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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7511",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Aspects in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy",title:"Aspects in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a slow and smooth continuous extracorporeal blood purification process. It is usually implemented over 24 hours to several days with gentle removal of fluid overload and excess uremic toxins. CRRT, which is based on the physiological principles of diffusion, ultrafiltration, convection, and adsorption, can be performed as slow continuous ultrafiltration, continuous veno-venous hemofiltration, continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration, and continuous veno-venous hemodialysis. Over many years, CRRT has been shown to be an effective dialysis therapy for hemodynamically unstable patients with acute kidney injury, brain injury, and/or multiorgan failure in intensive care units. Aspects in CRRT covers selected important topics with a practical approach to the management of different aspects of CRRT. All chapters have been updated and are well referenced, supported by well-illustrated figures and tables, and written by distinguished and experienced authors. 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Dr. Karkar is a consultant physician and nephrologist, a Fellow of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Ireland, and a Fellow of the American National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Nephrology. He has authored several books and book chapters and published over 150 articles and abstracts in peer-reviewed medical journals. Dr. Karkar is currently Baxter Head of Medical Affairs—Renal Care, Middle East and Africa, and Subject Matter Expert, East, and Central Europe and the Middle East and Africa.",institutionString:"Baxter AG, US",position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1163",title:"Nephrology",slug:"nephrology"}],chapters:[{id:"64708",title:"Introductory Chapter: Principles and Methods of Acute Therapies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82503",slug:"introductory-chapter-principles-and-methods-of-acute-therapies",totalDownloads:1061,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ayman Karkar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64708",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64708",authors:[{id:"156627",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",surname:"Karkar",slug:"ayman-karkar",fullName:"Ayman Karkar"}],corrections:null},{id:"63552",title:"Acute Kidney Injury",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80625",slug:"acute-kidney-injury",totalDownloads:1319,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously named acute renal failure, is characterized by abrupt deterioration in renal function. The incidence of AKI has increased lately, both in the hospital and community setting. It is estimated that more than 13 million people are affected by AKI annually worldwide. Despite all the advances in the field, AKI still carries a high mortality rate. In addition to mortality, AKI is an important risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. In this chapter, various aspects of AKI will be discussed including definition and staging, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, prognosis, and prevention.",signatures:"Ahmed M. Alkhunaizi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63552",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63552",authors:[{id:"259335",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Alkhunaizi",slug:"ahmed-alkhunaizi",fullName:"Ahmed Alkhunaizi"}],corrections:null},{id:"62565",title:"Hemodiafiltration in Acute Kidney Injury",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79563",slug:"hemodiafiltration-in-acute-kidney-injury",totalDownloads:1426,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most important complications during hospitalization, especially in critically ill patients. Recent data demonstrated that certain biomarkers including pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with high morbidity and mortality. These biomarkers, most of which have middle molecular weight, and protein-bound uremic toxins are limitedly removed by diffusion mechanism in conventional hemodialysis. Hemodiafiltration (HDF), a new modality that combines convective clearance with diffusion, could effectively enhance removal of middle molecule and protein-bound solutes. Therefore, HDF is increasingly used in several AKI settings such as septic AKI, rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI, myeloma cast nephropathy, and contrast-induced AKI. This chapter summarizes the available HDF techniques including intermittent and continuous modes, and clinical data comprise the benefits of HDF on biomarkers and renal as well as cardiovascular outcomes. Additionally, the topic provides the proposed future directions of HDF in various AKI settings.",signatures:"Kullaya Takkavatakarn, Paweena Susantitaphong and Somchai\nEiam-Ong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62565",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62565",authors:[{id:"49591",title:"Dr.",name:"Somchai",surname:"Eiam-Ong",slug:"somchai-eiam-ong",fullName:"Somchai Eiam-Ong"},{id:"253229",title:"Dr.",name:"Kullaya",surname:"Takkavatakarn",slug:"kullaya-takkavatakarn",fullName:"Kullaya Takkavatakarn"},{id:"253230",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweena",surname:"Susantitaphong",slug:"paweena-susantitaphong",fullName:"Paweena