Clinical evidences of plant-based medicinal products in the management of metabolic syndrome.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
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Chapters cover such topics as human factors in quality control, behavioral modeling of electric aircraft, aviation English, radar target classification, occupational health and safety, and terminal airspace sector capacity.",isbn:"978-1-83969-831-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-830-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-832-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94660",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"air-traffic-management-and-control",numberOfPages:110,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9b3aae480119950f33ef5b33f43c2598",bookSignature:"Longbiao Li",publishedDate:"December 15th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10690.jpg",numberOfDownloads:909,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 22nd 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 20th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 19th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 7th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 6th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"302409",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"longbiao-li",fullName:"Longbiao Li",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302409/images/system/302409.jpg",biography:"Dr. Longbiao Li is a lecturer in the College of Civil Aviation at the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Dr. Li’s research focuses on the vibration, fatigue, damage, fracture, reliability, safety and durability of aircraft and aero engine. In this research area, he is the first author of 184 SCI journal publications (49 JCR Q1), 8 monographs, 3 edited books, 3 textbooks, 3 book chapters, 30 Chinese Patents, 2 US Patents, 2 Chinese Software Copyright, and more than 20 refereed conference proceedings. He has been involved in different projects related to structural damage, reliability, and airworthiness design for aircraft and aero engines, supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China, COMAC Company, and AECC Commercial Aircraft Engine Company.",institutionString:"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"681",title:"Aeroacoustics",slug:"aeroacoustics"}],chapters:[{id:"79420",title:"Introductory Chapter: Management and Control of Air Traffic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101405",slug:"introductory-chapter-management-and-control-of-air-traffic",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Longbiao Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79420",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79420",authors:[{id:"302409",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",surname:"Li",slug:"longbiao-li",fullName:"Longbiao Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"79263",title:"Key Aspects of Occupational Health and Safety towards Efficiency and Performance in Air Traffic Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101086",slug:"key-aspects-of-occupational-health-and-safety-towards-efficiency-and-performance-in-air-traffic-mana",totalDownloads:144,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper/chapter deals with the key drivers for adopting and developing an Occupational Health and Safety System (OHS) with a special focus on air traffic management and traffic controller’s workplace. A such system includes regulation and legal compliance procedures, actions and monitoring for ensuring workplace safety, incentives and motivation for the air traffic controller and associate personnel health and wellbeing. By a systemic approach, the key characteristics of OHS towards air traffic management are presented, highlighting the key aspects for implementing a quality management system in air traffic control, which is the cornerstone of airport operation efficiency and productivity on one hand; and the nature of job and the intensive working environment is well recognised. Based on air traffic providers functional analysis the key occupational aspects for air traffic control are taken into consideration, providing the benefits for implementing quality management systems (QMS) and OHS is real business. Conventional wisdom is to highlight the importance for establishing and incorporating a modern custom-made OHS system in accordance with the requirements addressed by OHSAS 18001 to develop and implement a QMS for air traffic services. Contribution of this paper is to highlight the key priorities for managers and decision makers in field of air traffic services providers, depicting ways and recommendation for adopting an efficient path for implementing OHS in a QMS environment.",signatures:"Dimitrios Dimitriou and Stylianos Zantanidis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79263",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79263",authors:[{id:"207943",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Dimitriou",slug:"dimitrios-dimitriou",fullName:"Dimitrios Dimitriou"},{id:"417813",title:"Dr.",name:"Stylianos",surname:"Zantanidis",slug:"stylianos-zantanidis",fullName:"Stylianos Zantanidis"}],corrections:null},{id:"78183",title:"Deep Learning Network for Classifying Target of Same Shape using RCS Time Series",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99619",slug:"deep-learning-network-for-classifying-target-of-same-shape-using-rcs-time-series",totalDownloads:147,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The main intension of this work is to find the warhead and decoy classification and