\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-420-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-419-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-421-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"f188555eee4211fc24b6cca361983149",bookSignature:"Dr. Kim Ho Yeap",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11509.jpg",keywords:"Inductive Coupling, Resonant Inductive Coupling, Magnetic Coupling, Magnetic Resonance, Transmitter, Receiver, Rectenna, Antenna, Induction Coil, Stationery Charging, Dynamic Charging, Rectifier",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 25th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 22nd 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Kim Ho Yeap is a senior member of the IEEE, a Chartered Engineer registered with the UK Engineering Council, a Professional Engineer (PEng) registered with the Board of Engineers Malaysia, and an ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer. In 2008 and 2015 he underwent research attachment at the University of Oxford (UK) and the Nippon Institute of Technology (Japan). Dr. Yeap has been given the university teaching excellence award and 21 research grants. He has published more than 100 research articles.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"126825",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126825/images/system/126825.jpeg",biography:"Kim Ho Yeap is an associate professor at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia. He is an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) senior member, a professional engineer registered with the Board of Engineers, Malaysia, and a chartered engineer registered with the UK Engineering Council. He is the external examiner and external course assessor of Wawasan Open University. From 2017 to 2022, he was editor-in-chief of the Journal on Digital Signal Processing. He has also been a guest editor for the Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences and Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences. He has also been a recipient of the university teaching excellence award and twenty-too research grants. He has published more than 100 research articles in electromagnetics, including refereed journal papers, conference proceedings, books, and book chapters.",institutionString:"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444315",firstName:"Karla",lastName:"Skuliber",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444315/images/20013_n.jpg",email:"karla@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7617",title:"Electromagnetic Fields and Waves",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d87c09ddaa95c04479ffa2579e9f16d2",slug:"electromagnetic-fields-and-waves",bookSignature:"Kim Ho Yeap and Kazuhiro Hirasawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7617.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"126825",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"22494",title:"Data Mining Pubmed Identifies Core Signalings and miRNA Regulatory Module in Glioma",doi:"10.5772/18680",slug:"data-mining-pubmed-identifies-core-signalings-and-mirna-regulatory-module-in-glioma",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/22494.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/22494",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/22494",totalDownloads:1800,totalViews:95,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:52,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 28th 2010",dateReviewed:"May 4th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 2nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/22494",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/22494",book:{id:"262",slug:"bioinformatics-trends-and-methodologies"},signatures:"Chunsheng Kang, Junxia Zhang, Yingyi Wang, Ning Liu, Jilong Liu, Huazong Zeng, Tao Jiang, Yongping You and Peiyu Pu",authors:[{id:"32217",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"Chunsheng Kang",slug:"chunsheng-kang",email:"kang97061@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32217/images/1829_n.jpg",institution:null},{id:"46409",title:"Dr.",name:"Peiyu",middleName:null,surname:"Pu",fullName:"Peiyu Pu",slug:"peiyu-pu",email:"pupeiyu33@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Tianjin Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"48492",title:"Dr.",name:"Junxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Junxia Zhang",slug:"junxia-zhang",email:"zjx2032@126.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"48493",title:"Dr.",name:"Yingyi",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yingyi Wang",slug:"yingyi-wang",email:"secredibes@yahoo.com.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"48494",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongping",middleName:null,surname:"You",fullName:"Yongping You",slug:"yongping-you",email:"yypl9@njmu.edu.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"262",type:"book",title:"Bioinformatics",subtitle:"Trends and Methodologies",fullTitle:"Bioinformatics - Trends and Methodologies",slug:"bioinformatics-trends-and-methodologies",publishedDate:"November 2nd 2011",bookSignature:"Mahmood A. Mahdavi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/262.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-282-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5549-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:67,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"31509",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"A. Mahdavi",slug:"mahmood-a.-mahdavi",fullName:"Mahmood A. Mahdavi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"606"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"22487",type:"chapter",title:"Concepts, Historical Milestones and the Central Place of Bioinformatics in Modern Biology: A European Perspective",slug:"concepts-historical-milestones-and-the-central-place-of-bioinformatics-in-modern-biology-a-european-",totalDownloads:3669,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"T.K. Attwood, A. Gisel, N-E. Eriksson and E. Bongcam-Rudloff",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52428",title:"Dr.",name:"Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Bongcam-Rudloff",fullName:"Erik Bongcam-Rudloff",slug:"erik-bongcam-rudloff"},{id:"58380",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",middleName:"K.",surname:"Attwood",fullName:"Teresa Attwood",slug:"teresa-attwood"},{id:"58381",title:"Mr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Gisel",fullName:"Andreas Gisel",slug:"andreas-gisel"},{id:"58382",title:"Mr.",name:"Nils-Einar",middleName:null,surname:"Eriksson",fullName:"Nils-Einar Eriksson",slug:"nils-einar-eriksson"}]},{id:"22488",type:"chapter",title:"Data Integration in Bioinformatics: Current Efforts and Challenges",slug:"data-integration-in-bioinformatics-current-efforts-and-challenges",totalDownloads:4323,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Zhang Zhang, Vladimir B. Bajic, Jun Yu, Kei-Hoi Cheung and Jeffrey P. Townsend",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44138",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Zhang Zhang",slug:"zhang-zhang"},{id:"44151",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Jun Yu",slug:"jun-yu"},{id:"44152",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:"Peter",surname:"Townsend",fullName:"Jeffrey Townsend",slug:"jeffrey-townsend"},{id:"92955",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Bajic",fullName:"Vladimir Bajic",slug:"vladimir-bajic"},{id:"92956",title:"Prof.",name:"Kei-Hoi",middleName:null,surname:"Cheung",fullName:"Kei-Hoi Cheung",slug:"kei-hoi-cheung"}]},{id:"22489",type:"chapter",title:"Semantic Data Integration on Biomedical Data Using Semantic Web Technologies",slug:"semantic-data-integration-on-biomedical-data-using-semantic-web-technologies",totalDownloads:2550,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Roland Kienast and Christian Baumgartner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41733",title:"Prof.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Baumgartner",fullName:"Christian Baumgartner",slug:"christian-baumgartner"},{id:"41743",title:"Mr",name:"Roland",middleName:null,surname:"Kienast",fullName:"Roland Kienast",slug:"roland-kienast"}]},{id:"22490",type:"chapter",title:"Vector Space Information Retrieval Techniques for Bioinformatics Data Mining",slug:"vector-space-information-retrieval-techniques-for-bioinformatics-data-mining",totalDownloads:3100,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Eric Sakk and Iyanuoluwa E. Odebode",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32945",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Sakk",fullName:"Eric Sakk",slug:"eric-sakk"},{id:"49342",title:"Mr",name:"Iyanuoluwa",middleName:null,surname:"Odebode",fullName:"Iyanuoluwa Odebode",slug:"iyanuoluwa-odebode"}]},{id:"22491",type:"chapter",title:"Massively Parallelized DNA Motif Search on FPGA",slug:"massively-parallelized-dna-motif-search-on-fpga",totalDownloads:1986,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Yasmeen Farouk, Tarek ElDeeb and Hossam Faheem",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52621",title:"Prof.",name:"Hossam",middleName:null,surname:"Faheem",fullName:"Hossam Faheem",slug:"hossam-faheem"},{id:"56871",title:"Mrs",name:"Yasmeen",middleName:null,surname:"Farouk",fullName:"Yasmeen Farouk",slug:"yasmeen-farouk"},{id:"56872",title:"Mr.",name:"Tarek",middleName:null,surname:"El-Deeb",fullName:"Tarek