The features and principles of first-generation sequencing, SGS, and TGS.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5372",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Despite the relevance of eating disorders in the past years, the pure core of these mental disorders remains unknown. In this regard, it is not a surprise that the biopsychosocial model is the best way to go forward in order to understand and to improve the different approaches, biological (mainly neurobiological), psychological, and social, in managing these disorders. Eating disorders are frequent pathologies, many times severe and often devastating for patients and their families. Biological, psychological, and social factors are always involved in these disorders, and knowledge about the influence of these factors helps us to better understand eating disorders. This book includes different studies about main topics of eating disorders and is useful for psychologists, doctors and others interested in this disorder.",isbn:"978-953-51-2900-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2899-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7333-5",doi:"10.5772/62610",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",numberOfPages:274,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6b686a80d50d3f5823d596057da43e99",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",numberOfDownloads:20784,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 29th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 21st 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 25th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 23rd 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 23rd 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323887/images/system/323887.png",biography:null,institutionString:"Pablo de Olavide University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Pablo de Olavide University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1113",title:"Psychiatry",slug:"phagology-psychiatry"}],chapters:[{id:"52200",title:"Eating Disorders as New Forms of Addiction",doi:"10.5772/65248",slug:"eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",totalDownloads:1596,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Eating disorders (ED) seem to share many characteristics with substance-related disorders (SRD). As very often the two conditions run together, it has been proposed that eating dysfunctions could be understood as behavioral forms of addiction. This has lead to the concept of “food addiction,” a proposed new form of addiction. This chapter reviews recent research focusing on the relationship between ED and SRD. Three specific areas are addressed: (a) animal models that suggest the association between substance dependence and compulsive overeating; (b) epidemiological studies that confirm the comorbidity between ED and SRD; and (c) neuroimaging studies that reveal the existence of modifications in the reward circuits following binge eating and other eating dysfunctions. The data from the different studies can be integrated into a model based on the consideration of “food addiction” as a specific form of behavioral addiction that could be applied at least to a group of patients suffering from eating disorders.",signatures:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal, María I. Ramos-Fuentes, Laura Rodríguez-\nSantos and M. Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52200",authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",surname:"Vaz-Leal",slug:"francisco-j.-vaz-leal",fullName:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal"},{id:"188719",title:"Dr.",name:"María Cristina",surname:"Álvarez Mateos",slug:"maria-cristina-alvarez-mateos",fullName:"María Cristina Álvarez Mateos"},{id:"195142",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Rodríguez Santos",slug:"laura-rodriguez-santos",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez Santos"},{id:"195143",title:"Dr.",name:"María I",surname:"Ramos Fuentes",slug:"maria-i-ramos-fuentes",fullName:"María I Ramos Fuentes"}],corrections:[{id:"66065",title:"Corrigendum to: Eating Disorders as New Forms of Addiction",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-to-eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"53308",title:"Neuropsychological Functioning in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa",doi:"10.5772/65304",slug:"neuropsychological-functioning-in-anorexia-nervosa-and-bulimia-nervosa",totalDownloads:1549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are eating disorders in which a wide range of neuropsychological alterations are exhibited; however, the neuropsychology of bulimia nervosa has been poorly studied, and inconsistency has been found in results from different studies. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to evaluate the differences in the neuropsychological functioning among women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and with no eating disorders. Seventy‐two women participated in this study: 18 with anorexia nervosa, 24 with bulimia nervosa and 30 without any eating disorder; all of them answered the neuropsychological version of the Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale‐III (WAIS‐III), the Rey Complex Figure Test, the Tower of London Task and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Overall, the results showed similar difficulties in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa groups, such as in the visuoconstructive process, executive functioning (specifically in planning skills to achieve a goal, cognitive flexibility and working memory), in selective attention and in nonverbal reasoning and common sense judgment when facing complex problems. These findings open the possibility to reformulate intervention programs for management of bulimia nervosa and consider the use of cognitive remediation therapy, which is already used in anorexia nervosa with a good prognosis.",signatures:"Nayelli Alvarado Sánchez and Cecilia Silva Gutiérrez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53308",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53308",authors:[{id:"186228",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nayelli",surname:"Alvarado