent of school-age are facing problems associated with dyscalculia. They are facing problems related to number comparison, symbols and reasoning. This paper discusses the general features of dyscalculia and ways to overcome it. This article mainly focuses on the problem related to mathematics learning due to dyscalculia. It further highlights the concept and meaning of dyscalculia, types, causes of dyscalculia, common difficulty areas in mathematics for dyscalculic children, the impact of dyscalculia in mathematics learning. Finally, it also brings out the effective ways of delivering the mathematical content in the classroom teaching and ways to support dyscalculic students.",signatures:"Rajendra Kunwar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78256",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78256",authors:[{id:"416945",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Kunwar",slug:"rajendra-kunwar",fullName:"Rajendra Kunwar"}],corrections:null},{id:"79170",title:"Attention and Learning Disabilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100808",slug:"attention-and-learning-disabilities",totalDownloads:109,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Impaired attention is known as a pervasive behaviour disturbance, with a negative influence on learning processes. Attention deficit is one of the main symptoms of Attention Deficits Hyperactive Disorder, ADHD. Further, impaired attention is often part of learning disorders in dyslexia and dyscalculia as well as in students with no medical diagnoses. In schools and higher education knowledge on attention and challenges caused by impaired attention, is typically scarce. Hence, this chapter aims to inform educational institutions by applying Mirsky’s model of attention, discuss challenges of impaired attention, and point to intervention effects. The positive effects of real-life interventions comprising target shooting practice are explained by immediate neurofeedback combined with individual adaption and caring. Moreover, as previously hypothesised, the sequential order of behaviour at the shooting range may benefit students with impaired attention. The term concentration is frequently used in Norwegian schools and counselling services. A definition of concentration in natural situations is suggested, and possible overlaps between concentration and attention are discussed. The chapter opens for empirical and theoretical questions and hopes for more research on target shooting practice as well as on other educational programmes applying neurofeedback in the school context to investigate attention.",signatures:"Audhild Løhre",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79170",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79170",authors:[{id:"418731",title:"Prof.",name:"Audhild",surname:"Løhre",slug:"audhild-lohre",fullName:"Audhild Løhre"}],corrections:null},{id:"79122",title:"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): From Molecular Mechanism to Novel Therapeutic Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100537",slug:"autism-spectrum-disorder-asd-from-molecular-mechanism-to-novel-therapeutic-approach",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the joint name for neurodevelopmental impairments characterized by abnormal social interaction, communication difficulties, limited range of activities and areas of interest, and typical motor impairments. There is a remarkable increase in the prevalence of ASD over the past 30 years. Studies indicate that genetic, neurological, and environmental factors are involved in the emergence of ASD, and recent works describe the neuromolecular mechanism implicated in the basis of ASD. 3LT has now developed into a therapeutic procedure that is used for three main goals: to reduce inflammation, edema, and chronic orthopedic disorders; to promote healing of wounds, deeper tissues, and nerves; and to treat neurological injuries and pain. 3LT may treat neurological injuries by lowering levels of inflammation proteins and by stimulation of mitochondria to increase the production of adenosine triphosphate and neural growth factors. This review aims to discuss the current evidence for the effects and mechanisms of 3LT at the cellular level and the effects of 3LT-induced changes in brain development and function. Early and effective intervention, through the developmental time window of high ASD susceptibility, using tools that are directed to the mechanism of pathology, may minimize neurological and functional deficits.",signatures:"Hagit Friedman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79122",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79122",authors:[{id:"206485",title:"Dr.",name:"Hagit",surname:"Friedman",slug:"hagit-friedman",fullName:"Hagit Friedman"}],corrections:null},{id:"79488",title:"Evidence Based Reading Strategies for Struggling Readers with Learning Disabilities and Emotional Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100014",slug:"evidence-based-reading-strategies-for-struggling-readers-with-learning-disabilities-and-emotional-di",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Students with learning disabilities often exhibit academic and functional skills challenges that include limited ability to read, write, listen, speak, or complete other academic or functional tasks. A large proportion of children with LD are also at increased risks for emotional or behavioral problems. When LDs are not properly addressed, children with LD may begin to exhibit behavioral challenges that may further impede their academic performance. One of the key areas of deficit in academic performance among children with LD lies in reading. Research shows that students with EBD or LD perform approximately 2.2 grades below standard performance in reading. Part of the reason for their reading deficits is attributed to proliferation of instructional methods that are not backed by empirical evidence. In order to address this reading performance-gap, there is a need to examine closely what instructional practices are effective and under what circumstances. This chapter examines some commonly used reading interventions for this group of students with EBD and establishes the evidence supporting their effectiveness. Recommendations for future practice are suggested.",signatures:"Argnue Chitiyo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79488",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79488",authors:[{id:"312626",title:"Dr.",name:"Argnue",surname:"Chitiyo",slug:"argnue-chitiyo",fullName:"Argnue Chitiyo"}],corrections:null},{id:"78375",title:"The Use of Assistive Technologies in Writing Situations with Dyslexic and Dysorthographic Students",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99803",slug:"the-use-of-assistive-technologies-in-writing-situations-with-dyslexic-and-dysorthographic-students",totalDownloads:115,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the context where dyslexic and dysorthographic students have great difficulties in writing, this study aims to describe and analyze the perceived relationship between the use of assistive technologies (AT) in writing situations as well as academic self-perception, feeling of self-efficacy and exam anxiety in dyslexic and dysorthographic students. Using standardized questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, data were collected at the beginning and end of the school year from 28 dyslexic and dysorthographic students aged 12 to 13. In terms of quantitative analyses, the average score for each of the scales on the questionnaires was calculated. As for the qualitative data, they were analyzed using a network analysis approach. The main results show that students who can use ATs in a writing situation have a significantly higher self-perception and feeling of self-efficacy than those who do not. Moreover, their use is promising since it is associated with less anxiety at the time of exams at both measurement times. The results obtained are discussed in relation to actions to be encouraged in schools.",signatures:"Nadia Rousseau, Michelle Dumont and Carl Beaudoin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78375",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78375",authors:[{id:"419644",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nadia",surname:"Rousseau",slug:"nadia-rousseau",fullName:"Nadia Rousseau"},{id:"428434",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",surname:"Dumont",slug:"michelle-dumont",fullName:"Michelle Dumont"},{id:"428435",title:"Dr.",name:"Carl",surname:"Beaudoin",slug:"carl-beaudoin",fullName:"Carl Beaudoin"}],corrections:null},{id:"79592",title:"Lecturers Awareness, Inclusion and Implementation of Wearable Device as a Means of Enhancing Educational Development in Nigerian Universities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101425",slug:"lecturers-awareness-inclusion-and-implementation-of-wearable-device-as-a-means-of-enhancing-educatio",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For the 10% of individuals in Nigeria that have utilized a wearable gadget, an increment in use is expected sooner rather than later. The utilization of Smartwatch innovation has been accounted for in numerous instructive practices; suppliers have utilized smartwatches for an assortment of purposes including addresses, courses, and online classes. Be that as it may, the impacts of Smartwatch innovation on the quality and adequacy of upgrading instructive headway in colleges and bastions of learning stay obscure. Input components that are unpretentious and productive in preparing enormous information continuously are needful to gauge quality learning experience in such huge homeroom settings. With the most recent effect of infiltration and reception of web and portable advancements in most creating areas, wearable innovation is an achievable answer for oversee and screen