These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\n
Initially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10360",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",subtitle:"Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nitrogen is the most important nutrient in agricultural practice because the availability of nitrogen from the soil is generally not enough to support crop yields. To maintain soil fertility, the application of organic matters and crop rotation have been practiced. Farmers can use convenient chemical nitrogen fertilizers to obtain high crop yields. However, the inappropriate use of nitrogen fertilizers causes environmental problems such as nitrate leaching, contamination in groundwater, and the emission of N2O gas. This book is divided into the following four sections: “Ecology and Environmental Aspects of Nitrogen in Agriculture”, “Nitrogen Fertilizers and Nitrogen Management in Agriculture”, “N Utilization and Metabolism in Crops”, “Plant-Microbe Interactions”.",isbn:"978-1-83968-492-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-488-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-493-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91546",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",numberOfPages:216,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5fc080ff8941417e9eeaf0ced2b5523a",bookSignature:"Takuji Ohyama and Kazuyuki Inubushi",publishedDate:"September 29th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10360.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4009,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:17,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 24th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 21st 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 20th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 8th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 9th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"30061",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuji",middleName:null,surname:"Ohyama",slug:"takuji-ohyama",fullName:"Takuji Ohyama",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30061/images/system/30061.jpg",biography:"Takuji Ohyama was born in Japan in 1951. He obtained a Ph.D. with a thesis entitled “Studies on the fate of nitrogen fixed in soybean nodules” in 1980 from the University of Tokyo. Dr. Ohyama is currently a full professor in the Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture. He was a professor in the Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, from 1982 to 2017. His research interests include symbiotic nitrogen fixation and metabolism in soybean plants, new technology of deep placement of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers for soybean cultivation, nitrogen and carbon metabolism in tulip, curcuma, and cucumber, and the use of stable isotopes and positron-emitting radioisotopes.\n\nDr. Ohyama has published more than 150 papers and 20 book chapters. He has also edited five books.",institutionString:"Tokyo University of Agriculture",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Tokyo University of Agriculture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"108366",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Inubushi",slug:"kazuyuki-inubushi",fullName:"Kazuyuki Inubushi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/108366/images/system/108366.jpg",biography:"Kazuyuki Inubushi was born in Tokyo, Japan, in 1956. He obtained a Ph.D. with a thesis entitled “Studies on easily decomposable organic nitrogen in paddy soils” in 1984 from the University of Tokyo. Dr. Inubushi was a professor in the Graduate School of Horticulture, Department of Biological Production, Chiba University, from 1996 to 2021. He is currently Grand Fellow and Professor Emeritus. His research interests include nitrogen and other nutrients’ dynamics in paddy soil, effects of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers on microbial biomass in soil and greenhouse gas emission, nitrogen fixation and soil rehabilitation in arid soil, and use of stable isotopes and long-term soil fertility. Dr. Inubushi has published more than 200 papers and 45 book chapters. He has also edited three books.",institutionString:"Chiba University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Chiba University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"28",title:"Agrochemical",slug:"agrochemical"}],chapters:[{id:"78542",title:"Mitigation of Climate Change by Nitrogen Managements in Agriculture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99972",slug:"mitigation-of-climate-change-by-nitrogen-managements-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:296,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Soil is one of the important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally producing through soil microbial processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. Agricultural soils receive chemical and organic fertilizers to maintain or increase crop yield and soil fertility, but several factors are influencing N2O emissions, such as types and conditions of soil and fertilizer, and rate, form, and timing of application. Mitigation of N2O is a challenging topic for future earth by using inhibitors, controlled-release fertilizers, and other amendments, but the cost and side effects should be considered for feasibility.",signatures:"Kazuyuki Inubushi and Miwa Yashima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78542",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78542",authors:[{id:"108366",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",surname:"Inubushi",slug:"kazuyuki-inubushi",fullName:"Kazuyuki Inubushi"},{id:"429712",title:"Dr.",name:"Miwa",surname:"Yashima",slug:"miwa-yashima",fullName:"Miwa Yashima"}],corrections:null},{id:"77147",title:"Influence of Heavy Metals on the Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97759",slug:"influence-of-heavy-metals-on-the-nitrogen-metabolism-in-plants",totalDownloads:290,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"As an essential element, Nitrogen is needed in large quantities for being an important component of cellular constituents and for plant metabolism, and its deficiency is one of the most common limitations for plant development. The study of the toxic effects of metal in plants involves a complex system of reactions that can be better determined once having a large attention of the different backgrounds of occurence to determinate how to proceed. The objective of this review is to add scientific knowledge, addressing the main functionalities and characteristics of this relation heavy metals – nitrogen metabolism in plant. Increasing industrialization and urbanization had anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals in biosphere and had largest availability in ecosystems. This toxicity in plants varies with plant species, specific metal, concentration, soil composition, as many heavy metals are considered to be essential for plant growth. Were provided data and reviews regarding the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen metabolism of plants and the responses of plants and the cross-talk of heavy metals and various stressors factors. Is clear to understand the relation between metals amount and the benefit or harm caused on plants, determining then, which mechanism should be activated to protect your physiological system.",signatures:"Vitor Nascimento, Glauco Nogueira, Gabriel Monteiro, Waldemar Júnior, Joze Melissa Nunes de Freitas and Cândido Neto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77147",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77147",authors:[{id:"332095",title:"Dr.",name:"Cândido",surname:"Neto",slug:"candido-neto",fullName:"Cândido Neto"},{id:"332157",title:"Prof.",name:"Joze",surname:"Freitas",slug:"joze-freitas",fullName:"Joze Freitas"}],corrections:null},{id:"75611",title:"Nitrogen Management in Conservation Agriculture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96026",slug:"nitrogen-management-in-conservation-agriculture",totalDownloads:327,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Transitioning to conservation ‘sustainable’ agriculture (CA) from the conventional ‘industrial’ agriculture often increase nitrogen (N) limitation, particularly in the first few years. Inadequate N availability is associated with the permanent crop residues on the soil surface. The soil available N for crop uptake is immobilized by microbial sources of organic residues mineralization. The increase in N immobilization contributes to yield declines, and thus, researchers are advocating for the inclusion of N management as the fourth principle in CA. The challenge for CA under optimized N fertilization is how to reduce environmentally-damaging greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from yield-related productivity. This paper focuses on efficient N management under CA system. Here, we showed the impacts of adaptive N management on crop yields increase, soil health enhancement, and greenhouse gases mitigation. We conclude that efficient N management using innovative technologies and good agronomic practice can scale-up the adoption of CA. An adaptive N management in CA can maintain environmental benefits while contributing to improved soil health and crop productivity. Moreover, the implementation of adaptive N management must be tailored to crop and soil types and location-specific.",signatures:"Anthony Imoudu Oyeogbe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75611",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75611",authors:[{id:"251624",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony Imoudu",surname:"Oyeogbe",slug:"anthony-imoudu-oyeogbe",fullName:"Anthony Imoudu Oyeogbe"}],corrections:null},{id:"74900",title:"Agronomic Response of Camelina to Nitrogen and Seeding Rate on the Northern Great Plains",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95794",slug:"agronomic-response-of-camelina-to-nitrogen-and-seeding-rate-on-the-northern-great-plains",totalDownloads:249,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz,) a new oilseed crop in the Brassicaceae family has favorable agronomic traits and multiple food and industrial uses. Appropriate production practices for optimal camelina yield in temperate climates of North America are lacking. This study investigated the response of camelina seed yield and quality, and agronomic traits to applied N (5 levels, 0, 28, 56, 84, 140 kg ha−1) and four seeding rates (4.5, 9, 13, 17.5 kg ha−1). Separate experiments were conducted at four environments (site-years) for N and three environments for seeding rate in South Dakota. In three of the four environments, the highest N rate increased seed yield by 30 to 60% compared to the control. The increase in seed yield with increasing N rate was linear in a high yielding environment and quadratic in a low yielding environment. Increasing seeding rate increased plant stands but had inconsistent impacts on seed yield depending on location and year. Seed oil concentration ranged from 149 to 350 g kg−1, was inversely related to N rate but was not influenced by seeding rate.",signatures:"Thandiwe Nleya, Dwarika Bhattarai and Phillip Alberti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74900",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74900",authors:[{id:"256127",title:"Dr.",name:"Thandiwe",surname:"Nleya",slug:"thandiwe-nleya",fullName:"Thandiwe Nleya"},{id:"332313",title:"Mr.",name:"Dwarika",surname:"Bhattarai",slug:"dwarika-bhattarai",fullName:"Dwarika Bhattarai"},{id:"342509",title:"Mr.",name:"Phillip",surname:"Alberti",slug:"phillip-alberti",fullName:"Phillip Alberti"}],corrections:null},{id:"74631",title:"Cover Crop Residue Management for Effective Use of Mineralized Nitrogen in Greenhouse Tomato Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95359",slug:"cover-crop-residue-management-for-effective-use-of-mineralized-nitrogen-in-greenhouse-tomato-product",totalDownloads:392,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adequate residue management may enhance the benefits of cover crops on greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) productivity, soil N pool, N cycling, and environmental quality. Regardless of management, cover crops may maintain or increase soil N storage at 10 cm depth compared with bare fallow. Cover crops may also enhance microbial biomass N, as a result, soil N availability may increase with cover crops, except rye (Secale cereale L.), more so with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R.; HV) incorporation than HV mulch and the biculture of HV and rye. Residual inorganic N at surface soil may increase with cover crops, more so with HV and rye monocultures than the biculture. Tomato yield may increase more with the biculture than either HV incorporation or HV mulch because of an efficient residue-N use by tomatoes. The biculture may change the N release pattern from both cover crops: rye of the biculture may release more N than the monoculture, while HV may release a similar or more N in the late than in the early period of tomato growth. With adequate seeding HV/rye ratio (2/1), biculture may maintain or increase soil N storage, increase N cycling and tomato yield, and improve environmental quality.",signatures:"Rafael A. Muchanga and Hajime Araki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74631",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74631",authors:[{id:"178885",title:"Prof.",name:"Hajime",surname:"Araki",slug:"hajime-araki",fullName:"Hajime Araki"},{id:"331914",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael A.",surname:"Muchanga",slug:"rafael-a.-muchanga",fullName:"Rafael A. Muchanga"}],corrections:null},{id:"76074",title:"Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Nodules Affects Seed Protein and Oil Contents: The Suggested Mechanism from the Coordinated Changes of Seed Chemical Compositions and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Activity Caused by Different Types of Nitrogen Fertilizer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96795",slug:"nitrogen-fixation-in-soybean-nodules-affects-seed-protein-and-oil-contents-the-suggested-mechanism-f",totalDownloads:311,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The contents of seed storage compounds, protein and oil, determine the best use of soybean seeds, namely materials for food processing and oil production. Genetic and environmental factors could affect the chemical compositions of soybean seeds. However, the mechanisms of how the accumulation of these primary seed compounds is regulated are mostly unclear. In this chapter, we describe the different effects of nodulation on the protein and oil contents in soybean seeds and the crucial role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in the protein accumulation of soybean seeds. Based on our previous studies on soybean seeds, we introduce five manners deduced; (1) protein accumulation is independent of oil accumulation, (2) nitrogen fixation results in decreasing oil amount per seed and decreased seed oil content, (3) a high pseudo negative correlation between protein and oil contents in seeds is likely to be observed under less nitrogen supply from the soil, (4) nitrogen absorbed from soil during the late growth stage promote seed production, (5) plant-type PEPC, ex. Gmppc2 in soybean could play a role in amino acid biosynthesis for storage protein accumulation in seeds during the late maturation period.",signatures:"Toshio Sugimoto, Naoki Yamamoto and Takehiro Masumura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76074",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76074",authors:[{id:"349322",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshio",surname:"Sugimoto",slug:"toshio-sugimoto",fullName:"Toshio Sugimoto"},{id:"352851",title:"Dr.",name:"Takehiro",surname:"Masumura",slug:"takehiro-masumura",fullName:"Takehiro Masumura"},{id:"352852",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",surname:"Yamamoto",slug:"naoki-yamamoto",fullName:"Naoki Yamamoto"}],corrections:null},{id:"73381",title:"Modeling of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Lettuce Culture (Lactuca sativa): Isotopic Nitrogen (15 N) and AquaCrop",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93741",slug:"modeling-of-nitrogen-use-efficiency-in-lettuce-culture-em-lactuca-sativa-em-isotopic-nitrogen-15-n-a",totalDownloads:405,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present study is highlighted through an experiment carried out over two consecutive years 2014–2016, in the sub humid region of Algiers. The methodology adopted concerns the variation of optimal nitrogen doses and their effects on the evolution of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation, whose socio-economic impact is proven, using isotopic nitrogen (15 N) and the AquaCrop model. The experimental design adopted is of the complete randomized block type, with four (04) levels: 0 (control), 60, 120, and 180 kg N/ha with four (04) replicates. The results obtained showed that the 120 kg N/ha dose is the efficient dose to cover the nitrogen requirements of lettuce with an efficiency of 74.48%. The accuracy of the model in calibration was tested using the following statistical indicators: R2, nRMSE, and d, which are, respectively, 0.64 < R2 < 0.81; 18 < nRMSE <46.3 and 0.78 < d < 0.94 for canopy coverage and 0.92 < R2 < 0.98; 21.6 < nRMSE <34.5 and 0.91 < d < 0.96 for dry biomass. The AquaCrop model could be recommended as a practical tool to better manage agricultural practices including fertilization.",signatures:"Mawhoub Amirouche, Dalila Smadhi and Lakhdar Zella",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73381",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73381",authors:[{id:"327118",title:"Dr.",name:"Mawhoub",surname:"Amirouche",slug:"mawhoub-amirouche",fullName:"Mawhoub Amirouche"},{id:"328106",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalila",surname:"Smadhi",slug:"dalila-smadhi",fullName:"Dalila Smadhi"},{id:"328108",title:"Prof.",name:"Lakhdar",surname:"Zella",slug:"lakhdar-zella",fullName:"Lakhdar Zella"}],corrections:null},{id:"76963",title:"Nitrogen in Flowers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98273",slug:"nitrogen-in-flowers",totalDownloads:314,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter explores the literature and research on nitrogen in flowers. An overview of nitrogen deficiency symptoms in some flowers, i.e., Curcuma alismatifolia (ornamental curcuma), Tagetes erecta (marigold), Zinnia violacea (zinnia), and Gomphrena globose (gomphrena) were presented. Additionally, nitrogen uptake, translocation, and application in some flowers, i.e., ornamental curcuma, narcissus, orchids, and rose, were discussed in this chapter. Nitrogen affects the life cycle of flower, including vegetative and reproductive phases. Flower size, stem length, number of flowers per plant, and color were reduced by nitrogen deficiency. Therefore, the optimum level of nitrogen supply in each growth stage is important for flower crop production.",signatures:"Soraya Ruamrungsri, Kanokwan Panjama, Takuji Ohyama and Chaiartid Inkham",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76963",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76963",authors:[{id:"331008",title:"Prof.",name:"Soraya",surname:"Ruamrungsri",slug:"soraya-ruamrungsri",fullName:"Soraya Ruamrungsri"},{id:"331015",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chaiartid",surname:"Inkham",slug:"chaiartid-inkham",fullName:"Chaiartid Inkham"},{id:"331018",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanokwan",surname:"Panjama",slug:"kanokwan-panjama",fullName:"Kanokwan Panjama"},{id:"331020",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuji",surname:"Ohyama",slug:"takuji-ohyama",fullName:"Takuji Ohyama"}],corrections:null},{id:"74575",title:"Nitrogen Storage in Crops: Case Study of Zeins in Maize",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95380",slug:"nitrogen-storage-in-crops-case-study-of-zeins-in-maize",totalDownloads:444,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Crop grains accumulate significant amounts of nitrogen in the form of storage proteins. Grain storage proteins are not only important in the aspects of germination but also, storage proteins are a valuable food source in human and animal nutrition. This chapter will give insight into genotype and growing conditions influencing the quantity and quality of storage proteins, primarily maize storage proteins the leading cereal by world production. Main storage proteins in cereals are prolamins, and in maize prolamins are called zeins located within the endosperm in protein agglomerations called protein bodies. Four main classes of zein proteins are: alpha, beta, gamma and delta zein. Each of four zein classes has a distinctive position and role within protein bodies. Prolamin proteins define nutritional value of maize grain not only via amino acid quality but also via starch availability. Starch, the