Sánchez",slug:"nayelli-alvarado-sanchez",fullName:"Nayelli Alvarado Sánchez"},{id:"373582",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia Silva",surname:"Gutiérrez",slug:"cecilia-silva-gutierrez",fullName:"Cecilia Silva Gutiérrez"}],corrections:null},{id:"53036",title:"Neurobiology and the Changing Face of Eating Disorder Treatment: Healing the Eating Disordered Brain",doi:"10.5772/66173",slug:"neurobiology-and-the-changing-face-of-eating-disorder-treatment-healing-the-eating-disordered-brain",totalDownloads:2063,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"By recognizing eating disorders (EDs) as disruptions in brain circuitry, neuroscience has begun to shed light on how people make changes in psychotherapy. The clinician who treats the eating disordered patient also treats the eating disordered brain. It is time for practitioners to become better acquainted with the organ they treat, and to apply neuroplasticity research findings to clinical practice. Eating disorders and body image disturbances signify the loss of integrity of the core self. Twenty-first century research and technology has validated the age‐old notion that healthy neuronal connectivity within, and between, mind(s), brain(s), and body(s) reintegrates and defines the healthy self. The concept of the “self” as embodied (grounded in somatic reality) expands the scope of effective healing practices. Neurophysiological (somatosensory education and mindful psychotherapeutic attachments) interventions that support the emergence of embodied mindfulness and sensory awareness facilitate the reintegration of the eating disordered brain, and of the fragmented core self. Both lie at the heart of eating disorder recovery. Nowhere in the field of mental health are the concepts of the embedded self and embodied healing as significant as in the treatment of eating disorders and body image disturbances. This article discusses the healing impact of neurophysiological connections, intrapersonal and interpersonal, that foster recovery of the self.",signatures:"Abigail H. Natenshon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53036",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53036",authors:[{id:"186482",title:"M.A.",name:"Abigail H.",surname:"Natenshon",slug:"abigail-h.-natenshon",fullName:"Abigail H. Natenshon"}],corrections:null},{id:"53044",title:"Oral Implications of Eating Disorders",doi:"10.5772/66185",slug:"oral-implications-of-eating-disorders",totalDownloads:1333,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Eating disorders (EDs) are defined as persistent behavioural problems related to food and weight control, which significantly damage the physical and mental health with dramatic effects on the oral cavity. We briefly describe the effect on oral health and the principles of dental management.",signatures:"Aurea Lumbau and Giovanni Spano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53044",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53044",authors:[{id:"186217",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurea",surname:"Lumbau",slug:"aurea-lumbau",fullName:"Aurea Lumbau"},{id:"194431",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Spano",slug:"giovanni-spano",fullName:"Giovanni Spano"}],corrections:null},{id:"53161",title:"Anxiety and Eating Disorders in Adult Women",doi:"10.5772/65249",slug:"anxiety-and-eating-disorders-in-adult-women",totalDownloads:1432,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anxiety disorders are frequently reported by women diagnosed with eating disorders (EDs). Although this association is long established and rather frequent, the role of anxiety in the onset and maintenance of eating disorders still has to be better understood. By doing so, engagement in treatment and efficacy of the interventions used will be improved. Thus, the present book chapter aims at investigating anxiety comorbidity in women diagnosed with an ED. First, the prevalence rates of anxiety disorders (AD) in ED samples and similarities and differences between both disorders are presented. Then, the chronology of onset of both disorders and possible explanations of their mechanisms of association are discussed. Finally, treatment considerations are covered.",signatures:"Annie Aimé, Tanya Guitard and Lise Grousseaud",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53161",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53161",authors:[{id:"146020",title:"Prof.",name:"Annie",surname:"Aime",slug:"annie-aime",fullName:"Annie Aime"},{id:"187815",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanya",surname:"Guitard",slug:"tanya-guitard",fullName:"Tanya Guitard"},{id:"187817",title:"Mrs.",name:"Lise",surname:"Grousseaud",slug:"lise-grousseaud",fullName:"Lise Grousseaud"}],corrections:null},{id:"52740",title:"Eating Disorders with Comorbidity Anxiety Disorders",doi:"10.5772/65844",slug:"eating-disorders-with-comorbidity-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:1806,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although eating disorders and anxiety disorders (AD) are under different diagnosis categories, it is striking that they have high comorbidity and similar clinical features. The most frequently informed anxiety disorders are obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder (SAD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Moreover, in cases with a tendency of perfectionism, concern and harm avoidance before the diagnosis of eating disorder, the anxiety disorder is able to be failed to notice. The existence of anxiety disorder or eating disorder makes these syndromes worse. Until today, the relation in between eating disorder and AD has tried to be clarified by phenomenological, neurobiological and family studies. But even if a significant relation has been specified in phenomenological aspect in between OCD and eating disorders, the relation in between eating disorders and other AD is not clear. The existence of AD may be a risk factor in the arise of eating disorders. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of childhood-adolescence occurring AD may prevent the development of eating disorders. The comorbidity of eating disorders and AD is negatively affecting the treatment and prognosis of the disorder. Moreover, there is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of treatment options (medication, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, dialectic behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy) used in the treatment of cases with a diagnosis of concurrent eating disorder and anxiety disorder. In this chapter, a review of the literature on the comorbidity between eating disorders and the anxiety disorders of OCD, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), SAD, GAD, simple phobia, agoraphobia and panic disorder.",signatures:"Cicek Hocaoglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52740",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52740",authors:[{id:"28322",title:"Prof.",name:"Cicek",surname:"Hocaoglu",slug:"cicek-hocaoglu",fullName:"Cicek Hocaoglu"}],corrections:null},{id:"52928",title:"The Patient’s Perspective: Exploring Factors that Contribute to Recovery from Eating Disorders",doi:"10.5772/65303",slug:"the-patient-s-perspective-exploring-factors-that-contribute-to-recovery-from-eating-disorders",totalDownloads:1404,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Eating Disorders (EDs) are quite distinct and difficult to treat mental disorders. Remarkably, when reviewing studies on the recovery process of ED’s, the patients’ experience of the therapeutic process has rarely been taken into account. \nTo address the issue of the patients perspective on their recovery a study was conducted among ED patients. The main aims of the study were to investigate treatment factors, according to the patients view, that contributed to their recovery. Also, if there was any significant improvement within the first six months of the treatment and whether subjective improvement was in accordance with objective ED improvement and finally possible, if any, differences between different diagnostic groups.",signatures:"Fragiskos Gonidakis and Dafni-Alexandra Karapavlou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52928",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52928",authors:[{id:"84754",title:"Dr.",name:"Fragiskos",surname:"Gonidakis",slug:"fragiskos-gonidakis",fullName:"Fragiskos Gonidakis"},{id:"186396",title:"MSc.",name:"Dafni-Alexandra",surname:"Karapavlou",slug:"dafni-alexandra-karapavlou",fullName:"Dafni-Alexandra Karapavlou"}],corrections:null},{id:"52339",title:"Growing Up in Pain: Anorexia Nervosa and Family Therapy in a Chinese Context",doi:"10.5772/65247",slug:"growing-up-in-pain-anorexia-nervosa-and-family-therapy-in-a-chinese-context",totalDownloads:1589,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Despite the increasing visibility and complexity of anorexia nervosa (AN) in Chinese societies such as Hong Kong, family treatment for Chinese children and youths suffering from AN has been inadequately documented in the literature. In this chapter, the author will describe conceptualization of the disorder in the light of a systemic and developmental framework; describe the process of contextualizing the symptoms of AN; identify critical issues pertinent to treatment success; and highlight the therapist’s roles in the healing journey of patients with AN, using a case illustration. More importantly, the author will critically appraise, through a cultural lens, key family therapy concepts, namely emotional enmeshment versus emotional disengagement, boundary and cross-generational collusion, which have restrained the parent/s and the patient to join hands together to drive away the disorder.",signatures:"Joyce L.C. Ma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52339",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52339",authors:[{id:"95457",title:"Dr.",name:"Lai Chong",surname:"Ma",slug:"lai-chong-ma",fullName:"Lai Chong Ma"}],corrections:null},{id:"52872",title:"Eating Disorders: A Treatment Apart. The Unique Use of the Therapist's Self in the Treatment of Eating Disorders",doi:"10.5772/65697",slug:"eating-disorders-a-treatment-apart-the-unique-use-of-the-therapist-s-self-in-the-treatment-of-eating",totalDownloads:1667,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Treatment skills that serve general mental health practice, though applicable to eating disorder care, by themselves will not suffice to meet the uniquely pressing demands and requirements of treating these life‐threatening disorders. Eating disorders adversely influence every aspect of human functioning, demanding a comprehensive and integrative approach to care. Because eating disorders disrupt the patient's relationship with self and others, the quality of the therapist's versatile and integrative use of self within the therapeutic relationship can become the single most significant intervention in achieving successful healing outcomes. The intensity of professional challenges within the treatment process reflects the urgency behind the patient's need to heal. Treatment efficacy is achieved through the therapist's commitment to a timely, intentional, and practicable fulfillment of clearly established goals, uniquely tailored to each patient and eating disorder. The self‐integrated psychotherapist, as case manager, is required to manage a complex landscape of pathology and strengths, regression and healing, diverse professional and familial resources, transference and countertransference phenomena and, with skillful proficiency, traditional as well as nontraditional (neurophysiological) treatment interventions and approaches to care. This chapter highlights key elements in the therapist’s V.I.A.B.L.E. (Versatile, Integrative, Action-oriented, outcome-Based, Loving, and Educative) use of self in facilitating the healing of the eating disordered patient and malnourished brain.",signatures:"Abigail H. Natenshon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52872",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52872",authors:[{id:"186482",title:"M.A.",name:"Abigail H.",surname:"Natenshon",slug:"abigail-h.