homeroom inclusion; as continuous understudy criticism can be coordinated in the plan and conveyance of guidance all through the study hall. The outcomes from SPSS statistical analyses of the data gathered exhibited suppliers’ high proclivity for utilizing Smartwatch gadgets for instruction and dissemination of lecture curriculum and educational plan, yet further exploration is expected to distinguish components by which keen frameworks can be incorporated into the schedules and work processes of lecturers and students.",signatures:"Ayodeji Olayemi Obafemi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79592",authors:[{id:"419163",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ayodeji Olayemi",surname:"Obafemi",slug:"ayodeji-olayemi-obafemi",fullName:"Ayodeji Olayemi Obafemi"}],corrections:null},{id:"77209",title:"Functional Model for Emotional Information Processing: A Validated Model to Support Social Competence of Students with ADHD",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98641",slug:"functional-model-for-emotional-information-processing-a-validated-model-to-support-social-competence",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many students with ADHD have emotional dysregulation which is increasingly recognized as a core feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Functional Model for Emotional Information Processing is supposed to be a useful tool to be used when observing, explaining, and predicting a human being while responding to emotional scenarios. It is a promising model to support social competence of students with ADHD. While research on this model is still in its infancy, it borrowed much of its theoretical base from both Crick and Dodge’s SIP model and Mayer and Salovey’s ability EI. It is a useful to improve social competence of children with ADHD.",signatures:"Mourad Ali Eissa Saad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77209",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77209",authors:[{id:"417851",title:"Prof.",name:"Mourad",surname:"Ali Eissa Saad",slug:"mourad-ali-eissa-saad",fullName:"Mourad Ali Eissa Saad"}],corrections:null},{id:"77236",title:"Educational Intervention in Social-Emotional Competence in Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98417",slug:"educational-intervention-in-social-emotional-competence-in-students-with-autism-spectrum-disorders-a",totalDownloads:281,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The core symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) consist in the presence of difficulties in social communication, flexibility and imagination, in addition to presenting comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders and medical pathologies. This characteristic symptomatology of autism has repercussions on learning environments, which must adapt to them and become inclusive and pleasant environments. This chapter analyzes the social–emotional symptoms of ASD, their direct repercussions on the learning style of these students and their influence on educational environments. Regarding social communication, the socioemotional style and communication characteristics are analyzed in order to understand the need of specific programs for socioemotional development and specific training for professionals. From this perspective, the need to structure environments and activities, reduce and adjust the number and intensity of stimuli or implement emotional stimulation activities, among others, is explained.",signatures:"Marina Jodra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77236",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77236",authors:[{id:"416351",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marina",surname:"Jodra",slug:"marina-jodra",fullName:"Marina Jodra"}],corrections:null},{id:"79967",title:"Stem Cell Therapy for Learning Disability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101511",slug:"stem-cell-therapy-for-learning-disability",totalDownloads:85,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Learning disabilities (LDs) are caused by genetic and/or neurological factors that alter brain functioning and affect processes related to learning, which include dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. It hinders the child’s academic, social, and overall life skills. Current treatments for LD include medication and rehabilitation, focusing on management of symptoms. Thus, there is a need to explore newer treatments which will work at cellular level. Stem cell therapy is an evolving field of regenerative medicine and has shown great potential as a treatment strategy for various neuro-developmental and neurological disorders. It addresses the core underlying pathology and its benefits are enhanced when combined with standard treatments. This chapter focuses on various aspects of stem cell therapy in LD which includes the basics of stem cell therapy, rationale for use of stem cells, mechanism of action, monitoring tools like PET CT scan, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation. We have also enumerated our clinical experience and results of patients who underwent autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation combined with extensive rehabilitation. These patients showed a positive outcome, without any major adverse events. Nineteen out of 20 patients showed improvement in reading, writing, mathematical skills, attention, memory, problem-solving, comprehension skills, spelling, vocabulary, and overall increased academic performance.",signatures:"Alok Sharma, Nandini Gokulchandran, Hemangi Sane, Sakshi Desai, Pooja Kulkarni and Prerna Badhe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79967",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79967",authors:[{id:"169970",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",surname:"Kulkarni",slug:"pooja-kulkarni",fullName:"Pooja Kulkarni"},{id:"196900",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Sharma",slug:"alok-sharma",fullName:"Alok Sharma"},{id:"204449",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemangi",surname:"Sane",slug:"hemangi-sane",fullName:"Hemangi Sane"},{id:"277771",title:"Dr.",name:"Nandini",surname:"Gokulchandran",slug:"nandini-gokulchandran",fullName:"Nandini Gokulchandran"},{id:"443163",title:"Ms.",name:"Sakshi",surname:"Desai",slug:"sakshi-desai",fullName:"Sakshi Desai"},{id:"443164",title:"Dr.",name:"Prerna",surname:"Badhe",slug:"prerna-badhe",fullName:"Prerna Badhe"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3454",title:"Positron Emission Tomography",subtitle:"Recent Developments in Instrumentation, Research and Clinical Oncological Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"391535d2cdebfe48d3fd6822480d9079",slug:"positron-emission-tomography-recent-developments-in-instrumentation-research-and-clinical-oncological-practice",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3454.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9519",title:"Epilepsy",subtitle:"Update on Classification, Etiologies, Instrumental Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9074ae871f3044a2cfa973e8f516f546",slug:"epilepsy-update-on-classification-etiologies-instrumental-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8317",title:"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c0d8be344e32f62e4ea4223425d8e4c",slug:"cognitive-behavioral-therapy-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8317.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9451",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"Neurological Bases, Clinical Features and Strategies of Intervention",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c7a717ecf24f759a2b2111dfca99960",slug:"learning-disabilities-neurological-bases-clinical-features-and-strategies-of-intervention",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9451.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"715",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7cf7910a2068cff1fdcdfd5ed3c25cc7",slug:"learning-disabilities",bookSignature:"Wichian Sittiprapaporn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/715.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73395",title:"Dr.",name:"Phakkharawat",surname:"Sittiprapaporn",slug:"phakkharawat-sittiprapaporn",fullName:"Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5878",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"An International Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"233671027a40a86828b81f5f6094c4df",slug:"learning-disabilities-an-international-perspective",bookSignature:"Carolyn S. 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\r\n\tThe unforgettable taste of caffeinated products (chocolate, cocoa, coffee, tea, soft drinks and energy drinks) and its stimulating and endurance improving abilities, make it extremely attractive not only to humans but also to a full spectrum of living organisms from bacteria, spiders, snails to fish. It is the most consumed mind-altering substance in the world, and it has a variety of effects on organs and neural functions. Three methyl groups allow its easy passage through the blood-brain barrier and makes it a valuable addiction to drugs (pain relievers, cold medicines or memory amplifiers), but overdose on caffeine can be acutely toxic. Thus it is one of the most studied substances in science, considered to be a model compound e.g. for measuring metabolic or cognitive functions or key-point in a drug design. The distinction between the influence of caffeine and its metabolites or caffeine and caffeine related drugs on organisms however is not an easy matter. True difference between them lies at the molecular level, but unfortunately their fast, sensitive and convenient detection still remains a challenge. Anyway the searching of caffeine based drugs show promise for more effective treatments of neurological diseases e.g. Alzheimer, Parkinson or Hodgkin's diseases.