most important energy component of maize grain, is located within starch-protein matrix. Within this matrix, starch granules are surrounded by protein bodies that limit starch availability. In this chapter, we will describe how zein proteins influence characteristics of maize grain and nutritional value of maize.",signatures:"Marija Duvnjak, Kristina Kljak and Darko Grbeša",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74575",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74575",authors:[{id:"331561",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Marija",surname:"Duvnjak",slug:"marija-duvnjak",fullName:"Marija Duvnjak"},{id:"331834",title:"Prof.",name:"Darko",surname:"Grbeša",slug:"darko-grbesa",fullName:"Darko Grbeša"},{id:"331835",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristina",surname:"Kljak",slug:"kristina-kljak",fullName:"Kristina Kljak"}],corrections:null},{id:"74707",title:"Conservation of Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms: Understanding of the ECM Fungi Mediated Carbon and Nitrogen Movement within Forest Ecosystems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95399",slug:"conservation-of-edible-ectomycorrhizal-mushrooms-understanding-of-the-ecm-fungi-mediated-carbon-and-",totalDownloads:384,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most edible ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushrooms are currently harvested from nature and many of them are high-priced. Demand for the wild mushrooms as a culinary delicacy has stimulated research that aims to understand (1) the puzzled role that the ECM fungi play in the forest ecosystem, and (2) nutritional and other requirements for fruiting, which is highly variable. In this review, we focus on understanding of the ECM fungi mediated carbon and nitrogen movement between the symbiotic partners and on the interactions with other fungi in forest ecosystems. Thereby, we better understand the diverse nitrogen requirements for edible ECM fungal growth and mushroom fruiting. We attempt to provide a theoretical basis for the future research of edible ECM mushrooms in wild and controlled conditions.",signatures:"Lu-Min Vaario and Norihisa Matsushita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74707",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74707",authors:[{id:"331940",title:"Dr.",name:"Lu-Min",surname:"Vaario",slug:"lu-min-vaario",fullName:"Lu-Min Vaario"},{id:"331941",title:"Prof.",name:"Norihisa",surname:"Matsushita",slug:"norihisa-matsushita",fullName:"Norihisa Matsushita"}],corrections:null},{id:"75626",title:"Promotion of Nitrogen Assimilation by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96634",slug:"promotion-of-nitrogen-assimilation-by-plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria",totalDownloads:289,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nitrogen fertilizers are one of the highest expenses in agricultural systems and usually a limitation to the productions of many agricultural crops worldwide. The intensive use of this element in modern agriculture represents a potential environmental threat, one of the many tools for the sustainable use of this resource without losing productivity is the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, especially nitrogen-fixing bacteria. However, in considering the competitiveness of the market, studies are still needed to determine the most efficient way to use this resource and if the nitrogen mineral fertilization is indeed substitutable. As a result, this study aims to deepen the scientific knowledge of the plant-microbe interactions by addressing their main characteristics and functionalities for plant growth and development and efficiency in the use of nitrogen. For this we reviewed relevant information from scientific works that address these issues.",signatures:"Gabriel Monteiro, Glauco Nogueira, Cândido Neto, Vitor Nascimento and Joze Freitas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75626",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75626",authors:[{id:"332151",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Glauco",surname:"Nogueira",slug:"glauco-nogueira",fullName:"Glauco Nogueira"},{id:"347319",title:"Mr.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"gustavo-monteiro",fullName:"Gustavo Monteiro"},{id:"347320",title:"MSc.",name:"Vitor",surname:"Nascimento",slug:"vitor-nascimento",fullName:"Vitor Nascimento"},{id:"347321",title:"Prof.",name:"Joze",surname:"Freitas",slug:"joze-freitas",fullName:"Joze Freitas"}],corrections:null},{id:"77770",title:"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Sustainable Agriculture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99262",slug:"mycorrhizal-fungi-and-sustainable-agriculture",totalDownloads:314,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The 20thcentury witnessed an augmentation in agricultural production, mainly through the progress and use of pesticides, fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and developments in plant breeding and genetic skills. In the naturally existing ecology, rhizospheric soils have innumerable biological living beings to favor the plant development, nutrient assimilation, stress tolerance, disease deterrence, carbon seizing and others. These organisms include mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. which solubilize nutrients and assist the plants in up taking by roots. Amongst them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have key importance in natural ecosystem, but high rate of chemical fertilizer in agricultural fields is diminishing its importance. The majority of the terrestrial plants form association with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis confers benefits directly to the host plant’s growth and development through the acquisition of Phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients from the soil by the AMF. They may also enhance the protection of plants against pathogens and increases the plant diversity. This is achieved by the growth of AMF mycelium within the host root (intra radical) and out into the soil (extra radical) beyond. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. AM fungi are especially important for sustainable farming systems because AM fungi are efficient when nutrient availability is low and when nutrients are bound to organic matter and soil particles.",signatures:"Soibam Helena Devi, Ingudam Bhupenchandra, Soibam Sinyorita, S.K. Chongtham and E. Lamalakshmi Devi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77770",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77770",authors:[{id:"301167",title:"Dr.",name:"E. Lamalakshmi",surname:"Devi",slug:"e.-lamalakshmi-devi",fullName:"E. Lamalakshmi Devi"},{id:"311911",title:"Dr.",name:"S.K.",surname:"Chongtham",slug:"s.k.-chongtham",fullName:"S.K. Chongtham"},{id:"345840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingudam",surname:"Bhupenchandra",slug:"ingudam-bhupenchandra",fullName:"Ingudam Bhupenchandra"},{id:"423173",title:"Mrs.",name:"Soibam",surname:"Helena Devi",slug:"soibam-helena-devi",fullName:"Soibam Helena Devi"},{id:"423177",title:"Dr.",name:"Soibam",surname:"Sinyorita",slug:"soibam-sinyorita",fullName:"Soibam Sinyorita"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3806",title:"Advances in Biology and Ecology of Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d7b6b90726ea589e7d303b4d95afa99c",slug:"advances-in-biology-and-ecology-of-nitrogen-fixation",bookSignature:"Takuji Ohyama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3806.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30061",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuji",surname:"Ohyama",slug:"takuji-ohyama",fullName:"Takuji Ohyama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8044",title:"Root Biology",subtitle:"Growth, Physiology, and Functions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e29d230e2fb39fddbf72452c91fe411d",slug:"root-biology-growth-physiology-and-functions",bookSignature:"Takuji Ohyama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8044.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30061",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuji",surname:"Ohyama",slug:"takuji-ohyama",fullName:"Takuji Ohyama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"81439",slug:"corrigendum-to-the-development-biology-authentic-learning-of-mahasarakham-university-demonstration-s",title:"Corrigendum to: The Development Biology Authentic Learning of Mahasarakham University Demonstration School (Secondary), Thailand",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81439.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81439",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81439",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81439",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81439",chapter:{id:"78086",slug:"the-development-biology-authentic-learning-of-mahasarakham-university-demonstration-school-secondary",signatures:"Wutthisak Bunnaen",dateSubmitted:"April 27th 2021",dateReviewed:"June 8th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 13th 2021",datePublished:"February 9th 2022",book:{id:"9558",title:"Active Learning",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",fullTitle:"Active Learning - Theory and Practice",slug:"active-learning-theory-and-practice",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",bookSignature:"Olena Lutsenko and Gregory Lutsenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225667",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olena",middleName:null,surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"olena-lutsenko",fullName:"Olena Lutsenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"342787",title:"Dr.",name:"Wutthisak",middleName:null,surname:"Bunnaen",fullName:"Wutthisak Bunnaen",slug:"wutthisak-bunnaen",email:"wutthisakcomplete@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"78086",slug:"the-development-biology-authentic-learning-of-mahasarakham-university-demonstration-school-secondary",signatures:"Wutthisak Bunnaen",dateSubmitted:"April 27th 2021",dateReviewed:"June 8th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 13th 2021",datePublished:"February 9th 2022",book:{id:"9558",title:"Active Learning",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",fullTitle:"Active Learning - Theory and Practice",slug:"active-learning-theory-and-practice",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",bookSignature:"Olena Lutsenko and Gregory Lutsenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225667",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olena",middleName:null,surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"olena-lutsenko",fullName:"Olena Lutsenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"342787",title:"Dr.",name:"Wutthisak",middleName:null,surname:"Bunnaen",fullName:"Wutthisak Bunnaen",slug:"wutthisak-bunnaen",email:"wutthisakcomplete@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9558",title:"Active Learning",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",fullTitle:"Active Learning - Theory and Practice",slug:"active-learning-theory-and-practice",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",bookSignature:"Olena Lutsenko and Gregory Lutsenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225667",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olena",middleName:null,surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"olena-lutsenko",fullName:"Olena Lutsenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7047",leadTitle:null,title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The aim of this book is to ensure a safe understanding and use of botulinum toxin in medicine. Known indications, contraindications, diversity, comparative effects between subtypes, limits, allergies, treatments, adverse reactions, nonresponsiveness, and new investigations will be described. Botulinum toxin can be currently used in nearly every specialty. The main areas in this book are cosmetics and dermatology, as well as dentistry, urology, masseter hypertrophy, chronic pain treatment, and others. The important aim is formation of the knowledge of anatomy, muscles to be treated and their function, risk factors, brand names, associations with operations, and other treatments.",isbn:"978-1-78984-136-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-135-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-755-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73809",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"botulinum-toxin",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"2a6791462a0bbc32c6da3218dcf5ac28",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7047.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:11312,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfTotalCitations:23,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 27th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 20th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 19th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 7th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 6th 2018",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32585/images/1704_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Nikolay Serdev, MD, PhD is a renowned cosmetic surgeon. He has trained hundreds of doctors globally in minimally invasive aesthetic surgery and medical procedures as well as in his author techniques. \r\nHe is the creator of Scarless Serdev Suture® lifts of face and body and pioneer in many other mini-invasive cosmetic surgery techniques: ultrasound liposculpture of face, body and leg elongation and beautification; T-excision and columella sliding in rhinoplasty; non-surgical body contouring; and their combination with his own suture to facial rejuvenation, beautification and tissue volumising. He is also a world authority in ultrasound-assisted (VASER) body contouring and has trained doctors from around the world in its basic and advanced techniques. \r\nDr. Serdev is Honorary professor at the New Bulgarian University in Sofia and director of its program of qualification in Aesthetic Surgery. He divides his time between his clinic, the University and short travels for international meetings, live surgery demonstrations and hands-on courses in countries of all continents. \r\nHe is editor and author of several comprehensive textbooks in the field of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery, including Liposuction, Sutures Lifts on Face and Body Areas, Thread vs Suture lift techniques, Rhinoplasty and has authored many chapters in aesthetic surgery and medicine books, as well as original papers in medical journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"20",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1211",title:"Toxinology",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science-toxicology-toxinology"}],chapters:[{id:"62361",title:"Botulinum Toxins, Diversity, Mode of Action, Epidemiology of Botulism in France",slug:"botulinum-toxins-diversity-mode-of-action-epidemiology-of-botulism-in-france",totalDownloads:1476,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"250271",title:"Dr.",name:"Michel",surname:"Popoff",slug:"michel-popoff",fullName:"Michel Popoff"}]},{id:"62848",title:"Botulinum Toxin Adverse Events",slug:"botulinum-toxin-adverse-events",totalDownloads:1687,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"250248",title:"Prof.",name:"Raffaela",surname:"Pero",slug:"raffaela-pero",fullName:"Raffaela Pero"},{id:"264467",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Laneri",slug:"sonia-laneri",fullName:"Sonia Laneri"},{id:"264468",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",surname:"Fico",slug:"giovanna-fico",fullName:"Giovanna Fico"}]},{id:"63468",title:"Experimental Comparative Effects of Botulinum Toxin A between Subtypes A1 and A2 in Movement Disorders in Rats",slug:"experimental-comparative-effects-of-botulinum-toxin-a-between-subtypes-a1-and-a2-in-movement-disorde",totalDownloads:1020,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"221540",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hidemitsu",surname:"Nakajima",slug:"hidemitsu-nakajima",fullName:"Hidemitsu Nakajima"},{id:"251147",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoko",surname:"Kohda",slug:"tomoko-kohda",fullName:"Tomoko Kohda"},{id:"252690",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasushi",surname:"Torii",slug:"yasushi-torii",fullName:"Yasushi Torii"}]},{id:"62524",title:"Adjuvant Botulinum Toxin Harmonisation in Minimally Invasive Facial Aesthetic Surgery",slug:"adjuvant-botulinum-toxin-harmonisation-in-minimally-invasive-facial-aesthetic-surgery",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"151273",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronald",surname:"Feiner",slug:"ronald-feiner",fullName:"Ronald Feiner"},{id:"151341",title:"Dr.",name:"Chedly",surname:"Bouzouaya",slug:"chedly-bouzouaya",fullName:"Chedly Bouzouaya"}]},{id:"62650",title:"Masseter Hypertrophy: Toxin Treatment Techniques, Causes of Complications, and Prevention",slug:"masseter-hypertrophy-toxin-treatment-techniques-causes-of-complications-and-prevention",totalDownloads:2130,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"248440",title:"M.D.",name:"Hsien Li Peter",surname:"Peng",slug:"hsien-li-peter-peng",fullName:"Hsien Li Peter Peng"}]},{id:"62007",title:"Botulinum Toxin in Dentistry",slug:"botulinum-toxin-in-dentistry",totalDownloads:1742,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"249415",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana",surname:"Mostafa",slug:"diana-mostafa",fullName:"Diana Mostafa"}]},{id:"62222",title:"Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Chronic Migraines",slug:"botulinum-toxin-for-the-treatment-of-chronic-migraines",totalDownloads:1244,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"247134",title:"M.D.",name:"Alberto J.",surname:"Kalach-Mussali",slug:"alberto-j.-kalach-mussali",fullName:"Alberto J. Kalach-Mussali"},{id:"247138",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Mondlak-Algazi",slug:"daniel-mondlak-algazi",fullName:"Daniel Mondlak-Algazi"}]},{id:"62666",title:"Urological Applications of Botulinum Toxin A",slug:"urological-applications-of-botulinum-toxin-a",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"64097",title:"Dr.",name:"Tariq",surname:"Al-Shaiji",slug:"tariq-al-shaiji",fullName:"Tariq Al-Shaiji"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177730",firstName:"Edi",lastName:"Lipovic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177730/images/4741_n.jpg",email:"edi@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"330",title:"Advanced Techniques in Liposuction and Fat Transfer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b46d7571b3a7f78d03a83f809c7a637f",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-liposuction-and-fat-transfer",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5110",title:"Miniinvasive Techniques in Rhinoplasty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"795ab5e7adfc30a3907f52b636c45029",slug:"miniinvasive-techniques-in-rhinoplasty",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5110.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"2989",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",subtitle:"Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e9600ab8fe9125b2c41161d2ee91ff3",slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2989.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5346",title:"Body Contouring and Sculpting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79bcaa74382f64066fe10bf59e89be6d",slug:"body-contouring-and-sculpting",bookSignature:"Nikolay P. Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5346.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1507",title:"Toxicity and Drug Testing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cb1ab42a370378ac16ed04066a175dfa",slug:"toxicity-and-drug-testing",bookSignature:"William Acree",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1507.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24335",title:"Prof.",name:"Bill",surname:"Acree",slug:"bill-acree",fullName:"Bill Acree"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"21925",title:"SNCA Gene Multiplication: A Model Mechanism of Parkinson Disease",doi:"10.5772/24726",slug:"snca-gene-multiplication-a-model-mechanism-of-parkinson-disease",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/21925.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21925",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21925",totalDownloads:4570,totalViews:220,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:78,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 11th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 27th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 21st 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/21925",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/21925",book:{id:"364",slug:"gene-duplication"},signatures:"Kenya Nishioka, Owen A. Ross and Nobutaka Hattori",authors:[{id:"59101",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenya",middleName:null,surname:"Nishioka",fullName:"Kenya Nishioka",slug:"kenya-nishioka",email:"kenya.nishioka@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Juntendo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"59104",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Hattori",fullName:"Nobutaka Hattori",slug:"nobutaka-hattori",email:"nhattori@juntendo.