Susantitaphong"}],corrections:null},{id:"66226",title:"Immunoadsorption Techniques and Its Current Role in the Intensive Care Unit",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84890",slug:"immunoadsorption-techniques-and-its-current-role-in-the-intensive-care-unit",totalDownloads:1696,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Immunoadsorption is an extracorporeal technique used for the removal of antibodies and molecules from the blood. A large number of different adsorbents are now available allowing for the non-selective removal of all subclasses of immunoglobulins such as IgG or more selective removal of disease specific molecules such as lipoprotein(a) and CRP. This selectivity, coupled with its highly efficient removal of the molecule, along with a favourable side-effect profile, has made immunoadsorption an attractive option in a range of autoimmune diseases. 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Availability of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in a healthcare center can influence the therapy performance and patient’s results, and it is challenging to attain high-quality standards in centers without previous experience in CRRT and with new therapy users. 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Republic"}}},{id:"338781",title:"Dr.",name:"Vratislav",middleName:null,surname:"Fabian",fullName:"Vratislav Fabian",slug:"vratislav-fabian",email:"fabian@medicton.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Czech Technical University in Prague",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}]},book:{id:"10228",title:"Dyslexia",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Dyslexia",slug:"dyslexia",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",bookSignature:"Jonathan Glazzard and Samuel Stones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10228.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11643",leadTitle:null,title:"Genetic Diversity - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tAll living beings including viruses carry genetic material. Genetic material controls the development, maintenance and reproduction of organisms. Genetic material is characterized by including changes from a small to a large scale. Geneticists attempt to determine the extent of these changes by identifying the alleles or sequences at each locus and measuring their respective frequencies. From the growing knowledge on the genome sequences of living beings it becomes evident that all forms of diversity have their origin at genetic level. In this context genetic diversity studies provide vital and powerful data that helps for better understanding of genetic diversity and enables improved conservation strategies and public health.
\r\n\tThe purpose of the book is to bring together the latest knowledge about genetic diversity by presenting the studies of some of the scientists who are engaged in development of new tools and ideas used to reveal genetic diversity, often from very different perspectives. The book should prove useful to students, researchers and experts in the area of biology, medicine and agriculture.
Evidence of the involvement of cellular aging in the development of many age-related diseases, combined with the longevity benefits obtained from preventing the accumulation of senescent cells, raises the possibility that therapeutic targeting of senescent cells extends life span, improves overall health, and delays or prevents the development of age-related diseases. The investigation of the molecular mechanisms accounting for the development of senescent-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and the ones providing senescent cells maintenance supplied insights for the development of mechanisms to target senescent cells. So far, many approaches have been proposed to target cell senescence, either by inducing the death of senescent cells or by blocking the SASP (Figure 1). This chapter provides an overview of senescent cells as an opportunity to intervene in the aging process and presents the various therapeutic anti-senescence paradigms in terms of their molecular mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety.
Strategies targeting cellular senescence. (A) A number of dietary regimens, including caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and reduced intake of certain nutrients, exert antiaging effects. (B) Pharmacological interventions have been developed to target senescent cells and limit their deleterious effects; certain natural or pharmacological compounds have been reported to exert the beneficial effects of CR, senolytic agents selectively induce apoptosis in senescent cells and block the prosurvival pathway, senomorphic agents interact with the components of the SASP, affecting their upstream pathway or their effectors, immune-based strategies aim to enhance the body’s natural defense mechanisms or develop strategies to direct immune cells specifically toward senescent cells and/or overcome the mechanisms that senescent cells use to escape the immune system, and strategies targeting the DDR pathway aim to reduce the induction of cellular senescence. (C) Stem cell transplantation is thought to compensate for the decline in stem cell function, which is partly due to the senescence of stem cells. DDR, DNA damage response. (DDR is the abbreviation of DNA damage response).
A number of dietary regimens have been reported to prolong health span and longevity, in part by reducing their effects on senescence. These regimens include caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and reduced intake of certain nutrients.