-natenshon",fullName:"Abigail H. Natenshon"}],corrections:null},{id:"52677",title:"EMDR in Anorexia Nervosa: From a Theoretical Framework to the Treatment Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/65695",slug:"emdr-in-anorexia-nervosa-from-a-theoretical-framework-to-the-treatment-guidelines",totalDownloads:2297,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Studies on the risks and on the positive factors implied in the onset of anorexia nervosa (AN) have reported the role of an insecure or disorganized state of mind (SoM) with respect to attachment. We compare the effects of eyes movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) approach with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of AN in terms of SoMs, reflective function (RF), and narrative coherence (Coh). Our results are part of a broader observational clinical comparative study of the two approaches, and it is based on the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) outcomes. Differences in terms of belongingness to a secure group and an unsecure group before and after the treatments in EMDR and CBT group have been reported through McNemar's test. The generalized linear model (GLM) repeated‐measures multivariate ANOVA (RM‐MANOVA) has been selected. Our results suggest that EMDR allows an active reprocessing of traumatic memories related to family dynamics and to eating behaviors, which could enable a positive resolution of eating disorder (ED) symptoms. The emotional reprocessing of unresolved attachment issues can allow a better modulation of the control‐related rigidity that is a commonality between AN patients.",signatures:"Maria Zaccagnino, Cristina Civilotti, Martina Cussino, Chiara\nCallerame and Isabel Fernandez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52677",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52677",authors:[{id:"186530",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria",surname:"Zaccagnino",slug:"maria-zaccagnino",fullName:"Maria Zaccagnino"},{id:"194184",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Civilotti",slug:"cristina-civilotti",fullName:"Cristina Civilotti"},{id:"194185",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",surname:"Cussino",slug:"martina-cussino",fullName:"Martina Cussino"},{id:"194186",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",surname:"Callerame",slug:"chiara-callerame",fullName:"Chiara Callerame"},{id:"194187",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Fernandez",slug:"isabel-fernandez",fullName:"Isabel Fernandez"}],corrections:null},{id:"52892",title:"The Body in Movement: A Clinical Approach",doi:"10.5772/65698",slug:"the-body-in-movement-a-clinical-approach",totalDownloads:1881,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Physiotherapy or body-oriented therapy is often overlooked as an adjunctive treatment for patients with eating disorders (ED). However, the integration of physiotherapy is based on the physiotherapists’ experience in both the body and the body in movement, two important issues integral to eating disorder pathology. From our clinical experience, physiotherapeutic techniques represent a potent clinical addition to available treatments. Patients with eating disorders have an intense fear of gaining weight and present a negative body experience. Excessive exercise and drive for activity or hyperactivity are considered to be a secondary symptom and are characterized by a voluntary increase in physical activity, a compulsive urge to move and by the dissociation of fatigue. Both characteristics are the two cornerstones for physiotherapy in children, adolescents, and adults in an inpatient or outpatient treatment. More concrete, the objectives for physiotherapy are (1) rebuilding of a realistic self-concept, (2) curbing hyperactivity, and (3) developing social skills. Physiotherapists have a wide array of skills that can be applied successfully in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN). The goal of this chapter is to present practical guidelines for physiotherapeutic management in eating disorder, more specific about mirror exercises, film images, and some additional individual or group exercises, recommendations based on more than 35 years of clinical experience.",signatures:"Michel Probst and Jolien Diedens",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52892",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52892",authors:[{id:"186905",title:"Prof.",name:"Michel",surname:"Probst",slug:"michel-probst",fullName:"Michel Probst"},{id:"186907",title:"MSc.",name:"Jolien",surname:"Diedens",slug:"jolien-diedens",fullName:"Jolien Diedens"}],corrections:null},{id:"53353",title:"Communication Challenges Within Eating Disorders: What People Say and What Individuals Hear",doi:"10.5772/65305",slug:"communication-challenges-within-eating-disorders-what-people-say-and-what-individuals-hear",totalDownloads:2169,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Communication challenges are apparent in many different ways when working with individuals who struggle with eating disorders. These issues can include the influence of parenting styles to society’s weight messages to comments by professionals as they interact with those struggling with eating disorders. Other challenges come from the skewed interpretations that individuals with eating disorders can place on messages that they receive. 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The development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques provides high-throughput sequence analysis with the ability to simultaneously and independently sequence billions of DNA molecules. The combination between such technologies and metagenomic approaches helped the investigators study the microbial diversity and understand the functions and relationships among different microbial flora [1]. The use of metagenomic NGS by microbiologists overcomes several limitations and secured the unbiased methods to study the microbial flora in any given environment [2]. Thus, the dynamic of complex communities particularly those with non-cultivable microorganisms can be resolved [3, 4]. In addition, metagenomic NGS found its way in the field of clinical and diagnostic approaches [5, 6]. In the clinical field, NGS was used to inform the real-time incidence and prevention response to human parainfluenza 3 virus infections [7] and for cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics [8].