identification. Classification of radar target is one of the utmost imperatives and hardest practical problems in finding out the missile. Detection of target in the pool of decoys and debris is one of the major radas technologies widely used in practice. In this study we mainly focus on the radar target recognition in different shapes like cone, cylinder and sphere based on radar cross section (RCS). RCS is a critical element of the radar signature that is used in this work to identify the target. The concept is to focus on new technique of ML for analyzing the input data and to attain a better accuracy. Machine learning has had a significant impact on the entire industry as a result of its high computational competency for target prediction with precise data analysis. We investigated various machine learning classifiers methods to categorize available radar target data. This chapter summarizes conventional and deep learning technique used for classification of radar target.",signatures:"Rashmi Narasimhamurthy and Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78183",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78183",authors:[{id:"426189",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashmi",surname:"Narasimhamurthy",slug:"rashmi-narasimhamurthy",fullName:"Rashmi Narasimhamurthy"}],corrections:null},{id:"78059",title:"Behavioral Modeling Paradigm for More Electric Aircraft Power Electronic Converters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99600",slug:"behavioral-modeling-paradigm-for-more-electric-aircraft-power-electronic-converters",totalDownloads:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To control the power flow among various energy sources and loads of a power system of modern more electric aircrafts, power electronics converters are employed. The integration of multiple sources into distribution system and their interconnection with variety of loads through power electronic converters results in a complex dynamic system. Modeling of these systems prior to implementation becomes necessary to analyze and predict system’s behavior. The classical modeling approaches require detail knowledge about the topology and parameters of the active and passive components of the power electronics converters. While in modern system, most of the power electronics converters are ready to use power electronics modules. These modules come from different manufacturers, lacking the necessary information to build the conventional switch or average models. The chapter would cover dynamic behavioral modeling technique for power electronics systems to be employed in more electric aircrafts, which do not require any prior information about the internal details of the system.",signatures:"Husan Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78059",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78059",authors:[{id:"420730",title:"Dr.",name:"Husan",surname:"Ali",slug:"husan-ali",fullName:"Husan Ali"}],corrections:null},{id:"78855",title:"Online Estimation of Terminal Airspace Sector Capacity from ATC Workload",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100274",slug:"online-estimation-of-terminal-airspace-sector-capacity-from-atc-workload",totalDownloads:116,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Neural Partial Differentiation (NPD) approach is applied to estimate terminal airspace sector capacity in real-time from the ATC (Air Traffic Controller) dynamical neural model with permissible safe separation and affordable workload. A neural model of a multi-input-single-output (MISO) ATC dynamical system is primarily established and used to estimate parameters from the experimental data using NPD. Since the relative standard deviations of these estimated parameters are lesser, the predicted neural model response is well matched with the intervention of ATC workload. Moreover, the proposed neural network-based approach works well with the experimental data online as it does not require the initial values of model parameters that are unknown in practice.",signatures:"Majeed Mohamed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78855",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78855",authors:[{id:"419366",title:"Dr.",name:"Majeed",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"majeed-mohamed",fullName:"Majeed Mohamed"}],corrections:null},{id:"78211",title:"Human Factors Quality Control in Air Traffic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99640",slug:"human-factors-quality-control-in-air-traffic",totalDownloads:162,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Every living person, from infants to older people, gets affected by internal and external factors. There are numerous researches and writings related to humans and these various factors. Human factors are recognized since the start of the human race. The awareness of the impacts of our environment is not new to humans. The focus in this chapter is upon those factors which can create an impact on aircraft mechanisms and air traffic controllers. These factors include human, psychological, work conditions, training, health conditions, environment, societal, and training. These factors must be quality controlled to minimize the errors in the critical domain of air traffic. A reduction in the number of errors will allow the performance to be higher and lowers the chances of fatal accidents.",signatures:"Muhammad Usman Tariq",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78211",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78211",authors:[{id:"416758",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Usman",slug:"muhammad-usman",fullName:"Muhammad