The underlying premise of caloric restriction (CR) is to reduce calorie availability by ~20–50%, while not consuming fewer vitamins, minerals, and other components of a healthy diet. It is well established that CR is a powerful intervention to extend the average and/or maximum life span of various species including yeast, flies, worms, fish, rodents, and rhesus monkeys [1], improve general health, and decrease aging-associated diseases [1]. Furthermore, data from natural and controlled investigations suggested the beneficial effects of CR on human longevity.
CR induces adaptations in the immune, neuroendocrine, and metabolic system by affecting a number of intracellular pathways; although human and animal observations and studies suggest that CR expands the life span, the mechanism underlying CR responses has not yet been established, and the followings explain some of the mechanisms, which mediate CR antiaging effects.
CR was reported to decrease cell senescence [2]. Given the fact that cell damage is the main inducer of senescence [3], the cytoprotective properties of CR may explain its senescence rate modulation effects. These effects include decrease in cellular stress [4], decrease in inflammation [5], and increased clearance of damaged proteins and organelles through the activation of autophagy [3]. In addition, CR decreases the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity, which, in turn, plays a major role in the activation of cellular senescence [6]. Modulation of nutrient uptake pathways, including insulin-like growth factor (IGF), insulin, mTOR, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mainly explains CR-mediated effects [6]. It was reported that CR decreases IGF signaling by inducing hypoglycemia and decreasing the level of insulin [6]. CR-mediated decrease in oxidative damage may be attributed to several mechanisms, including the increase in nitric oxide (NO) concentration [7], the increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity [7], the decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [3], the decrease in protein glycation [3], the decrease in inflammatory proteins [3], and the increase in the expression of chaperone proteins [3]. Moreover, CR upregulates the expression of sirtuin-2 (sirt-2) [8], and NAD + -dependent protein deacetylases with antioxidant activity [9], the existence of extra copies of which was shown to extend the life span by up to 30%. CR exerts anti-inflammatory effect; a large number of investigations have shown that it reversed the effects of SASP and modulate age-related chronic inflammatory conditions [5]. This anti-inflammatory response can be attributed to the regulation of the activity of pro-inflammatory upstream signaling pathway molecules such as MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38), and NIK/IKKs and the suppression of key pro-inflammatory mediators such as NF-B, IL-1, IL-6, TNF, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [5]. Intriguingly, CR was reported to induce a slight increase in circulating cortisol, which also account for the reduction in systemic inflammation [3]. Additionally, CR was reported to enhance DNA repair mechanism. This effect is mediated by the decrease of age-dependent decline in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), the decrease of the age-dependent decline of polymerase alpha and beta and the increase of their fidelity, the induction of the base excision repair pathway (BER), and the enhancement of nucleotide excision repair (NER) [3]. Moreover, CR was shown to alter the phenotypes of stem cells, improve their function, and promote their self-renewal in mice [10]. Although most studies proposed the beneficial effects of CR, it is noteworthy to report the results of one study that suggest the negative impact CR has on brain integrity of mouse lemurs without affecting cognitive performances [11]. More investigations are required to evaluate the long-term effects of CR and create a comprehensive full image of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying its antiaging effect.
In addition to CR, other approaches have been proposed to reduce the effects of aging, including intermittent fasting and the reduced intake of certain nutrients. Intermittent fasting (IF) is an eating pattern that switches between fasting and eating on a regular schedule. It has been shown that IF has a protective effect against many age-related diseases such as obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation [12]. Many types of IF have been proposed, including a fasting-mimicking diet, which has been reported to prolong the life span, reduce visceral fat, reduce cancer and skin damage, rejuvenate the immune system, and slow bone mineral loss in mice [13]. Other studies have shown that reduced intake of specific nutrients exerts antiaging effects. For example, reducing protein intake has been reported to reduce the risk of cancer death and overall mortality [12]. Interestingly, it was suggested that the life span benefits of dietary restriction can be obtained from the reduced intake of certain amino acids such as tryptophan and methionine [14]. In addition, ketogenic diet, which primarily consists of high fats, moderate proteins, and very low carbohydrates, was widely reported to extend longevity and health span in mice [15].