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"95603",title:"Dr.",name:"Owen",middleName:null,surname:"Ross",fullName:"Owen Ross",slug:"owen-ross",email:"Ross.Owen@mayo.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Mayo Clinic",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"364",type:"book",title:"Gene Duplication",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Gene Duplication",slug:"gene-duplication",publishedDate:"October 21st 2011",bookSignature:"Felix Friedberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/364.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-387-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4414-4",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:72,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"62782",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Friedberg",slug:"felix-friedberg",fullName:"Felix Friedberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"419"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"21906",type:"chapter",title:"A Theoretical Scheme of the Large-Scale Evolution by Generating New Genes from Gene Duplication",slug:"a-theoretical-scheme-of-the-large-scale-evolution-by-generating-new-genes-from-gene-duplication",totalDownloads:1851,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jinya Otsuka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48434",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinya",middleName:null,surname:"Otsuka",fullName:"Jinya Otsuka",slug:"jinya-otsuka"}]},{id:"21907",type:"chapter",title:"Duplicated Gene Evolution Following Whole-Genome Duplication in Teleost Fish",slug:"duplicated-gene-evolution-following-whole-genome-duplication-in-teleost-fish",totalDownloads:2646,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Baocheng Guo, Andreas Wagner and Shunping He",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shunping",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Shunping He",slug:"shunping-he"},{id:"60780",title:"Dr.",name:"Baocheng",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Baocheng Guo",slug:"baocheng-guo"},{id:"102240",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Wagner",fullName:"Andreas Wagner",slug:"andreas-wagner"}]},{id:"21908",type:"chapter",title:"Detection and Analysis of Functional Specialization in Duplicated Genes",slug:"detection-and-analysis-of-functional-specialization-in-duplicated-genes",totalDownloads:2183,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Owen Z. Woody and Brendan J. McConkey",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56404",title:"Dr.",name:"Brendan",middleName:null,surname:"McConkey",fullName:"Brendan McConkey",slug:"brendan-mcconkey"},{id:"59744",title:"Mr.",name:"Owen",middleName:null,surname:"Woody",fullName:"Owen Woody",slug:"owen-woody"}]},{id:"21909",type:"chapter",title:"Predicting Tandemly Arrayed Gene Duplicates with WebScipio",slug:"predicting-tandemly-arrayed-gene-duplicates-with-webscipio",totalDownloads:2252,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Klas Hatje and Martin Kollmar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56262",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Kollmar",fullName:"Martin Kollmar",slug:"martin-kollmar"},{id:"60104",title:"MSc",name:"Klas",middleName:null,surname:"Hatje",fullName:"Klas Hatje",slug:"klas-hatje"}]},{id:"21910",type:"chapter",title:"The LRR and TM Containing Multi-Domain Proteins in Arabidopsis",slug:"the-lrr-and-tm-containing-multi-domain-proteins-in-arabidopsis",totalDownloads:2300,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Felix Friedberg",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"62782",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Friedberg",fullName:"Felix Friedberg",slug:"felix-friedberg"}]},{id:"21911",type:"chapter",title:"Partial Gene Duplication and the Formation of Novel Genes",slug:"partial-gene-duplication-and-the-formation-of-novel-genes",totalDownloads:2508,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Macarena Toll-Riera, Steve Laurie, Núria Radó-Trilla and M.Mar Alba",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45084",title:"Prof.",name:"M.Mar",middleName:null,surname:"Alba",fullName:"M.Mar Alba",slug:"m.mar-alba"},{id:"46552",title:"MSc.",name:"Macarena",middleName:null,surname:"Toll-Riera",fullName:"Macarena Toll-Riera",slug:"macarena-toll-riera"},{id:"46553",title:"MSc.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Laurie",fullName:"Steve Laurie",slug:"steve-laurie"},{id:"46554",title:"MSc.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Radó-Trilla",fullName:"Nuria Radó-Trilla",slug:"nuria-rado-trilla"}]},{id:"21912",type:"chapter",title:"Immunoglobulin Polygeny: An Evolutionary Perspective",slug:"immunoglobulin-polygeny-an-evolutionary-perspective",totalDownloads:2388,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"J. E. Butler, Xiu-Zhu Sun and Nancy Wertz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"58460",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Butler",fullName:"John Butler",slug:"john-butler"},{id:"136846",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiu-Zhu",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Xiu-Zhu Sun",slug:"xiu-zhu-sun"},{id:"136847",title:"Prof.",name:"Nancy",middleName:null,surname:"Wertz",fullName:"Nancy Wertz",slug:"nancy-wertz"}]},{id:"21913",type:"chapter",title:"Gene Duplication in Insecticide Resistance",slug:"gene-duplication-in-insecticide-resistance",totalDownloads:2320,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Si Hyeock Lee and Deok Ho Kwon",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"58198",title:"Dr.",name:"Si Hyeock",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Si Hyeock Lee",slug:"si-hyeock-lee"},{id:"137529",title:"Dr.",name:"Deok Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Kwon",fullName:"Deok Ho Kwon",slug:"deok-ho-kwon"}]},{id:"21914",type:"chapter",title:"Gene Duplication and the Origin of Translation Factors",slug:"gene-duplication-and-the-origin-of-translation-factors",totalDownloads:2200,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Galina Zhouravleva and Stanislav Bondarev",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46102",title:"Prof.",name:"Galina",middleName:null,surname:"Zhouravleva",fullName:"Galina Zhouravleva",slug:"galina-zhouravleva"},{id:"59636",title:"Mr.",name:"Stanislav",middleName:null,surname:"Bondarev",fullName:"Stanislav Bondarev",slug:"stanislav-bondarev"}]},{id:"21915",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of Duplicate Gene Families in Microbial Genomes and Application to the Study of Gene Duplication in M. tuberculosis",slug:"analysis-of-duplicate-gene-families-in-microbial-genomes-and-application-to-the-study-of-gene-duplic",totalDownloads:2604,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Venu Vuppu and Nicola Mulder",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"55715",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Mulder",fullName:"Nicola Mulder",slug:"nicola-mulder"},{id:"59870",title:"Mr",name:"Venu",middleName:null,surname:"Vuppu",fullName:"Venu Vuppu",slug:"venu-vuppu"}]},{id:"21916",type:"chapter",title:"The Evolutionary History of CBF Transcription Factors: Gene Duplication of CCAAT – Binding Factors NF-Y in Plants",slug:"the-evolutionary-history-of-cbf-transcription-factors-gene-duplication-of-ccaat-binding-factors-nf-y",totalDownloads:2455,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Alexandro Cagliari, Andreia Carina Turchetto-Zolet, Felipe dos Santos Maraschin, Guilherme Loss, Rogério Margis and Marcia Margis-Pinheiro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53376",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcia",middleName:null,surname:"Margis",fullName:"Marcia Margis",slug:"marcia-margis"}]},{id:"21917",type:"chapter",title:"L- Myo-Inositol 1-Phosphate Synthase (MIPS) in Chickpea: Gene Duplication and Functional Divergence",slug:"l-myo-inositol-1-phosphate-synthase-mips-in-chickpea-gene-duplication-and-functional-divergence",totalDownloads:2450,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Manoj Majee and Harmeet Kaur",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47730",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Majee",fullName:"Manoj Majee",slug:"manoj-majee"},{id:"136848",title:"PhD.",name:"Harmeet",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",fullName:"Harmeet Kaur",slug:"harmeet-kaur"}]},{id:"21918",type:"chapter",title:"On the Specialization History of the ADP-Dependent Sugar Kinase Family",slug:"on-the-specialization-history-of-the-adp-dependent-sugar-kinase-family",totalDownloads:2374,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Felipe Merino and Victoria Guixe",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50824",title:"Dr.",name:"Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Guixé",fullName:"Victoria Guixé",slug:"victoria-guixe"},{id:"60134",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe",middleName:null,surname:"Merino",fullName:"Felipe Merino",slug:"felipe-merino"}]},{id:"21919",type:"chapter",title:"Duplication of Coagulation Factor Genes and Evolution of Snake Venom Prothrombin Activators",slug:"duplication-of-coagulation-factor-genes-and-evolution-of-snake-venom-prothrombin-activators",totalDownloads:2340,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shiyang Kwong and R. Manjunatha Kini",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52001",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Manjunatha",middleName:null,surname:"Kini",fullName:"R. Manjunatha Kini",slug:"r.-manjunatha-kini"},{id:"52013",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiyang",middleName:null,surname:"Kwong",fullName:"Shiyang Kwong",slug:"shiyang-kwong"}]},{id:"21920",type:"chapter",title:"A Puroindoline Mutigene Family Exhibits Sequence Diversity in Wheat and is Associated with Yield-Related Traits",slug:"a-puroindoline-mutigene-family-exhibits-sequence-diversity-in-wheat-and-is-associated-with-yield-rel",totalDownloads:1886,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Feng Chen, Fuyan Zhang, Craig F. Morris and Dangqun Cui",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51908",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Feng Chen",slug:"feng-chen"},{id:"56881",title:"Mr.",name:"Craig",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",fullName:"Craig Morris",slug:"craig-morris"},{id:"137729",title:"Prof.",name:"Fuyan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Fuyan Zhang",slug:"fuyan-zhang"},{id:"137730",title:"Prof.",name:"Dangqun",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",fullName:"Dangqun Cui",slug:"dangqun-cui"}]},{id:"21921",type:"chapter",title:"Evolution of GPI-Aspartyl Proteinases (Yapsines) of Candida spp",slug:"evolution-of-gpi-aspartyl-proteinases-yapsines-of-candida-spp",totalDownloads:2404,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Berenice Parra-Ortega, Lourdes Villa-Tanaca and César Hernández-Rodríguez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52112",title:"Dr.",name:"César",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez-Rodriguez",fullName:"César Hernandez-Rodriguez",slug:"cesar-hernandez-rodriguez"},{id:"59384",title:"Dr.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Villa-Tanaca",fullName:"Lourdes Villa-Tanaca",slug:"lourdes-villa-tanaca"},{id:"59385",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Parra-Ortega",fullName:"Berenice Parra-Ortega",slug:"berenice-parra-ortega"}]},{id:"21922",type:"chapter",title:"Clues to Evolution of the SERA Multigene Family in the Genus Plasmodium",slug:"clues-to-evolution-of-the-sera-multigene-family-in-the-genus-plasmodium",totalDownloads:1806,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nobuko Arisue, Nirianne M. Q. Palacpac, Kazuyuki Tanabe and Toshihiro Horii",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52128",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Horii",fullName:"Toshihiro Horii",slug:"toshihiro-horii"},{id:"58828",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuko",middleName:null,surname:"Arisue",fullName:"Nobuko Arisue",slug:"nobuko-arisue"},{id:"58829",title:"Dr.",name:"Nirianne",middleName:null,surname:"Palacpac",fullName:"Nirianne Palacpac",slug:"nirianne-palacpac"},{id:"58830",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Tanabe",fullName:"Kazuyuki Tanabe",slug:"kazuyuki-tanabe"}]},{id:"21923",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Evolution of Juvenile Hormone Signaling",slug:"molecular-evolution-of-juvenile-hormone-signaling",totalDownloads:2616,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aaron A. Baumann and Thomas G. Wilson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"55705",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",fullName:"Thomas Wilson",slug:"thomas-wilson"},{id:"60103",title:"Dr",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Baumann",fullName:"Aaron Baumann",slug:"aaron-baumann"}]},{id:"21924",type:"chapter",title:"Gene Duplication and Subsequent Differentiation of Esterases in Cactophilic Drosophila Species",slug:"gene-duplication-and-subsequent-differentiation-of-esterases-in-cactophilic-drosophila-species",totalDownloads:2102,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rogério P. Mateus, Luciana P. B. Machado and Carlos R. Ceron",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"58360",title:"Dr.",name:"Rogerio",middleName:null,surname:"Mateus",fullName:"Rogerio Mateus",slug:"rogerio-mateus"},{id:"58368",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Machado",fullName:"Luciana Machado",slug:"luciana-machado"},{id:"58369",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Ceron",fullName:"Carlos Ceron",slug:"carlos-ceron"}]},{id:"21925",type:"chapter",title:"SNCA Gene Multiplication: A Model Mechanism of Parkinson Disease",slug:"snca-gene-multiplication-a-model-mechanism-of-parkinson-disease",totalDownloads:4570,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Kenya Nishioka, Owen A. Ross and Nobutaka Hattori",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"59101",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenya",middleName:null,surname:"Nishioka",fullName:"Kenya Nishioka",slug:"kenya-nishioka"},{id:"59104",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Hattori",fullName:"Nobutaka Hattori",slug:"nobutaka-hattori"},{id:"95603",title:"Dr.",name:"Owen",middleName:null,surname:"Ross",fullName:"Owen Ross",slug:"owen-ross"}]},{id:"21926",type:"chapter",title:"Bucentaur (Bcnt) Gene Family: Gene Duplication and Retrotransposon Insertion",slug:"bucentaur-bcnt-gene-family-gene-duplication-and-retrotransposon-insertion",totalDownloads:2856,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Shintaro Iwashita and Naoki Osada",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47356",title:"Prof.",name:"Shintaro",middleName:null,surname:"Iwashita",fullName:"Shintaro Iwashita",slug:"shintaro-iwashita"},{id:"63986",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Osada",fullName:"Naoki Osada",slug:"naoki-osada"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1446",title:"Senescence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7aa2772cf0b5653b6c599dba90f4c709",slug:"senescence",bookSignature:"Tetsuji Nagata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1446.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93967",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuji",surname:"Nagata",slug:"tetsuji-nagata",fullName:"Tetsuji Nagata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"30022",title:"Photo- and Free Radical-Mediated Oxidation of Lipid Components During the Senescence of Phototrophic Organisms",slug:"photo-and-free-radical-mediated-oxidation-of-lipid-components-during-the-senescence-of-phototrophic-",signatures:"Jean-François Rontani",authors:[{id:"98240",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-François",middleName:null,surname:"Rontani",fullName:"Jean-François Rontani",slug:"jean-francois-rontani"}]},{id:"30023",title:"Role of Intracellular Hydrogen Peroxide as Signalling Molecule for Plant Senescence",slug:"role-of-intracellular-hydrogen-peroxide-as-signalling-molecule-for-plant-senescence",signatures:"Ulrike Zentgraf, Petra Zimmermann and Anja Smykowski",authors:[{id:"100772",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrike",middleName:null,surname:"Zentgraf",fullName:"Ulrike Zentgraf",slug:"ulrike-zentgraf"}]},{id:"30024",title:"Metabolic Regulation of Leaf Senescence in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Plants",slug:"metabolic-regulation-of-leaf-senescence-in-sunflower-helianthus-annuus-l-plants",signatures:"Eloísa Agüera, Purificación Cabello, Lourdes de la Mata, Estefanía Molina and Purificación de la Haba",authors:[{id:"96627",title:"Dr.",name:"Eloísa",middleName:null,surname:"Agüera",fullName:"Eloísa Agüera",slug:"eloisa-aguera"},{id:"113596",title:"Dr.",name:"Purificación",middleName:null,surname:"Cabello",fullName:"Purificación Cabello",slug:"purificacion-cabello"},{id:"113599",title:"Ms.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"De La Mata",fullName:"Lourdes De La Mata",slug:"lourdes-de-la-mata"},{id:"113600",title:"Dr.",name:"Purificación",middleName:null,surname:"De La Haba",fullName:"Purificación De La Haba",slug:"purificacion-de-la-haba"},{id:"118978",title:"BSc.",name:"Estefanía",middleName:null,surname:"Molina",fullName:"Estefanía Molina",slug:"estefania-molina"}]},{id:"30025",title:"Functional Approaches to Study Leaf Senescence in Sunflower",slug:"functional-approaches-to-study-leaf-senescence-in-sunflower",signatures:"Paula Fernandez, Sebastián Moschen, Norma Paniego and Ruth A. Heinz",authors:[{id:"96660",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez",fullName:"Paula Fernandez",slug:"paula-fernandez"},{id:"101626",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Moschen",fullName:"Sebastian Moschen",slug:"sebastian-moschen"},{id:"101627",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma",middleName:null,surname:"Paniego",fullName:"Norma Paniego",slug:"norma-paniego"},{id:"101628",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth",middleName:null,surname:"Heinz",fullName:"Ruth Heinz",slug:"ruth-heinz"}]},{id:"30026",title:"Plant Ageing, a Counteracting Agent to Xenobiotic Stress",slug:"plant-ageing-a-counteracting-agent-to-xenobiotic-stress",signatures:"David Delmail and Pascal Labrousse",authors:[{id:"89443",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Delmail",fullName:"David Delmail",slug:"david-delmail"},{id:"93197",title:"Dr.",name:"Pascal",middleName:null,surname:"Labrousse",fullName:"Pascal Labrousse",slug:"pascal-labrousse"}]},{id:"30027",title:"Some Aspects of Leaf Senescence",slug:"some-aspects-of-leaf-senescence",signatures:"Hafsi Miloud and Guendouz Ali",authors:[{id:"92686",title:"Prof.",name:"Miloud",middleName:null,surname:"Hafsi",fullName:"Miloud Hafsi",slug:"miloud-hafsi"},{id:"99819",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Guendouz",fullName:"Ali Guendouz",slug:"ali-guendouz"}]},{id:"30028",title:"Advances in Plant Senescence",slug:"advances-in-plant-senescence",signatures:"Kieron D. Edwards, Matt Humphry and Juan Pablo Sanchez-Tamburrino",authors:[{id:"101419",title:"Dr.",name:"Kieron",middleName:null,surname:"Edwards",fullName:"Kieron Edwards",slug:"kieron-edwards"},{id:"136209",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Tamburrino",fullName:"Juan Pablo Sanchez-Tamburrino",slug:"juan-pablo-sanchez-tamburrino"},{id:"136210",title:"Dr.",name:"Matt",middleName:null,surname:"Humphry",fullName:"Matt Humphry",slug:"matt-humphry"}]},{id:"30029",title:"The Legume Root Nodule: From Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation to Senescence",slug:"the-legume-root-nodule-from-symbiotic-nitrogen-fixation-to-senescence",signatures:"Laurence Dupont, Geneviève Alloing, Olivier Pierre, Sarra El Msehli, Julie Hopkins, Didier Hérouart and Pierre Frendo",authors:[{id:"100143",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Frendo",fullName:"Pierre Frendo",slug:"pierre-frendo"},{id:"100842",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurence",middleName:null,surname:"Dupont",fullName:"Laurence Dupont",slug:"laurence-dupont"},{id:"100848",title:"Dr.",name:"Geneviève",middleName:null,surname:"Alloing",fullName:"Geneviève Alloing",slug:"genevieve-alloing"},{id:"100852",title:"MSc.",name:"Sarra",middleName:null,surname:"El Msehli",fullName:"Sarra El Msehli",slug:"sarra-el-msehli"},{id:"100854",title:"MSc.