\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"450",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology",title:"Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book aspires to be a comprehensive summary of current biofuels issues and thereby contribute to the understanding of this important topic. Readers will find themes including biofuels development efforts, their implications for the food industry, current and future biofuels crops, the successful Brazilian ethanol program, insights of the first, second, third and fourth biofuel generations, advanced biofuel production techniques, related waste treatment, emissions and environmental impacts, water consumption, produced allergens and toxins. 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Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes serves as a postdoc researcher at the Centre de Recherche Public Henri Tudor in Luxembourg. His expertise is in the area of energy analysis, life cycle assessment, renewable energy and biofuels. Dr.-Ing. Bernardes has had 10 papers published in journals such as Solar Energy, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, ASME Heat Transfer, a book and book chapters as well. Dr.-Ing. Bernardes' areas of interest include CFD, heat transfer modelling, Solar Chimney Power Plants, thermal processes, thermodynamics. He received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at Stuttgart University in Germany and conducted a postdoctoral research at the Stellenbosch University in South Africa. He was awarded with the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Assessment Award for LCA Projects in Development Countries. Dr.-Ing. Bernardes served as a full professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at CEFET-MG in Belo Horizonte for more than 13 years.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"763",title:"Bioresource Engineering",slug:"bioresource-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"17474",title:"The Effect of Thermal Pretreatment Process on Bio-Fuel Conversion",doi:"10.5772/17149",slug:"the-effect-of-thermal-pretreatment-process-on-bio-fuel-conversion",totalDownloads:3197,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Aleksander Ryzhkov, Vadim Silin, Tatyana Bogatova, Aleksander Popov and Galina Usova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17474",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17474",authors:[{id:"27414",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadim",surname:"Silin",slug:"vadim-silin",fullName:"Vadim Silin"},{id:"43073",title:"Mr.",name:"Aleksander",surname:"Popov",slug:"aleksander-popov",fullName:"Aleksander Popov"},{id:"43074",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatyana",surname:"Bogatova",slug:"tatyana-bogatova",fullName:"Tatyana Bogatova"},{id:"43075",title:"Ms.",name:"Galina",surname:"Usova",slug:"galina-usova",fullName:"Galina Usova"},{id:"43077",title:"Mr",name:"Alexander",surname:"Ryzhkov",slug:"alexander-ryzhkov",fullName:"Alexander Ryzhkov"}],corrections:null},{id:"17475",title:"The Challenge of Bioenergies: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/16403",slug:"the-challenge-of-bioenergies-an-overview",totalDownloads:2743,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nicolas Carels",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17475",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17475",authors:[{id:"24968",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",surname:"Carels",slug:"nicolas-carels",fullName:"Nicolas Carels"}],corrections:null},{id:"17476",title:"Biogas Upgrading by Pressure Swing Adsorption",doi:"10.5772/18428",slug:"biogas-upgrading-by-pressure-swing-adsorption",totalDownloads:9247,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Carlos A. 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The integration of experimental methods with computational methods is invaluable both in the development of promising new bioactive compounds and in the molecular characterization of protein-ligand or protein-protein interactions. Molecular docking, in one of these molecular modeling methods, is a unique approach to revealing key interactions in important molecular recognition processes and to accurately predict receptor-ligand binding free energies. Today, the molecular docking method has not only enabled the discovery of new drugs and therapeutic agents but also opened different windows to the submicroscopic world of interacting partner molecules by providing a unique atomistic perspective in the explanation of important intermolecular phenomena.
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\r\n\t1. Emphasizing the unique power of the molecular docking method in new drug discovery;
\r\n\t2. Demonstration of how the molecular docking technique has led to the discovery of new molecules in cancer therapy, proteasome, and STAT3 inhibition, and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease;
\r\n\t3. Underlining the importance of molecular docking-based modeling methods in the various branches of biotechnology
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The placenta is attached to the uterine wall and establishes connection between the mother and the fetus through the umbilical cord and thus plays a critical role in maternal fetal transfer [2]. It has a complex synthetic capacity and plays a role in the immunologic acceptance of fetal allograft [2].