Usman"}],corrections:null},{id:"78139",title:"Understanding Aviation English: Challenges and Opportunities in NLP Applications for Indian Languages",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99612",slug:"understanding-aviation-english-challenges-and-opportunities-in-nlp-applications-for-indian-languages",totalDownloads:145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"English is a language that is understood, spoken and used by citizens of a diverse array of countries. The speakers include both native and non-native speakers of English. NLP or Natural Language Processing on the other hand is a branch of computer science that deals with one of the most challenging aspect that a machine can process: dealing with Natural Languages. Natural languages which have evolved over centuries are complete, diverse and highly complex and thus are challenging for a computer system to understand and process. MT or Machine Translation is a more specific part of NLP that translates one natural language to another (English being one of the major researched and sought after languages among them). Though research in the field of NLP and MT has come a long way and many efficient translators are available, still Translation and other NLP applications in specialized domains such as aeronautics are still today a challenge for NLP researchers and developers to achieve. NLP applications are often used in education of English Language, and are therefore a continuous process for Non-Native speakers of English. Non-native English speakers take help of various NLP tools such as E-Dictionary, MT applications and others to better understand the English language and thus learn it better and faster. Aviation English poses a challenge to MT systems and understanding it as a whole requires specialized handling as it has own phonetic pronunciations and terminologies and constituent Out-Of-Vocabulary words. Dealing with Aviation English calls for teaming up of experts from Applied Linguistics, NLP and AI. As a result it becomes a cross-research discipline that covers situations that demand real time use of proper language, e.g. ATC communications. This Paper aims to discuss most recent research methodologies that deals with the Aviation English and reviews the problems posed by it. Being a specialized and structured form of English, the problems are faced by both native and non-native speakers of English Language. Discussion is carried out in the relevant and recent advances of methods in dealing with aviation English language challenges from both, the Human (ICAO/DGCA/AAI) as well as NLP angle. Lastly we have a look at how these challenges are linked to scope for development of applied technologies. Research in experiential Aviation English situations deals with both English for Specific Purposes - ESP (Aeronautics in our case) as well as situations in English as a Foreign Language i.e. EFL (English-Indian language pair).",signatures:"Saptarshi Paul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78139",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78139",authors:[{id:"417288",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Saptarshi",surname:"Paul",slug:"saptarshi-paul",fullName:"Saptarshi Paul"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7404",title:"Hysteresis of Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8540fa2378dbb92e50411cfebfb853a6",slug:"hysteresis-of-composites",bookSignature:"Li Longbiao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7404.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302409",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",surname:"Li",slug:"longbiao-li",fullName:"Longbiao Li"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10224",title:"Safety and Risk Assessment of Civil Aircraft during Operation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d966066f4fa44f6b320cd9b40ed66bbd",slug:"safety-and-risk-assessment-of-civil-aircraft-during-operation",bookSignature:"Longbiao Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10224.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302409",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",surname:"Li",slug:"longbiao-li",fullName:"Longbiao Li"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Walder",authors:[{id:"49672",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Walder",fullName:"Ken Walder",slug:"ken-walder"},{id:"56946",title:"Mr.",name:"Brad",middleName:null,surname:"Hayward",fullName:"Brad Hayward",slug:"brad-hayward"},{id:"56947",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicky",middleName:null,surname:"Konstantopoulos",fullName:"Nicky Konstantopoulos",slug:"nicky-konstantopoulos"}]},{id:"19821",title:"The Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Untranslated Regions (Utrs) in Insulin Resistance Pathogenesis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"the-role-of-single-nucleotide-polymorphisms-of-untranslated-regions-utrs-in-insulin-resistance-patho",signatures:"Małgorzata Małodobra",authors:[{id:"51663",title:"Dr.",name:"Małgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Małodobra",fullName:"Małgorzata Małodobra",slug:"malgorzata-malodobra"}]},{id:"19822",title:"Genetics of Endothelial Damage Associated to Diabetes Mellitus Type 2",slug:"genetics-of-endothelial-damage-associated-to-diabetes-mellitus-type-2",signatures:"Lorena García, Carlos Wolff, Verónica Araya, Gloria López, Sergio Lobos, Pilar Durruty and Daniela Seelenfreund",authors:[{id:"32331",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Lobos",fullName:"Sergio Lobos",slug:"sergio-lobos"},{id:"39975",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Seelenfreund",fullName:"Daniela Seelenfreund",slug:"daniela-seelenfreund"},{id:"45325",title:"MSc.