El-Deeb",slug:"tarek-el-deeb"}]},{id:"22492",type:"chapter",title:"A Pattern Search Method for Discovering Conserved Motifs in Bioactive Peptide Families",slug:"a-pattern-search-method-for-discovering-conserved-motifs-in-bioactive-peptide-families",totalDownloads:2350,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Feng Liu, Liliane Schoofs, Geert Baggerman, Geert Wets and Marleen Lindemans",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41008",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliane",middleName:null,surname:"Schoofs",fullName:"Liliane Schoofs",slug:"liliane-schoofs"},{id:"55720",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Feng Liu",slug:"feng-liu"},{id:"57852",title:"Prof.",name:"Geert",middleName:null,surname:"Wets",fullName:"Geert Wets",slug:"geert-wets"},{id:"57853",title:"Mr.",name:"Marleen",middleName:null,surname:"Lindemans",fullName:"Marleen Lindemans",slug:"marleen-lindemans"},{id:"86674",title:"Dr.",name:"Geert",middleName:null,surname:"Baggerman",fullName:"Geert Baggerman",slug:"geert-baggerman"}]},{id:"22493",type:"chapter",title:"Database Mining: Defining the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory and Immunological Diseases",slug:"database-mining-defining-the-pathogenesis-of-inflammatory-and-immunological-diseases",totalDownloads:1789,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fan Yang, Irene Hwa Yang, Hong Wang and Xiao-Feng Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32194",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiao-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Xiao-Feng Yang",slug:"xiao-feng-yang"},{id:"48356",title:"Dr.",name:"Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Fan Yang",slug:"fan-yang"},{id:"48357",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Irene Yang",slug:"irene-yang"},{id:"48358",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Hong Wang",slug:"hong-wang"}]},{id:"22494",type:"chapter",title:"Data Mining Pubmed Identifies Core Signalings and miRNA Regulatory Module in Glioma",slug:"data-mining-pubmed-identifies-core-signalings-and-mirna-regulatory-module-in-glioma",totalDownloads:1800,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Chunsheng Kang, Junxia Zhang, Yingyi Wang, Ning Liu, Jilong Liu, Huazong Zeng, Tao Jiang, Yongping You and Peiyu Pu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32217",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"Chunsheng Kang",slug:"chunsheng-kang"},{id:"46409",title:"Dr.",name:"Peiyu",middleName:null,surname:"Pu",fullName:"Peiyu Pu",slug:"peiyu-pu"},{id:"48492",title:"Dr.",name:"Junxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Junxia Zhang",slug:"junxia-zhang"},{id:"48493",title:"Dr.",name:"Yingyi",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yingyi Wang",slug:"yingyi-wang"},{id:"48494",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongping",middleName:null,surname:"You",fullName:"Yongping You",slug:"yongping-you"}]},{id:"22495",type:"chapter",title:"Significance Score of Motifs in Biological Sequences",slug:"significance-score-of-motifs-in-biological-sequences",totalDownloads:2443,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Grégory Nuel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31532",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Nuel",fullName:"Gregory Nuel",slug:"gregory-nuel"}]},{id:"22496",type:"chapter",title:"A Systematic and Thorough Search for Domains of the Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich Group-B Family in the Human Genome",slug:"a-systematic-and-thorough-search-for-domains-of-the-scavenger-receptor-cysteine-rich-group-b-family-",totalDownloads:2644,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alexandre M. Carmo and Vattipally B. Sreenu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35038",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Carmo",fullName:"Alexandre Carmo",slug:"alexandre-carmo"},{id:"51265",title:"Dr.",name:"Vattipally",middleName:null,surname:"Sreenu",fullName:"Vattipally Sreenu",slug:"vattipally-sreenu"}]},{id:"22497",type:"chapter",title:"Assessing Multiple Sequence Alignments Using Visual Tools",slug:"assessing-multiple-sequence-alignments-using-visual-tools",totalDownloads:3076,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Catherine L. Anderson, Cory L. Strope and Etsuko N. Moriyama",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"49403",title:"Prof.",name:"Etsuko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Moriyama",fullName:"Etsuko Moriyama",slug:"etsuko-moriyama"},{id:"51402",title:"Dr.",name:"Cory",middleName:null,surname:"Strope",fullName:"Cory Strope",slug:"cory-strope"},{id:"51403",title:"Ms.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",fullName:"Catherine Anderson",slug:"catherine-anderson"}]},{id:"22498",type:"chapter",title:"Optimal Sequence Alignment and Its Relationship with Phylogeny",slug:"optimal-sequence-alignment-and-its-relationship-with-phylogeny",totalDownloads:2418,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Atoosa Ghahremani and Mahmood A. Mahdavi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31509",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"A. Mahdavi",fullName:"Mahmood A. Mahdavi",slug:"mahmood-a.-mahdavi"},{id:"50676",title:"Mrs",name:"Atoosa",middleName:null,surname:"Ghahremani",fullName:"Atoosa Ghahremani",slug:"atoosa-ghahremani"}]},{id:"22499",type:"chapter",title:"Predicting Virus Evolution",slug:"predicting-virus-evolution",totalDownloads:2125,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tom Burr",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35215",title:"Dr.",name:"Tom",middleName:null,surname:"Burr",fullName:"Tom Burr",slug:"tom-burr"}]},{id:"22500",type:"chapter",title:"A Bioinformatical Approach to Study the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) Machinery in Protozoan Parasites: The Entamoeba histolytica Case",slug:"a-bioinformatical-approach-to-study-the-endosomal-sorting-complex-required-for-transport-escrt-machi",totalDownloads:2287,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Israel López-Reyes, Cecilia Bañuelos, Abigail Betanzos and Esther Orozco",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35092",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Orozco",fullName:"Esther Orozco",slug:"esther-orozco"},{id:"48364",title:"Dr.",name:"Israel",middleName:null,surname:"López-Reyes",fullName:"Israel López-Reyes",slug:"israel-lopez-reyes"},{id:"48365",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Bañuelos",fullName:"Cecilia Bañuelos",slug:"cecilia-banuelos"},{id:"89900",title:"Dr.",name:"Abigail",middleName:null,surname:"Betanzos",fullName:"Abigail Betanzos",slug:"abigail-betanzos"}]},{id:"22501",type:"chapter",title:"Structural Bioinformatics Analysis of Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Mutants with Pharmacological Chaperones",slug:"structural-bioinformatics-analysis-of-acid-alpha-glucosidase-mutants-with-pharmacological-chaperones",totalDownloads:3433,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sheau Ling Ho",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44321",title:"Dr.",name:"Sheau Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",fullName:"Sheau Ling Ho",slug:"sheau-ling-ho"}]},{id:"22502",type:"chapter",title:"Bioinformatics Domain Structure Prediction and Homology Modeling of Human Ryanodine Receptor 2",slug:"bioinformatics-domain-structure-prediction-and-homology-modeling-of-human-ryanodine-receptor-2",totalDownloads:2609,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"V. Bauerová-Hlinková, J. Bauer, E. Hostinová, J. Gašperík, K. Beck, Ľ. Borko, A. Faltínová, A. Zahradníková and J. Ševčík",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"55643",title:"Dr.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Sevcik",fullName:"Jozef Sevcik",slug:"jozef-sevcik"},{id:"57876",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladena",middleName:null,surname:"Hlinkova",fullName:"Vladena Hlinkova",slug:"vladena-hlinkova"},{id:"57888",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacob A.",middleName:null,surname:"Bauer",fullName:"Jacob A. Bauer",slug:"jacob-a.-bauer"},{id:"57889",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Hostinova",fullName:"Eva Hostinova",slug:"eva-hostinova"},{id:"57890",title:"Dr.",name:"Juraj",middleName:null,surname:"Gasperik",fullName:"Juraj Gasperik",slug:"juraj-gasperik"},{id:"57891",title:"Dr.",name:"Konrad",middleName:null,surname:"Beck",fullName:"Konrad Beck",slug:"konrad-beck"},{id:"57893",title:"MSc",name:"Lubos",middleName:null,surname:"Borko",fullName:"Lubos Borko",slug:"lubos-borko"},{id:"57894",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Zahradnikova",fullName:"Alexandra Zahradnikova",slug:"alexandra-zahradnikova"},{id:"90374",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Faltinova",fullName:"Andrea Faltinova",slug:"andrea-faltinova"}]},{id:"22503",type:"chapter",title:"Identifying Enzyme Knockout Strategies on Multiple Enzyme Associations",slug:"identifying-enzyme-knockout-strategies-on-multiple-enzyme-associations",totalDownloads:2198,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Bin Song, I. Esra Büyüktahtakın, Nirmalya Bandyopadhyay, Sanjay Ranka and Tamer Kahveci",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40936",title:"Prof.",name:"Tamer",middleName:null,surname:"Kahveci",fullName:"Tamer Kahveci",slug:"tamer-kahveci"},{id:"45030",title:"Mr",name:"Nirmalya",middleName:null,surname:"Bandyopadhyay",fullName:"Nirmalya Bandyopadhyay",slug:"nirmalya-bandyopadhyay"},{id:"49550",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanjay",middleName:null,surname:"Ranka",fullName:"Sanjay Ranka",slug:"sanjay-ranka"},{id:"49551",title:"Ms",name:"Esra",middleName:null,surname:"B¨uy¨uktahtakın",fullName:"Esra B¨uy¨uktahtakın",slug:"esra-buyuktahtakin"},{id:"49552",title:"Dr.