\nThe placenta is developed from two sources. The principal component is fetal which develops from the chorion frondosum, and the maternal component consists of decidua basalis (Figure 1) [2]. The fertilized ovum converts into a morula and further differentiates into a blastocyst. The outer layer of the blastocyst proliferates to form the primary trophoblastic cell mass which infiltrates the endometrial lining. By the 7th post-ovulatory day, the trophoblast differentiates into two layers: an inner layer of clear mononuclear cells with well-defined limiting membranes called cytotrophoblast and the outer layer of multinucleated cells with no intercellular membrane called syncytiotrophoblasts [1]. By 10th to 13th post-ovulatory days, a series of intercommunicating spaces or lacunae develop in the rapidly enlarging and dividing trophoblastic cell mass.
\nDecidual structure differentiating into decidua basalis, capsularis, and parietalis.
The lacunae become confluent, and as the trophoblastic cell erodes the maternal vessels, they become filled with blood to form intervillous spaces. Between the lacunae spaces, there are columns having a central core of cytotrophoblasts surrounded by syncytiotrophoblasts. These form the framework for the development of villi later. From these pillars, branching sprouts appear. Those columns extent as far as the decidua and a mesenchymal core develops in them to form extraembryonic mesenchyme, which forms the villus vessels. In due course, these vessels establish continuity with those developing from the body stalk and inner chorionic mesenchyme. The distal part of the columns is not invaded by the mesenchyme but only serves to anchor it to the basal plate [1, 3]. These cells proliferate and spread laterally separating the syncytiotrophoblasts into two layers, the definitive syncytium on the fetal aspect and the peripheral syncytium on the decidual side which eventually degenerates and is replaced by a fibrinoid material and is known as Nitabuch’s layer.
\nWith deeper blastocyst invasion into the decidua, the extravillous cytotrophoblasts give rise to solid primary villi composed of a cytotrophoblast core covered by syncytium. The most deeply implanted portion of these villi forms placenta (Figure 2). Beginning on the 12th day after fertilization, chorionic villi can first be distinguished and form secondary villi. After angiogenesis begins in the mesenchymal cores, it results into tertiary villi.
\nDevelopment of placenta.
By approximately the 17th day, fetal blood vessels are functional, and a placental circulation is established. The placenta is a vascularized villus structure by the 21st day. The fetal-placental circulation is completed when embryonic blood vessels are connected with chorionic vessels. Groups of cytotrophoblasts also grow into the lumen of the spiral arteries extending as far as the decidual myometrial junction. These cells destroy the muscular and the elastic layer of the vessel wall and get replaced by a fibrinoid material which is derived from the maternal blood and proteins secreted by the trophoblastic cells. This primary invasion dilates the spiral arteriolar wall and thus augments blood flow to the placenta [1, 3]. There is a secondary invasion of trophoblast between 12 and 16 weeks extending up to radial arteries within the myometrium. Thus, spiral arteries are converted to large bore uteroplacental arteries. The net effect is funneling of the arteries that reduce the pressure of the blood to 70–80 mm Hg before it reaches the intervillous space. It thus increases the blood flow.
\nThe placental septa appear by 12 weeks protruding into the intervillous spaces from the basal plate and divide the placenta into 15–20 lobes. Until the end of the 16th week, the placenta grows both in thickness and circumference due to growth of the chorionic villi with accompanying expansion of the intervillous space and with continuous arborization and formation of fresh villi [2].
\nIn the first trimester, the villi are large and have a mantle of trophoblasts consisting of an inner layer of cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of syncytiotrophoblasts with the stroma of small fetal vessels. During the second trimester, the villi are smaller, the mantle is less regular and the cytotrophoblasts less numerous, and the stroma with more collagen. The fetal vessels become larger and more toward the periphery of the villus. In the third trimester, the villi are much smaller in diameter, and the cytotrophoblasts are irregular and thinned out. The fetal vessels are dilated and lie just below the thinned out trophoblasts.
\nThe placenta, at term, is almost a circular disc with a diameter of 15–20 cm and a thickness of about 3 cm at its center [2]. It feels spongy and weighs about 500 g, the proportion to the weight of the baby being roughly 1: 6 at term and occupies about 30% of the uterine wall. It presents two surfaces, fetal and maternal, and a peripheral margin (Figure 3) [2].