The involvement of cell senescence in aging and the development of many age-related diseases has stimulated efforts to develop a number of strategies aimed at eliminating senescent cells and/or limiting their deleterious effects. These strategies include CR mimetics, senolytic agents, senomorphic agents, immune-based strategies, and strategies targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway.
CR mimetics are agents that have the beneficial effects of CR without the need to struggle with diet limitation; the followings are some of the most well-known CR mimetics.
Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a natural plant-derived polyphenolic, phytoalexin compound found in grapes, cranberries, and peanuts. Resveratrol has been long used in traditional medicine, and now, it has wide range of applications in modern medicine thanks to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, and immunomodulating properties [16]. It is suggested that resveratrol exerts its antiaging effects through the activation of sirtuin-1 (sirt-1) [12]. One clinical study on healthy, obese men reported that 30 days of resveratrol supplementation elevated intramyocellular lipid levels, and decreased intrahepatic lipid content, circulating glucose, triglycerides, alanine-aminotransferase, inflammation markers, and systolic blood pressure with an improvement in HOMA index [17]. Another clinical study on overweight older individuals provides evidence that supplementation of resveratrol improves memory performance in association with improved glucose metabolism and increased hippocampal functional connectivity in older adults [3].
Metformin is an FDA-approved antidiabetic agent used as a first-line drug for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. The antiaging effects of metformin are well established in
Rapamycin is an FDA-approved immunosuppressant, which is extensively used following kidney and liver transplants and to treat certain types of cancers and complications of tuberous sclerosis [19]. The antiaging effect of rapamycin is well established for several years in model organisms including mice [19] and is mediated through the direct inhibition of the kinase activity of mTOR [5]. Despite its widely reported antiaging effect, certain side effects pose a barrier to the use of rapamycin as antiaging agent; this includes hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and new-onset diabetes, anemia and thrombocytopenia, dermatological events, gastrointestinal disorders, sinusitis, respiratory and urinary infections, and testicular dysfunction [19]. To minimize these side effects, a number of alternative treatment regimens have been developed, including intermittent rapamycin [19]. In addition, fewer side effects have been reported after the administration of rapamycin analogs with a reduced effect on glucose metabolism, such as everolimus and temsirolimus [19].
The immune system has its own internal targeting mechanism for senescent cells. Multiple components of the immune system target senescent cells, including NK cells, T cells, and macrophages [20]. The immunogenicity of senescent cells, combined with the age-related decline in immune function, raises the potential for strategies such as boosting the immune system or targeting the inhibitory mechanisms by which senescent cells escape the immune system to be exploited to enhance the clearance of senescent cells [20]. In this context, many strategies have been proposed, including blocking the inhibitory decoy receptor 2 (DR2) and stimulating the innate immune response using the viral infection stimulator poly (I:C) [21]. In addition, the implementation of the advances in genetic engineering by designing chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells specific for senescent cells is a promising approach. However, the lack of overlap between the extracellular markers identified by different studies is an obstacle for designing CAR T cells specific for senescent cells [20].
Senolytic agents target specifically senescent cells, and they are considered promising agents for delaying aging processes as they target the fundamental mechanisms that are contributors for many diseases. Dasatinib, quercetin, and fisetin are the most well-studied senolytic agents [22]. Dasatinib is a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is used for the treatment of CML and AML [23]. Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid compound with antioxidant properties, which exerts preventive effects for various diseases, such as osteoporosis, some forms of cancer, tumors, and lung and cardiovascular diseases [24]. Fisetin is a flavonol that shows potential as an anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive, and chemotherapeutic agent [25]. Senolytic agents were discovered by scanning using bioinformatic approach to find drugs that disrupt the senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathways (SCAPs) network nodes, which differ from the one-target one-drug approach. Thereby, an important characteristic of these agents is their targeting to multiple SCAP network nodes rather than acting upon single or limited targets, which, in turn, reduces the off-target apoptotic effects on nonsenescent cell types [22].