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Song",fullName:"Bin Song",slug:"bin-song"}]},{id:"22504",type:"chapter",title:"Using Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes to Refine Genome Assemblies and to Build Virtual Genomes",slug:"using-bacterial-artificial-chromosomes-to-refine-genome-assemblies-and-to-build-virtual-genomes",totalDownloads:2092,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abhirami Ratnakumar, Wesley Barris, Sean McWilliam and Brian P. Dalrymple",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41407",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Dalrymple",fullName:"Brian Dalrymple",slug:"brian-dalrymple"},{id:"41419",title:"Ms.",name:"Abhirami",middleName:null,surname:"Ratnakumar",fullName:"Abhirami Ratnakumar",slug:"abhirami-ratnakumar"},{id:"41420",title:"Mr.",name:"Wesley",middleName:null,surname:"Barris",fullName:"Wesley Barris",slug:"wesley-barris"},{id:"41421",title:"Mr.",name:"Sean",middleName:null,surname:"Mcwilliam",fullName:"Sean Mcwilliam",slug:"sean-mcwilliam"}]},{id:"22505",type:"chapter",title:"Basidiomycetes Telomeres – A Bioinformatics Approach",slug:"basidiomycetes-telomeres-a-bioinformatics-approach",totalDownloads:1942,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lucía Ramírez, Gúmer Pérez, Raúl Castanera, Francisco Santoyo and Antonio G. Pisabarro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43980",title:"Prof.",name:"Lucía",middleName:null,surname:"Ramírez",fullName:"Lucía Ramírez",slug:"lucia-ramirez"},{id:"50826",title:"Dr.",name:"Gumer",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez",fullName:"Gumer Pérez",slug:"gumer-perez"},{id:"50827",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio G.",middleName:null,surname:"Pisabarro",fullName:"Antonio G. Pisabarro",slug:"antonio-g.-pisabarro"}]},{id:"22506",type:"chapter",title:"SNPpattern: A Genetic Tool to Derive Haplotype Blocks and Measure Genomic Diversity in Populations Using SNP Genotypes",slug:"snppattern-a-genetic-tool-to-derive-haplotype-blocks-and-measure-genomic-diversity-in-populations-us",totalDownloads:2729,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stephen J. Goodswen and Haja N. Kadarmideen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47108",title:"Prof.",name:"Haja N.",middleName:"N",surname:"Kadarmideen",fullName:"Haja N. Kadarmideen",slug:"haja-n.-kadarmideen"},{id:"47122",title:"MSc",name:"Stephen J.",middleName:null,surname:"Goodswen",fullName:"Stephen J. Goodswen",slug:"stephen-j.-goodswen"}]},{id:"22507",type:"chapter",title:"Algorithms for CpG Islands Search: New Advantages and Old Problems",slug:"algorithms-for-cpg-islands-search-new-advantages-and-old-problems",totalDownloads:2513,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yulia A. Medvedeva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"49650",title:"Ms",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Medvedeva",fullName:"Yulia Medvedeva",slug:"yulia-medvedeva"}]},{id:"22508",type:"chapter",title:"Translational Oncogenomics and Human Cancer Interactomics: Advanced Techniques and Complex System Dynamic Approaches",slug:"translational-oncogenomics-and-human-cancer-interactomics-advanced-techniques-and-complex-system-dyn",totalDownloads:2360,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"I. C. Baianu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32540",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion",middleName:"C.",surname:"Baianu",fullName:"Ion Baianu",slug:"ion-baianu"}]},{id:"22509",type:"chapter",title:"In-silico Approaches for RNAi Post-Transcriptional Gene Regulation: Optimizing siRNA Design and Selection",slug:"in-silico-approaches-for-rnai-post-transcriptional-gene-regulation-optimizing-sirna-design-and-selec",totalDownloads:3e3,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mahmoud ElHefnawi and Mohamed Mysara",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31550",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"ElHefnawi",fullName:"Mahmoud ElHefnawi",slug:"mahmoud-elhefnawi"},{id:"90541",title:"MSc",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Mysara",fullName:"Mohamed Mysara",slug:"mohamed-mysara"}]},{id:"22510",type:"chapter",title:"MicroRNA Targeting in Heart: A Theoretical Analysis",slug:"microrna-targeting-in-heart-a-theoretical-analysis",totalDownloads:2363,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhiguo Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35955",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhiguo",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Zhiguo Wang",slug:"zhiguo-wang"},{id:"47388",title:"Dr.",name:"Xaibin",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",fullName:"Xaibin Luo",slug:"xaibin-luo"}]},{id:"22511",type:"chapter",title:"Genome-Wide Identification of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Regulated miRNAs Using Transcription Factor Binding Data",slug:"genome-wide-identification-of-estrogen-receptor-alpha-regulated-mirnas-using-transcription-factor-bi",totalDownloads:2086,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jianzhen Xu, Xi Zhou and Chi-Wai Wong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"40127",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianzhen",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Jianzhen Xu",slug:"jianzhen-xu"},{id:"45696",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiwai",middleName:null,surname:"Wong",fullName:"Chiwai Wong",slug:"chiwai-wong"}]},{id:"22512",type:"chapter",title:"Quantification of Gene Expression Based on Microarray Experiment",slug:"quantification-of-gene-expression-based-on-microarray-experiment",totalDownloads:2395,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Samane F. Farsani and Mahmood A. Mahdavi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31509",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"A. Mahdavi",fullName:"Mahmood A. Mahdavi",slug:"mahmood-a.-mahdavi"},{id:"50016",title:"MSc.",name:"Samaneh",middleName:null,surname:"F. Farsani",fullName:"Samaneh F. Farsani",slug:"samaneh-f.-farsani"}]},{id:"22513",type:"chapter",title:"On-Chip Living-Cell Microarrays for Network Biology",slug:"on-chip-living-cell-microarrays-for-network-biology",totalDownloads:2357,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ronnie Willaert and Hichem Sahli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39250",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronnie",middleName:"G.",surname:"Willaert",fullName:"Ronnie Willaert",slug:"ronnie-willaert"},{id:"94570",title:"Prof.",name:"Hichem",middleName:null,surname:"Sahli",fullName:"Hichem Sahli",slug:"hichem-sahli"}]},{id:"22514",type:"chapter",title:"Novel Machine Learning Techniques for Micro-Array Data Classification",slug:"novel-machine-learning-techniques-for-micro-array-data-classification",totalDownloads:2327,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Neamat El Gayar, Eman Ahmed and Iman El Azab",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46427",title:"Dr.",name:"Neamat",middleName:null,surname:"El Gayar",fullName:"Neamat El Gayar",slug:"neamat-el-gayar"},{id:"86720",title:"MSc",name:"Eman",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Eman Ahmed",slug:"eman-ahmed"},{id:"86722",title:"Dr.",name:"Iman",middleName:null,surname:"El Azab",fullName:"Iman El Azab",slug:"iman-el-azab"}]},{id:"22515",type:"chapter",title:"Deep Sequencing Data Analysis: Challenges and Solutions",slug:"deep-sequencing-data-analysis-challenges-and-solutions",totalDownloads:4476,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ofer Isakov and Noam Shomron",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31380",title:"Dr.",name:"Noam",middleName:null,surname:"Shomron",fullName:"Noam Shomron",slug:"noam-shomron"},{id:"50783",title:"BSc",name:"Ofer",middleName:null,surname:"Isakov",fullName:"Ofer Isakov",slug:"ofer-isakov"}]},{id:"22516",type:"chapter",title:"Whole Genome Annotation: In Silico Analysis",slug:"whole-genome-annotation-in-silico-analysis",totalDownloads:4574,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vasco Azevedo, Vinicius Abreu, Sintia Almeida, Anderson Santos, Siomar Soares, Amjad Ali, Anne Pinto, Aryane Magalhães, Eudes Barbosa, Rommel Ramos, Louise Cerdeira, Adriana Carneiro, Paula Schneider, Artur Silva and Anderson Miyoshi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31422",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasco",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",fullName:"Vasco Azevedo",slug:"vasco-azevedo"},{id:"52502",title:"MSc.",name:"Sintia",middleName:null,surname:"Silva Almeida",fullName:"Sintia Silva Almeida",slug:"sintia-silva-almeida"},{id:"52503",title:"BSc.",name:"Vinicius Augusto",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho Abreu",fullName:"Vinicius Augusto Carvalho Abreu",slug:"vinicius-augusto-carvalho-abreu"},{id:"52504",title:"MSc",name:"Siomar",middleName:null,surname:"Castro Soares",fullName:"Siomar Castro Soares",slug:"siomar-castro-soares"},{id:"52505",title:"MSc",name:"Anderson",middleName:"Rodrigues Dos",surname:"Santos",fullName:"Anderson