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Pierre",fullName:"Olivier Pierre",slug:"olivier-pierre"},{id:"100859",title:"BSc.",name:"Julie",middleName:null,surname:"Hopkins",fullName:"Julie Hopkins",slug:"julie-hopkins"},{id:"100860",title:"Prof.",name:"Didier",middleName:null,surname:"Hérouart",fullName:"Didier Hérouart",slug:"didier-herouart"}]},{id:"30030",title:"The Nucleolus and Ribosomal Genes in Aging and Senescence",slug:"the-nucleolus-in-aging-and-senescence-",signatures:"Nadine Hein, Elaine Sanij, Jaclyn Quin, Katherine M. Hannan, Austen Ganley and Ross D. Hannan",authors:[{id:"100779",title:"Prof.",name:"Ross",middleName:null,surname:"Hannan",fullName:"Ross Hannan",slug:"ross-hannan"}]},{id:"30031",title:"Senescence in Animals: Why Evolutionary Theories Matter",slug:"senescence-in-animals-why-evolutionary-theories-matter-",signatures:"Thiago Monaco, Daniel Silvestre and Paulo S. P. Silveira",authors:[{id:"89472",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:null,surname:"Monaco",fullName:"Thiago Monaco",slug:"thiago-monaco"},{id:"121139",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Silveira",fullName:"Paulo Silveira",slug:"paulo-silveira"},{id:"121140",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Silvestre",fullName:"Daniel Silvestre",slug:"daniel-silvestre"}]},{id:"30032",title:"The Quest for Immortality in Triatomines: A Meta-Analysis of the Senescence Process in Hemimetabolous Hematophagous Insects",slug:"-the-quest-for-immortality-in-triatomines-a-meta-analysis-of-the-senescence-process-in-hemimetabolou",signatures:"Paula Medone, Jorge Rabinovich, Eliana Nieves, Soledad Ceccarelli, Delmi Canale, Raúl L. Stariolo and Frédéric Menu",authors:[{id:"101375",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rabinovich",fullName:"Jorge Rabinovich",slug:"jorge-rabinovich"},{id:"101422",title:"BSc.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Medone",fullName:"Paula Medone",slug:"paula-medone"},{id:"101468",title:"Dr.",name:"Frédéric",middleName:null,surname:"Menu",fullName:"Frédéric Menu",slug:"frederic-menu"},{id:"137886",title:"Ms.",name:"Soledad",middleName:null,surname:"Ceccarelli",fullName:"Soledad Ceccarelli",slug:"soledad-ceccarelli"},{id:"137887",title:"BSc.",name:"Delmi Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Canale",fullName:"Delmi Margarita Canale",slug:"delmi-margarita-canale"},{id:"138044",title:"BSc.",name:"Eliana",middleName:null,surname:"Nieves",fullName:"Eliana Nieves",slug:"eliana-nieves"},{id:"138396",title:"BSc.",name:"Raúl L.",middleName:null,surname:"Stariolo",fullName:"Raúl L. Stariolo",slug:"raul-l.-stariolo"}]},{id:"30033",title:"Programming and Implementation of Age-Related Changes",slug:"programming-and-implementation-of-age-related-changes",signatures:"Jaba Tkemaladze, Alexander Tavartkiladze and Konstantin Chichinadze",authors:[{id:"95394",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaba",middleName:null,surname:"Tkemaladze",fullName:"Jaba Tkemaladze",slug:"jaba-tkemaladze"},{id:"95400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Tavartkiladze",fullName:"Alexandre Tavartkiladze",slug:"alexandre-tavartkiladze"},{id:"128961",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantin",middleName:null,surname:"Chichinadze",fullName:"Konstantin Chichinadze",slug:"konstantin-chichinadze"}]},{id:"30034",title:"Cellular Degradation Machineries in Age-Related Loss of Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia)",slug:"cellular-degradation-machineries-in-age-related-loss-of-muscle-mass-sarcopenia-",signatures:"Mikael Altun, Max Grönholdt-Klein, Lingzhan Wang and Brun Ulfhake",authors:[{id:"99459",title:"Prof.",name:"Brun",middleName:null,surname:"Ulfhake",fullName:"Brun Ulfhake",slug:"brun-ulfhake"},{id:"101556",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikael",middleName:null,surname:"Altun",fullName:"Mikael Altun",slug:"mikael-altun"},{id:"135915",title:"Dr.",name:"Max",middleName:null,surname:"Gronholdt-Klein",fullName:"Max Gronholdt-Klein",slug:"max-gronholdt-klein"},{id:"135917",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingzhan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lingzhan Wang",slug:"lingzhan-wang"}]},{id:"30035",title:"Cell Senescence as Observed by Electron Microscopic Radioautography",slug:"cell-senescence-of-individual-animals-as-observed-by-electron-microscopic-radioautography",signatures:"Tetsuji Nagata",authors:[{id:"93967",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuji",middleName:null,surname:"Nagata",fullName:"Tetsuji Nagata",slug:"tetsuji-nagata"}]},{id:"30036",title:"Macromolecular Synthesis in the Digestive and Respiratory Systems",slug:"macromolecular-synthesis-in-the-digestive-and-respiratory-systems",signatures:"Tetsuji Nagata",authors:[{id:"93967",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuji",middleName:null,surname:"Nagata",fullName:"Tetsuji Nagata",slug:"tetsuji-nagata"}]},{id:"30037",title:"Macromolecular Synthesis in the Urinary and Reproductive Systems",slug:"macromolecular-synthesis-in-the-urinary-and-reproductive-systems",signatures:"Tetsuji Nagata",authors:[{id:"93967",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuji",middleName:null,surname:"Nagata",fullName:"Tetsuji Nagata",slug:"tetsuji-nagata"}]},{id:"30038",title:"Macromolecular Synthesis in the Endocrine, Nervous and Sensory Systems",slug:"macromolecular-synthesis-in-the-endocrine-nervous-and-sensory-systems-",signatures:"Tetsuji Nagata",authors:[{id:"93967",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuji",middleName:null,surname:"Nagata",fullName:"Tetsuji Nagata",slug:"tetsuji-nagata"}]},{id:"30039",title:"Cellular Senescence and Its Relation with Telomere",slug:"cellular-senescence-and-its-relation-with-telomere-",signatures:"Diego Julio Arenas-Aranda, Elena Hernández-Caballero and Fabio Salamanca-Gómez",authors:[{id:"93324",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Arenas-Aranda",fullName:"Diego Julio Arenas-Aranda",slug:"diego-julio-arenas-aranda"},{id:"100782",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Caballero",fullName:"Elena Hernández-Caballero",slug:"elena-hernandez-caballero"},{id:"100787",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Salamanca-Gómez",fullName:"Fabio Salamanca-Gómez",slug:"fabio-salamanca-gomez"}]},{id:"30040",title:"Caveolar Vesicles in Cellular Senescence",slug:"caveolar-vesicles-in-cellular-senescence",signatures:"Keith Wheaton",authors:[{id:"89589",title:"Dr.",name:"Keith",middleName:null,surname:"Wheaton",fullName:"Keith Wheaton",slug:"keith-wheaton"}]},{id:"30041",title:"Alternative Splicing in Endothelial Senescence: Role of the TGF-β Co-Receptor Endoglin",slug:"alternative-splicing-in-endothelial-senescence-role-of-the-tgf-beta-co-receptor-endoglin",signatures:"Francisco J. Blanco and Carmelo Bernabéu",authors:[{id:"90829",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:null,surname:"Bernabeu",fullName:"Carmelo Bernabeu",slug:"carmelo-bernabeu"},{id:"90831",title:"Dr",name:"Francisco",middleName:"Javier",surname:"Blanco",fullName:"Francisco Blanco",slug:"francisco-blanco"}]},{id:"30042",title:"Quantification of Elastin, Collagen and Advanced Glycation End Products as Functions of Age and Hypertension",slug:"quantification-of-elastin-collagen-and-advanced-glycation-end-products-as-functions-of-age-and-hyper",signatures:"Milena Atanasova, Aneliya Dimitrova, Boryana Ruseva, Angelina Stoyanova, Miglena Georgieva and Emiliana Konova",authors:[{id:"86286",title:"Prof.",name:"Anelia",middleName:"Aleksandrova",surname:"Dimitrova",fullName:"Anelia Dimitrova",slug:"anelia-dimitrova"},{id:"94679",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Atanasova",fullName:"Milena Atanasova",slug:"milena-atanasova"},{id:"100752",title:"Dr.",name:"Boryana",middleName:"Krumova",surname:"Ruseva",fullName:"Boryana Ruseva",slug:"boryana-ruseva"},{id:"100757",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelina",middleName:null,surname:"Stoyanova",fullName:"Angelina Stoyanova",slug:"angelina-stoyanova"},{id:"100767",title:"Ms.",name:"Miglena",middleName:null,surname:"Georgieva",fullName:"Miglena Georgieva",slug:"miglena-georgieva"},{id:"100768",title:"Prof.",name:"Emiliana",middleName:null,surname:"Konova",fullName:"Emiliana Konova",slug:"emiliana-konova"}]},{id:"30043",title:"Calcium Regulation in Neuronal Function with Advancing Age: Limits of Homeostasis",slug:"calcium-regulation-in-neuronal-function-with-advancing-age-limits-of-homeostasis",signatures:"John N. Buchholz, William J. Pottorf, Conwin K. Vanterpool, Erik J. Behringer and Sue P. Duckles",authors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz"},{id:"91086",title:"Dr.",name:"Conwin",middleName:null,surname:"Vanterpool",fullName:"Conwin Vanterpool",slug:"conwin-vanterpool"},{id:"92427",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Pottorf",fullName:"William Pottorf",slug:"william-pottorf"},{id:"92428",title:"Dr.",name:"Erik J.",middleName:null,surname:"Behringer",fullName:"Erik J. Behringer",slug:"erik-j.-behringer"},{id:"92429",title:"Prof.",name:"Sue",middleName:null,surname:"Duckles",fullName:"Sue Duckles",slug:"sue-duckles"}]},{id:"30044",title:"All Your Eggs in One Basket: Mechanisms of Xenobiotic Induced Female Reproductive Senescence",slug:"all-your-eggs-in-one-basket-mechanisms-of-xenobiotic-induced-female-reproductive-senescence",signatures:"Alexander P. Sobinoff, Ilana R. Bernstein and Eileen A. McLaughlin",authors:[{id:"93683",title:"Prof.",name:"Eileen",middleName:"Anne",surname:"McLaughlin",fullName:"Eileen McLaughlin",slug:"eileen-mclaughlin"},{id:"93697",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:"Peter",surname:"Sobinoff",fullName:"Alexander Sobinoff",slug:"alexander-sobinoff"},{id:"93698",title:"Ms.",name:"Ilana",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",fullName:"Ilana Bernstein",slug:"ilana-bernstein"}]},{id:"30055",title:"Parkinson’s Disease: Insights from the Laboratory and Clinical Therapeutics",slug:"insights-from-the-laboratory-and-clinical-therapeutics",signatures:"Jing-ye Zhou, Yong Yu, Xian-Lun Zhu, Chi-Ping Ng, Gang Lu and Wai-Sang Poon",authors:[{id:"93986",title:"Prof.",name:"Gang",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Gang Lu",slug:"gang-lu"},{id:"128567",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing-Ye",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Jing-Ye Zhou",slug:"jing-ye-zhou"},{id:"128568",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Yong Yu",slug:"yong-yu"},{id:"128569",title:"Dr.",name:"Xian-Lun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Xian-Lun Zhu",slug:"xian-lun-zhu"},{id:"128571",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Chi-Ping Ng",slug:"chi-ping-ng"},{id:"128572",title:"Prof.",name:"Wai-Sang",middleName:null,surname:"Poon",fullName:"Wai-Sang Poon",slug:"wai-sang-poon"}]},{id:"30056",title:"The Emerging Role of Centromere/Kinetochore Proteins in Cellular Senescence",slug:"the-emerging-role-of-centromere-kinetochore-proteins-in-cellular-senescence",signatures:"Kayoko Maehara",authors:[{id:"93759",title:"Dr.",name:"Kayoko",middleName:null,surname:"Maehara",fullName:"Kayoko Maehara",slug:"kayoko-maehara"}]},{id:"30057",title:"The Functioning of “Aged” Heterochromatin",slug:"the-functioning-of-aged-heterochromatin",signatures:"Teimuraz A. Lezhava, Tinatin A. Jokhadze and Jamlet R. Monaselidze",authors:[{id:"105326",title:"Prof.",name:"Teimuraz",middleName:null,surname:"Lezhava",fullName:"Teimuraz Lezhava",slug:"teimuraz-lezhava"},{id:"106337",title:"Prof.",name:"Jamlet",middleName:null,surname:"Monaselidze",fullName:"Jamlet Monaselidze",slug:"jamlet-monaselidze"},{id:"106338",title:"Prof.",name:"Tinatin",middleName:null,surname:"Jokhadze",fullName:"Tinatin Jokhadze",slug:"tinatin-jokhadze"}]},{id:"30058",title:"New Targets for the Identification of an Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Senescence Activity",slug:"-new-targets-for-anti-inflammatory-anti-senescence-activuty-for-organ-function-preservation-and-rest",signatures:"Patrizia d’Alessio, Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli, Rita Ostan and Claudio Franceschi",authors:[{id:"99578",title:"Dr",name:"Patrizia",middleName:null,surname:"d'Alessio",fullName:"Patrizia d'Alessio",slug:"patrizia-d'alessio"}]},{id:"30059",title:"Molecular Biomarkers of Aging",slug:"molecular-biomarkers-of-aging",signatures:"Sergio Davinelli, Sonya Vasto, Calogero Caruso, Davide Zella and Giovanni Scapagnini",authors:[{id:"93310",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Scapagnini",fullName:"Giovanni Scapagnini",slug:"giovanni-scapagnini"},{id:"101474",title:"Prof.",name:"Calogero",middleName:null,surname:"Caruso",fullName:"Calogero Caruso",slug:"calogero-caruso"},{id:"101475",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Davinelli",fullName:"Sergio Davinelli",slug:"sergio-davinelli"},{id:"101477",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Zella",fullName:"Davide Zella",slug:"davide-zella"},{id:"137243",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Vasto",fullName:"Vasto",slug:"vasto"}]},{id:"30060",title:"Female Vascular Senescence",slug:"female-vascular-senescence",signatures:"Susana Novella, Ana Paula Dantas, Gloria Segarra, Carlos Hermenegildo and Pascual Medina",authors:[{id:"27480",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Hermenegildo",fullName:"Carlos Hermenegildo",slug:"carlos-hermenegildo"},{id:"27492",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Novella",fullName:"Susana Novella",slug:"susana-novella"},{id:"96229",title:"Prof.",name:"Pascual",middleName:null,surname:"Medina",fullName:"Pascual Medina",slug:"pascual-medina"},{id:"100759",title:"Dr.",name:"Gloria",middleName:null,surname:"Segarra",fullName:"Gloria Segarra",slug:"gloria-segarra"},{id:"117838",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Dantas",fullName:"Ana Paula Dantas",slug:"ana-paula-dantas"}]},{id:"30061",title:"Pharmacologic Inhibition of Cardiac Stem Cell Senescence",slug:"pharmacologic-inhibition-of-cardiac-stem-cell-senescence",signatures:"Daniela Cesselli, Angela Caragnano, Natascha Bergamin, Veronica Zanon, Nicoletta Finato, Ugolino Livi, Carlo Alberto Beltrami and Antonio Paolo Beltrami",authors:[{id:"96851",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Beltrami",fullName:"Antonio Paolo Beltrami",slug:"antonio-paolo-beltrami"},{id:"101427",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Cesselli",fullName:"Daniela Cesselli",slug:"daniela-cesselli"},{id:"101430",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Caragnano",fullName:"Angela Caragnano",slug:"angela-caragnano"},{id:"101433",title:"Dr.",name:"Natascha",middleName:null,surname:"Bergamin",fullName:"Natascha Bergamin",slug:"natascha-bergamin"},{id:"101440",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Zanon",fullName:"Veronica Zanon",slug:"veronica-zanon"},{id:"101442",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicoletta",middleName:null,surname:"Finato",fullName:"Nicoletta Finato",slug:"nicoletta-finato"},{id:"101445",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlo Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Beltrami",fullName:"Carlo Alberto Beltrami",slug:"carlo-alberto-beltrami"}]},{id:"30062",title:"Central Immune Senescence, Reversal Potentials",slug:"central-immune-senescence-reversal-potentials",signatures:"Krisztian Kvell and Judit E. Pongracz",authors:[{id:"93137",title:"Prof.",name:"Judit",middleName:null,surname:"Pongracz",fullName:"Judit Pongracz",slug:"judit-pongracz"},{id:"93145",title:"Dr.",name:"Krisztian",middleName:null,surname:"Kvell",fullName:"Krisztian Kvell",slug:"krisztian-kvell"}]},{id:"30063",title:"Age-Related Changes in Human Skin by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope",slug:"age-related-changes-in-human-skin-by-confocal-laser-scanning-microscope",signatures:"Karine Cucumel, Jean Marie Botto, Nouha Domloge and Claude Dal Farra",authors:[{id:"94317",title:"Dr.",name:"Nouha",middleName:null,surname:"Domloge",fullName:"Nouha Domloge",slug:"nouha-domloge"},{id:"96845",title:"Dr.",name:"Karine",middleName:null,surname:"Cucumel",fullName:"Karine Cucumel",slug:"karine-cucumel"},{id:"98975",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Botto",fullName:"Jean Marie Botto",slug:"jean-marie-botto"},{id:"128760",title:"Dr.",name:"Claude",middleName:null,surname:"Dal Farra",fullName:"Claude Dal Farra",slug:"claude-dal-farra"}]},{id:"30064",title:"Imagistic Noninvasive Assessment of Skin Ageing and Anti-Ageing Therapies",slug:"imagistic-noninvasive-assessment-of-skin-ageing-and-anti-ageing-therapies",signatures:"Maria Crisan, Radu Badea, Carlo Cattani and Diana Crisan",authors:[{id:"94766",title:"Dr",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Crisan",fullName:"Maria Crisan",slug:"maria-crisan"},{id:"138682",title:"Ms.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Crisan",fullName:"Diana Crisan",slug:"diana-crisan"}]},{id:"30065",title:"The Level of ROS and DNA Damage Mediate with the Type of Cell Death, Senescence or Apoptosis",slug:"the-level-of-ros-and-dna-damage-mediate-with-the-type-of-cell-death-senescence-or-apoptosis",signatures:"Takafumi Inoue and Norio Wake",authors:[{id:"93737",title:"Prof.",name:"Norio",middleName:null,surname:"Wake",fullName:"Norio Wake",slug:"norio-wake"},{id:"98766",title:"Mr.",name:"Takafumi",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",fullName:"Takafumi Inoue",slug:"takafumi-inoue"}]},{id:"30066",title:"Reviewing the Life Cycle: Women’s Lives in the Light of Social Changes",slug:"rewieving-the-life-cycle-women-s-lives-in-the-light-of-social-changes",signatures:"Anna Freixas, Bárbara Luque and Amalia Reina",authors:[{id:"97819",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Freixas",fullName:"Anna Freixas",slug:"anna-freixas"},{id:"98206",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Luque",fullName:"Barbara Luque",slug:"barbara-luque"},{id:"98432",title:"Dr.",name:"Amalia",middleName:null,surname:"Reina",fullName:"Amalia Reina",slug:"amalia-reina"}]},{id:"30067",title:"Multi-Purpose Activities in Ergotherapy",slug:"multi-purpose-activities",signatures:"Hulya Yucel",authors:[{id:"97731",title:"Prof.",name:"Hulya",middleName:null,surname:"Yucel",fullName:"Hulya Yucel",slug:"hulya-yucel"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"364",title:"Gene Duplication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79e1de88c46f703c92c157b80d886221",slug:"gene-duplication",bookSignature:"Felix Friedberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/364.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62782",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",surname:"Friedberg",slug:"felix-friedberg",fullName:"Felix Friedberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1446",title:"Senescence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7aa2772cf0b5653b6c599dba90f4c709",slug:"senescence",bookSignature:"Tetsuji Nagata",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1446.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93967",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuji",surname:"Nagata",slug:"tetsuji-nagata",fullName:"Tetsuji Nagata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3428",title:"Meiosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5be852a0afc01de31a5dd7164bcd025e",slug:"meiosis",bookSignature:"Carol Bernstein and Harris Bernstein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3428.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3429",title:"Senescence and Senescence-Related Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2dc962eff773b82b389299073279b4c8",slug:"senescence-and-senescence-related-disorders",bookSignature:"Zhiwei Wang and Hiroyuki Inuzuka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3429.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164282",title:"Dr.",name:"Wang",surname:"Zhiwei",slug:"wang-zhiwei",fullName:"Wang Zhiwei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4558",title:"Advances in DNA Repair",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"768283d24cc5f9e965ce14d737aa0313",slug:"advances-in-dna-repair",bookSignature:"Clark C. Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62462",title:"Prof.",name:"Clark",surname:"Chen",slug:"clark-chen",fullName:"Clark Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"364",title:"Gene Duplication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79e1de88c46f703c92c157b80d886221",slug:"gene-duplication",bookSignature:"Felix Friedberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/364.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62782",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",surname:"Friedberg",slug:"felix-friedberg",fullName:"Felix Friedberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78156",title:"MOOCS for Lifelong Learning, Equity, and Liberation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99659",slug:"moocs-for-lifelong-learning-equity-and-liberation",body:'
1. Introduction
Education is both a human right and a force for sustainable development and peace [1]. Every goal of the 2030 Agenda requires education to equip people with the knowledge, skills, and values they need to live with dignity, build their lives, and contribute to their societies [1, 2, 3, 4].