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She received her PhD degree in physics and since 1998 has been working as adjunct at the Faculty of Physics, AMU. She was conferred habilitation degree in physics in 2004. Her fields of interests cover a broad spectrum of topics starting from the studies of the structure-dynamics-activity of drugs by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations to modelling the ultraviolet radiation level using neural networks. All her studies are somehow related to ways of fighting cancer. She published more than 90 SCI journal papers, 5 chapters in monographs, 2 books and 92 conference communications. She was a reviewer of more than 60 journals and a member of the editorial board of 2 SCI-listed journals. 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\n
1. Introduction
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The outward convex corrugated tube heat exchanger (CTHE) is a novel kind of shell and tube heat exchangers, which can be applied in many applications. Designing this kind of heat exchangers is considerable flexibility because the geometrical structure can be varied easily by altering the tube diameter, length, and arrangement [1, 2]. The exchanger can be designed for suffering high pressure condition. The exchangers are applied primarily for single phase and phase change heat transfer application. They could also be used for heat transfer applications with high operating temperature and/or pressure.
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Figure 1 shows a bundle of outward convex corrugated tubes (CT) fabricated in the tubesheets, which is the most significant components in the CTHE. Two kinds of fluids flow inside and outside of CT, respectively. Except the tube bundles, the major components of this exchanger also include shell, front-end head, and rear-end head.
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Figure 1.
The schematic of out outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers.
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The exchangers could be widely used in industry for the following reasons. (a) Wide capacity and operating conditions, such as from high vacuum to ultrahigh pressure (over 100 MPa) and from cryogenics to high temperatures (about 1100°C). (b) Special operating conditions: vibration, heavy fouling, highly viscous fluids, erosion, corrosion, toxicity, radioactivity, multicomponent mixtures, and so on. (c) The most versatile exchangers, made from a variety of metal and nonmetal materials (such as graphite, glass, and Teflon) and range in size from small to supergiant surface area. (d) Extensively applications: petroleum-refining and chemical industries; as steam generators, condensers, boiler feedwater heaters, and oil cooler in power plants; as condensers and evaporators in some air-conditioning and refrigeration applications; in waste heat recovery applications; and in environmental control [3, 4, 5].
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The main difference between the CTHE and traditional heat exchangers is the adopted tube type. Traditionally, the inward intermittent or continuous type corrugated tubes are employed, as an example for both helically corrugated and transverse corrugated tubes, owing to their ease of realization. However, in engineering devices, it is necessary to adopt CT, which could be conveniently and periodically inspected with complete accessibility [6].
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A schematic view of the CT configuration currently investigated is shown in Figure 2. The structure parameters of the outward corrugated tube include inner diameter (D), tube length (L), corrugation height (H), corrugation pitch (p), corrugation crest radius (R), and corrugation trough radius (r).
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Figure 2.
The real and schematic view of the outward convex corrugated tube.
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The design and improvement of the CT are considered a significant aspect of researches in terms of heat and mass transfer. Almost all of the heat transfer augmentation techniques have been introduced to improve the overall thermo-hydraulic performance. Thus, these techniques achieved reductions in the size and cost of heat exchangers.
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2. Performances of outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers
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2.1 Manufacture of corrugated tube heat exchangers
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Manufacture consideration could be divided into manufacturing equipment, processing, and other qualitative criteria. The equipment considerations determine which design could be selected, which include existing and new tooling, availability and limitations of equipment, offline production, and investment funding. Processing considerations make sure how individual parts and components of a heat exchanger are manufactured and assembled, which including manufacture of individual parts, stacking of a heat exchanger core and eventual brazing, mounting of pipes, washing/cleaning of the exchanger, and leak testing in the system. When a heat exchanger is designed, the manufacturing equipment and the complete processing considerations must be evaluated previously, particularly for an extended surface heat exchanger [11, 12].
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In the novel tube and shell heat exchanger, the structure of the outward convex corrugated tube is special, composed of alternating corrugated segment and straight pipe section. The main difference from traditional heat exchanger is the adopted structure, so the manufacture processing for the novel tube type is highlighted in this section. The working conditions of the heat exchanger are mainly for high temperature and pressure operation condition. To ensure the safe operation of heat exchanger, a thick-walled stainless steel tube with strong pressure resistance is selected as the base tube. For example, the mechanical properties of stainless steel tube material are as follows: yield strength is 390 MPa, material hardening index is 0.148, material strength coefficient is 764 MPa, material anisotropy coefficient is 0.83, material modulus of elasticity is 207GPa, and Poisson ratio is 0.28.
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The outward convex corrugated tube is manufactured according to high pressure hydraulic bulking based on the smooth stainless steel tube. The hydraulic bulking equipment is 10,000 KN. As shown in Figure 3(a), the equipment is assembled with 400 MPa internal high-pressure forming system, which is mainly composed of the supercharger, two horizontal push cylinder hydraulic servo system, and computer control system. The manufacturing process needs to be supplemented with the corresponding mold, installed on the hydraulic bulking equipment. The mold consists of three parts, which includes upper module as shown in Figure 3(b), lower module as shown in Figure 3(c) and sealing punch. The inner mosaic block with corrugation shape is inserted in the mold as shown in Figure 3(d). High pressure liquid (water or oil) is provided inside the smooth stainless steel tube and finally hydroforms the outward convex corrugated tube.
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Figure 3.
The hydraulic bulging machine and mold. Based on the modified order as the above sticky. (a) Hydraulic bulking equipment; (b) upper module; (c) lower module; (d) inner mosaic block.
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2.2 Layout of corrugated tube heat exchangers
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In order to test the heat transfer and resistance performance of the corrugated tube heat exchangers, experimental study on the corrugated tube heat exchanger must be performed. We adopted steady-state techniques to establish the relationship between Nu and Re. Different data acquisition and reduction methods are used, depending on whether the test fluid is primarily a gas (air) or a liquid. A gas to gas heat exchange will be conducted in our experimental test.
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The schematic of the experimental apparatus for outward corrugated tube is depicted in Figure 4. The system comprises a screw air compressor (the highest discharging pressure is 1.3 MPa, and the air displacement is fixed at 1.81 m3/min), two pressure-regulating valves (0.3 MPa on the hot circuit and 0.9 MPa on the cold circuit), a heater (the temperature range is 50–500°C), a test section (operating with two groups of switching valves), a measuring system (two critical Venturi flowmeters, two pressure transducers, and two temperature transducers), a data acquisition system (DAS), and a pipe system (304 stainless steel tube).
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Figure 4.
System drawing of test bed. 1. Screw air compressor, 2. Pressure-regulating valve in hot circuit, 3. Pressure-regulating valve in cold circuit, 4. Critical Venturi flowmeter in hot circuit, 5. Critical flow meters in cold circuit, 6. Air heater, 7. Switching valves in hot circuit, 8. Switching valves in cold circuit, 9. Test section, 10. Data acquisition system, 11. Muffler.