The fetal surface is covered by the smooth and glistening amnion with the umbilical cord attached at or near its center [2].
The maternal surface is rough and spongy. It consists of 15–20 lobes or cotyledons which are limited by fissures. Each fissure is occupied by the decidual septum which is derived from the basal plate [2].
Placenta at term.
The placenta consists of two plates. The chorionic plate lies internally. It is lined by the amniotic membrane. The umbilical cord is attached to this plate. The basal plate lies to the maternal aspect. Between the two plates lies the intervillous space containing the stem villi with their branches, the space being filled with maternal blood. A mature placenta has a volume of about 500 mL of blood, 350 mL being occupied in the villi system and 150 mL lying in the intervillous space [2].
\n\n
Transfer of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the fetus. In this respect, it attributes to the following functions:
Respiratory
Excretory
Nutritive
Endocrine function: placenta is an endocrine gland. It produces both steroid and peptide hormones (like progesterone, estriol, human chorionic gonadotropin, and human placental lactogen) to maintain pregnancy and support fetal growth.
Barrier function: placenta acts as a protective mechanism.
Immunological function: maternal antibodies are taken into the syncytiotrophoblasts by pinocytosis and subsequently transferred to fetal capillaries and thus fetus acquires passive immunity (Figure 4).
Blood supply of placenta.
The accessory lobe is developed from the activated villi on the chorionic leave, may be placed at varying distances from the main placental margin. A leash of vessels connecting the main to the small lobe traverses through the membranes (Figure 5). In cases of absence of communicating blood vessels, it is called placenta spuria. The incidence of placenta succenturiata is about 3%. If the succenturiate lobe is retained, the following birth of the placenta may lead to:
Postpartum hemorrhage which may be primary or secondary
Subinvolution
Uterine sepsis
Polyp formation
Placental abnormalities.
Normally, the umbilical cord inserts into the middle of the placenta as it develops. In velamentous cord insertion, the umbilical cord inserts into the fetal membranes (chorioamniotic membranes) and then travels within the membranes to the placenta (between the amnion and the chorion). The exposed vessels are not protected by Wharton\'s jelly and hence are vulnerable to rupture (Figure 5). Rupture is especially likely if the vessels are near the cervix, in which case they may rupture in early labor, likely resulting in a stillbirth. Once it is diagnosed, baby should be delivered by cesarean section.
\nUmbilical cord may be attached in the center, off center, on the edge, or in the membranes of the placenta. Battledore placenta is a placenta in which the umbilical cord is attached at the placental margin. The shortest distance between the cord insertion and the placental edge is within 2 cm. The incidence of the battledore placenta is 7–9% in singleton pregnancies and 24–33% in twin pregnancies [4, 5]. Complications associated with the battledore placenta are:
fetal distress
intrauterine growth restriction
preterm labor
decreased birth weight of baby and placenta
It can be:
Circumvallate placenta: the fetal surface is divided into a central depressed zone surrounded by a thickened white ring which is usually complete. The ring is situated at varying distances from the margin of the placenta and is composed of a double fold of amnion and chorion with degenerated decidua (vera) and fibrin in between. Vessels radiate from the cord insertion as far as the ring and then disappear from view.
Placenta marginata: a thin fibrous ring is present at the margin of the chorionic plate where the fetal vessels appear to terminate.
There is increased chance of:
Abortion
Hydrorrhea gravidarum
Antepartum hemorrhage
Growth retardation of the baby
Preterm delivery
Retained placenta or membranes
Morbidly adherent placenta, which includes placenta accreta, increta, and percreta, implies an abnormal implantation of the placenta into the uterine wall (Figure 6). The incidence of placenta accreta has increased significantly over the past several decades, with the main risk factors including prior cesarean section and placental previa. Sonographic markers of placenta accreta can be present as early as the first trimester and include a low uterine implantation of a gestational sac, multiple vascular lacunae within the placenta, loss of the normal hypoechoic retroplacental zone, and abnormality of the uterine serosa-bladder interface, among others.