Several NGS platforms were developed since 2006 with numerous applications in genetic and biological research fields. Of these platforms, the most commonly used include Roche/454 pyrosequencing, Illumina/Solexa sequencing, and Applied Biosystems/SOLiD sequencing. The principle of all these NGS depends on the detection of luminescent signals released by the base incorporation during the sequencing process [4]. They also share the same workflow which in the order, DNA extraction, library construction, DNA template preparation, and automated sequence analysis [9]. In this chapter, different NGS platforms are discussed in terms of principle, advantages, and limitations. In addition, third-generation sequencing technologies are also addressed.
Metagenomic analysis is a sophisticated process and involves several steps. Of these steps, the sampling process is very crucial for the downstream applications. Sample collection, preparation, and storage should be handled carefully to prevent lysis and decomposition of the sample compositions. Multiple freezing–thawing cycles may cause changes in the microbial community profile under investigation [10]. As well, a suitable DNA extraction protocol should be adopted to cope with the different chemical and physical characteristics of each sample. For instance, soils contain many substances that are co-extracted with the genomic DNA and may have inhibitory effects on the downstream experiments. Examples include humic and fulvic acids [11]. Therefore, optimization and comparison between different extraction methods are usually required for each type of samples [12, 13, 14, 15].
The extracted DNA is used to construct the DNA library. This is usually achieved by connecting specific adaptors to one or both ends of the DNA fragments [16]. The reason for utilizing DNA adaptor is to deal with the pool of samples and then connect them to its original sample. Handling DNA at this stage should be careful to avoid chemical, physical, or enzymatic damage of DNA molecules [17]. The construction of a DNA library is usually achieved through two approaches. The first one is called meta-pair where the library is characterized by long fragment insert. The second approach is called paired-end libraries with short fragment insert. In both approaches, the DNA is fragmented into different fragment sizes that would allow for their cloning. The DNA fragments obtained from such processes are cloned into the proper cloning vector. The size of the resulting fragments determines the suitable vector for the cloning process. The small DNA fragments are usually cloned into plasmid vectors, whereas fragments up to 40 kbp are cloned into cosmid or fosmid vectors. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors are usually used to clone inserts with sizes that exceed 40 Kbp [18]. Finally, the free adaptor, dimers of the adaptor, and any other artifacts must be removed to avoid noisy sequencing data [17].
During the 1970s, the first-generation sequencing techniques, chain termination [19], and chemical sequencing approaches [20] were developed. In contrast to the chemical sequencing approach, the Sanger sequencing method ultimately prevailed and found immense applications due to its simplicity and is more amenable to being scaled up [21]. Simply, the basis of Sanger sequencing depends on the incubation of a specific primer and the template DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase. The reaction is accomplished by the addition of a mixture of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates and dNTPs’ dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphates for chain termination, one of which was labeled with phosphorus-32. The resulting pool of DNA amplicons will be with the same 5′ residue and different dNTP residues at the 3′ end (Figure 1). This pool of DNA fragments is then fractionated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis giving a band pattern. In this way, DNA decoding can be achieved by the use of nucleotide analogs and other nucleotides in separate incubations and concomitant electrophoretic analysis [22]. Currently, the use of fluorescent dNTPs associated with the capillary electrophoresis provides full automation of the Sanger approach. This modification allows retrieving up to 96 sequences per run with an average 800–1000 bp size of DNA fragments [21, 23, 24]. Although the Sanger sequencing was the mainstay of the original human genome project, this approach still has some limitations. These limitations include high cost and low throughput, and it is inadequate for studying unculturable organisms in complex environments [25].
Sanger DNA sequencing. (1) The gene to be decoded is amplified by PCR. (2) The sequencing process is performed by the addition of modified 2′,3′-dideoxynucleotide (ddNTPs) to the nascent chain. The modified nucleotides act by terminating the chain extension, and the resulting DNA fragments of different sizes are eluted by capillary gel electrophoresis. (3) Chromatograms are then analyzed to obtain the DNA sequences.
Due to the limitations of Sanger sequencing technique, next-generation sequencing emerged in 2005 [26]. Indeed, next-generation sequencing has made it possible to study and identify organisms directly from their habitats without prior preparations [27]. Compared to the first-generation sequencing, NGS can generate several hundred thousand to millions of sequencing reads in parallel. As well, sequencing can be generated without some conventional steps such as vector-based cloning procedure and hence reduces the chance of DNA contamination from other organisms [28]. Therefore, several next-generation sequencing platforms have been introduced including Roche 454, Illumina®, Applied Biosystems SOLiD sequencer, and Ion Torrent. All next-generation sequencing or real-time sequencing (Roche 454, Illumina®, and AB SOLiD) utilized optical sensors that detect luminescent signal, which are produced during incorporation of bases in the sequence. The principles and characteristics of NSG, SGS, and TGS are summarized in Table 1 [21]. In the subsequent sections, the features and limitations of each of the NGS techniques are discussed.