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The experimental medium was air, which was compressed by the helical-lobe compressor to a pressure of 1.25 MPa. The system is made of stainless steel devices and consists of the hot circuit and cold circuit. The pressure-regulating valves adjust the air pressure to 0.3 MPa on the hot circuit and 0.9 MPa on the cold circuit with an accuracy of ±2%. The critical Venturi flowmeters control the mass flow rate in the hot and cold circuits. The air in the hot circuit is heated by the heater exchanger and then flows into the tube side of the test section, whereas the air in the cold circuit directly flows into the shell side. The section has a detachable structure, which enables convenient changes in various tube components. Moreover, the valve group in the vicinity of the test section makes the air flow into the tube, through either inlet of the tube side or the shell side, thus creating a uniform-current flow and a counter-current flow for each respective flow direction. Finally, the hot air and the cold air complete the heat exchange in the annular tubes of the test section, and then noise of them will be reduced through the muffler.
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In the measuring system, the mass flow rates can be measured with two critical Venturi flowmeters on both circuits, with an accuracy of ±0.2%. The flow meter in the hot circuit was installed before the air heater because hot air may damage the flow meter or reduce the measurement accuracy (precision). After the heater, a temperature transducer was installed to monitor the air temperature. The DAS obtained the flow rate signal, which was transferred to a programmable logic controller (PLC) in the industrial personal computer (IPC), and the accuracy of the transformation module was ±0.05%. The pressure and temperature transducers were installed at the inlet and outlet of the section to measure the pressure and temperature of the air on both sides. All thermocouples were calibrated with an accuracy of ±0.1% of the test data. The pressure drop of the test section was measured with pressure transducers, which have an accuracy of ±0.2% and a measuring range of 0–5 kPa. The values were collected and displayed on the IPC and were automatically recorded.
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The uncertainty is estimated with the method suggested by Kline and Moffat. As mentioned above, the measurement uncertainties of tube length and tube diameters are about 0.05 and 0.1%, respectively. In addition, the measurement accuracy of temperature is 0.14%, the measurement error of the differential pressure meter is 2.06%, and the critical Venturi flowmeter has a precision of 3.11%. According to the uncertainty propagation equation, the uncertainties in the values of experimental parameters like the Reynolds number, Nusselt number, and friction factor are 3.89, 4.41, and 4.87%, respectively.
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2.3 Data acquisition
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The main purpose of our experimental study is to construct the relationship among the heat transfer rate q, heat transfer surface area A, heat capacity rate c of each fluid, overall heat transfer coefficient U, and fluid terminal temperatures [10]. To conduct the heat transfer analysis of an exchanger, the basic relationships that are applied for this purpose are the energy balance based on the first law of thermodynamics, as outlined in Eq. (1).
where \n\n\nm\ṅ\n\n\n is the rate of mass flow, i1 and i2 represent the inlet and outlet enthalpies of the fluid, and Q is the heat transfer rate between hot fluid and cold fluid.
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As shown in Figure 5, a two-fluid counterflow exchanger is considered to present variables relating to its thermal performance. Although flow arrangement may be different for different exchangers, the basic concept of modeling remains the same. The following analysis is intended to introduce important variables for heat exchanger.
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Figure 5.
The energy balance for the hot and cold fluids of a two-fluid heat exchanger.
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If the fluids do not undergo a phase change and have constant specific heats with di = cp · dT, heat transfer rate released from the hot fluid (Qh) and absorbed by the cold air (Qc) can be expressed as
Eq. (5) reflects a convection-conduction heat transfer phenomenon in a two-fluid heat exchanger. The temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids (ΔT = Th−Tc) constantly changes along with heat exchanger. Therefore, in order to conveniently analyze the heat transfer performance of heat exchanger, it is important to establish an appropriate mean value of the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids such that the total heat transfer rate Q between the fluids can be determined from
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\n\nQ\n=\nUAΔ\n\nT\nm\n\n\nE5
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The heat transfer rate Q is proportional to the heat transfer area A, the average overall heat transfer coefficient based on the area U, and mean temperature difference \n\nΔ\n\nT\nmax\n\n\n\n\nΔ\n\nT\nm\n\n\n between the two fluids. This means that temperature difference is a log-mean temperature difference (for counterflow and parallel-flow exchangers).
\n\n\nΔ\n\nT\nmax\n\n\n and \n\nΔ\n\nT\nmin\n\n\n, respectively, represent the maximum and minimum one between \n\nΔ\n\nT\n1\n\n\n and \n\nΔ\n\nT\n2\n\n\n.
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In the experiments, the tube-wall temperature was not measured directly. The heat transfer coefficient of the tube side (hi) is determined from:
where ri and ro are the inner radius and outer radius of the test tube, respectively. Ai and Ao are the inner and outer surface area of the tube, respectively. k is the thermal conductivity of tube material, L is the length of the heat exchange tube, and hi and ho are the heat transfer coefficients for inside and outside flows, respectively.
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The Nusselt number can be calculated as
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\n\nNu\n=\n\n\n\nh\ni\n\n⋅\n\nD\ni\n\n\nk\n\n\nE8
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where D is the characteristic diameter; the thermal conductivity k is calculated from the fluid properties at the local mean bulk fluid temperature.
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The Reynolds number is based on the average flow rate of the test section.
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\n\nRe\n=\n\n\nD\n⋅\nu\n⋅\nρ\n\nμ\n\n\nE9
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where μ is the dynamic viscosity of the working fluid, and u is the mean velocity.
where Δp is the pressure drop in the test section.
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The performance evaluation criterion (PEC) is a dimensionless ratio, which is used for the evaluation of the overall performance of the enhanced tube and defined as follows:
When PEC > 1, it indicates that the enhanced tube has an advantage over the smooth tube; otherwise, the corrugated heat transfer component compares unfavorably with the smooth tube.
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2.4 Heat and mass transfer performance
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For the engineering applications and to design exchangers, the prediction of heat and mass transfer performance is important. We presented experimental data on the Nusselt numbers for turbulent regimes. In our experimental study, the hot fluid is at the tube side, and the cold fluid is at the shell side.
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The heat transfer and resistance performance of corrugated tube are compared to smooth tube, aiming to reflect the superior of the corrugated tube. Ratio of Nu in the corrugated tube to that in the smooth tube (Nuc/Nus) and ratio of f in the corrugated tube to that in the smooth tube (fc/fs) are adopted to indicate the enhancement degree of heat transfer and flow resistance performance.
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Figure 6 shows the effect of Rec (Re of the cold fluid) on Nuc/Nus, fc/fs, and PEC, along with the changing Reh (Re of the hot fluid). The figure exhibits that with the increase of Re, Nuc/Nus, fc/fs, and PEC decline. The decreasing rate of Nuc/Nus and PEC is almost linear, but fc/fs is decelerated.
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Figure 6.
Flow and mass transfer performance. (a) Nuc/Nus; (b) f/fs; (c) PEC.
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3. Heat and mass transfer at outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers
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3.1 Numerical methods
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3.1.1 Physical model and meshing system
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The first task to accomplish in a numerical simulation is the definition of the geometry followed by the mesh generation. The geometry of the design needs to be created from the initial design. Any modeling software can be used for modeling and shifted to other simulation software for analysis purpose.
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Figure 7 shows a schematic view of the structural parameters for corrugated tube investigated in this chapter, which include inner diameter (D), tube length (L), corrugation height (H), corrugation pitch (P), corrugation crest radius (R), and corrugation trough radius (r). Since the investigated corrugated tubes are used in tube-shell type heat exchanger, the flow region inside of tube is named “tube side” and out of tube is named “shell side.”