Santos",slug:"anderson-santos"},{id:"52508",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Louise",middleName:null,surname:"Cerdeira",fullName:"Louise Cerdeira",slug:"louise-cerdeira"},{id:"52509",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz Schneider",fullName:"Maria Paula Cruz Schneider",slug:"maria-paula-cruz-schneider"},{id:"52510",title:"Prof.",name:"Artur",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Artur Silva",slug:"artur-silva"},{id:"53400",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Amjad Ali",slug:"amjad-ali"},{id:"53401",title:"Mr",name:"Eudes",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa",fullName:"Eudes Barbosa",slug:"eudes-barbosa"},{id:"53402",title:"Dr.",name:"Rommel",middleName:"Thiago Juca",surname:"Ramos",fullName:"Rommel Ramos",slug:"rommel-ramos"},{id:"101582",title:"Prof.",name:"Aryane",middleName:null,surname:"Cassiano",fullName:"Aryane Cassiano",slug:"aryane-cassiano"},{id:"102868",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Adriana",middleName:"Ribeiro Carneiro",surname:"Folador",fullName:"Adriana Folador",slug:"adriana-folador"},{id:"126846",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Cybelle Pinto",fullName:"Anne Cybelle Pinto",slug:"anne-cybelle-pinto"}]},{id:"22517",type:"chapter",title:"Designing of Anti-Cancer Drug Targeted to Bcl-2 Associated Athanogene (BAG1) Protein",slug:"designing-of-anti-cancer-drug-targeted-to-bcl-2-associated-athanogene-bag1-protein",totalDownloads:2460,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Amit Kumar, Kriti Verma and Amita Sinha",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31414",title:"Dr.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Amit Kumar",slug:"amit-kumar"},{id:"55120",title:"MSc",name:"Kriti",middleName:null,surname:"Verma",fullName:"Kriti Verma",slug:"kriti-verma"},{id:"55121",title:"Prof.",name:"Amita",middleName:null,surname:"Sinha",fullName:"Amita Sinha",slug:"amita-sinha"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3176",title:"Self-Organizing Maps",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4564709e06dd0c4e216e0da9615c928d",slug:"self-organizing-maps",bookSignature:"George K Matsopoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3176.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2912",title:"Ass. Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Matsopoulos",slug:"george-matsopoulos",fullName:"George Matsopoulos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"10449",title:"An Adaptive Fuzzy Neural Network Based on Self-Organizing Map (SOM)",slug:"an-adaptive-fuzzy-neural-network-based-on-self-organizing-map-som-",signatures:"Jun-fei Qiao and Hong-gui Han",authors:[{id:"1926",title:"PhD.",name:"Honggui",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Honggui Han",slug:"honggui-han"},{id:"2262",title:"Dr.",name:"Junfei",middleName:null,surname:"Qiao",fullName:"Junfei Qiao",slug:"junfei-qiao"}]},{id:"10455",title:"Learning the Number of Clusters in Self Organizing Map",slug:"learning-the-number-of-clusters-in-self-organizing-map",signatures:"Guenael Cabanes and Younes Bennani",authors:[{id:"1930",title:"Dr.",name:"Guénaël",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanes",fullName:"Guénaël Cabanes",slug:"guenael-cabanes"},{id:"124303",title:"Prof.",name:"Younes",middleName:null,surname:"Bennani",fullName:"Younes Bennani",slug:"younes-bennani"}]},{id:"10466",title:"Improvements Quality of Kohonen Maps Using Dimension Reduction Methods",slug:"improvements-quality-of-kohonen-maps-using-dimension-reduction-methods",signatures:"Jiri Dvorsky, Vaclav Snasel and Jana Kocibova",authors:[{id:"2382",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Dvorsky",fullName:"Jiri Dvorsky",slug:"jiri-dvorsky"},{id:"122703",title:"Prof.",name:"Vaclav",middleName:null,surname:"Snasel",fullName:"Vaclav Snasel",slug:"vaclav-snasel"},{id:"124338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Kocibova",fullName:"Jana Kocibova",slug:"jana-kocibova"}]},{id:"10473",title:"PartSOM: A Framework for Distributed Data Clustering Using SOM and K-Means",slug:"partsom-a-framework-for-distributed-data-clustering-using-som-and-k-means",signatures:"Flavius L. Gorgonio and Jose Alfredo F. Costa",authors:[{id:"2041",title:"Prof.",name:"Flavius",middleName:"Luz",surname:"Gorgonio",fullName:"Flavius Gorgonio",slug:"flavius-gorgonio"},{id:"17067",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Alfredo",middleName:"Ferreira",surname:"Costa",fullName:"Jose Alfredo Costa",slug:"jose-alfredo-costa"}]},{id:"10450",title:"Kohonen Maps Combined to K-means in a Two Level Strategy for Time Series ClusteringApplication to Meteorological and Electricity Load data",slug:"kohonen-maps-combined-to-k-means-in-a-two-level-strategy-for-time-series-clusteringapplication-to-me",signatures:"Khadir M. Tarek, Khdairia Sofiane and Benabbas Farouk",authors:[{id:"2802",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadir",middleName:null,surname:"Tarek",fullName:"Khadir Tarek",slug:"khadir-tarek"}]},{id:"10462",title:"Visual-Interactive Analysis With Self-Organizing Maps - Advances and Research Challenges",slug:"visual-interactive-analysis-with-self-organizing-maps-advances-and-research-challenges",signatures:"Tobias Schreck",authors:[{id:"2796",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Schreck",fullName:"Tobias Schreck",slug:"tobias-schreck"}]},{id:"10465",title:"Tracking and Visualization of Cluster Dynamics by Sequence-based SOM",slug:"tracking-and-visualization-of-cluster-dynamics-by-sequence-based-som",signatures:"Ken-ichi Fukui, Kazumi Saito, Masahiro Kimura and Masayuki Numao",authors:[{id:"1996",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fukui",fullName:"Kenichi Fukui",slug:"kenichi-fukui"},{id:"17118",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Numao",fullName:"Masayuki Numao",slug:"masayuki-numao"},{id:"124336",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazumi",middleName:null,surname:"Saito",fullName:"Kazumi Saito",slug:"kazumi-saito"},{id:"124337",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",fullName:"Masahiro Kimura",slug:"masahiro-kimura"}]},{id:"10461",title:"Visualization with Voronoi Tessellation and Moving Output Units in Self-Organizing Map of the Real-Number System",slug:"visualization-with-voronoi-tessellation-and-moving-output-units-in-self-organizing-map-of-the-real-n",signatures:"Yuji Matsumoto, Motohide Umano and Masahiro Inuiguchi",authors:[{id:"2050",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuji",middleName:null,surname:"Matsumoto",fullName:"Yuji Matsumoto",slug:"yuji-matsumoto"},{id:"124332",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Inuiguchi",fullName:"Masahiro Inuiguchi",slug:"masahiro-inuiguchi"}]},{id:"10457",title:"Using Self Organizing Maps for 3D surface and volume adaptive mesh generation",slug:"using-self-organizing-maps-for-3d-surface-and-volume-adaptive-mesh-generation",signatures:"Olga Nechaeva",authors:[{id:"1947",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Nechaeva",fullName:"Olga Nechaeva",slug:"olga-nechaeva"}]},{id:"10456",title:"Neural-Network Enhanced Visualization of High-Dimensional Data",slug:"neural-network-enhanced-visualization-of-high-dimensional-data",signatures:"Urska Cvek, Marjan Trutschl and John Clifford",authors:[{id:"2713",title:"Dr.",name:"Urska",middleName:null,surname:"Cvek",fullName:"Urska Cvek",slug:"urska-cvek"},{id:"116091",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjan",middleName:null,surname:"Trutschl",fullName:"Marjan Trutschl",slug:"marjan-trutschl"},{id:"124327",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Clifford",fullName:"John Clifford",slug:"john-clifford"}]},{id:"10471",title:"The Self-Organizing Approach for Surface Reconstruction from Unstructured Point Clouds",slug:"the-self-organzing-approach-for-surface-reconstruction-from-unstructured-point-clouds",signatures:"Vilson L. DalleMole, Renata L. M. E. do Rego and Aluizio F. R. Araujo",authors:[{id:"2750",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilson Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Dalle Mole",fullName:"Vilson Luiz Dalle Mole",slug:"vilson-luiz-dalle-mole"},{id:"16512",title:"Dr.",name:"Aluízio F. R.",middleName:null,surname:"Araújo",fullName:"Aluízio F. R. Araújo",slug:"aluizio-f.-r.-araujo"}]},{id:"10469",title:"Self-Organizing Maps for Processing of Data with Missing Values and Outliers: Application to Remote Sensing Images",slug:"self-organizing-maps-for-processing-of-data-with-missing-values-and-outliers-application-to-remote-s",signatures:"Bassam Abdel Latif and Gregoire Mercier",authors:[{id:"2828",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassam",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Latif",fullName:"Bassam Abdel Latif",slug:"bassam-abdel-latif"},{id:"124342",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregoire",middleName:null,surname:"Mercier",fullName:"Gregoire Mercier",slug:"gregoire-mercier"}]},{id:"10472",title:"Image Clustering and Evaluation on Impact Perforation Test by Self-Organizing Map",slug:"image-clustering-and-evaluation-on-impact-perforation-test-by-self-organizing-map",signatures:"Takehiko Ogawa",authors:[{id:"2032",title:"Dr.",name:"Takehiko",middleName:null,surname:"Ogawa",fullName:"Takehiko Ogawa",slug:"takehiko-ogawa"}]},{id:"10454",title:"Self-Organizing Map-based Applications in Remote Sensing",slug:"self-organizing-map-based-applications-in-remote-sensing",signatures:"Anthony Filippi, Iliyana Dobreva, Andrew G. Klein and John R. Jensen",authors:[{id:"2206",title:"Assistant Professor",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Filippi",fullName:"Anthony Filippi",slug:"anthony-filippi"},{id:"124320",title:"Prof.",name:"Iliyana",middleName:null,surname:"Dobreva",fullName:"Iliyana Dobreva",slug:"iliyana-dobreva"},{id:"124325",title:"PhD.