First generation | Second generation | Third generation | |
---|---|---|---|
Fundamental technology | Size separation of specifically end-labeled DNA fragments, produced by SBS or degradation | Wash-and-scan SBS | SBS, by degradation, or direct physical inspection of the DNA molecule |
Resolution | Averaged across many copies of the DNA molecule being sequenced | Averaged across many copies of the DNA molecule being sequenced | Single-molecule resolution |
Current raw read accuracy | High | High | Moderate |
Current read length | Moderate (800–1000 bp) | Short, generally much shorter than Sanger sequencing | Long, 1000 bp, and longer in commercial systems |
Current throughput | Low | High | Moderate |
Current cost | High cost per base | Low cost per base | Low-to-moderate cost per base |
RNA sequencing method | cDNA sequencing | cDNA sequencing | Direct RNA sequencing and cDNA sequencing |
Time from start of sequencing reaction to result | Hours | Days | Hours |
Sample preparation | Moderately complex, PCR amplification not required | Complex, PCR amplification required | Ranges from complex to very simple depending on technology |
Data analysis | Routine | Complex because of large data volumes and because short reads complicate assembly and alignment algorithms | Complex because of large data volumes and because technologies yield new types of information and new signal processing challenges |
Primary results | Base calls with quality values | Base calls with quality values | Base calls with quality values, potentially other base information such as kinetics |
The features and principles of first-generation sequencing, SGS, and TGS.
Roche/454 pyrosequencing is the first NGS technology that launched and became commercially available in 2005. It uses real-time sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) pyrosequencing technology, and it depends on the detection of pyrophosphate (PPi) molecule that is initiated from the incorporation of a nucleotide in the DNA polymerase (Figure 2) [29]. Briefly, the 454 pyrosequencing technology is proceeding as follows: (i) the library fragments are connected to beads that carry oligonucleotides complementary to adapter sequence ligated at the ends, (ii) amplifying the library fragments by emulsion PCR resulting in DNA beads that carry millions of copies of DNA fragments on their surface, and (iii) the amplified beads are inserted into picotiter plate (PTP) that consists of millions of wells. Each well can hold only one amplified bead and contains diluted pyrosequence enzyme beads, DNA amplified beads, PPiase beads, and pyrosequence beads. Finally, the light emission from PTP is recorded by a CCD camera and is translated to nucleotide sequences [29]. In comparison with other NGS platform, 454 pyrosequencing has the longest reading (up to 1000–1200 bp). On the other hand, 454 pyrosequencing has the highest cost per base and the lowest output [30].
Pyrosequencing technique. (1) Beads coated with either streptavidin or complementary oligonucleotides complementary to adapter sequences attached to the ends of the fragment to be sequenced. This allows the binding of sequencing fragments to the beads. (2) The fragments to be sequenced are amplified through emulsion PCR. (3) Loaded beads are transferred into the sequencing plate with millions of wells. (4) By the addition of a nucleotide to the nascent chain that is connected to the beads by DNA polymerase, the ATP sulfurylase enzyme converts released pyrophosphate to ATP with the emission of light that is detected by a CCD camera and is translated to nucleotide sequences.
Illumina, formerly known as Solexa, has been introduced commercially in 2007. Illumina technology utilizes bridge PCR amplification coupled with SBS in the flow cell (Figure 3). Simply, the principle of Illumina sequencing is that the DNA fragments with barcoding primer (adaptor) are attached to the flow cell. The sequencing reaction is performed in the flow cell by adding labeled nucleotides. When the nucleotide is incorporated, a luminescent signal is generated and then recorded by optical sensors. After that, the fluorescent molecules are removed and the next labeled nucleotide incorporated. However, the DNA fragment can be sequenced on one side that is called single-end (SE) or from both sides known as paired-end (PE). Nowadays, the most common sequencing used is PE due to the ability to generate two reads for one DNA fragment which is useful in order to determine the distance between two ends of the DNA fragment [31]. In fact, due to its low cost per base and high yield, Illumina becomes the most widely used and popular NGS platform. The output of Illumina sequencing is the highest among all NGS, making it suitable for multiplexing hundreds of samples at the same time [32].