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Figure 7.
Structure parameters of outward convex corrugated tube.
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Mesh generation is the process of subdividing a region to be modeled into a set of small control volumes. In general, a control volume model is defined by a mesh network, which is made up of the geometric arrangement of control volumes and nodes. Nodes represent points at which features such as displacements are calculated. Control volumes are bounded by set of nodes and also defined by the number of mesh. One or more values of dependent flow variable (e.g. velocity, pressure, temperature, etc.) will be contained in each control volume. Usually, these represent some type of locally averaged values. Numerical algorithms representing approximation to the conservation law of mass, momentum, and energy are then used to compute these variables in each control volume.
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Mesh generation is often considered as the most important and most time consuming part of CFD simulation [13]. The quality of the mesh plays a direct role on the quality of the analysis, regardless of the flow solver used. In this work, a 3D non-uniform mesh system of hexahedral elements was established via the professional mesh generation software ICEM to accurately control the size and number of cells in the domain, as illustrated in Figure 8. The near-wall vicinity should be present drastic velocity and temperature gradients, so a high density of gradient elements was applied in this region. Nevertheless, the remaining domain was modeled with relatively sparse elements. The first layer of thickness should satisfy y+ ≈ 1.
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Figure 8.
Schematic diagram of meshing system for the simulated corrugated tube.
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3.1.2 Mathematical model
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Mathematical model should be constructed to numerically describe flow and heat transfer of corrugated tube. The Navier-Stokes equations generally are adopted to describe the laminar and turbulent flows, which could be solved by various kinds of simulation model including DNS, LES, and RANS. The direct numerical simulation (DNS) can solve accurately the turbulent fluctuation, but these models require huge computing power, which is many orders of magnitude higher than other models. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) is a high efficient model that can be used to approximate turbulence by time-averaged turbulent fluctuation, but the accuracy of the models is much less than DNS. The accuracy and efficient of LES are between the DNS and RANS.
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The k-ε (k-epsilon) model is one of the most prominent RANS models, which has been implemented in most CFD codes and is considered the most common industry model. The stability and robustness of the models have a well-established regime of predictive capability, satisfying general purpose simulation by offering a comparative good accuracy. In our research work for outward convex corrugated tube, we use standard k-ε model for numerical simulation research.
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The governing equations in a RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) manner are given below.
where μt is the turbulent or eddy viscosity, and \n\n\nG\nk\n\n\n represents the generation of turbulent kinetic energy due to the mean velocity gradients. The model constants C1ε, C2ε, Cμ, \n\n\nσ\nk\n\n\n, and \n\n\nσ\nε\n\n\n are chosen for the default values 1.44, 1.92, 0.09, 1.0, and 1.30, respectively.
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3.1.3 Boundary and initial condition
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The next step in preprocessing is setting up the boundary conditions. Boundary conditions refer to the conditions that the solution of the equations should satisfy at the boundary of the moving fluid. Boundary condition will be different for each type of problem. In our research work, the initial and boundary conditions of the outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers are shown as follows:
The inlet conditions at the shell side are as follows: velocity inlet U = Uin, Tin= 563.15 K, and the inlet turbulence specifications are a turbulence intensity of I = 5% and hydraulic diameter D = 20 mm.
The outlet conditions at the shell side are as follows: pressure outlet, Po= 7 MPa, and the outlet turbulence specifications are a turbulence intensity of I = 5% and a viscosity ratio μt/μlam = 5%.
The wall conditions are as follows: the outer wall temperature boundary condition is constant, Tw = 700 K, and the inner wall-coupled boundary condition was set as a no-slip boundary, u = v = w = 0, T = Tw, and q = qw.
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3.1.4 Numerical procedure
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The final step in preprocessing is setting up the numerical procedure, which includes solver, discretization, and convergence criterion. In our work, the governing equations are discretized by the finite volume method and solved by the steady-state implicit format. The SIMPLE algorithm is used to couple the velocity and pressure fields. The second-order upwind scheme is applied herein. The convergence criterion for energy is set to be 10−7 relative error and 10−4 relative error for other variables.
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3.2 Heat and mass transfer in tube and shell side of corrugated tube
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The variable distribution exhibits the opposite similar tendency at the shell side compared with that at the tube side. In this chapter, we mainly analyze the distribution of velocity, temperature, and turbulence kinetic energy.
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3.2.1 Flow structure
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Figure 9(a) shows the velocity vector distribution in the tube side of outward convex corrugation tube. As shown from this figure, when fluid flow starts to cross the corrugation section bended from the straight segment, the flow boundary layer separates into two parts: one is the wall boundary layer developed at the near wall region; the other is shear layer associated with an inflection point of large velocity gradient developed away from the wall, which moves away from the surface at the separation point and forms a free shear layer. When the fluid flows through the upstream of the corrugation, the flow velocity decreases and the pressure increases due to the narrowing of the flow cross section. The fluid layer near the wall is gradually difficult to overcome the rising pressure due to the small amount of momentum, resulting in a reflow of the original flow direction. The recirculating zone between the separating streamline and the free boundary streamline is generated at the upstream of the corrugation.
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Figure 9.
Velocity vector distribution at tube side and at shell side. (a) tube side; (b) shell side.
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Figure 9(b) indicates the velocity vector distribution in the shell side of outward convex corrugation tube. As shown in this figure, the upstream side boundary of the corrugation is influenced by the accelerating outer-flow, that is, a favorable gradient. As the boundary layer thickens, instabilities occur when the near-wall fluid begins to decelerate as shown in Figure 7. The flow separates at the downgrade of the corrugation crest, which is associated with an inflection point of the large velocity gradient developed away the wall.
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3.2.2 Temperature distribution
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Figure 10(a) shows the temperature distribution in the tube side of outward convex corrugation tube. As shown in Figure 8, the wall velocity boundary layer becomes thicker at the upstream side of the corrugation accompany gradually, while the temperature boundary layer gets thicker along the flow direction, due to the eddy generating. Then it goes into thinner at the downstream side of the corrugation with the velocity boundary layer getting thinner, due to the scouring action of the fluid.
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Figure 10.
Temperature distribution at tube side and at shell side. (a) tube side; (b) shell side.
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Figure 10(b) shows the temperature distribution in the tube side of outward convex corrugation tube. As shown in Figure 9, the wall velocity boundary layer becomes thicker at the downstream side of the corrugation accompany gradually, while the temperature boundary layer gets thicker along the flow direction, due to the eddy generating. Then, it goes into thinner at the upstream side of the corrugation with the velocity boundary layer getting thinner, due to the scouring action of the fluid. The thinnest temperature boundary layer occurs at the corrugation crest.
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3.2.3 Turbulence kinetic energy
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Turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is one of the most important variables in boundary layer since it is a measure of the turbulence intensity, which is tightly related to the velocity profile. Figure 11(a) shows the turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the tube side of outward convex corrugation tube. As shown in this figure, the magnitude of the TKE gradient increases past upstream side section of corrugation with a noticed reduction after the flow reattaches as it enters downstream side section of corrugation. The location of the maximum turbulence kinetic energy extends over most of the corrugation, before descending when passing the downstream section of the wave trough.
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Figure 11.
TKE distribution at tube side and at shell side. (a) tube side; (b) shell side.