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Jensen",fullName:"John Jensen",slug:"john-jensen"}]},{id:"10458",title:"Segmentation of Satellite Images Using Self-Organizing Maps",slug:"segmentation-of-satellite-images-using-self-organizing-maps",signatures:"Mohamad Awad",authors:[{id:"2915",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad",middleName:null,surname:"Awad",fullName:"Mohamad Awad",slug:"mohamad-awad"}]},{id:"10470",title:"Bridging the Semantic Gap using Human Vision System Inspired Features",slug:"bridging-the-semantic-gap-using-human-vision-system-inspired-features",signatures:"Gaetan Martens, Peter Lambert and Rik Van de Walle",authors:[{id:"1941",title:"lic",name:"Gaetan",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",fullName:"Gaetan Martens",slug:"gaetan-martens"},{id:"19076",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Lambert",fullName:"Peter Lambert",slug:"peter-lambert"},{id:"19078",title:"Prof.",name:"Rik",middleName:null,surname:"Van de Walle",fullName:"Rik Van de Walle",slug:"rik-van-de-walle"}]},{id:"10464",title:"Face Recognition Using Self-Organizing Maps",slug:"face-recognition-using-self-organizing-maps",signatures:"Qiu Chen, Koji Kotani, Feifei Lee and Tadahiro Ohmi",authors:[{id:"2297",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Qiu",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Qiu Chen",slug:"qiu-chen"},{id:"7572",title:"assistant professor",name:"Feifei",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Feifei Lee",slug:"feifei-lee"},{id:"124334",title:"Dr.",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Kotani",fullName:"Koji Kotani",slug:"koji-kotani"},{id:"124335",title:"Dr.",name:"Tadahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Ohmi",fullName:"Tadahiro Ohmi",slug:"tadahiro-ohmi"}]},{id:"10460",title:"Generation of Emotional Feature Space for Facial Expression Recognition Using Self-Mapping",slug:"generation-of-emotional-feature-space-for-facial-expression-recognition-using-self-mapping",signatures:"Masaki Ishii and Makoto Nishida",authors:[{id:"2603",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Ishii",fullName:"Masaki Ishii",slug:"masaki-ishii"},{id:"124330",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Nishida",fullName:"Makoto Nishida",slug:"makoto-nishida"}]},{id:"10452",title:"Fingerprint Matching with Self Organizing Maps",slug:"fingerprint-matching-with-self-organizing-maps",signatures:"Anastasia N. Ouzounoglou, Pantelis A. Asvestas and George K. Matsopoulos",authors:[{id:"2912",title:"Ass. Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Matsopoulos",fullName:"George Matsopoulos",slug:"george-matsopoulos"},{id:"124318",title:"Prof.",name:"Anastasia",middleName:null,surname:"Ouzounoglou",fullName:"Anastasia Ouzounoglou",slug:"anastasia-ouzounoglou"},{id:"124319",title:"Prof.",name:"Pantelis",middleName:null,surname:"Asvestas",fullName:"Pantelis Asvestas",slug:"pantelis-asvestas"}]},{id:"10459",title:"Multiple Self-Organizing Maps for Control of a Redundant Manipulator with Multiple Cameras",slug:"multiple-self-organizing-maps-for-control-of-a-redundant-manipulator-with-multiple-cameras",signatures:"Nobuhiro Okada, Jinjun Qiu and Eiji Kondo",authors:[{id:"2643",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Okada",fullName:"Nobuhiro Okada",slug:"nobuhiro-okada"},{id:"124329",title:"Prof.",name:"Eiji",middleName:null,surname:"Kondo",fullName:"Eiji Kondo",slug:"eiji-kondo"}]},{id:"10467",title:"Tracking English and Translated Arabic News using GHSOM",slug:"tracking-english-and-translated-arabic-news-using-ghsom",signatures:"Ali Selamat and Hanadi Hassen Ismail Mohammed",authors:[{id:"1992",title:"Assoc Professor Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Selamat",fullName:"Ali Selamat",slug:"ali-selamat"}]},{id:"10463",title:"Self-organizing Maps in Web Mining and Semantic Web",slug:"self-organizing-maps-in-web-mining-and-semantic-web",signatures:"Emil St. Chifu and Ioan Alfred Letia",authors:[{id:"2392",title:"PhD.",name:"Emil Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Chifu",fullName:"Emil Stefan Chifu",slug:"emil-stefan-chifu"},{id:"124333",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioan Alfred",middleName:null,surname:"Letia",fullName:"Ioan Alfred Letia",slug:"ioan-alfred-letia"}]},{id:"10453",title:"Secure Wireless Mesh Network based on Human Immune System and Self-Organizing Map",slug:"secure-wireless-mesh-network-based-on-human-immune-system-and-self-organizing-map",signatures:"Mahira M. Mowjoon and Johnson I Agbinya",authors:[{id:"8974",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mahira",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed Mowjoon",fullName:"Mahira Mohamed Mowjoon",slug:"mahira-mohamed-mowjoon"},{id:"23725",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnson I.",middleName:null,surname:"Agbinya",fullName:"Johnson I. Agbinya",slug:"johnson-i.-agbinya"}]},{id:"10468",title:"A Knowledge Acquisition Method of Judgment Rules for Spam E-mail by using Self Organizing Map and Automatically Defined Groups by Genetic Programming",slug:"a-knowledge-acquisition-method-of-judgment-rules-for-spam-e-mail-by-using-self-organizing-map-and-au",signatures:"Takumi Ichimura, Kazuya Mera and Akira Hara",authors:[{id:"2646",title:"Dr.",name:"Takumi",middleName:null,surname:"Ichimura",fullName:"Takumi Ichimura",slug:"takumi-ichimura"}]},{id:"10451",title:"Applying an SOM Neural Network to Increase the Lifetime of Battery-Operated Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"applying-an-som-neural-network-to-increase-the-lifetime-of-battery-operated-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Mario Cordina and Carl James Debono",authors:[{id:"2785",title:"Dr Ing.",name:"Carl James",middleName:null,surname:"Debono",fullName:"Carl James Debono",slug:"carl-james-debono"},{id:"124317",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Cordina",fullName:"Mario Cordina",slug:"mario-cordina"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3176",title:"Self-Organizing Maps",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4564709e06dd0c4e216e0da9615c928d",slug:"self-organizing-maps",bookSignature:"George K Matsopoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3176.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2912",title:"Ass. Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Matsopoulos",slug:"george-matsopoulos",fullName:"George Matsopoulos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6569",title:"Recent Applications in Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5170375bf81951acd2496097ec1333ea",slug:"recent-applications-in-data-clustering",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6578",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f09e58a93ed74f9d1d5600f6d6e518c",slug:"data-mining",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6578.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7664",title:"Introduction to Data Science and Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6934476897c6a728296ecd1ec1e69a61",slug:"introduction-to-data-science-and-machine-learning",bookSignature:"Keshav Sud, Pakize Erdogmus and Seifedine Kadry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202929",title:"Dr.",name:"Keshav",surname:"Sud",slug:"keshav-sud",fullName:"Keshav Sud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7646",title:"Scientometrics Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86bbdd04d7e80be14283d44969d1cc32",slug:"scientometrics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Suad Kunosic and Enver Zerem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7646.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88678",title:"Prof.",name:"Suad",surname:"Kunosic",slug:"suad-kunosic",fullName:"Suad Kunosic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"536",title:"Molecular Targets of CNS Tumors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9397c8a0230158cb461c2ffbe6f9857d",slug:"molecular-targets-of-cns-tumors",bookSignature:"Miklos Garami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34821",title:"Dr.",name:"Miklos",surname:"Garami",slug:"miklos-garami",fullName:"Miklos Garami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"260",title:"Systems and Computational Biology",subtitle:"Molecular and Cellular Experimental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"701901030f1fc71b5712857445649f26",slug:"systems-and-computational-biology-molecular-and-cellular-experimental-systems",bookSignature:"Ning-Sun Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/260.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41256",title:"Prof.",name:"Ning-Sun",surname:"Yang",slug:"ning-sun-yang",fullName:"Ning-Sun Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"67281",title:"Inflammatory Muscle Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86053",slug:"inflammatory-muscle-diseases",body:'\nInflammatory myopathies, also called idiopathic inflammatory myopathy or myositis, are rare conditions characterized by the involvement of various organs in addition to muscle tissue. These changes can lead to severe impairments and adversely impact the quality of life of affected individuals [1, 2].