Illumina/Solexa sequencing approach. (1) The DNA templates with the attached adapter sequences are connected via a glass surface coated with oligos complementary sequences (2, 3, 4). DNA molecules fold over into a bridge shape and bridge PCR amplification is applied. (5) Bridge amplification and the formation of millions of copies or cluster formation. (6) Cluster sequencing is achieved through the process of cyclic reversible termination method. Finally, the resulting reads (tens of millions) are analyzed and the DNA sequence is recoded.
AB SOLiD refers to sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection. It has been developed by Applied Biosystems (Life Technology) and became commercially available in 2007. The AB SOLiD sequencing approach differs from the other two next-generation sequencing technologies, Illumina, and 454 pyrosequencing. AB SOLiD platform relies on sequencing-by-oligo-ligation (SBL) (Figure 4), whereas others rely on sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) [33]. In SOLiD sequencer, the DNA library is prepared from the sample, and specific adaptor is then amplified by emPCR [34]. Instead of utilizing DNA polymerase, short nucleotides marked by DNA ligase known as interrogation probes are used. The interrogation probe contains six universal bases and two-base encoded probe. The universal bases are attached to the fluorescent label. When an integrated probe is ligated with primers using DNA ligase, fluorescent light is generated and detected. After the 5′ end that is linked to the fluorescent label by cleavable linkage is cleaved and removed, thereby the next interrogation probe is connected. This process is repeated several times until the targeted DNA is completely sequenced. In fact, the read length of SOLiD is short about 85 bp leading to inaccurate read assembly as it requires more time for sequencing but it has the highest accuracy among other NGS [35]. Application of SOLiD includes whole genome sequencing, targeted sequencing, transcriptome, and epigenome [35].
Applied biosystems (AB) SOLiD sequencing approach. (1) Preparation of DNA library from the sample and ligation of specific adaptor and the beads are then covered with the sequences complementary to one of the adapter sequences. (2) The adapter sequences will then bind to its complementary sequences on the beads. (3) The hybridization process resulted in the attachment of millions of DNA sequences to the bead. (4) Removal of the unloaded beads and selection of the loaded beads. (5) An interrogation probe contains six universal bases and two-base encoded probe. The universal bases are attached to the fluorescent label. (6) When an integrated probe is ligated with primers using DNA ligase, fluorescent light is generated and detected. This process is repeated several times till the targeted DNA is completely sequenced.
Ion Torrent has been launched in 2010 by Life Technology. Some authors have classified the Ion Torrent platform as a technique between the next-generation and the third-generation sequencing. This could be attributed to the dependence of this approach on optical sensors. However, it relies on chemical sensors that detect the hydrogen-ion concentration change that occurred during the incorporation of a nucleotide in the sequence [21]. Ion Torrent sequencing quality is high and stable due to the utilizing of a chemical sensor instead of fluorescence and camera. In addition, the Ion Torrent approach is characterized by its high speed and low cost compared with pyrosequencing and Illumina [35].
The major limitations of NGS are that the short-read length and the PCR bias are introduced by clonal amplification and the fluorescent-based signaling detection [21]. Therefore, the third-generation sequencing or single-molecule-sequencing technologies (SMS) overcome these limitations by dispensing PCR before sequencing, and the signal is captured in real time by monitoring the enzymatic reaction [36, 21]. The following sections discuss some TGS platforms.
The first single-molecule-sequencing (SMS) that has been introduced in 2008 is HeliScope. It is a fluorescent-based, single-molecule-sequencing platform. In HeliScope platform, the preparation step depends on preparing a single-strand DNA, and there is no need for PCR amplification in the preparation step. During sequencing, repetitive cycles of DNA polymerase and one labeled nucleotide are flowed, resulting in DNA template extension which depends on the flow of nucleotides. The labeled nucleotides are modified by attaching a poly-A tail in order to stop polymerase extension until the fluorescence that generates from the incorporated nucleotide is recorded by a CCD camera. Then unincorporated nucleotides are washed out and the fluorescent labels on the strand chemically removed, allowing for next base incorporation [37, 38]. HeliScope Genetic Analysis System platform allows the sequencing of RNA, and there is no need for converting them to cDNA. Furthermore, HeliScope Genetic Analysis System platform is in its infancy due to small read length (24–70 bases) and low data output (20 GB) [39].
Pacific Bioscience has launched a single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technology in 2010. It is a real-time, fluorescent-based, and single-molecule-sequencing platform. In SMRT, there is no need for PCR amplification during DNA preparation [36]. In this platform, a nanostructure known as zero-mode waveguide (ZMW) is utilized for real-time observation of DNA synthesis. During the sequencing process, a single-stranded template is used to synthesize the complementary. Unlike other NGS platforms, four different colored fluorescent labels are attached to the terminal phosphate group instead of attaching to a nucleotide, resulting in the release of a fluorescent signal during nucleotide incorporation [40]. Then the camera captures the fluorescent signal in real time (like a movie) [41]. In SMRT, the washing step between nucleotide flows is not required, resulting in increasing the nucleotide incorporation and improving the quality of sequencing [42]. SMRT has several advantages including fast sample preparation (hours instead of days like NGS), no need for PCR amplification during the preparation step, and longer-read length than any other next-generation sequencing platform [42].