Placenta accreta is an extremely rare form in which the placenta is directly anchored to the myometrium partially or completely without any intervening decidua. The probable cause is due to the absence of decidua basalis and poor development of the fibrinoid layer.
Placenta increta: The placenta invades whole thickness of myometrium.
Placenta percreta: The placenta penetrates whole of the myometrium and may reach up to the peritoneum or bladder.
Morbidly adherent placenta (A: Accrete, B: Increta, C: Percreta).
Gestational trophoblastic disease is divided into molar and nonmolar tumors. Nonmolar tumors are grouped as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. It is classified as:
Hydatidiform mole
Complete
Partial
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Invasive mole
Choriocarcinoma
Placental site trophoblastic tumor
Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor
Placental chorioangioma is the commonest benign tumor of the placenta. Its incidence is around 1% when examined microscopically and is seen more frequently in multiple pregnancies and in female babies [6]. Chorioangiomas that are clinically evident are less common with an incidence between 1:3500 and 1:9000 births [6]. It is believed to arise by 16th day of fertilization, although there is no documentation of the tumor in the first trimester [7]. In the majority of cases, it is small or microscopic and of no clinical significance. If it increases in size >5 cm, then it may be associated with serious maternal and fetal complications (Figure 7) [6].
\nChorioangioma of placenta.
The pathogenesis of these neoplasms is controversial; however, they can originate from any part of the placenta excluding the trophoblastic tissues [8]. Three histological patterns of chorioangiomas have been described: angiomatous, cellular, and degenerate [9];
The angiomatous is the most common, with numerous small areas of endothelial tissue, capillaries, and blood vessels surrounded by placental stroma.
The cellular pattern has abundant endothelial cells within a loose stroma.
The degenerate pattern has calcification, necrosis, or hyalinization.
These lesions are sometimes classified as placental hamartomas rather than true neoplasia [10]. There is no malignant potential.
\nLarge tumors probably act as arteriovenous shunts and cause complications. Maternal complications are preeclampsia, preterm labor, placental abruption, polyhydramnios, and postpartum hemorrhage [11]. The correlation of chorioangioma with hydramnios and preterm delivery is found to be significant among the various reported clinical complications. Fetal congestive heart failure may develop because of the increased blood flow through the low resistance vascular channels in the chorioangioma acting as an arteriovenous shunt. Other associated fetal complications are nonimmune hydrops, fetal demise, hemolytic anemia, congenital anomalies, fetal thrombocytopenia, cardiomegaly, intrauterine growth restriction, and neonatal death [12].
\nAntenatal ultrasound examination has made diagnosis and follow up possible before delivery. In the present case, the placental tumor was not diagnosed in the ultrasound documentation rather polyhydramnios was reported. Doppler ultrasound examination is the gold standard in primary diagnosis of hemangioma. But unfortunately, we could not conduct Doppler USG in the present case as delivery was imminent. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used only in suspicious cases, while the computed tomography (CT) technique has a limited role in the diagnosis of the placental angioma, mainly because of the high radiation risk and poor tissue differentiation.
\nChorioangioma with complications before fetal viability requires interventions. Alcohol injection, laser coagulation of feeding vessels, and microcoil embolization of the feeding vessels are described for women with fetal complications like hydrops [13, 14]. Large chorioangioma associated with polyhydramnios leads to high perinatal morbidity and mortality. Polyhydramnios is treated with therapeutic amniocentesis and maternal indomethacin therapy [12]. Steroid administration for acceleration of fetal lung maturity before 34 weeks is indicated. If complications appear late in pregnancy, delivery is the choice. A recent literature review concluded that further studies are needed to refine the appropriate selection criteria that will justify the risk of invasive in utero therapy for chorioangiomas [15].
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\\n\\n\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\\n\\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\\n\\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\\n\\n\\n\\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\n\\n\\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\\n\\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\\n\\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\\n\\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\\n\\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\\n\\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\\n\\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\\n\\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
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\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\n\n\n\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\n\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\n\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\n\n\n\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\n\n\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\n\n\n\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\n\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\n\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\n\n\n\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\n\n\n\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\n\n\n\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\n\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\n\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\n\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\n\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\n\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\n\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
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