\nThe diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory myopathies involve the participation of an interdisciplinary team, due to the complexity of the disease and the high variety of possible signs and symptoms. The integration of subspecialties, such as rheumatologist, neurologist, dermatologist, pulmonologist, cardiologist, and physiotherapist, among others, is necessary to achieve the ideal treatment plan. Diagnosis of inflammatory myopathies involves several steps and often requires autoantibody testing and histological evaluation of a muscle tissue biopsy in addition to several other tests, including muscle magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography. Typical symptoms of inflammatory myopathies include muscle weakness in the arms and legs, which may manifest in a few days or even several weeks. Muscular weakness is reflected in difficulties in performing daily activities such as walking, climbing stairs, or lifting an object above the head. In addition to muscle weakness, it is observed that pain is also a frequent detectable symptom in a patient with inflammatory myopathies. Laboratory tests usually show a significant increase of creatine kinase and elevation in the concentration of liver enzymes that suggest the occurrence of damage to muscle cells [1, 3].
\nThe adverse impact on quality of life highlights the importance of performing an accurate and reliable diagnosis from the combination of clinical and laboratory findings to establish the appropriate treatment for each individual [1, 2].
\nIn this chapter we will discuss the epidemiology and subtypes of inflammatory myopathies. Next, we will discuss the existence of crosstalk between inflammatory processes in the oral cavity and their consequences on skeletal muscle.
\nAll myositis subtypes can be considered rare diseases due to their relatively low prevalence. Studies indicate that overlap myositis represents the subtype of the disease that affects the largest number of people, comprising about half of the cases registered. Dermatomyositis accounts for more than a third of the cases of the disease and presents a prevalence of approximately 1–6 patients per 100,000 people in the United States [4, 5, 6].
\nIt is important to emphasize that obtaining accurate epidemiological data is extremely difficult due to the different diagnostic criteria adopted in each study. Therefore, the information provided by the publications should be examined and evaluated with caution and attention [7].
\nA large study conducted from the analysis of 3067 patients from Belgium, China, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom (UK), and Vietnam who were registered in the Euromyositis Registry demonstrated that the dermatomyositis was the most common disorder with 31% of the cases [7].
\nData on the prevalence of necrotizing myopathy suggest that this subtype of the disease accounts for approximately one-fifth of the reported cases of inflammatory muscle diseases [4, 5, 6].
\nThe information regarding the epidemiology of polymyositis varies and depends on the methodology and location of the study ranging from the largest fraction with prevalence of approximately 10 cases per 100,000 people in the United States [1, 2, 3], 27% in the Euromyositis Registry [7], to the rarest subtype that should be diagnosed only by exclusion [4, 5, 6].
\nCurrently there is some consensus that overlap myositis, necrotizing myopathy, and dermatomyositis represent about 90% of the cases of inflammatory muscle diseases [4, 5, 6]. It is estimated that the inclusion body myositis occurs with a prevalence of up to 14 per million people [8].
\nDermatomyositis is typically characterized by the development of proximal muscle weakness and cutaneous manifestations that may arise over a period of weeks to months. However, there are cases in which muscular impairment is not significant without signs and symptoms of muscle weakness, elevated muscle enzymes or changes in electromyography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and muscle biopsy [9].
\nSkin signs frequently seen in dermatomyositis include an exacerbated periorbital rash with edematous features and erythematous lesions involving the extensor surfaces of the joints. In some cases, myalgia and pruritus may also be observed as important symptoms of the disease. Muscle enzyme concentrations tend to be elevated, and electromyography commonly shows a myopathic pattern [10]. Intramuscular T2 hyperintensities resulting from inflammation or muscle necrosis can be observed on MRI. Dermatomyositis may present a characteristic less frequently observed in other types of inflammatory myopathies, which involves the presence of T2 hyperintensities around individual muscles due to fascial involvement [11].
\nMuscular biopsies in patients with dermatomyositis have perifascicular atrophy as a feature of high specificity [12]. Evidences show that the expression of perifascicular human myxovirus resistance protein 1 and retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 have higher diagnostic sensitivity than perifascicular atrophy with equivalent specificity [13]. Muscular biopsies of dermatomyositis patients usually present cellular infiltrates composed of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, B cells, CD4 T cells, and macrophages. These cells usually involve medium-sized blood vessels and invade the perimysium [14]. However, it is possible that dermatomyositis biopsy does not present this cellular infiltrate. Predominantly, necrotic pathologically indistinguishable from immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy may be observed. Some early features of dermatomyositis involve deposition of membrane attack complex and presence of microtubular inclusions on intramuscular capillaries [11]. In addition, like other inflammatory myopathies, class-1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is generally upregulated in the sarcolemma of muscle fibers. In patients with dermatomyositis, class-1 MHC upregulation and other pathological findings may be characteristically prominent in perifascicular regions [14].
\nStudies have shown that dermatomyositis autoantibody can be found in a considerable proportion of patients with dermatomyositis [15]. Typical features of dermatomyositis, including proximal muscle weakness and prominent cutaneous manifestations have been associated with the presence of autoantibodies recognizing the nuclear antigen Mi2 [16]. Patients with dermatomyositis and autoantibodies that recognize nuclear matrix protein (NXP) 2 are more predisposed to be affected by proximal and distal muscular weakness, subcutaneous edema, and dysphagia [17].
\nPatients with dermatomyositis who are positive for anti-NXP2 or anti-transcription intermediary factor (TIF)-1 autoantibodies are at increased risk for malignancy development; thus making comprehensive cancer screening 13–15 or positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) scans is extremely important in these cases [18]. In cases of dermatomyositis patients who have autoantibodies recognizing the small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme or melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), it is observed that cutaneous tissue impairment is more prominent than in muscle. In addition to most commonly present cutaneous manifestations, these patients may develop ulcerous lesions on the flexor surface of the fingers and palm [19, 20].
\nMost patients with anti-MDA5 autoantibodies are hypomyopathic or amyopathic. In addition, it should be noted that unlike patients with other autoantibodies of dermatomyositis, those who are anti-MDA5 positive often develop an aggressive form of interstitial lung disease, reinforcing the importance of assessment through periodic lung function tests and high-resolution computed tomography [20, 21, 22].
\nAlthough the etiology of dermatomyositis is not fully elucidated, it is suggested that a combination of genetic risk factors and exposure to environmental factors may trigger the disease. In this sense, several immunogenetic risk factors, including certain class-2 human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, have been implicated in dermatomyositis pathogenesis [23]. Studies suggest that exposure to ultraviolet light may also be considered an important risk factor for the development of dermatomyositis [24].
\nRegardless of the origin of dermatomyositis, it is not known which mechanisms are involved in the development of muscle damage and weakness. Studies suggest that muscle damage may result from hypoperfusion due to endothelial destruction [14]. In addition, the presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, along with the increase in expression of type-1 interferon-inducible proteins in the perifascicular area, suggests that interferon may mediate perifascicular atrophy [12, 25].
\nOverlap myositis is being recognized as an individual form of myositis. This myositis manifests itself without a rash typical of dermatomyositis, with prominent pathologic changes in the perifascicular, interfascicular, and perimysial regions, and is frequently associated with anti-synthetase antibodies [2].
\nLaboratory evaluation shows a significant elevation of muscle enzymes including creatine kinase (CK), which is generally present [3]. Approximately 30% of patients with myositis were positive for Jo-1O antibody (most common of the eight anti-synthetase antibodies) [26].
\nPolymyositis is a rare disease, which belongs to the various idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. It is estimated that the incidence of polymyositis is 5% of all cases of myositis [2, 5, 27]. Polymyositis consists of muscle weakness, elevated creatine phosphokinase concentrations, and myopathic electromyography features [2]. However, rash or other signs of skin inflammation do not occur in polymyositis. Therefore, its diagnosis is by exclusion [3].
\nHistopathological hallmarks of polymyositis include invasion of endomysial cytotoxic CD8 T cells and widespread upregulation of class I MHC in muscle fibers [2, 24]. Polymyositis is a chronic, degenerative disease that has no cure. The treatment consists in the relief of the symptoms with the use of corticosteroids, such as prednisone, intravenous glucocorticoids (when weakness at onset is severe or rapidly worsening), azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate, cyclosporine, and intravenous immune globulin [3].
\nInclusion body myositis is a very common disease among inflammatory myopathies affecting mainly men from the age of 50. The disease begins insidiously and develops over a period of years, sometimes asymmetrically; it may begin with unilateral affection of a leg or arm, progress steadily, and lead to deep muscular atrophy [2]. Laboratory evaluation shows that an elevated CK is much blander. Skin changes are not present [3].
\nThere is a higher mortality rate in patients with inclusion body myositis, since muscle weakness (long flexors of the fingers, quadriceps, anterior tibial, and, to a lesser extent, all other muscles of the arms and legs) usually leads to harmful falls and dysphagia can cause aspiration pneumonia [3].
\nThe antibody, identified a few years ago, that is present in inclusion body myositis is cN1A (5NT1A/5NTC1A) [3]. The frequency of this antibody is about 30%; other forms of myositis such as dermatomyositis and other conditions such as Sjögren’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were also positive even in the absence of any muscle symptoms [3, 28, 29]. Study suggested that the presence of cN1A is associated with a more severe course of disease, dysphagia [3, 30], and increased mortality [3, 31]. However, in another study in German patients, the presence of cN1A did not correlate with the severity of dysphagia or muscle impairment [3, 32].