Senomorphic agents are an alternative approach to senolytics, the concept behind this approach is to disrupt pathways by which senescent cells mediate its detrimental effects without eliminating the cells. For this purpose, neutralizing antibodies targeting SASP components or their receptors have been developed [26]. Approaches based on the transcriptional modulation of the expression of SASP factors were developed to reduce SASP production [27].
In addition, based on the fact that mTOR activation promotes SASP production through translation of subsets of mRNA that stabilizes many cytokine-encoding transcripts, certain mTOR inhibitors can be considered senomorphic agents [20]. For example, rapamycin, which exhibits CR-mimicking effects, was reported to decrease SASP production by inhibiting mTOR [20]. Besides, apigenin and kaempferol were shown to attenuate SASP production through their modulating effects on NF-κB signaling [20].
Senolytic agents have advantages over senomorphics, which include the possibility to take them intermittently and the reduction of the likelihood of senescence bypassing mutations that can promote tumorigenesis, since these agents eliminate senescent cells rather than targeting SASP production [20]. However, the still undetermined safety of prolonged or repeated administration of senolytic agents combined with an emerging study report on the likelihood of senolysis damage to cells with structural functions [28] makes senomorphics a considerable alternative to senolytic agents.
DNA damage response (DDR) pathway is a signaling cascade that is activated in response to DNA damage. Given the evidence that activation of the DDR pathway triggers cell senescence, antisense oligonucleotides have been developed to inhibit telomeric DDR. Results from
Cell senescence has been implicated in the decline of stem cells’ function and proliferation potential [20], which, in turn, contributes to aging and the development of age-related disease [29]. Therefore, stem cell transplantation has been proposed as a strategy to treat many age related disease including Alzheimer’s disease [30], macular degeneration [31], osteoarthritis [32], and frailty [33]. The beneficial effects of this strategy are exerted through the compensation of aging-related decline in stem cell function, the regulation of inflammation and immune responses, as well as the secretion of therapeutic cytokines and factors [29]. The promising results of the preclinical experiments on mice models [33] lead to its translation to clinical trials. Phases I and II clinical trials were conducted to investigate the efficiency of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) infusion in alleviating frailty and the results showed safety profile and promising therapeutic efficacy [33]. A number of clinical trials provided evidence of the efficiency of MSCs therapies for the treatment of osteoarthritis [32]. Furthermore, a phase I clinical study supports the efficiency and safety of the transplantation of embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium patches as a regenerative strategy for age-related macular degeneration [31]. Although the results of preclinical and clinical studies provide initial evidence of the efficiency of stem cell transplantation for the treatment of age-related diseases, the concerns of stem cells tumorigenicity impose the need for further research and clinical trials with the consideration of the framework regulatory agencies to ensure the safety of participants [29].
Despite initial evidence for the safety and efficacy of a number of antiaging therapeutic approaches to combat the aging process, the novelty of this area of study stresses the need to conduct further preclinical and clinical study to understand the efficacy, safety, and long-term effects of anti-senescence therapeutic strategies in addition to the optimization of the most effective strategy with minimal off-targets and side effects. Further research in terms of the molecular mechanism of senescence and anti-senescence therapeutic strategies could reshape our view of health management during aging, offering many therapeutic options in the context of increasing longevity and preventing or alleviating many age-related diseases.