Nanopore sequencing, developed by Oxford Nanopore Technology, relies on passing the DNA sequence through 1 nm diameter hole (nanopore) where electric current is applied. The electrical current of the pore is altered for each nucleotide, and signal is detected in real time [39]. Like other third-generation sequencing approaches, this technology does not require PCR amplification or chemical labeling of the sample [43]. In May 2015, Oxford Nanopore Technologies has introduced commercially the MinION. The MinION is a pocket-size portable, real-time detection of bases (fluorescent tag-free), has long-read length, and is a low-cost technology [44, 41, 45]. Interestingly, by utilizing this technology, samples can be sequenced in the field directly, instead of collecting samples and sequencing them in the lab, which means nanopore sequencing will make all other sequencing machines redundant [46, 44].
Several bioinformatic tools were developed to analyze the metagenomic data at the molecular level (e.g., 16S rRNA), species level, and strain level. 16S rRNA sequence strategy is among the most common approaches to understand microbial taxonomy and phylogeny. This could be attributed to the stable functions of 16S rRNA gene over time, the existence of 16S rRNA in nearly all microorganisms, and its size which is enough for bioinformatics analysis [47, 48]. A number of bioinformatics tools are available for the analysis of 16S rRNA: QIIME, MOTHUR, DADA2, UPARSE, and minimum entropy decomposition (MED) [49]. The QIIME software is designed to analyze data generated on the Illumina or other NGS platforms via graphics and statistics. This involves the demultiplexing and quality filtering, OTU picking, taxonomic assignment, and phylogenetic reconstruction, and diversity analyses and visualizations [50, 51]. QIIME depends on the use of the PyCogent toolkit to identify misinterpretations and database deposition using raw sequencing results [51]. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) can be generated from NGS data by UPARSE [52]. The UPARSE software acts by filtering and trimming reads into equals lengths, removing singleton reads and clustering the remaining reads [52].
Community sequence data can be analyzed by a flexible and comprehensive software package called MOTHUR. The MOTHUR package includes the following algorithms: DOTUR, SONS, TreeClimber, LIBSHUFF, Ð-LIBSHUFF, and UniFrac [50]. DADA2 is a suitable approach for correcting amplicon errors with no option to generate OTUs [53]. DADA2 uses a new quality-aware model of Illumina amplicon errors to improve the DADA algorithm [53]. MED is applied to solve the limitations of fine-scale resolution descriptions of microbial communities [54]. MED acts through partitioning the data set of amplicon sequences into homogenous OTUs for alpha- and beta-diversity analyses [54].
For species-level metagenomic data analysis, there are at least six metagenomic analysis software including MetaPhlAn2 [55], Kraken [56], CLARK [57], FOCUS [58], SUPERFOCUS [59], and MG-RAST [60]. All of these software programs can be used to profile organisms in metagenomic samples and to score their abundance. MetaPhlAn2 applies Bowtie2 and UCLUST [52, 61] as its main algorithms, whereas k-mers (DNA words of length k) is the core algorithm for Kraken and CLARK. On the other hand, FOCUS uses the NNLS (nonnegative least squares) to identify the microbial profile [49].
At the beginning, the metagenomic workflow was complicated that it requires many steps, sophisticated equipment, and qualified technicians to perform. Likewise, it was very expensive that not all scientists or laboratories were able to afford its cost. However, nowadays, due to the presence of many different competing companies and laboratories that led to the development of more efficient sequencing approaches, the metagenomic workflow became easier. It is easy now to study and identify organisms directly from their habitats without prior preparations. In terms of cost, NGS is also much cheaper, and with the appearance of third-generation sequencing approaches, it is not required to conduct sample sequencing. Surprisingly, sequencing can be carried out in the field by utilizing a pocket-size portable sequencer. The advancements in the field of metagenomics are amazing, and it became easier, cheaper, and faster.
This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, through the Research Groups Program Grant no. RGP-1438-0004.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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\\n\\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\\n\\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\\n\\nNON-FINANCIAL
\\n\\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\\n\\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES:
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\n\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\n\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\n\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\n\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\n\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\nNON-FINANCIAL
\n\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\nEXAMPLES:
\n\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
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In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"60246",title:"Statistical Research of Investment Appeal of Russian Regions",slug:"statistical-research-of-investment-appeal-of-russian-regions",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the methodological results directed on realization statistical research of investment appeal of Russian regions are offered. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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