\nIn the histopathological hallmarks, the distribution and the immunophenotypic profile of the inflammatory cells are similar to those seen in polymyositis macrophages and CD8+ T cells which invade nonnecrotic muscle fibers that express MHC class I antigen on the sarcolemma [33], signs of protein accumulation by detection of amyloid (Congo red, thioflavin S, immunohistochemistry for p62 or TDP-43), detection of tubulofilaments on EM, vacuoles and signs of mitochondrial damage as evidenced by histochemical proof of COX-deficient muscle fibers, and paracrystalline inclusions [3, 34, 35].
\nImmune-mediated necrotizing myopathy is an acute or subacute proximal weakness of the arms and legs, most prominent in the lower limbs [3]. It often affects adults, but it can also occur in children [3]. The progression of the disease is constantly more rapid and severe compared to other myopathies (dermatomyositis and polymyositis) [3]. Laboratory evaluation shows very high muscle enzymes, with an elevated CK of 20–50 times [3]. Neck muscle weakness and dysphagia are common [3].
\nApproximately 10–20% of patients with immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy have anti-signal recognition particle (SRP); however its detection varies from 0 to 54% [36]. This antibody may be associated with cardiomyopathy and a severe disease with muscle atrophy, interstitial lung disease, and dysphagia [37, 38]. Another antibody that has been identified is reductase (HMGCR) antibody; its detection in certain cohorts was 60% [39].
\nHistopathological hallmarks in necrotizing myopathy show dispersed necrotic myofibers of varying degrees; moderate and predominantly MHC class I focal regulation, particularly in areas with necrotic fibers; and complement binding to the sarcolemma [2, 3, 40, 41, 42]. Some inflammatory T cells and other immune cells may be present around these focal points, but there are no primary inflammatory lesions. Necrotic fibers typically exhibit a secondary invasion by macrophages to clean the cell debris [3].
\nIn addition to these inflammatory muscular diseases mentioned above, a localized inflammation at a distance from the skeletal muscle may promote change in this tissue. Recent study proposed the existence of crosstalk between oral cavity and skeletal muscle [43]. The researchers induced oral inflammation in rats and observed that the skeletal muscle was affected by increased infiltration of macrophages, which was suggested by the authors as an explanation for the glucose intolerance shown in animals with oral inflammation [43].
\nResearch conducted over the last 15 years has investigated possible mechanisms that cause changes in macrophages polarization and the effects of these changes on insulin signaling in metabolic organs [44]. These cells exhibit a high degree of functional plasticity, so that the nature of an inflammatory trigger, as well as the cytokines present, can determine their polarization and their functional status [44]. In analogy to the nomenclature T-helper cells (Th), Th1 Th2, macrophages can be classified into two distinct phenotypes: type 1 (M1) classically activated and type 2 (M2) alternatively activated [45].
\nIn vitro, these subsets can be induced by stimulation with interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for M1 or interleukin-4 (IL-4) for M2 [46]. The M1/M2 dichotomy is often used to classify macrophages into pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) [44]. Among the functions performed by the M1 macrophages, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production is outstanding [47]. Saghizadeh [48] and collaborators observed that diabetic or insulin-resistant patients have increased expression of TNF-α in skeletal muscle when compared to normoglycemic individuals, suggesting that cytokine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. TNF-α impairs the insulin signal by decreasing the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in tyrosine residues [49]. In addition, TNF-α can stimulate some serine kinases including IκB kinase (IKK) and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), which promote IRS-1 phosphorylation in serine residues, resulting in insulin signal attenuation [50]. On the other hand, M2 macrophages are associated with tissue repair, angiogenesis, reduction of inflammation, and the improvement of insulin signaling in adipose tissue [45, 51]. In addition to the studies that relate obesity to insulin resistance, there are studies in the literature that demonstrate a correlation between this hormonal resistance and inflammatory processes, such as rheumatoid arthritis and oral inflammations [52, 53, 54]. In this context, the apical periodontitis (AP), an oral inflammation, stands out. AP occurs as a consequence of various aggressions to the dental pulp, including physical, iatrogenic, infectious, and endodontic traumas. This inflammatory picture can cause a wide variety of immunological responses, in order to protect the dental pulp and periapical regions. The regulation of periapical inflammation is extremely complex, as it involves host mediators, including immunological components such as antibodies, cytokines, arachidonic acid metabolites, and neuropeptides [55]. The characteristic inflammatory process of AP presents different types of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria [56] with LPS in the cell wall [57]. Studies have reported that bacteria which are present in the oral cavity can release LPS into the systemic circulation [58]. This substance has the ability to activate toll-like receptors (TLRs), a cell surface receptor that activates innate immunity and induces inflammatory responses. LPS is a specific ligand for TLR2 and TLR4 but has a higher specificity for TLR4 [59, 60]. When released by gram-negative bacteria, LPS binds to a soluble plasma protein called LPS binding protein. LPS or LPS binding protein [61, 62] binds to the CD14 co-receptor via lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LPB), forming the LPS-CD14 complex. This complex, in turn, is recognized by the TLR4-MD-2 complex, present on the cell surface, which is capable of promoting intracellular recruitment of adapter molecules with N-terminal TIR domain, such as myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88). This molecule can activate the serine kinases JNK and IKKα/β, which promote activation of the activating proteins-1 (AP-1) and factor nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors, respectively [63, 64]. NF-κB regulates the expression of several genes involved in different cellular processes such as inflammatory and immune responses and cell growth and development. In the absence of an NF-κB-activating stimulus, this protein is present in the cytoplasm inactive with an inhibitory protein, IκB [65]. Activation of NF-κB can occur not only by exposure of the cells to LPS but also by the action of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1), activation of T and B lymphocytes, UV radiation, and expression of products [66]. After stimulation, the IKK is phosphorylated and activated. The IKK complex consists of two catalytic subunits, IKK-α and IKK-β, in addition to the NF-kappa-B essential modulator (NEMO) or IKK-γ [67]. After activation, IKK recruits and phosphorylates the IκB that is recognized by the ubiquitin ligase machinery, which leads to its polyubiquitination and consequent degradation. In this way, the NF-κB dimers translocate to the nucleus, binding at specific sites of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and promoting the transcription of a large number of genes [65, 67].
\nIn addition to activating the IKKα/β/NF-κB pathway, TLRs are capable of activating the JNK pathway [68]. The serine/threonine kinase group called JNK (JNK-1, JNK-2, and JNK-3) belongs to the family of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), responsible for the regulation of various cellular functions. This regulation occurs largely because of its ability to control the transcription of specific genes by AP-1 [69]. AP-1 is a transcription factor that, when activated, promotes the expression of genes related to innate immunity [70]. In addition to LPS, the signaling pathway of TLRs can be activated by heat shock proteins [71]. Heat shock proteins (HSP) are proteins characterized as chaperones because they have an important function in adaptation to stress and cellular protection, acting mainly in the synthesis and protein degradation, besides regulating fundamental cellular processes [72]. The family of HSPs is divided into subfamilies, classified according to the molecular mass, being small HSPs (8–27 kDa) and large HSPs (100–110 kDa), among which stand out HSP90, HSP70, and HSP60 [73]. In addition to its essential functions as a chaperone [74], HSP70 has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activation of NF-KB when present in the intracellular environment [75]. However, stimuli such as cell necrosis and bacterial products such as LPS can cause the passage of HSP70 through the membrane into the extracellular environment [76, 77]. Studies have suggested that elevated serum levels of HSP70 may be correlated with cardiovascular disorder, pulmonary fibrosis, renal damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation [78]. The development of these conditions may occur due to the ability of HSP70 to bind to TLR2 and TLR4, promoting the activation of the NF-κB pathway which, as mentioned above, induces the expression of inflammatory mediators related to insulin resistance [79]. Studies suggest that insulin sensitivity may undergo regulatory action by the adaptive immune system [80, 81]. This system is composed of different types of cells, among which the B and T lymphocytes [82] stand out. T lymphocytes are classified into two main classes: helper T lymphocytes, also known as T helper (Th), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The “naïve” Th1 lymphocytes, when interacting with antigen presenting cells, undergo activation and can differentiate into different subtypes [83]. The Th1 subtype expresses proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IFN-γ; Th2 expresses mainly anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13), and regulatory T cells secrete predominantly anti-inflammatory cytokine and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) [84]. Th1 cells play a central role in the recruitment of macrophages and induction of insulin resistance in obesity-induced diabetes models. These effects are counterbalanced by the function of Th2 and Treg cells that maintain an anti-inflammatory state and increase insulin sensitivity [85]. Appropriate regulation of Th cells is of extreme importance for the control and prevention of various diseases [86]. An increase or decrease in the Th1 or Th2 subtypes, as well as the cytokines produced by these cells, indicates an imbalance that may be one of the factors responsible for the development of insulin resistance [87]. It is known that insulin resistance is one of the main characteristics of diabetes mellitus [88]. This disease is also closely related to muscle weakness due to altered insulin action [89], standing out that insulin is an important anabolic hormone for protein metabolism [90].