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the most significant public health emergency in the 21st century to date. In higher education institutions, teaching practices have been profoundly disrupted by the closure of their physical campuses, and the crisis has highlighted the urgent need for policymakers and institutional leaders to adapt their educational and policy models accordingly [5]. The ongoing pandemic has thus increased the interest in online education, as many educational institutions, such as schools and campuses, as well as societies, in most countries around the world have been on lockdown since March 2020. Consequently, the largest massive open online course (MOOC) providers have experienced dramatic growth since the onset of the pandemic [6, 7].
The year 2012 was coined the year of the MOOC [8]. However, 2020 marked another milestone for MOOCs because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Millions of people around the world are now using MOOCs to learn for a variety of reasons, such as professional development, career transition, college preparation, supplemental learning, lifelong learning, and corporate e-learning and training.
MOOCs are free online courses in which anyone can enroll. MOOCs offer an affordable and flexible way to learn new skills, advance careers, and deliver quality educational experiences at scale. MOOCs have dramatically changed the way the world learns. According to Mooc.org [6]. traditional classrooms can only serve a limited number of students, but millions of people around the world want—and need—a quality education.
The United Nations Educational Science and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) considers that open education and the open movement, such as Open Educational Resources (OER), MOOCs, Open Science, and Open Access, are the most efficient ways to achieve the United Nations UNESCO Sustainability Goals (SDG), particularly SDG4 on education, as well as to promote resilience and sustainability in quality education for all, equity, lifelong learning, and well-being [9]. The use of the term “global commons” underscores the universality of education and the collective global responsibility for education. Education, particularly open education, is a global common goal in achieving equity, social justice, and human rights. Another initiative of UNESCO, which goes beyond the SDGs and aims at empowering individuals to achieve their personal goals, is the global initiative Futures of Education: Learning to Become [2]. This initiative serves as a catalyst for reimagining how knowledge and learning can shape the future of humanity and the planet. The most coherent means of giving shape to this vision of regenerative education is through the principle of education as a global common, which was initially outlined in the 2015 UNESCO report Rethinking Education [10]. In this context, education, knowledge, and their importance for a prosperous future are among the most important global commons, which include water, the atmosphere, and biodiversity.
In this chapter, the focus is on global initiatives in education as a global common. MOOCs are highlighted in relation to the goal of achieving human rights, equality, lifelong learning, liberation, and social justice. Issues of quality are also addressed in this context.
2. Method
This chapter was conducted as part of a systematic review of the literature, including official reports. The purpose of a literature review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge in a defined area. Previous research is analyzed to determine what is known from the past, and any inadequacies or gaps in knowledge are [11, 12, 13]. The review is conducted systematically using a structured approach to examine each document’s process of information gathering, evaluating, and data analysis.
In addition, the chapter is based on the mixed methods approach [11, 12, 13], and moreover the chapter is based on the author’s own research, experience, and perspectives in a period of almost 20 years. The author has selected examples from the ongoing discourse and debate on the challenges and opportunities of MOOCs in lifelong learning and the future of education, mainly based on official sources, such as the Commonwealth of Learning (COL), the European Commission (EC), UNESCO, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the World Economic Forum (WEF). In addition, research and information from the largest and most well-known MOOC providers were used as sources. However, these sources do not always represent the official view.
2.1 Issues, controversies, and problems
This chapter does not claim to provide a comprehensive overview of international developments on MOOCs in the field and in the world. Instead, it highlights key international developments. The chapter focuses on the challenges and opportunities related to MOOCs regarding lifelong learning, equity, and liberation.
3. Results
In this section, MOOCs are described according to typology, definitions, and numbers. The largest MOOCs providers are then reviewed. The initiatives by the largest global organizations on open education and lifelong learning and the case for education as a human right, equity and liberation are reviewed. The chapter ends with a discussion of the findings, a conclusion based on them, and recommendations for further research.
3.1 Massive open online courses
Massive open online courses (MOOC) are free online courses in which anyone can enroll. MOOCs offer an affordable and flexible way to learn new skills, advance careers, and deliver high-quality educational experiences at scale [6, 7].
In response to an open online course designed and led by George Siemens at Athabasca University and Stephen Downes at the National Research Council, Dave Cormier at the University of Prince Edward Island and Bryan Alexander at the National Institute for Technology in Liberal Education coined the term MOOC in 2008 [14]. Downes [14, 15] later argued that every letter in the abbreviation MOOC could be negotiated (Figure 1), and the concept has evolved over time.
Figure 1.
MOOC (see [14, 15], Mathieu Plourde (Mathplourde on Flickr)).
The first successful MOOC was Sebastian Thrun and Peter Norvig’s course, “Artificial Intelligence,” at Stanford University in the fall of 2011. More than 160,000 people around the world enrolled to learn together, which was the first time in history that a course had attracted so many participants [6].
MOOCs have dramatically changed the way the world learns. According to Mooc.org [6] traditional classrooms can only serve a limited number of students, but millions of people around the world want–and need–a quality education.
3.2 MOOCs, typology, and definitions: cMOOC and xMOOC
The phenomenon of MOOCs stems from connectivism theory. Siemens [16] defined connectivism as a theory of learning that describes the process of learning through the establishment of online connections between people. While each MOOC has a unique structure and style, MOOCs in general can be divided into two categories: cMOOCs and xMOOCs. According to George Siemens [17].
…cMOOCs focus on the creation and generation of knowledge, while xMOOCs focus on the duplication of knowledge.
The original MOOC was a cMOOC. The terms “cMOOC” and “xMOOC” were coined by Stephen Downes, the co-creator of the first cMOOC that was published on the Internet. Launched in 2008, the course was called “Connectivism and Connective Knowledge” (CCK08) and attracted 2,200 enrolled participants. cMOOCs are based on the learning theory of connectivism. Connectivism was first introduced in a blog post in 2004, which was later published in an article by Siemens (16). It was later extended in two publications in 2005: Siemens’ Connectivism: Learning as Network Creation and Downes’ An Introduction to Connective Knowledge [15, 18].
The theory of connectivism emphasizes the power of networking with other individuals, gathering diverse opinions, and focusing on end goals as the basis of learning. Connectivism is a learning theory aimed at understanding learning in the digital age. Connectivism explains how Internet technologies have created new ways for people to learn and share information over the World Wide Web and with each other. It emphasizes how Internet technologies, such as web browsers, search engines, email, wikis, social networks, online discussion forums, YouTube, and any other tool that allows users to learn and share information with other people, have contributed to new ways of learning. Technologies have enabled people to learn and share information on the World Wide Web and with each other in ways that were not possible before the digital age [15, 18]. Learning occurs not only within an individual, but also within and across networks. A key feature of connectivism is that much of the learning can take place through peer networks that occur online. In connectivism learning, a teacher guides students to information and answers important questions when they arise to help students learn and share independently. Students are also encouraged to search for information online and express what they find. A networked community often develops around such shared information.
Connectivism is based on the idea that learning occurs in networks [14, 16] and that some networks can “support [learners’] agency and cognition” [15, p. 117]. Furthermore, “knowledge is distributed across a network of connections, and therefore learning consists of the ability to construct and traverse these networks” [15]. According to Siemens [16, n.p.], the principles of connectivism include the following:
Learning and knowledge rests in diversity of opinions.
Learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes or information sources.
Learning may reside in non-human appliances.
Capacity to know more is more critical than what is currently known.
Nurturing and maintaining connections is needed to facilitate continual learning.
Ability to see connections between fields, ideas, and concepts is a core skill.
Currency (accurate, up-to-date knowledge) is the intent of all connectivism learning activities.
Decision-making is itself a learning process. Choosing what to learn and the meaning of incoming information is seen through the lens of a shifting reality. While there is a right answer now, it may be wrong tomorrow due to alterations in the information climate affecting the decision.
Connectivism views learning as a process of creating connections and expanding or increasing network complexity. Connections can have different directions and strengths [19]. Siemens, argued that cMOOCs are:
… based on the idea that learning takes place in a network where learners use digital platforms such as blogs, wikis, and social media platforms to make connections with content, learning communities, and other learners to create and construct knowledge. [17, n.p.].
A connective MOOC (i.e., cMOOC) is open to anyone. Courses are online for a specific period and according to a specific syllabus. The web with its open systems and software is used to facilitate learning, but also to share information and knowledge. Participants in a cMOOC are responsible for what they learn and what and how they share it. As the course progresses, the networking among the learners helps to shape and form the course content in a rhizome-like and agile manner as it moves along. The teacher serves only as a facilitator.
In a cMOOC, participants take on many roles, both as learners, teachers, and facilitators. All are responsible as peer learners, sharing information and engaging in collaborative experiences and discussions. Haber [8] argues that cMOOC reflects the open vision of the web itself, namely that content continuously is generated by the online community and shared with others in an open manner.
Some top universities, such as Harvard, MIT, and Stanford, have begun offering MOOCs in a slightly different format called xMOOC (extended MOOCs). xMOOCs are built around professors and are more oriented toward a traditional classroom structure, rather than the structure as an open online community of learners based on connectivism theory. xMOOCs mostly mirror classroom instruction by combining a pre-recorded video lecture with quizzes, tests, or other assessments. The xMOOCs landscape is expanding daily and now covers an increasing number of topics in all disciplines. The largest providers today are Coursera [20], edX [21], FutureLearn [22], SWAYAM [23], Udacity [24], and ClassPert (a free search engine for online courses).
Although cMOOCs and xMOOCs share the common goal of providing open and free (or relatively low-cost) education to the public, they have distinctly different modalities, structures, and qualities. The learning environment set up for each of the MOOC forms is suitable for different learners and different methods of knowledge acquisition.
3.3 MOOCs statistics
In the years before 2020, the growth of MOOC providers had stagnated, garnering a similar number of learners each year. However, in 2020, providers collectively gained over 60 million new learners. Coursera alone accounted for half that number, gaining almost as many users in one year as its closest competitor edX had garnered since it was founded. By the end of 2020, 16.3 million MOOCs had been announced or launched by some 950 universities worldwide. Around 2.8 million courses were added in 2020 alone (Figure 2) [7].
Figure 2.
Growth in MOOCs (see [21]).
Boosted by the pandemic, MOOCs garnered 180 million learners in their ninth year (Figure 3) [21].
Figure 3.
MOOCs according to number (see [7]).
One-third of learners who had ever registered on a MOOC platform did so in 2020. The pandemic brought many people into online education. MOOC providers benefited immensely by attracting many learners to register in free online courses from top universities. Class Central was no exception. Of all people who had used Class Central, 40% did so for the first time in 2020. Now in its nineth year, the modern MOOC movement has surpassed 180 million learners, excluding China. In 2020, providers launched over 2,800 courses, 19 online degrees, and 360 micro-credentials. Figure 4 shows the top MOOC providers in terms of users and offerings.
Figure 4.
The largest MOOC providers in numbers (see [7]).
3.4 The largest MOOC providers
Currently, the largest MOOC providers are Coursera [20], edX [21], FutureLearn [22], and SWAYAM [23], and Udacity [24], which are described in brief in alphabetic order in the following subsections.
3.4.1 Coursera
Based on a vision to create life-changing learning experiences for learners around the world, Daphne Koller and Andrew Ng founded Coursera in 2012. In partnership with the world’s leading universities and companies, Coursera provides access to high-quality online courses and degrees for anyone, anywhere, to bring the best learning opportunities to every corner of the world. Today, Coursera partners with more than 200 leading universities and companies. More than 82 million learners, over 100 Fortune 500 companies, and more than 6,000 colleges, businesses, and governments use Coursera to access world-class learning. In February 2021, Coursera received B-Corp certification, so they not only have a legal obligation to their shareholders, but also positively impact the broader community as they continue their efforts to lower the barriers to world-class education for all. Anytime, anywhere. Coursera’s most important core belief is that learning is the source of human progress, and that learning is considered a human right. They believe that education and knowledge have the power to change the world by transforming disease into health, poverty into prosperity, and conflict into peace. They also argue that education has the power to transform lives, families, communities, and societies. Regardless of who the learners are and where they live, learning empowers everyone to change and grow and redefine what is possible. That’s why access to the best learning is a right, not a privilege - it’s Coursera’s mission. Everyone everywhere has the power to change their lives through learning [20].
3.4.2 edX
The story of edX began as an experiment and expanded to a global movement [21]. Spearheaded by edX, the concept began as a way for organizations to offer free online courses to millions of students around the world. While the Internet enabled innovation on a massive scale across a wide range of industries, higher education reached only a tiny fraction of the world’s curious minds. One afternoon in a lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Professor Anant Agarwal and his colleagues at MIT and Harvard outlined a far-reaching experiment: a platform that would offer their courses online and freely available to anyone who wanted to take the challenge. In February 2012, Professor Agarwal’s course at MIT, Circuits and Electronics, was launched, and edX.org was born (edX, 2021). By opening the classroom through MOOCs, edX brings the best courses from the best schools to millions of learners around the world. The edX platform is designed to enable educators to deliver education at a scale that is equal to or better than on-site learning.
MOOC providers have changed education in many ways and continue to do so. edX, for example, has developed innovative modular degrees - MicroMasters® programs and Professional Certificate, which provide flexible and affordable educational opportunities that learners at all levels can use to succeed in an increasingly complex and technologically advanced world, in addition to their full online master’s degrees.
In connection with its MicroMasters™ program, other educational programs, and related services, edX regularly works with many types of organizations from around the world: academic institutions (e.g., major research universities, technical colleges, and liberal arts colleges), nonprofit organizations, national governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations.
An institution that strongly aligns with edX’s mission and offers the opportunity to contribute strategically, content-wise, and/or financially to the consortium is very welcome to collaborate with edX and discuss where it is today and where it wants to go with online/blended learning and MOOCs. In return, edX provides a range of technical, marketing, and educational services (e.g., training, onboarding, high-level program management, learner technical assistance, course strategy, design, build, delivery, and repeat consultations that include data analytics, etc.) to its members who participate in the MicroMasters program and other educational programs. edX offers the highest quality online courses from institutions that share the commitment to excellence in teaching and learning. More than 34 million learners worldwide are enrolled in 100 million enrollments in 2,800 edX courses in subjects such as the humanities, math, and computer science [21].
In 2012, edX realized that it was time for a seismic shift in education from the tried and true to the new and from “for some” to “for all.” By opening up the classroom through online learning, edX has empowered millions of learners to unlock their potential and become changemakers [21].
edX offers opportunities to learn from more than 160 member universities. It has made three commitments to the world. From the beginning, they have stayed true to these commitments:
Increase access to quality education for everyone everywhere.