AMP-activated protein kinase cell chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell cyclooxygenase 2 caloric restriction DNA damage response decoy receptor 2 homeostatic model assessment index intermittent fasting insulin-like growth factor 1 inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase inducible nitric oxide synthase mitogen-activated protein kinase the mammalian target of rapamycin NF-κB-inducing kinase nitric oxide senescent-associated secretory phenotype senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathways sirtuin super oxide dismutase
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Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. 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In vitro, chemicals such as drugs and pesticides have different cytotoxicity mechanisms such as destruction of cell membranes, prevention of protein synthesis, irreversible binding to receptors etc. In order to determine the cell death caused by these damages, there is a need for cheap, reliable and reproducible short-term cytotoxicity and cell viability assays. Cytotoxicity and cell viability assays are based on various cell functions. A broad spectrum of cytotoxicity assays is currently used in the fields of toxicology and pharmacology. There are different classifications for these assays: (i) dye exclusion assays; (ii) colorimetric assays; (iii) fluorometric assays; and (iv) luminometric assays. Choosing the appropriate method among these assays is important for obtaining accurate and reliable results. 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The aim of this chapter is to guide the researcher interested in this subject to select the appropriate assay for their study.",book:{id:"6310",slug:"genotoxicity-a-predictable-risk-to-our-actual-world",title:"Genotoxicity",fullTitle:"Genotoxicity - A Predictable Risk to Our Actual World"},signatures:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk",authors:[{id:"211212",title:"Dr.",name:"Özlem Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Aslantürk",slug:"ozlem-sultan-aslanturk",fullName:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk"}]},{id:"42016",doi:"10.5772/55187",title:"Why are Early Life Stages of Aquatic Organisms more Sensitive to Toxicants than Adults?",slug:"why-are-early-life-stages-of-aquatic-organisms-more-sensitive-to-toxicants-than-adults-",totalDownloads:3494,totalCrossrefCites:39,totalDimensionsCites:103,abstract:null,book:{id:"3408",slug:"new-insights-into-toxicity-and-drug-testing",title:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing",fullTitle:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing"},signatures:"Azad Mohammed",authors:[{id:"147061",title:"Dr.",name:"Azad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"azad-mohammed",fullName:"Azad Mohammed"}]},{id:"28120",doi:"10.5772/19206",title:"Experimental and Computational Methods Pertaining to Drug Solubility",slug:"experimental-and-computational-methods-pertaining-to-drug-solubility",totalDownloads:7304,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:86,abstract:null,book:{id:"1507",slug:"toxicity-and-drug-testing",title:"Toxicity and Drug Testing",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Drug Testing"},signatures:"Abolghasem Jouyban and Mohammad A. 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Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. 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Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"48230",title:"Mitochondrial Targeting for Drug Development",slug:"mitochondrial-targeting-for-drug-development",totalDownloads:6870,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Jalal Pourahmad, Ahmad Salimi and Enayatollah Seydi",authors:[{id:"172672",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalal",middleName:null,surname:"Pourahmad",slug:"jalal-pourahmad",fullName:"Jalal Pourahmad"}]},{id:"48406",title:"Impact of Pesticides on Environmental and Human Health",slug:"impact-of-pesticides-on-environmental-and-human-health",totalDownloads:7426,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:69,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Mariana Furio Franco Bernardes, Murilo Pazin, Lilian Cristina Pereira\nand Daniel Junqueira Dorta",authors:[{id:"172524",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Dorta",slug:"daniel-dorta",fullName:"Daniel Dorta"}]},{id:"69028",title:"Aflatoxin B1: Chemistry, Environmental and Diet Sources and Potential Exposure in Human in Kenya",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-chemistry-environmental-and-diet-sources-and-potential-exposure-in-human-in-kenya",totalDownloads:1393,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Cancer incidences and mortality in Kenya are increasing according to recent reports and now number among the top five causes of mortality in the country. The risk factors responsible for this increase in cancer incidences are assumed to be genetic and/or environmental in nature. The environmental factors include exposure to carcinogenic contaminants such aflatoxins (AFs). However, the exact causes of the increase in cancer incidences and prevalence in many developing countries are not fully known. Aflatoxins are known contaminants produced by the common fungi Aspergillus flavus and the closely related Aspergillus parasiticus which grow as moulds in human foods. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is most common in food and is 1000 times more potent when compared with benzo(a)pyrene, the most potent carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Aflatoxins have therefore drawn a lot of interest in research from food safety and human health point of view. 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He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82387",title:"Kept Promises? 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