\nThe study performed by Boon et al. [91] with healthy lean individuals observed that only 5 days of hyperlipidic diet promoted increased messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of macrophage markers in skeletal muscle and reduced expression of the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) glucose transporter protein in this tissue. Similarly, Patsouris et al. [92] demonstrated increased macrophage content in skeletal muscle in diabetic patients independently of body mass index (BMI). An increased macrophage content (assessed by F4/80 protein detection) was observed in muscle tissue of rats with AP in the absence of obesity, highlighting the key role of these cells in the etiology of insulin resistance. It should be noted that only F4/80 detection is not able to provide details on M1-type and M2-type macrophage polarization although evidence demonstrates that under obesity conditions, macrophages infiltrated into muscle tissue exhibit phenotype characteristic of M1 polarization [92, 93, 94, 95]. The reprogramming of the M1 polarization toward the M2 polarization may represent a promising strategy for the treatment of glycemic homeostasis in patients with diabetes and insulin resistance [44].
\nAs previously reported, inflammation causes insulin resistance. According to Pereira et al., rats with AP had increased IKKα/β and JNK phosphorylation status in gastrocnemius muscle. These results are in agreement with the study of Yaspelkis et al. [96], who observed a higher IKKα/β phosphorylation status in the skeletal muscle of rats treated with a hyperlipidic diet for 12 weeks, and also the study by Todd et al. [97] that identified an increase in JNK activity in the skeletal muscle of rats subjected to 3 weeks of hyperlipidic diet. Kaneto et al. [98] reported that treatment of diabetic rats with JNK inhibitors improved the insulin sensitivity of the animals. Similarly, studies by Yuan et al. [99] and Hundal et al. [100] have reported that inhibition of IKK-β by the administration of salicylates improves insulin action in obese and diabetic human and rats. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that genetically modified mice, which do not express IKK-β or JNK, are protected from obesity-induced insulin resistance [99, 101, 102, 103].
\nIn addition to stimulating inhibitory effects on insulin signal transduction, TNF-α may interact with tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) in skeletal muscle [104] and thereby stimulate the NF-κB and/or MAPK pathway [105, 106], which are related to the phosphorylation of IKK and JNK and, in their turn, may impair insulin action. Pereira et al. [43] evaluated the plasma concentrations of LPS and HSP70 in AP models. Rats with AP showed a significant increase in both LPS and HSP70 when compared to the control group. Research on diabetes suggests that chronic elevation of LPS levels may play a key role in the development of insulin resistance [107, 108].
\nAmong the possible mechanisms involved in this alteration, we highlight the ability of LPS to bind to the TLR4 receptor, which may trigger the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways related to inhibition of the insulin signal [108]. Another mediator that plays an active role in the modulation of inflammation is the heat shock proteins. The study by Goodman et al. [109] reported higher expression of 44 HSP genes in periapical granulomas compared to healthy periodontal tissues. Elevation of HSP70 plasma concentrations observed in rats with AP may indicate that increased local HSP expression is associated with higher concentrations of this protein in serum [43]. Interestingly, studies have shown that serum concentrations of HSP70 are higher in diabetic patients [110, 111]. Asea et al. [79] reported that HSP70 can bind to the TLR4 receptor, suggesting a possible involvement of this protein in the development of insulin resistance. With regard to the adaptive immunity markers, animals from the AP groups showed an increase in the Th1 response represented by increased T-bet expression in the spleen and elevated plasma concentrations of INF-γ [43]. A study carried out with knockout animals for the T-bet gene treated with hypercaloric diet showed that even with weight gain and increased adiposity, the animals were protected from insulin resistance [112]. The authors attributed the lack of insulin resistance to reduced production of INF-γ. These results are consistent with studies that reported that IFN-γ deficiency may improve glycemic homeostasis under obesity conditions [113, 114, 115]. In addition, treatment of adipocytes (3 T3-L1) with interferon gamma (INF-γ) reduces insulin signal and glucose uptake [116]. The functions of Th1 cells are antagonized by the Th2 subpopulation presenting the transcription factor GATA3 and IL-4 as specific markers. The AP in rats promotes a reduction of IL-4 [43]. Chang et al. [117] reported that IL-4 treatment promotes improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance and simultaneously reduces body weight in obese rats. These findings suggest that IL-4 plays beneficial effects on glycemic homeostasis. The role of Th2 cells in insulin sensitivity was demonstrated in the study by Gonzales et al. [118]. In this study, a model of inactivation of Th2 response was developed through the inhibition of the activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) protein, in which it was observed that animals with Th2 response deficiency were more prone to insulin resistance. Thus, the reduction of the Th2 response observed in rats with AP may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in insulin resistance observed in animals with AP [43, 54].
\nStudies suggest that TNF-α contributes to age-related muscle loss and that resistance exercise may attenuate this process by suppressing TNF-α expression in skeletal muscle [119]. Other findings demonstrate that decreased muscle strength in diabetic individuals is associated with elevated plasma concentrations of TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [120]. Therefore, considering that oral inflammation, such as AP, may increase infiltration of macrophages in muscle tissue and this increase is related to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, it is possible to suggest that prevention of chronic inflammatory oral diseases contributes to the maintenance of muscle integrity.
\nThe main subtypes of inflammatory muscular diseases are polymyositis, dermatomyositis, necrotizing myopathy, overlap myositis, and myositis of inclusion bodies. The origin of these diseases is idiopathic, making it difficult to prevent them. As oral inflammation can increase infiltration of macrophages in muscle tissue and this increase is related to the production of proinflammatory cytokines in this tissue, these cytokines can cause muscle weakness. It is important to consider the prevention of chronic inflammatory processes in order to maintain muscle integrity or even prevent the worsening of the clinical condition of patients with inflammatory muscle diseases.
\nThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
This study was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [grant #2016/24829-2] São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
\n\n apical periodontitis activating proteins-1 body mass index cluster of differentiation 14 cluster of differentiation 4 cluster of differentiation 8 creatine kinase cyclooxygenase deoxyribonucleic acid glucose transporter type 4 human leukocyte antigen 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase heat shock proteins interferon gamma IkB kinase interleukin-13 interleukin-4 interleukin-6 insulin resistance insulin receptor substrate 1 c-jun amino-terminal kinase lipopolysaccharide binding protein lipopolysaccharides M1-type macrophage polarization M2-type macrophage polarization mitogen-activated protein kinase melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 major histocompatibility complex magnetic resonance imaging messenger ribonucleic acid myeloid differentiation primary response 88 NF-kappa-B essential modulator factor nuclear kappa B nuclear matrix protein positron emission tomography–computed tomography systemic lupus erythematosus signal recognition particle activator of transcription 6 transactive DNA-binding protein 43 transforming growth factor-β T-helper transcription intermediary factor toll-like receptors tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 tumor necrosis factor-alpha United Kingdom United States of America
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
",metaTitle:"Open Access Publishing Fees",metaDescription:"Open Access Publishing Fees",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/OA-publishing-fees",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\nOAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\nDuring the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nServices included are:
\\n\\nWhat isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\nIf your manuscript:
\\n\\nYour Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\nOpen Access Funding
\\n\\nTo explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nAdded Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\nChoosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\nBenefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\nAs a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\nOAPF Publishing Options
\n\nDuring the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nServices included are:
\n\nWhat isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\nIf your manuscript:
\n\nYour Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\nOpen Access Funding
\n\nTo explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\nFor Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\nAdded Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\nChoosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\nBenefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n\r\n This topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Dr.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:358,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78503",title:"Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99569",signatures:"Thomas Rohwedder",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-canine-elbow-joint",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78018",title:"Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99162",signatures:"Gabriel Alexis S.P. Tubalinal, Leonard Paulo G. Lucero, Jim Andreus V. Mangahas, Marvin A. Villanueva and Claro N. Mingala",slug:"application-of-noble-metals-in-the-advances-in-animal-disease-diagnostics",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77455",title:"Marek’s Disease Is a Threat for Large Scale Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98939",signatures:"Wojciech Kozdruń, Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk and Natalia Styś-Fijoł",slug:"marek-s-disease-is-a-threat-for-large-scale-poultry-production",totalDownloads:261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"74655",title:"Taxon-Specific Pair Bonding in Gibbons (Hylobatidae)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95270",signatures:"Thomas Geissmann, Simone Rosenkranz-Weck, Judith J.G.M. Van Der Loo and Mathias Orgeldinger",slug:"taxon-specific-pair-bonding-in-gibbons-hylobatidae",totalDownloads:399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14794/images/system/14794.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Murat Şentürk obtained a baccalaureate degree in Chemistry in 2002, a master’s degree in Biochemistry in 2006, and a doctorate degree in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/22494",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"22494"},fullPath:"/chapters/22494",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()