Improve teaching and learning on campus and online.
FutureLearn is a private company jointly owned by the Open University United Kingdom and the SEEK Group [22]. The Open University has over 50 years of experience in distance learning and online education. SEEK is a diverse group of companies with the common goal of helping people lead more fulfilling and productive work lives and helping organizations succeed.
FutureLearn launched its first courses in September 2013. Since then, millions of people have registered in its courses. FutureLearn offers a wide range of courses from leading universities and cultural institutions around the world. Courses are delivered step-by-step, and they are accessible via mobile devices, tablets, and desktops, which allows students to integrate learning into their lives [22].
FutureLearn works with several internationally renowned organizations of professional associations, such as the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), businesses such as the BBC and Marks & Spencer, and the UK Government. With over hundreds of partners around the world, including many of the best UK and international universities as well as institutions with vast archives of cultural and educational material, such as the British Council, the British Library, the British Museum and the National Film and Television School [22] is one of the world’s leading providers of MOOCs.
FutureLearn believes that learning should be an enjoyable social experience. Their courses offer the opportunity to discuss what students are learning with others, which helps in making discoveries and developing new ideas. FutureLearns’ (2021) values are based on three pillars: learning everything, learning together, and learning with experts [22]:
Learn anything: Whether you want to advance your career or discover a new hobby, there is an online course for it. With online programs and degree programs, you can even expand your knowledge.
Learn together: Join millions of people from around the world who are learning together. Online learning is as easy and natural as chatting with a group of friends.
Learn with experts: Meet educators from top universities and cultural institutions.
3.4.4 SWAYAM
In 2014, the Ministry of Human Rights Development (MHRD) in India announced Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM) as the national platform for MOOCs under its National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NME-ICT) [23].
3.4.5 Udacity
In February 2012, Thrun founded the Udacity company, which began developing and offering MOOCs for free. Udacity is where lifelong learners come to learn the skills, they need to get the jobs they want and to build the lives they deserve. Udacity reaches out to individuals, governments, and businesses. Their mission is to train the world’s workforce for the jobs of the future. They partner with leading tech companies to learn how technology is changing industries and to teach the critical technological skills that companies require in their workforce. Udacity’s Nanodegree programs are developed in partnership with the world’s most innovative tech companies and taught by industry leaders Udacity [24].
Udacity students are a community of global learners who share the common goals of progress and change. Their unique learning model allows for unprecedented levels of engagement with students, and students are accompanied through their learning journey from the first moment a member of the marketing team answers a question on Facebook to the penultimate moment when a member of the careers team receives news that a graduate has landed a new job. Udacity’s mantra is “Students First,” which is the guiding light as the company continues its mission to provide the highest quality learning possible for as many students as possible [24].
Udacity [24] has claimed that their powerful and flexible digital education platform can prepare even the hardest working learners to take on the most in-demand tech roles. They also have claimed that their active learning offerings have the critical factors required to deliver real results and teach real, employable skills that are project-based. Moreover, students can learn on their own schedules and get help whenever they need it, as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Udacity services and offers (see [24]).
3.5 UNESCO initiatives in open education
3.5.1 UNESCO’s SDGs
Every goal of the 2030 Agenda requires education to equip people with the knowledge, skills, and values they need to live with dignity, shape their lives and contribute to their societies [1, 10]. Education is both a human right and a force for sustainable development and peace.
The educational goals are stated in SDG 4 of the 2030 Agenda, which aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education by 2030 and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. It requires political will, global and regional collaboration, and commitment from all governments, civil society, the private sector, youth, the UN, and other multilateral organizations to address education challenges and build systems that are inclusive, equitable, and relevant for all learners. Open education is probably the only way to achieve these goals. The first cMOOC was based on OER, which played a crucial role, as all the materials in the course were in the Creative Commons (CC). The MOOC movement and OER movement are related and strongly connected. The OER movement subsequently resulted in the UNESCO OER Recommendation in 2019 [9]. The UNESCO OER Recommendation outlined five areas of action:
(i) building the capacity of stakeholders to create, access, re-use, adapt and redistribute OER; (ii) developing supportive policy for OER; (iii) encouraging inclusive and equitable quality OER; (iv) nurturing the creation of sustainability models for OER; and (v) promoting and reinforcing international cooperation in OER [9, n.p.].
3.5.2 UNESCO’s the futures of education: learning to become
In 2019, the International Commission on the Futures of Education was launched by UNESCO to reconsider how knowledge and learning could shape the future of humanity and the planet [2]. The Global Futures of Education initiative of UNESCO, Learning to Become, aims to rethink education and shape the future. The initiative, which involves broad public and professional engagement, aims to stimulate a global debate on how to reimagine knowledge, education, and learning in an increasingly complex, uncertain, and precarious world.
Although the Futures of Education initiative was animated by the recognition that the world’s uncertainty, complexity, and fragility were rapidly increasing, it could not have foreseen the global health pandemic in only a few months, which was a reminder that dramatic changes can occur more suddenly and unexpectedly than anyone expects. On one hand, the pandemic has exposed many weaknesses and vulnerabilities, including increased inequalities, risks associated with the privatization of education, and the lack of preparation for the massive shift to digital and distance learning. On the other hand, some positive aspects have also become increasingly visible in society. It is evident that the answer to the challenges facing many societies involves solidarity and strong resilience. There is increased attention to the common good. The same is true of the ingenuity, commitment, and creativity of the many teachers, families, and students who have created remarkable learning experiences.
The pandemic has forced a massive shift away from learning and teaching in traditional settings that depend on physical interaction. The COVID-19 pandemic has compromised public education and increased the risk of fragmentation and disintegration. There has been an increased awareness of the multiple roles that schools play in addition to academic learning, such as child and adolescent well-being, health, and nutrition. The increased awareness and appreciation could serve as the basis for a new way forward in public education.
3.5.3 UNESCO: lifelong learning - a key competence
The Lifelong Learning Initiative of UNESCO [3, 4], which rethinks lifelong learning beyond the conceptual boundaries of education, emphasizes the possible reconnection of learning to larger social–emotional domains. This expands thinking about the “future of education” to include new perspectives on strategic areas such as the role of institutions, the use of technology, sources of knowledge and well-being, and people’s access to learning and education.
Even in the richest economies, millions of people face financial and other barriers that exclude them from learning and prevent them from reaching their potential. The multidimensionality and complexity of the challenges people face require the implementation of a holistic vision and an ecosystem of lifelong learning. Moreover, the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) combined with the dislocations caused by climate change, demographic change and the transformation of the labor market have implications for education. Therefore, the education policy agenda must prioritize lifelong learning beyond education and labor market policies [3, 4].
UNESCO has thus argued that the challenges facing humanity, not to mention those posed by the pandemic COVID-19 and the inequalities it exacerbates, requires people who identify as learners throughout their lives, in a society that is a learning society. Achieving this requires a needs-based, learner-centered approach to education that empowers individuals of all ages and backgrounds to dynamically profile and use every learning process and its outcomes to reach their full potential, so that they can become what they want to become. Learning must be a collective process that recognizes the value of peer and intergenerational learning. This social-ethical dimension emphasizes learning to care for one another, foster diverse communities, and ensure the well-being of the planet. A collectively built global learning ecosystem should fluidly integrate formal, non-formal and informal learning, as well as different learning modalities, both online and offline. Such an ecosystem enables planned or spontaneous, individual, or collective learning in all domains throughout the life course and beyond. Legal foundations and mechanisms that recognize lifelong learning as a human right, social justice and liberation must not only ensure the recognition, validation and accreditation of learning outcomes acquired in different contexts. It also requires the democratization of the negotiation of individual and social emotions in learning. It builds on the free availability of educational resources as an ‘educational commons’ while strengthening learning opportunities through transformed educational institutions, reinvented (public) spaces for learning and revitalized learning in the workplace.
The UN Lifelong Learning Initiative is based on the argument that generating a global culture of lifelong learning is key to addressing the challenges fronting humanity, such as the climate crisis, technological and demographic change, the challenges posed by the pandemic COVID -19 and the inequalities it has exacerbated [3, 4]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to create a culture of lifelong learning. Ten action points are emphasized by UNESCO: (i) recognize the holistic character of lifelong learning; (ii) promote transdisciplinary research and intersectoral collaboration for lifelong learning; (iii) place vulnerable groups at the core of the lifelong learning policy agenda; (iv) establish lifelong learning and equitable access to learning technology for the common and the public good; (vi) transform schools and universities into lifelong learning institutions, and transform pedagogies to be open to the community; (vii) recognize and promote the collective dimension of learning; (viii) encourage and support local lifelong learning initiatives, including learning cities; (ix) reengineer and revitalize workplace learning; and (x) recognize that lifelong learning is a human right.
Learning to learn thus represents a key competence in lifelong learning, and it is a prerequisite for acquiring and improving skills, knowledge, and attitudes. It is a key resource of personal development and active citizenship. It is seen as a skill that can be developed by all, which could ultimately promote the development of democracy. Briefly, learning to learn is defined as giving the learner responsibility for the activity of learning and orchestrating their own learning [3, 4].
Learning to learn concerns the ability to absorb and continue learning, to organize learning individually or collectively, and to make the best use of time, information, and learning opportunities. It includes the ability to set goals, identify the means of and obstacles to achieving these goals according to an individual learning strategy, and effectively monitor and evaluate one’s learning process.
This competence means acquiring, processing, and assimilating new knowledge and skills, as well as seeking and using guidance. In learning to learn, the learner builds on previous learning and life experiences to use and apply knowledge and skills in a variety of contexts: personal, professional, and social. Identifying opportunities to increase one’s motivation and confidence is critical to learning to learn. Learners and trainers function as motivators and facilitators of participants’ learning in their educational work, with the aim of developing positive attitudes toward learning throughout the life course.
3.6 OECD
The OECD initiative The Future of Education and Skills 2030 [5] aims to help education systems determine the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that students need to succeed and shape their futures. The initiative aims to create a shared understanding of the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that learners will need in the 21st century [25, 26].
3.7 WEF
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is the International Organization for Public–Private Cooperation. The Forum brings together political, business, cultural, and other leaders in society to shape global, regional, and industrial agendas [27].
It is critical that individuals take an active attitude toward their own lifelong learning, according to Schwab, the founder, and Executive Chairman of WEF. The Future of Jobs 2018 report points out that businesses and governments need to dynamically encourage workforces to learn and develop skills. Artificial intelligence, robotization, and automation will create new jobs and wealth for millions of people. In addition, people worldwide will need to change, upskill, re-skill, and un-skill their work and careers during their lifespan, and throughout the transition. In all sectors the world needs people with talents and diversity in every way, but especially those who can offer a unique perspective. Fortunately, the digital world has given us new opportunities to reinvent ourselves, continue to learn, and be competitive. To take advantage of these opportunities and participate in the digital workplace, a lifelong learning plan is imperative.
4. Discussion
Quality education for all is a human right, and it aims at achieving social justice and liberation. All global organizations, such as the Commonwealth of Learning (COL), the European Commission (EC), OECD, UNESCO, and WEF, therefore have emphasized the urgent need to implement an open approach to education to achieve the global goals of quality education and the SDG 4 of accessibility, equity, equality, lifelong learning, inclusiveness, and democracy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the education system was challenged, and the limitations became highly visible, especially the difficulties faced by vulnerable groups. Lifelong learning, equality, and liberation were key issues dealt with by societies to ease tensions between inside and outside organizations and enable boundaryless thinking and seamless learning [28]. Seamless learning involves the integration of learning experiences across different dimensions, including formal and informal learning contexts, individual and social learning, and the physical world and cyberspace.
During the pandemic, all MOOC providers confirmed the increased interest in MOOCs by both education institutions and users [7, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. There was a new peak in the MOOC year of 2020, which was called the second year of the MOOC field. The first one was in 2012. However, it was argued that MOOCs were limited because enrollment was low at about 10%. However, MOOCs are a different type of learning opportunity, and they are usually aimed at a very different audience: lifelong learners and learners who want to take control of and design their own learning journey [25, 26]. Most MOOC learners are self-directed learners [25, 26, 29, 30] and they often choose to learn through MOOCs for the joy of learning, up-skilling, or reskilling. Sometimes, learners just have the goal of networking in a rhizome way. Rhizomatic learning, according to Gilles and Guattari [31, 32, 33], is a variety of pedagogical practices recently identified as a methodology for network-based education [33]. Rhizomatic theory emphasizes that learning is most effective when it allows learners to respond to evolving circumstances, fluidly and seemingly effortlessly, in a kind of serendipity. Cormier argued that in this way “the community is the curriculum” and the focus is on the flow and engagement of learners [32, 33].
It is crucial to understand this form of learning pathway, which can be formal, informal, and non-formal in nature. Furthermore, it is therefore crucial to understand the theories and practices of the theories that underlie MOOCs, as it has already become clear that the first MOOC, Siemens, and Downs’ cMOOC, was based on connectivism. Connectivism pedagogies, such as connectivism and rhizomatic learning, propose giving learners responsibility and agency in online learning ecologies so that they can tailor learning experiences to their learning needs using all means, including time, space, mode, path, and media. According to networked learning theories, networked online spaces provide multiple entry points [34, 35, 36, 37], and learners in these spaces should take the lead in their own lifelong learning journey [25] and in learning from their experiences.
MOOC learners are usually self-directed. Self-directed learning builds on heutagogy [37]. Like connectivism and rhizomatic learning, self-directed learning is based on a networked theory of learning that promotes learner agency while further expanding other aspects of learning and the role of the learner as an agent of learning. The theory builds on established learner-centered learning theories, such as constructivism, humanism, reflection, and transformational learning [38]. Central to heutagogy is the concept of the learner as the primary agent in their learning [39]. The learner makes decisions about learning based on what is learned and how and whether and to what extent learning has been achieved (e.g., self-assessment). Also central to the theory are the following principles: (i) self-efficacy, which is the learner’s belief in their own abilities; and (ii) capability, which is the learner’s ability to demonstrate an acquired competency or skill in new and unique settings. The resulting experience of both has the potential to create transformative learning. In addition, reflection, and critical thinking about what has been learned and the learning process in the form of double-loop learning (metacognition) is another principle of heutagogy. Finally, self-directed learning is characterized by non-linear learning, in which the learning path is learner-driven and not predefined or sequential, as the learner determines what to learn and how to learn it. As a result, this path can often be chaotic and divergent, like learning in a connectivism and rhizomatic learning environment [39].
It is important to understand the role that MOOCs play in individual learning in terms of self-directed and rhizome learning pathways. This role is paramount in understanding the bigger picture of open learning, the role of MOOCs in this context, and how they contribute to the lifelong learning, equity, and liberation of individuals, communities, and societies.
5. Conclusion and recommendations
This chapter is based on the argument that knowledge is a universal entity and that it is constructed by individuals and belongs to anyone who asks for it wherever they need it. The theories of connected learning and learner-centered learning support the view that learning should be designed to enhance learners’ agency by harnessing and nurturing learners’ intrinsic motivation to learn. Learner agency through heutagogy and online learning ecologies provides sustainable learning experiences, as autonomy is given to the learner, which is highlighted in connectivism and rhizomatic learning. Rather than being constrained by predefined goals or objectives, learning is defined by the needs of learners. It is meaningful if it meets these needs and involves learners in deciding what and how to learn. This approach, which is already characteristic of informal learning, can help establish learner agency as the standard for learning, develop learner self-efficacy and skills as a pathway to active, meaningful, and satisfying learning, and promote critical thinking and reflection in formal learning environments.
Before the advent of MOOCs and OER, quality education was a preserve of the privileged few. Therefore, the MOOC raise in 2012, the COVID-19 pandemic [40], and the UNESCO OER recommendation for implementation of its five areas have made a dramatic change in the educational landscape. The direction of education has shifted toward the fulfillment of human rights, quality education for all, equity, and liberation. Every person has the potential to create change, whether in their own lives, in their communities, or in the world. The transformative power of education can unlock this potential. In this regard, the UNESCO initiative on the future of learning, Learning to Become, is crucial in liberating learners to fulfill their self-goals and assume responsibility as global citizens. MOOCs play a critical role in this liberation because well-educated citizens are more likely to be healthy, responsible, and happy. Well-being and education are strongly linked, which the pandemic has demonstrated to the world.