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Figure 11(b) shows the turbulence kinetic energy distribution in the tube side of outward convex corrugation tube. As shown in this figure, the magnitude of the high TKE extends fairly constant past most of the corrugation with a noticed reduction after the flow reattaches. The location of the high TKE extends over most of corrugation at a height, which roughly equals to the maximum corrugation height, before subsiding toward the corrugation trough.
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4. Heat and mass transfer enhancement of outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers
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4.1 Enhancement methods
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Heat transfer enhancement methods are classified into three classifications: active, passive, and compound. The active methods include electrostatic and magnetic fields, induced pulsation, mechanical aid, vibration, and jet impingement. These methods require external activating power to enhance the heat transfer [3, 4, 5, 6]. Passive methods modify the geometrical structure to expand the effective surface area to disturb the actual boundary layer. Compound methods combine the two heat transfer augmentation methods to increase heat transfer performance. In the above-mentioned methods, passive methods have attracted significant attention from researchers and engineers since they are user-friendly and affordable. Extensive research has been devoted to develop highly efficient heat transfer components to better understand the physical mechanisms and optimal parameters of passive heat transfer augmentation methods.
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The heat transfer enhancement mechanism in the corrugated tube is described as follows. The periodically corrugated structure on the tube wall arouses periodic alteration of velocity gradient, leading to adverse and favorable pressure gradient locally. The recurrent alternation of axial pressure gradient induces the secondary disturbance, and then the produced intensive eddy destroys the flow boundary layer. The eddy also increases the turbulence intensity of the flow. The disturbance caused by corrugated structures thus increases the heat transfer coefficient drastically.
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4.2 Tube side enhancement
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Figure 12 shows the effect of Re on Nuc with various p/D and H/D. The Nuc tends to increase linearly with the increasing Re with a fixed structure of the corrugated tube. This behavior occurs because the increases of flow velocity break wall thermal boundary layer and could obtain higher convective heat transfer coefficient. Moreover, with the decreasing p/D and increasing H/D, the values of the Nuc increase.
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Figure 12.
Effect of Re on Nu with various p/D and H/D in the tube side. (a) various p/D (b) various H/D.
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In order to compare the performance between corrugated tube and smooth tube, the ratio of Nu in the corrugated tube to that in the smooth tube (Nuc/Nus) is adopted to indicate the relative grow rate of heat transfer performance. Figure 13 shows the effect of Re on Nuc/Nus with various p/D and H/D, and the figure exhibits that with the increase of Re, Nuc/Nus declines deceleratedly. Moreover, the Nuc/Nus increases with the decreasing p/D and increasing H/D.
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Figure 13.
Effect of Re on Nuc/Nus with various p/D and H/D in the tube side. (a) various p/D (b) various H/D.
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4.3 Shell side enhancement
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Figure 14 shows the effect of Re on Nuc with various p/D and H/D in the shell side. Compared with Figure 12, the changing tendency of Nuc along with Re, p/D, and H/D is consistent, but the Nuc in the shell side is obviously higher than in the tube side.
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Figure 14.
Effect of Re on Nu with various p/D and H/D in the shell side. (a) various p/D (b) various H/D.
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Figure 15 shows the effect of Re on Nuc/Nus with various p/D and H/D in the shell side. It can be found when compared with Figure 13, the changing tendency of Nuc/Nus along with Re, p/D, and H/D is also consistent, but the Nuc/Nus in the shell side is obviously higher than in the tube side.
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Figure 15.
Effect of Re on Nu with various p/D and H/D in the shell side. (a) various p/D (b) various H/D.
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4.4 Overall enhancement
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Generally, heat transfer enhancement accompanies with a penalty of flow resistance when a heat transfer enhancement component (corrugated tube in this paper) is utilized in a heat exchanger compared to the smooth tube. Therefore, an assessment criterion needs to be constructed to evaluate the overall heat transfer performance for the investigated corrugated tube. The function of overall heat transfer performance is adopted as follows:
Figure 16 indicates the effect of Re on overall heat transfer performance (η) with various p/D and H/D in the tube side of outward convex corrugated tube. The figure displays that with the increase of Re, η declines deceleratedly. This is because the Nuc/Nus gradually decreases along with increasing Re. In addition, with the increase of p/D, η decreases when Re < 30,000, but increases when Re > 30,000. This can be explained from the fact that decreasing extent of Nuc/Nus is larger than that of fc/fs with increase in p/D when Re < 30,000, but lower when Re > 30,000. Moreover, the η decreases obviously with the increasing H/D, and the decreasing extent from H/D = 0.02 to H/D = 0.06 is more obvious than that from H/D = 0.06 to H/D = 0.10. This variation is quite intuitive because of the fact that increasing extent of Nuc/Nus is larger than that of fc/fs along with increasing H/D.
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Figure 16.
Effect of Re on η with various p/D and H/D in the tube side. (a) various p/D (b) various H/D.
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It can be observed from Figure 17 that the changing trend of η with various p/D and H/D in the shell side is almost the same from the tube side. However, the values of η in the shell side are larger than in the tube side. Therefore, the overall heat transfer enhancement in the shell side is superior to the tube side.
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Figure 17.
Effect of Re on η with various p/D and H/D in the shell side. (a) various p/D (b) various H/D.
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5. Optimization of outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers
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5.1 Optimization methods
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Response surface methodology (RSM) is composed of a series of statistical and mathematical method for analyzing empirical results, which can construct connection between effect factors and objective functions. The sensitivity of each effect factor and the interactions between two factors can also be analyzed to the objective functions. Recently, RSM has been extensively used to study on the optimal design of heat exchangers, which is able to efficiently and accurately provide the design consideration for heat exchangers [7, 8, 9].
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RSM constructs the relationship between objective functions and design variables using a series of statistical and mathematical methodology. The function expression of the relationship could be written as follows:
where G represents the objective functions and X1, X2, …, Xk stand for design variables, f represents an approximate function, and ε is the residual error between the real value and the approximate value. The approximate functions are described as a quadratic polynomial, aiming to reflect the nonlinear characteristic between objective functions and design variables. In this study, the quadratic polynomial function, including the linear, square, and interaction terms, can be expressed as follows:
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\n\n\n
\n\nE19
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where bI represents the linear effect of design variable XI, bI,I represents the quadratic effect of XI, and bI,J represents the linear-linear interactions between XI and XJ.
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5.1.1 Optimization procedure
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In our present work, we adopted the flow chart of optimization procedure as shown in Figure 18. Three objective functions including heat transfer, pressure drop, and overall heat transfer performance in a heat exchanger tube are selected for optimization. In this simulation plan, a most popular design method called the design of experiment (DOE) and central composite design (CCD) is applied. As shown in Figure 19, points including factorial points and center points augmented by axial points are set in CCD. The numerical results for DOE runs are utilized in reflecting the behavior of responses with geometrical and flow parameters.
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Figure 18.
Flow chart of optimization procedure.
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Figure 19.
CCD model. (a) Two factors. (b) Three factors.
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5.1.2 NSGA-II algorithm
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Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) combined with the multi-objective optimization is adopted in this study. The advantages of NSGA-II are a uniformly distributed Pareto-optimal front, which can suitably detect Pareto-optimal front for multi-objective problems, decrease time consuming, and present solutions with a single run.