MOOCs have the potential to help individuals enjoy learning, acquire knowledge in diverse ways, and be part of a learning society. In changing “learning landscapes” and the future of learning, MOOCs can play a variety of roles, such as stand-alone courses in informal and non-formal learning and as modules integrated into formal education. The advantages of MOOCs include the possibilities of upscaling and thus offering all global citizens high-quality learning opportunities [41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. In addition, the potential of micro-credentials is promising, which is another departure from the elitist education system that has been predominant for the past several centuries. It is time for agile, seamless, rhizomatic learning opportunities and a learning curriculum for individuals’ personal choices in the global learning landscape, which must be open to everyone across the globe to achieve lifelong learning, equity, and liberation. MOOCs can play a key role in the achievement of these goals.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"equity, human rights, liberation, lifelong learning, MOOC, OER, open educational resources, open learning, open movement, self-determined learning, social justice",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78156.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78156.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78156",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78156",totalDownloads:241,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:2,dateSubmitted:"July 10th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 27th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 18th 2021",datePublished:"June 23rd 2022",dateFinished:"August 18th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Quality education for all is both a human right based on social justice and liberation and a force for sustainable development and peace. The goal of education for all is stated in United Nations UNESCO Sustainability Goal 4, 2030 Agenda, which aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. This chapter is based on a systematic literature review. In this chapter, the focus is on global initiatives in education as a global common. The findings support that knowledge is a universal entity constructed by individuals, and it belongs to anyone anywhere and at any time. The year 2012 was dubbed the Year of the MOOC, but because of the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 marked another milestone. MOOCs have dramatically changed the way people learn, and how to access knowledge. MOOCs offer an affordable, flexible way to learn new skills, advance a career, and deliver quality educational experiences. MOOCs have the potential to help individuals enjoy learning and acquire knowledge in a variety of ways. In the changing learning landscapes and the futures of learning, MOOCs can play a variety of roles, such as stand-alone courses in informal and non-formal learning and modules integrated into formal education. It is time to develop and offer more agile, seamless, rhizomatic learning opportunities that promote human rights equity and liberation.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78156",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78156",signatures:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",book:{id:"10858",type:"book",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-738-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-737-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-739-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",email:"ebba.ossiannilsson@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Method",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Issues, controversies, and problems",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"3. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.1 Massive open online courses",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.2 MOOCs, typology, and definitions: cMOOC and xMOOC",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.3 MOOCs statistics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.4 The largest MOOC providers",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.4.1 Coursera",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"3.4.2 edX",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"3.4.3 FutureLearn",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.4.4 SWAYAM",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"3.4.5 Udacity",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.5 UNESCO initiatives in open education",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"3.5.1 UNESCO’s SDGs",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"3.5.2 UNESCO’s the futures of education: learning to become",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"3.5.3 UNESCO: lifelong learning - a key competence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"3.6 OECD",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"3.7 WEF",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20",title:"4. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21",title:"5. Conclusion and recommendations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_25",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'UNESCO. Leading SDG 4 - Education 2030. 2021. Available from: https://en.unesco.org/themes/education2030-sdg4'},{id:"B2",body:'UNESCO. Futures of education, learning to become. 2019. Available from: https://en.unesco.org/futuresofeducation/'},{id:"B3",body:'UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning; 2020. Available from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374112'},{id:"B4",body:'UNESCO. Embracing a Culture of Lifelong Learning: Contribution to the Futures of Education Initiative: Report – a Transdisciplinary Expert Consultation. Hamburg: UNESCO.'},{id:"B5",body:'OECD. The state of higher education. One year into the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/the-state-of-higher-education_83c41957-en?_ga=2.239633280.248329523.1625384020-423207501.1625147232'},{id:"B6",body:'Mooc.org. About MOOCs. 2021. Available from: https://www.mooc.org/about-moocs'},{id:"B7",body:'Shah D. By the Numbers: MOOCs in 2020. Class Central. 2020. Available from: https://www.classcentral.com/report/mooc-stats-2020/'},{id:"B8",body:'Haber J. MOOCs. The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series. 2014. Available from https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/moocs'},{id:"B9",body:'UNESCO. Recommendation on open educational resources (OER). 2019a. Available from: http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=49556&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html'},{id:"B10",body:'UNESCO. Rethinking Education. 2015.Towards a global Common Good. 2015. Paris: UNESCO. Available from https://unevoc.unesco.org/e-forum/RethinkingEducation.pdf'},{id:"B11",body:'Creswell JW. Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th edition. London: SAGE Publications; 2013.'},{id:"B12",body:'Creswell JW. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE: 2014.'},{id:"B13",body:'Creswell, JW, Creswell JD. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2018.'},{id:"B14",body:'Downes S. New technology supporting informal learning. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence. 2010;2(1): 27-33.'},{id:"B15",body:'Downes S. Recent work in connectivism. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning. 2019;22(2): 112-131. Available from: https://edtechbooks.org/-NvTV'},{id:"B16",body:'Siemens G. Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. Elearnspace [blogpost]. 2004 December 12. Available from: https://edtechbooks.org/-zKa'},{id:"B17",body:'Siemens, G. Massive open online courses: Innovation in education. In McGreal, R., Kinuthia W., & Marshall S, editors. Open educational resources: Innovation, research, and practice Vancouver: Commonwealth of Learning and Athabasca University; (2013). (pp. 5-16).'},{id:"B18",body:'Siemens G. Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning. 2005;2: 1-9.'},{id:"B19",body:'AlDahdouh AA., Osório, AJ, Caires S. Understanding knowledge network, learning and connectivism. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning. 2015;12(10): 3-21.'},{id:"B20",body:'Coursera. 2021. About Coursera. Mountain View: Coursera; 2021. Available from https://about.coursera.org'},{id:"B21",body:'edX. About us, transformation through education. Cambridge US: edX; 2021. Available from https://www.edx.org/about-us'},{id:"B22",body:'FutureLearn. About FutureLearn, our story. London: FutureLearn; 2021. Available from https://www.futurelearn.com/about-futurelearn'},{id:"B23",body:'SWAYAM. About SWAYAM. New Delhi: SWAYAM; 2021. Available from SWAYAM. https://tools.kib.ki.se/referensguide/vancouver/#webb-webbsi'},{id:"B24",body:'Udacity. The latest digital skills, within reach. 2021. Available from: https://www.udacity.com'},{id:"B25",body:'Ossiannilsson E. Let the learners yake the lead for their lifelong learning Jjourney. In: Keengwe J, Keengwe G., Onchwari, editors. Handbook of Research on Learner-Centered Pedagogy in Teacher Education and Professional Development. p. 159-180. Hershey: IGI Global; 2017.'},{id:"B26",body:'Ossiannilsson E. Promoting active and meaningful learning for digital learners. In: Keengwe, J, editor. Handbook of research on mobile technology, constructivism, and meaningful learning. Hershey: IGI Global; 2017.'},{id:"B27",body:'WEF. On the agenda. 2021. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/archive'},{id:"B28",body:'Hambrock H, de Villiers F, Rusman E, MacCallum K, Arrieya Arrifin S. Seamless learning in higher education: Perspectives of international educators on its Ccurriculum and implementation potential. Global research project International Association for Mobile Learning; 2020. Pressbook.'},{id:"B29",body:'Ossiannilsson E, Altinay F, Altinay Z. Analysis of MOOCs practice from learner experiences and quality cultures. Educational Media International. 2015;4: 272-283.'},{id:"B30",body:'Ossiannilsson E, Altinay Z, Altinay F. Towards fostering quality in open online education through OER and MOOC practices. In: Jemni M, Kinchuk M, Khribi K, editors. Open Education: From OERs to MOOCs (Lecture Notes in Educational Technology). New York City: Springer; 2017.'},{id:"B31",body:'Deleuze G, Guattari F. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press; 1987.'},{id:"B32",body:'Ossiannilsson E. Benchmarking e-learning in higher education: Lessons learned from international projects [doctoral dissertation]. Finland: Oulu University; 2012.'},{id:"B33",body:'Cormier D. Rhizomatic education: community as curriculum. Innovate: Journal of Online Education. 2008;4(5): 1-8.'},{id:"B34",body:'Siemens, G. Knowing Knowledge. Vancouver: Lulu Press; 2006.'},{id:"B35",body:'Siemens G. Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning. 2005;2(1):3-10.'},{id:"B36",body:'Siemens G. (2007). Connectivism: Creating a learning ecology in distributed environments. In: Hug T, editor. Didactics of Microlearning. Concepts, Discourses, and Examples. Munster: Waxmann Verlag; 2007. p. 53-68.'},{id:"B37",body:'Mbati L. Creating awareness around rhizomatic principles in mLearning: A means to improving practice. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning (IJMBL). 2017;9(2): 74-87.'},{id:"B38",body:'Hase S, Kenyon C. From andragogy to heutagogy. 2000; Ultibase Articles, 5, 1-10. Available from: https://edtechbooks.org/-Ibt'},{id:"B39",body:'Blaschke LM, Bozkurt A, Cormier D. (2021). Learner agency and the learner-centered theories for online networked learning and learning ecologies. In: Hase S, L. M. Blaschke LM, editors. Unleashing the Power of Learner Agency. EdTech Books, 2021. Chapter 4.'},{id:"B40",body:'Bozkurt A, Jung, I., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G. et al. A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education. 2020;15(1):1-128.'},{id:"B41",body:'Creelman A, Ehlers UD, Ossiannilsson E. Perspectives on MOOC quality: an account of the EFQUEL MOOC Quality Project. INNOQUAL - International Journal for Innovation and Quality in Learning, 2014;2(3): 78-87.'},{id:"B42",body:'Ossiannilsson E. Quality Models for Open Online Learning (OOL), Open Educational Resources (OER) and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCS). Brussels: European Commission ET Working Group on Open and Distance Learning (ODL); 2016. (Unpublished).'},{id:"B43",body:'Ossiannilsson E. Quality models for open, flexible, and online learning. Journal of Computer Science Research; 2020;2(4): no pages.'},{id:"B44",body:'Stracke, M, Trisolini, G. A Systematic Literature Review on the Quality of MOOCs,” Sustainability, 2021; 13(11): 1-26,'},{id:"B45",body:'EADTU. OpenUpEd. 2021. Available from https://www.openuped.eu'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",address:"ebba.ossiannilsson@gmail.com;, info@i4quality.se",affiliation:'
Swedish Association for Distance Education, International Council for Open and Distance Education, International Council on Badges and Credentilals, Lund, Sweden
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10858",type:"book",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-738-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-737-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-739-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"105389",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Balia",email:"balia@unica.it",fullName:"Roberto Balia",slug:"roberto-balia",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"University of Cagliari",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"36316",title:"Medium to Shallow Depth Stratigraphic Assessment Based on the Application of Geophysical Techniques",slug:"medium-to-shallow-depth-stratigraphic-assessment-based-on-the-application-of-geophysical-techniques",abstract:null,signatures:"Roberto Balia",authors:[{id:"105389",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Balia",fullName:"Roberto Balia",slug:"roberto-balia",email:"balia@unica.it"}],book:{id:"1550",title:"Stratigraphic Analysis of Layered Deposits",slug:"stratigraphic-analysis-of-layered-deposits",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/100661/images/system/100661.jpg",biography:"Dr. Gemma Aiello was born in Aversa (CE), Italy, on 24 October 1964. In 1989, she graduated in Geological Sciences at the University of Naples 'Federico II.” In 1993, she earned a Ph.D. in Sedimentary Geology at the University of Naples 'Federico II,” Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geological Sciences. She completed a two-year postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Naples 'Federico II,” a CNR-CEE fellowship and several contracts at the Research Institute 'Geomare Sud,” CNR, Naples, Italy. Since 1998, she has been a full-time researcher at the Italian CNR. Dr. Aiello has twenty-five years of experience in the field of sedimentary geology, marine geology and geophysics, participating in different research projects for the Italian National Research Council (CARG, Vector, Centri Regionali di Competenza). She was a contract professor of sedimentology and stratigraphy at the Parthenope University of Naples, Italy, and a teacher in formation courses of technicians in marine science and engineering in Naples, Italy.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"101886",title:"Dr.",name:"Ennio",surname:"Marsella",slug:"ennio-marsella",fullName:"Ennio Marsella",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"101900",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Giordano",slug:"laura-giordano",fullName:"Laura Giordano",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"101901",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",surname:"Passaro",slug:"salvatore-passaro",fullName:"Salvatore Passaro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"104271",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael E.",surname:"Weber",slug:"michael-e.-weber",fullName:"Michael E. Weber",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cologne",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"106172",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Leucci",slug:"giovanni-leucci",fullName:"Giovanni Leucci",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"108938",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Bravo-Cuevas",slug:"victor-bravo-cuevas",fullName:"Victor Bravo-Cuevas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California Museum of Paleontology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"109673",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",surname:"González-Rodríguez",slug:"katia-gonzalez-rodriguez",fullName:"Katia González-Rodríguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California Museum of Paleontology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"109689",title:"Prof.",name:"Rocio",surname:"Baños-Rodríguez",slug:"rocio-banos-rodriguez",fullName:"Rocio Baños-Rodríguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"109690",title:"BSc.",name:"Citlalli",surname:"Hernández-Guerrero",slug:"citlalli-hernandez-guerrero",fullName:"Citlalli Hernández-Guerrero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2460},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12718},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1018},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17721}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134203},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11168",title:"Sulfur Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"39d4f4522a9f465bfe15ec2d85ef8861",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Enos Wamalwa Wambu and Dr. Esther Nthiga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11168.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"187655",title:"Dr.",name:"Enos",surname:"Wambu",slug:"enos-wambu",fullName:"Enos Wambu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07e8cf78550507643fbcf71a6a9d48b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jacome Bruges Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty - Evolutionary, Social and Cultural Perspectives on Attractiveness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8f2773e5d4ffe767f38dd15712258e8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farid Pazhoohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"470837",title:"Dr.",name:"Farid",surname:"Pazhoohi",slug:"farid-pazhoohi",fullName:"Farid Pazhoohi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11437",title:"Social Media - Risks and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shafizan",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:36},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:108},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:672},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4433},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"74",title:"Marketing",slug:"marketing",parent:{id:"7",title:"Business, Management and Economics",slug:"business-management-and-economics"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:149,numberOfWosCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitations:87,numberOfDimensionsCitations:124,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"74",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9044",title:"Promotion and Marketing Communications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89b0a14e5fbc99691e93e210da34ea27",slug:"promotion-and-marketing-communications",bookSignature:"Umut Ayman and Anıl Kemal Kaya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9044.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210632",title:"Dr.",name:"Umut",middleName:null,surname:"Ayman",slug:"umut-ayman",fullName:"Umut Ayman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7729",title:"Customer Relationship Management and IT",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a74b759f9378f34a4ed9c3303c7dc551",slug:"customer-relationship-management-and-it",bookSignature:"Danil Dintsis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7729.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198693",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Danil",middleName:null,surname:"Dintsis",slug:"danil-dintsis",fullName:"Danil Dintsis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8924",title:"Modern Perspectives in Business Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a26a282af7629bc3269a9c219bdb204",slug:"modern-perspectives-in-business-applications",bookSignature:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan and Selay Ilgaz Sümer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8924.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254664",title:"Prof.",name:"Syed Abdul Rehman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"syed-abdul-rehman-khan",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rehman Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7830",title:"Consumer Behavior and Marketing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e4352b32821c0ddf89a7933c6fc119f",slug:"consumer-behavior-and-marketing",bookSignature:"Matthew Reyes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"260089",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:"G.",surname:"Reyes",slug:"matthew-reyes",fullName:"Matthew Reyes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7489",title:"Product Lifecycle Management",subtitle:"Terminology and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4cd1c0770949d5fe717936f01c4a1c61",slug:"product-lifecycle-management-terminology-and-applications",bookSignature:"Razvan Udroiu and Paul Bere",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7489.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13146",title:"Prof.",name:"Razvan",middleName:null,surname:"Udroiu",slug:"razvan-udroiu",fullName:"Razvan Udroiu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6583",title:"Marketing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ff1f842b67cc0b3301ea477c31d934b",slug:"marketing",bookSignature:"Sonyel Oflazo?lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6583.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187211",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonyel",middleName:null,surname:"Oflazoglu",slug:"sonyel-oflazoglu",fullName:"Sonyel Oflazoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5762",title:"Agricultural Value Chain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4b4b9668fe6fff8891429bfe61afc4af",slug:"agricultural-value-chain",bookSignature:"Gokhan Egilmez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5762.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111454",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokhan",middleName:null,surname:"Egilmez",slug:"gokhan-egilmez",fullName:"Gokhan Egilmez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5885",title:"Consumer Behavior",subtitle:"Practice Oriented Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd1a24c1e99de6bec66636c6f4491706",slug:"consumer-behavior-practice-oriented-perspectives",bookSignature:"Senay Sabah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5885.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187210",title:"Dr.",name:"Senay",middleName:null,surname:"Sabah",slug:"senay-sabah",fullName:"Senay Sabah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5990",title:"Brand Management",subtitle:"Advancing Insights on",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab18f005b06cdccb4a8cfda902f5167",slug:"advancing-insights-on-brand-management",bookSignature:"Paolo Popoli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5990.