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Figure 20 shows the NSGA-II flowchart. As specified in Figure 18, the RSM has been employed to determine the fitness functions in the optimization algorithm. As well, cross over and mutation contained in genetic operators are used in order to generate a new population. Finally, the optimization process is wrapped up with condition of repetitions number.
\n
Figure 20.
NSGA-II flowchart.
\n
This algorithm uses two functions including nondominated sorting function and crowding distance function, respectively. This subprogram takes population members as input, ranks them, and puts them into fronts in proportion to their ranks. Crowding distance function has been designed to avoid the accumulation of population members in a limited distance. On the other hand, there are no blank intervals in the domain by using crowding distance function. The function is applied for comparison between members of a front that has equal ranks. Compared to the previous and the next member and also the first and the last member of the population, the normalization Euclidean distance of each solution of the front is for each reference point. Normalization is applied to avoid the problem that the objectives are in the different scale.
\n
\n
\n
\n
5.2 Analysis of variance
\n
ANOVA is one statistical analysis method used to evaluate the fitness of regression models, perform significance testing, and construct simplified regression models between design factors and objective functions. Tables 1 and 2 are ANOVA for Nuc and fc. According to the values of R2, the fitting degree of the RSM is estimated. The F value and P value indicate the influencing significances of the model terms, judging the significant degree of each model term for the global sensitivity analysis. If the model term is the most significant, the corresponding P value is minimum, and F value is maximum. Generally, the terms having a P value >0.05 are considered insignificant and are removed from the models.
\n
Table 1.
Analysis of variable (ANOVA) for Nuc.
\n
Table 2.
Analysis of variable (ANOVA) for fc.
\n
\n
\n
5.3 Regression model of responses
\n
The regression response surface models are described in quadratic polynomial form. Coefficients in the models are determined based on a series of statistical and mathematical methods. The models evaluate the objective functions G including Nuc/Nus, fc/fs, and η, which are expressed as:
We applied 2D response surface contour plots to describe the regression response surface model, in order to display the interaction influence of each pair of design variables on the required responses. From the 2D response surface contour plots, the regulation of objective functions with changing design variables can be clearly observed, distinguished by contour plot color. Figures 21 and 22 show the 2D surface plots of the combined effects for the standard deviation of Nuc and fc. It can be observed that the decrease of p/D, the increase of H/D, the decrease of r/D, and the increase of Re result in the augment of Nu. Moreover, it can be also seen that the decrease of p/D, the decrease of H/D, the increase of r/D, and the decrease of Re result in the weak of fc.
\n
Figure 21.
Response surfaces contour plots of combined effects for Nuc.
\n
Figure 22.
Response surfaces contour plots of combined effects for fc.
\n
\n
\n
5.5 Pareto front
\n
By inspecting the numerical results of Nuc/Nus and fc/fs, it is found that these two responses are varied with the changes of the design parameters. There must exist design parameters corresponding to the optimal objective functions. The goal of optimization for a corrugated tube subjected the design constrains of structural limitation in this study is to find the optimal values of designing parameters to maximize Nuc/Nus and minimize fc/fs. In this study, the multi-objective optimization is executed by NSGA-II. The results for Pareto-optimal curve are shown in Figure 23, which clearly reveal the conflict between the two responses, Nuc/Nus and fc/fs. Any changed design parameter that increases Nuc/Nus leads to an increase of fc/fs. It is worth noting that the minimum values of fc/fs with Nuc/Nus for various points on Pareto optimal front. Therefore, the reported results are applicable for a problem with one objective function (fc/fs) and specific constraint (the value of selected or input Nuc/Nus). This means that the presented multi-objective optimization method provides a general optimal solution in simplified form, and one may obtain an optimum design (minimum of fc/fs and maximum of η) with a specified Nuc/Nus.
\n
Figure 23.
Pareto-optimal curve.
\n
\n
\n
\n
6. Conclusions
\n
A deep investigation of the heat and mass transfer was given in outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers in this chapter. The detailed structure of the novel tube has been introduced, in which the heat and mass transfer mechanism is different with the traditional tube type. A specific manufacturing procedure by hydraulic bulking system has been presented for the novel tube type. The experimental setup and measuring system for the novel tube type have been depicted. From obtained experimental data, we found that with the increase of Re, Nuc/Nus, fc/fs, and PEC decline. The decreasing rate of Nuc/Nus and PEC is almost linear, but fc/fs is decelerated. The numerical study on the heat and mass transfer at outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers has been displayed. The distribution of velocity, temperature, and turbulence kinetic energy has been analyzed. The recirculating zone between the separating streamline and the free boundary streamline is generated, which breaks the thermal boundary layer to enhance the heat transfer performance. Turbulence kinetic energy is improved at the recirculating zone. Heat and mass transfer enhancement of outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers has been revealed. Both on the tube side and shell side, with the decreasing p/D and increasing H/D, the values of Nuc and Nuc/Nus increase. Moreover, with the increase of p/D, η decreases when Re < 30,000, but increases when Re > 30,000; the η decreases obviously with the increasing H/D. The multi-objective optimization is executed by RSM combined with NSGA-II. ANOVA is used to evaluate the fitness of regression models, perform significance testing, and construct simplified regression models between design factors and objective functions. 2D response surface contour plots are applied to describe the regression response surface model. Multi-objective optimization method provides a general optimal solution in simplified form, and one may obtain an optimum design (minimum of fc/fs and maximum of η) with a specified Nuc/Nus.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support by the National Natural Science Fund (Grant No. 51506034).
\n
Conflict of interest
The article has not been previously published, is not currently submitted for review to any other journal, and will not be submitted elsewhere before one decision is made.
\n',keywords:"heat and mass transfer, heat exchanger, outward convex corrugated tube, enhancement, optimization",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66563.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/66563.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66563",totalDownloads:1041,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"October 23rd 2018",dateReviewed:"February 27th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 4th 2019",datePublished:"September 11th 2019",dateFinished:"April 4th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Heat and mass transfer in outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers is of significant importance for the optimization, fabrication, and application of outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers. This chapter gives a deep investigation of the heat and mass transfer in outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers. Based on the experimental setup developed, the performances of a novel outward convex corrugated tube heat exchanger are presented. Simulation methods are then used to detail the heat and mass transfer at tube side and shell side of the outward convex corrugated tube heat exchanger, and these include the flow structure, temperature distribution, and turbulence kinetic energy. Heat and mass transfer enhancements of the outward convex corrugated tube heat exchanger are also studied, and they are from tube side, shell side, and overall system aspects. Finally, multi-objective optimization of the outward convex corrugated tube heat exchanger is conducted to obtain the optimal performances through using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). Main conclusions and future outlook are then briefly stated and summarized. We firmly believe that the contents presented in this chapter can not only enrich the knowledge of heat exchangers but also develop methods for studying heat exchangers.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66563",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66563",signatures:"Huaizhi Han, Bingxi Li, Yaning Zhang, Quan Zhu and Ruitian Yu",book:{id:"7661",type:"book",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",subtitle:"Advances in Science and Technology Applications",fullTitle:"Heat and Mass Transfer - Advances in Science and Technology Applications",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",publishedDate:"September 11th 2019",bookSignature:"Alfredo Iranzo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7661.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-447-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-446-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-416-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"67352",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Iranzo",slug:"alfredo-iranzo",fullName:"Alfredo Iranzo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"23828",title:"Dr.",name:"Quan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Quan Zhu",slug:"quan-zhu",email:"qzhu@scu.edu.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"148369",title:"Prof.",name:"Bingxi",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Bingxi Li",slug:"bingxi-li",email:"libx@hit.edu.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"196928",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaning",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Yaning Zhang",slug:"yaning-zhang",email:"ynzhang@hit.edu.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"281875",title:"Prof.",name:"Huaizhi",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Huaizhi Han",slug:"huaizhi-han",email:"hanhz_hrbeu@163.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"282268",title:"Mr.",name:"Ruitian",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Ruitian Yu",slug:"ruitian-yu",email:"yuruitian@hrbeu.edu.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Performances of outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Manufacture of corrugated tube heat exchangers",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Layout of corrugated tube heat exchangers",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Data acquisition",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Heat and mass transfer performance",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Heat and mass transfer at outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1 Numerical methods",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.1.1 Physical model and meshing system",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"3.1.2 Mathematical model",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"3.1.3 Boundary and initial condition",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.1.4 Numerical procedure",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"3.2 Heat and mass transfer in tube and shell side of corrugated tube",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"3.2.1 Flow structure",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"3.2.2 Temperature distribution",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"3.2.3 Turbulence kinetic energy",level:"3"},{id:"sec_17",title:"4. Heat and mass transfer enhancement of outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"4.1 Enhancement methods",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"4.2 Tube side enhancement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"4.3 Shell side enhancement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"4.4 Overall enhancement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22",title:"5. Optimization of outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"5.1 Optimization methods",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22_3",title:"5.1.1 Optimization procedure",level:"3"},{id:"sec_23_3",title:"5.1.2 NSGA-II algorithm",level:"3"},{id:"sec_25_2",title:"5.2 Analysis of variance",level:"2"},{id:"sec_26_2",title:"5.3 Regression model of responses",level:"2"},{id:"sec_27_2",title:"5.4 Response surface analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_28_2",title:"5.5 Pareto front",level:"2"},{id:"sec_30",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_31",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_34",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Han HZ, Li BX*, Yu BY, He YR, Li FC. Mint: Numerical study of flow and heat transfer characteristics in outward convex corrugated tubes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2012;55:7782-7802. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.08.007\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Yang LB, Han HZ*, Li YJ, Li XM. Mint: A numerical study of the flow and heat transfer characteristics of outward convex corrugated tubes with twisted-tape insert. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer. 2016;138:1-8. DOI: 10.1115/1.4031171\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Wang FQ, Tang ZX, Gong XT, Tan JY*, Han HZ, Li BX. Mint: Heat transfer performance enhancement and thermal strain restrain of tube receiver for parabolic trough solar collector by using asymmetric outward convex corrugated tube. Energy. 2016;114:275-295. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.013\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Wang FQ, Lai QZ, Han HZ, JY T. Mint: Parabolic trough receiver with corrugated tube for improving heat transfer and thermal deformation characteristics. Applied Energy. 2016;164:411-424. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.084\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Gong XT, Wang FQ, Wang HY, Tan JY, Lai QZ, Han HZ. Mint: Heat transfer enhancement analysis of tube receiver for parabolic trough solar collector with pin fin arrays inserting. Solar Energy. 2017;144:185-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.020\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Han HZ, Li BX*, Shao W. Mint: Effect of flow direction for flow and heat transfer characteristics inoutward convex asymmetrical corrugated tubes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2016;92:1236-1251. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.11.076\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Han HZ, Yu RT, Li BX, Zhang YN, Wang W. Mint: Multi-objective optimization of corrugated tube with loose fit twisted tape using RSM and NSGA-II. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2019;131:781-794. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.10.128\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Han HZ, Li BX*, Wu H, Shao W. Mint: Multi-objective shape optimization of double pipe heat exchanger with inner corrugated tube using RSM method. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2015;90:173-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2014.12.010\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Han HZ, Li BX*, Shao W. Mint: Multi-objective optimization of outward convex corrugated tubes using response surface methodology. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2014;70:250-262. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.05.016.\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Shah RK, Sekulić Dušan P. Surface basic heat transfer and flow friction characteristics. In: R K S, Sekulić Dušan P, editors. Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2017. pp. 425-562. DOI: 10.1002/9780470172605.ch7\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Karthikeyan D. Thermal analysis of Shell and tube heat exchanger using CFD. In: Parmar N, editor. Design and Analysis Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger: Taguchi Method and CFD Analysis. Balti: LAG LAMBERT Academic Publishing; 2017. pp. 26-43. DOI: 110.5281/zenodo.56040\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Russell TF, Robinson AS, Wagner NJ, editors. Mass and Heat Transfer: Analysis of Mass Contactors and Heat Exchangers. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2008\n'},{id:"B13",body:'ANSYS FLUENT User’s Guide, Release 17.0. Ansys Inc.; 2016\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Huaizhi Han",address:"hanhz_hrbeu@163.com",affiliation:'
School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, China
College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, China
College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, China
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MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. Watt",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"146553",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",slug:"andrew-novick",fullName:"Andrew Novick"},{id:"146554",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamie",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",slug:"jamie-scholl",fullName:"Jamie Scholl"},{id:"146555",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Watt",slug:"michael-watt",fullName:"Michael Watt"}]},{id:"26258",doi:"10.5772/28300",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-ischemic-stroke",totalDownloads:7157,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"931",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Acute Ischemic Stroke"},signatures:"Ramón Rama Bretón and Julio César García Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"63258",title:"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus",slug:"anatomy-and-function-of-the-hypothalamus",totalDownloads:4558,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81998",title:"Understanding the Neuropathophysiology of Psychiatry Disorder Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation",slug:"understanding-the-neuropathophysiology-of-psychiatry-disorder-using-transcranial-magnetic-stimulatio",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103748",abstract:"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe and non-invasive tool that allows researchers to probe and modulate intracortical circuits. The most important aspect of TMS is its ability to directly stimulate the cortical neurons, generating action potentials, without much effect on intervening tissue. This property can be leveraged to provide insight into the pathophysiology of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Using multiple patterns of stimulations (single, paired, or repetitive), different neurophysiological parameters can be elicited. Various TMS protocol helps in understanding the neurobiological basis of disorder and specific behaviors by allowing direct probing of the cortical areas and their interconnected networks. While single-pulse TMS can provide insight into the excitability and integrity of the corticospinal tract, paired-pulse TMS (ppTMS) can provide further insight into cortico-cortical connections and repetitive TMS (rTMS) into cortical mapping and modulating plasticity.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Jitender Jakhar, Manish Sarkar and Nand Kumar"},{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Yaroslav R. Nartsissov"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:18},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:1,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",annualVolume:11966,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",annualVolume:11968,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorialBoard:[{id:"220987",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:"Onofre",surname:"Soares",fullName:"António Soares",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNtzQAG/Profile_Picture_1644499672340",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Azores",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
",annualVolume:11969,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"216491",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",middleName:null,surname:"Skoulikaris",fullName:"Charalampos Skoulikaris",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRMsbQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-04-21T09:31:55.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"300124",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Shahady",fullName:"Thomas Shahady",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002kuIgmQAE/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:32:10.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lynchburg College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/24793",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"24793"},fullPath:"/chapters/24793",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()