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179600",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Popoli",slug:"paolo-popoli",fullName:"Paolo Popoli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"65836",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84762",title:"Tourism 4.0: Challenges in Marketing a Paradigm Shift",slug:"tourism-4-0-challenges-in-marketing-a-paradigm-shift",totalDownloads:2542,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Since the early beginnings people have been traveling and tourism industry has been always adapting to the social and technological development. In the era of digitalization, it needs to adapt again. Around 1.3 billion persons are traveling yearly around the world. Thus, a small change in this sector has a huge impact on the whole society. We propose a new paradigm, Tourism 4.0, appearing with the quest to unlock the innovation potential in the whole tourism sector. This will be done with the help of key enabling technologies from the Industry 4.0, such as Internet of Things, Big Data, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality. By establishing a collaborative ecosystem involving local inhabitants, local authority, tourists, service providers and government, we can co-create an enriched tourism experience in both the physical and the digital world. With this, we can shift from tourist-centered focus to a tourism-centered focus around the local community. Who is the consumer in this new paradigm of tourism and what is the role of marketing in a paradigm shift? The chapter will analyze the current development and present the main shifts due to it.",book:{id:"7830",slug:"consumer-behavior-and-marketing",title:"Consumer Behavior and Marketing",fullTitle:"Consumer Behavior and Marketing"},signatures:"Urška Starc Peceny, Jurij Urbančič, Simon Mokorel, Vesna Kuralt and Tomi Ilijaš",authors:[{id:"217400",title:"Dr.",name:"Urška",middleName:null,surname:"Starc Peceny",slug:"urska-starc-peceny",fullName:"Urška Starc Peceny"},{id:"286485",title:"Dr.",name:"Vesna",middleName:null,surname:"Kuralt",slug:"vesna-kuralt",fullName:"Vesna Kuralt"},{id:"286486",title:"Dr.",name:"Jurij",middleName:null,surname:"Urbančič",slug:"jurij-urbancic",fullName:"Jurij Urbančič"},{id:"286632",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Mokorel",slug:"simon-mokorel",fullName:"Simon Mokorel"},{id:"288765",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Tomi",middleName:null,surname:"Ilijas",slug:"tomi-ilijas",fullName:"Tomi Ilijas"}]},{id:"59751",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74527",title:"Theory of New Product Development and Its Applications",slug:"theory-of-new-product-development-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:5447,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"A product which can be a physical object or a service should be functional and emotional to satisfy the customer’s need, and to offer value, be delivered as the way customer demanded. Also, it has to include other specific elements like providing customer services. New product is the result of a creative and unique idea that is able to make consumers satisfied. In the process of new product development, it should not be thought that the change will only be on product physically but also on every aspect of the product. The difference between ideas increases production of different goods. The different kind of goods can positively affect the customers’ opinion about a business. When a new business starts to produce a product which satisfies customer’s need, then the demand of competitor’s product which was already in the market may be decreased. Establishment of new product development (NPD) departments and their direct influence in the production process is crucial for businesses. They can determine demand and needs of consumers by applying different theories. These theories can be classified as (i) product-service systems, (ii) the Kano model, (iii) conjoint analysis, (iv) the product value matrix and (v) quality function deployment.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Esen Gurbuz",authors:[{id:"227728",title:"Dr.",name:"Esen",middleName:null,surname:"Gurbuz",slug:"esen-gurbuz",fullName:"Esen Gurbuz"}]},{id:"69005",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89282",title:"Reputation Management",slug:"reputation-management",totalDownloads:579,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The problem of building a reputation in the traditional brick-and-mortar world has been known for centuries; we know how to build a good reputation, or more precisely how to help in building a good reputation. Even if we are a target of various half-truths and slanders, we are aware that if they are only spoken words, their durability over time is quickly fleeting. However, written text is different from spoken words; its life durability over time is much longer. In our chapter, we bring the overview of what happens if we must suddenly face the problem of building and maintaining a good reputation in the virtual world of the Internet. Thus, the objective of this chapter is to summarize and present the state of the art in the field of reputation; it consists of the definition of basic terminology and then offers the well-arranged theoretical determination of the problem of reputation in both the traditional brick-and-mortar and virtual world.",book:{id:"9044",slug:"promotion-and-marketing-communications",title:"Promotion and Marketing Communications",fullTitle:"Promotion and Marketing Communications"},signatures:"František Pollák, Peter Dorčák and Peter Markovič",authors:null},{id:"56485",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70161",title:"Citrus Value Chain(s): A Survey of Pakistan Citrus Industry",slug:"citrus-value-chain-s-a-survey-of-pakistan-citrus-industry",totalDownloads:2199,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Pakistan is producing more than 30 types of different fruits of which citrus fruit is leading among all fruit and constitutes about 30% of total fruit production in the country. Above 90% of citrus fruits are produced in Punjab province and distributed through different value chains in domestic as well as in international markets. A large part of citrus fruit produced in Pakistan is mostly consumed locally without much value addition; however, 10–12% of total production is exported after value addition. The value chains are very diverse, and a number of different players actively participate in these chains, which ultimately decide the destination of citrus fruit in these supply chain(s). Knowing all these facts, the main aim of this research is to identify different value chains of citrus fruit (Kinnow) in Pakistan and also to identify and discuss the role and function of different value chain players in the citrus industry in Pakistan. A survey involving of different players of Pakistan’s citrus industry was conducted in 2013–2014 to better understand the citrus value chain(s). Using a convenience sampling technique, a total of 245 respondents were interviewed during a period of 4–5 months from three leading citrus-producing districts. It was found that citrus value chains can be classified into two major types: unprocessed citrus value chain and processed citrus value chains. It was also found that in the past, a large number of citrus growers were involved in preharvest contracting for their orchards and only a small number of citrus growers sold their orchards directly into local and foreign markets. The proportion has been gradually changed now and growers are becoming progressive and more market oriented.",book:{id:"5762",slug:"agricultural-value-chain",title:"Agricultural Value Chain",fullTitle:"Agricultural Value Chain"},signatures:"Muhammad Imran Siddique and Elena Garnevska",authors:[{id:"181547",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Garnevska",slug:"elena-garnevska",fullName:"Elena Garnevska"},{id:"196724",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Siddique",slug:"muhammad-imran-siddique",fullName:"Muhammad Imran Siddique"}]},{id:"64050",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81281",title:"Recycling of Polymeric Composite Materials",slug:"recycling-of-polymeric-composite-materials",totalDownloads:1627,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"This chapter treats studies about the methods and technologies used to recycle the polymeric composite materials and develop new recipes using waste of polymer composite materials resulted from recycling. Composite materials obtained from recycling are presented, with a complete recovery of waste glass fibers. Also, the mechanical properties for new structures of polymeric composite materials, containing additional materials were presented. These were obtained from the recycling of composite waste. A morphology analysis of fracture area of composites samples was done. At present, the polymeric composite materials present a great scientific and technical interest, which justify both the development of research in this field, and the expansion of production of such materials. The author treats aspects regarding a current problem due to the large number of polymeric composite materials waste, and reduced of environmental impact. This field is representing one of the top viable research directions.",book:{id:"7489",slug:"product-lifecycle-management-terminology-and-applications",title:"Product Lifecycle Management",fullTitle:"Product Lifecycle Management - Terminology and Applications"},signatures:"Emilia Sabău",authors:[{id:"248080",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Emilia",middleName:null,surname:"Sabau",slug:"emilia-sabau",fullName:"Emilia Sabau"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59152",title:"Marketing Strategies for the Social Good",slug:"marketing-strategies-for-the-social-good",totalDownloads:1598,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Social network sites (SNS) have proven to be a good environment to promote and sell goods and services, but marketing is more than creating commercial strategies. Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]},{id:"66643",title:"Social Media, Consumer Behavior, and Service Marketing",slug:"social-media-consumer-behavior-and-service-marketing",totalDownloads:3527,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This study examined the impact of social media platforms and brand awareness in relation to the consumer decision-making and buying behavior patterns influenced by social media. It also depicts how companies can effectively make use of social media platforms as marketing strategy tools in business performances. Social media platforms seem to be increasingly and effectively bringing brand awareness and influence consumers’ purchase decision-making and later on realize repeat purchases that bring about customer loyalty. Social media also has some influence to both the consumer and the marketers and is becoming the most welcomed online selling point by the millennial. Marketers/producers have noticed the rise in social media consumers; however, most of the business entities have not yet utilized social media to its fullest in their marketing activities and business strategies and performances. The study highlights the benefits of using social media platforms and brand awareness strategies that can be utilized through the online social media systems and gives a contemporary research gap, in how frequent businesses are engaging with social media.",book:{id:"7830",slug:"consumer-behavior-and-marketing",title:"Consumer Behavior and Marketing",fullTitle:"Consumer Behavior and Marketing"},signatures:"Abigail Chivandi, Michael Olorunjuwon Samuel and Mammo Muchie",authors:[{id:"267975",title:"Dr.",name:"Abigail",middleName:null,surname:"Chivandi",slug:"abigail-chivandi",fullName:"Abigail Chivandi"},{id:"275118",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael Olorunjuwon",middleName:null,surname:"Samuel",slug:"michael-olorunjuwon-samuel",fullName:"Michael Olorunjuwon Samuel"},{id:"275121",title:"Prof.",name:"Mammo",middleName:null,surname:"Muchie",slug:"mammo-muchie",fullName:"Mammo Muchie"}]},{id:"59751",title:"Theory of New Product Development and Its Applications",slug:"theory-of-new-product-development-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:5436,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"A product which can be a physical object or a service should be functional and emotional to satisfy the customer’s need, and to offer value, be delivered as the way customer demanded. Also, it has to include other specific elements like providing customer services. New product is the result of a creative and unique idea that is able to make consumers satisfied. In the process of new product development, it should not be thought that the change will only be on product physically but also on every aspect of the product. The difference between ideas increases production of different goods. The different kind of goods can positively affect the customers’ opinion about a business. When a new business starts to produce a product which satisfies customer’s need, then the demand of competitor’s product which was already in the market may be decreased. Establishment of new product development (NPD) departments and their direct influence in the production process is crucial for businesses. They can determine demand and needs of consumers by applying different theories. These theories can be classified as (i) product-service systems, (ii) the Kano model, (iii) conjoint analysis, (iv) the product value matrix and (v) quality function deployment.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Esen Gurbuz",authors:[{id:"227728",title:"Dr.",name:"Esen",middleName:null,surname:"Gurbuz",slug:"esen-gurbuz",fullName:"Esen Gurbuz"}]},{id:"63867",title:"Product Development and Management Strategies",slug:"product-development-and-management-strategies",totalDownloads:2962,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The chapter seeks to discuss and describe the concept of product from the marketing perspective, how companies come about new product, product development options, and the various strategies available to a company to manage new and existing products. It is a conceptual paper which reviews relevant literatures from various sources. In essence, the proposed chapter will be divided into three main sections. Section 1 will introduce the concept of product, its meaning, and core components from the marketing point of view. It will also contain discussion on the various connotations of the term product, what constitute a new product, and new product adoption. Section 2 will dwell on the options available to a company on how to come up with new products including mergers, acquisition, and licensing, franchising, and proactive new product development. It will also explain the two product development strategies that companies adopt in the market place. The last section will discuss the product management strategies available to a firm either from the product life cycle way or the individual product management strategies or both. At the end, conclusions and the general context of the paper are drawn.",book:{id:"7489",slug:"product-lifecycle-management-terminology-and-applications",title:"Product Lifecycle Management",fullTitle:"Product Lifecycle Management - Terminology and Applications"},signatures:"Musa Gambo Kasuwar Kuka",authors:[{id:"248588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Musa",middleName:null,surname:"Gambo K.K.",slug:"musa-gambo-k.k.",fullName:"Musa Gambo K.K."}]},{id:"64024",title:"Product Design Process and Methods",slug:"product-design-process-and-methods",totalDownloads:2784,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Suitable design procedures and methods will lead to twice the result with half the work. Hence, good products need a good beginning in the design process. The design procedure is the basis for guiding the steps of design process, while the design method is the guarantee for effectively developing the design process and improving its quality. A clear and reasonable process can lead to a simple and smooth way in design, while the proper use of creating techniques can let the designer find a better way to solve the problems in a wider range, so as to develop and design a good product.",book:{id:"7489",slug:"product-lifecycle-management-terminology-and-applications",title:"Product Lifecycle Management",fullTitle:"Product Lifecycle Management - Terminology and Applications"},signatures:"Jinxia Cheng",authors:[{id:"251440",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jinxia",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",slug:"jinxia-cheng",fullName:"Jinxia Cheng"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"74",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:15,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",biography:"Naceur M’HAMDI is Associate Professor at the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage. He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. He worked as assistant Professor of Genetic, biostatistics and animal biotechnology at INAT since 2013.",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:58,paginationItems:[{id:"81961",title:"Antioxidants as an Adjuncts to Periodontal Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105016",signatures:"Sura Dakhil Jassim and Ali Abbas Abdulkareem",slug:"antioxidants-as-an-adjuncts-to-periodontal-therapy",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80963",title:"Pain Perception in Patients Treated with Ligating/Self-Ligating Brackets versus Patients Treated with Aligners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102796",signatures:"Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Samir Diouny, Mohamed El Had, Zineb Serhier and Mohamed Bennani Othmani",slug:"pain-perception-in-patients-treated-with-ligating-self-ligating-brackets-versus-patients-treated-wit",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80500",title:"Novel Dental Implants with Herbal Composites: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101489",signatures:"Gopathy Sridevi and Seshadri Srividya",slug:"novel-dental-implants-with-herbal-composites-a-review",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78320",title:"Implant-Retained Maxillary and Mandibular Overdentures - A Solution for Completely Edentulous Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99575",signatures:"Dubravka Knezović Zlatarić, Robert Ćelić and Hrvoje Pezo",slug:"implant-retained-maxillary-and-mandibular-overdentures-a-solution-for-completely-edentulous-patients",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:23,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:35,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Pollution",value:38,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{id:"424419",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:"Ayorinde",surname:"Ayorinde Adebayo",slug:"matthew-ayorinde-adebayo",fullName:"Matthew Ayorinde Adebayo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/424419/images/17356_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"354033",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Nasri",slug:"ahmed-nasri",fullName:"Ahmed Nasri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435702",title:"Dr.",name:"Amel",middleName:null,surname:"Hannachi",slug:"amel-hannachi",fullName:"Amel Hannachi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420857",title:"Prof.",name:"Ezzeddine",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"ezzeddine-mahmoudi",fullName:"Ezzeddine Mahmoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420856",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamouda",middleName:null,surname:"Beyrem",slug:"hamouda-beyrem",fullName:"Hamouda Beyrem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435703",title:"Dr.",name:"Hary",middleName:null,surname:"Demey",slug:"hary-demey",fullName:"Hary Demey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Cartagena",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"425026",title:"Mr.",name:"Kholofelo",middleName:null,surname:"Clifford Malematja",slug:"kholofelo-clifford-malematja",fullName:"Kholofelo Clifford Malematja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435701",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Allouche",slug:"mohamed-allouche",fullName:"Mohamed Allouche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420855",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Aïssa",slug:"patricia-aissa",fullName:"Patricia Aïssa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435699",title:"Dr.",name:"Takoua",middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"takoua-mhadhbi",fullName:"Takoua Mhadhbi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"442300",title:"Prof.",name:"Véronique",middleName:null,surname:"Perrier",slug:"veronique-perrier",fullName:"Véronique Perrier",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Montpellier",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"445179",title:"Mr.",name:"Aman",middleName:null,surname:"Jaiswal",slug:"aman-jaiswal",fullName:"Aman Jaiswal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445178",title:"Mr.",name:"Dhiraj",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",slug:"dhiraj-dutta",fullName:"Dhiraj Dutta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445180",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"rama-dubey",fullName:"Rama Dubey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424992",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Helal",slug:"mohamed-helal",fullName:"Mohamed Helal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"428329",title:"Mr.",name:"Collet",middleName:null,surname:"Maswanganyi",slug:"collet-maswanganyi",fullName:"Collet Maswanganyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428546",title:"MSc.",name:"Ndivhuwo",middleName:null,surname:"Shumbula",slug:"ndivhuwo-shumbula",fullName:"Ndivhuwo Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"352155",title:"Dr.",name:"Poslet",middleName:"Morgan",surname:"Shumbula",slug:"poslet-shumbula",fullName:"Poslet Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435064",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadtaghi",middleName:null,surname:"Vakili",slug:"mohammadtaghi-vakili",fullName:"Mohammadtaghi Vakili",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yangtze Normal University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"437268",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda Lunga",middleName:null,surname:"Sibali",slug:"linda-lunga-sibali",fullName:"Linda Lunga Sibali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437269",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter P.",middleName:null,surname:"Ndibewu",slug:"peter-p.-ndibewu",fullName:"Peter P. Ndibewu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424106",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Siyabonga",middleName:null,surname:"Aubrey Mhlongo",slug:"siyabonga-aubrey-mhlongo",fullName:"Siyabonga Aubrey Mhlongo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424233",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"ifeoluwa-oluwafunmilayo-daramola",fullName:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446429",title:"Dr.",name:"Dev Vrat",middleName:null,surname:"Kamboj",slug:"dev-vrat-kamboj",fullName:"Dev Vrat Kamboj",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"425585",title:"Dr.",name:"NISHA",middleName:null,surname:"GAUR",slug:"nisha-gaur",fullName:"NISHA GAUR",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"226635",title:"Prof.",name:"Amany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Sikaily",slug:"amany-el-sikaily",fullName:"Amany El-Sikaily",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"435668",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ghanem",slug:"sara-ghanem",fullName:"Sara Ghanem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426808",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yesim",middleName:null,surname:"Gucbilmez",slug:"yesim-gucbilmez",fullName:"Yesim Gucbilmez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423291",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Cagnetta",slug:"giovanni-cagnetta",fullName:"Giovanni Cagnetta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"
\r\n\tIf we aim to prosper as a society and as a species, there is no alternative to sustainability-oriented development and growth. Sustainable development is no longer a choice but a necessity for us all. Ecosystems and preserving ecosystem services and inclusive urban development present promising solutions to environmental problems. Contextually, the emphasis on studying these fields will enable us to identify and define the critical factors for territorial success in the upcoming decades to be considered by the main-actors, decision and policy makers, technicians, and public in general.
\r\n
\r\n\tHolistic urban planning and environmental management are therefore crucial spheres that will define sustainable trajectories for our urbanizing planet. This urban and environmental planning topic aims to attract contributions that address sustainable urban development challenges and solutions, including integrated urban water management, planning for the urban circular economy, monitoring of risks, contingency planning and response to disasters, among several other challenges and solutions.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia Trillo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAZHQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:26:43.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002nXXGKQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-11T08:25:45.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Budapest University of Technology and Economics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282172/images/system/282172.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institution:{name:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14794/images/system/14794.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Murat Şentürk obtained a baccalaureate degree in Chemistry in 2002, a master’s degree in Biochemistry in 2006, and a doctorate degree in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/21925",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"21925"},fullPath:"/chapters/21925",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()