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Durruty",fullName:"Pilar Durruty",slug:"pilar-durruty"},{id:"56393",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorena",middleName:null,surname:"García",fullName:"Lorena García",slug:"lorena-garcia"},{id:"56394",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Araya",fullName:"Verónica Araya",slug:"veronica-araya"},{id:"56395",title:"Dr.",name:"Gloria",middleName:null,surname:"López-Stewart",fullName:"Gloria López-Stewart",slug:"gloria-lopez-stewart"},{id:"56396",title:"MSc",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Wolff",fullName:"Carlos Wolff",slug:"carlos-wolff"}]},{id:"19823",title:"Functional Context Network of T2DM",slug:"functional-context-network-of-t2dm",signatures:"Anja Thormann and Axel Rasche",authors:[{id:"58981",title:"Dr.",name:"Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Rasche",fullName:"Axel Rasche",slug:"axel-rasche"},{id:"58991",title:"MSc.",name:"Anja",middleName:null,surname:"Thormann",fullName:"Anja Thormann",slug:"anja-thormann"}]},{id:"19824",title:"Sarcopenia, Sarcopenic Obesity and Insulin Resistance",slug:"sarcopenia-sarcopenic-obesity-and-insulin-resistance",signatures:"John A. Batsis and Silvio Buscemi",authors:[{id:"39980",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvio",middleName:null,surname:"Buscemi",fullName:"Silvio Buscemi",slug:"silvio-buscemi"},{id:"41385",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"Alexander",surname:"Batsis",fullName:"John Batsis",slug:"john-batsis"}]},{id:"19825",title:"Type 2 Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer – A Possible Reason",slug:"type-2-diabetes-and-pancreatic-cancer-a-possible-reason",signatures:"Parviz M Pour",authors:[{id:"69023",title:"Prof.",name:"Parviz",middleName:null,surname:"Pour",fullName:"Parviz Pour",slug:"parviz-pour"}]},{id:"19826",title:"Pathophysiology in Type 2 Diabetes – Type 2 Diabetes and Sleep-Disordered Breathing/Sleep Apnea – Role of Adipocytokines",slug:"pathophysiology-in-type-2-diabetes-type-2-diabetes-and-sleep-disordered-breathing-sleep-apnea-role-o",signatures:"Ken Kishida",authors:[{id:"33837",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kishida",fullName:"Ken Kishida",slug:"ken-kishida"}]},{id:"19827",title:"Can Bariatric or Metabolic Surgery Cure Type 2 Diabetes?",slug:"can-bariatric-or-metabolic-surgery-cure-type-2-diabetes-",signatures:"Gustavo P. S. Miguel, Perseu Carvalho, João Luiz Azevedo, Murilo Hosken Júnior, Évelyn Zambrana, Otávio Azevedo and Isaac Abreu",authors:[{id:"48134",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Miguel",fullName:"Gustavo Miguel",slug:"gustavo-miguel"},{id:"106273",title:"Prof.",name:"Perseu",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Perseu Carvalho",slug:"perseu-carvalho"},{id:"106274",title:"Prof.",name:"João Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",fullName:"João Luiz Azevedo",slug:"joao-luiz-azevedo"},{id:"106278",title:"Dr.",name:"Murilo",middleName:"Oliveira",surname:"Hosken Júnior",fullName:"Murilo Hosken Júnior",slug:"murilo-hosken-junior"},{id:"106280",title:"Ms.",name:"Évelyn",middleName:null,surname:"Zambrana",fullName:"Évelyn Zambrana",slug:"evelyn-zambrana"},{id:"106281",title:"MSc.",name:"Otávio",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",fullName:"Otávio Azevedo",slug:"otavio-azevedo"},{id:"106283",title:"Dr.",name:"Isaac",middleName:"Walker",surname:"Abreu",fullName:"Isaac Abreu",slug:"isaac-abreu"}]},{id:"19828",title:"Nuclear Imaging of Glucose Transport/Metabolism – An Interesting Tool to Screen Insulin Resistance, Refine Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes, Understand Disease Mechanisms, and/or Evaluate New Therapies",slug:"nuclear-imaging-of-glucose-transport-metabolism-an-interesting-tool-to-screen-insulin-resistance-ref",signatures:"P. Perret, M. Henri, L. Slimani, D.Fagret and C. Ghezzi",authors:[{id:"47372",title:"Dr.",name:"Pascale",middleName:null,surname:"Perret",fullName:"Pascale Perret",slug:"pascale-perret"},{id:"57725",title:"MSc.",name:"Marion",middleName:null,surname:"Henri",fullName:"Marion Henri",slug:"marion-henri"},{id:"57726",title:"Dr.",name:"Lotfi",middleName:null,surname:"Slimani",fullName:"Lotfi Slimani",slug:"lotfi-slimani"},{id:"57727",title:"Prof.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Ghezzi",fullName:"Catherine Ghezzi",slug:"catherine-ghezzi"}]},{id:"19829",title:"Targeting PKA Signaling to Prevent Metabolic Syndrome and Delay Aging",slug:"targeting-pka-signaling-to-prevent-metabolic-syndrome-and-delay-aging",signatures:"Linda C Enns and Warren C Ladiges",authors:[{id:"40938",title:"Prof.",name:"Warren",middleName:null,surname:"Ladiges",fullName:"Warren Ladiges",slug:"warren-ladiges"},{id:"111037",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Enns",fullName:"Linda Enns",slug:"linda-enns"}]},{id:"19830",title:"Targeting AMPK for Therapeutic Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes",slug:"targeting-ampk-for-therapeutic-intervention-in-type-2-diabetes",signatures:"Mohamed Kodiha and Ursula Stochaj",authors:[{id:"41087",title:"Dr.",name:"Ursula",middleName:null,surname:"Stochaj",fullName:"Ursula Stochaj",slug:"ursula-stochaj"},{id:"60006",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kodiha",fullName:"Mohamed Kodiha",slug:"mohamed-kodiha"}]},{id:"19831",title:"Design and Evaluation of a Complex Phytoceutical Formulation for Circulatory Diseases",slug:"design-and-evaluation-of-a-complex-phytoceutical-formulation-for-circulatory-diseases",signatures:"J. Olalde, A. Antoshechkin, O. del Castillo, R. Guzmán and F. Améndola",authors:[{id:"54266",title:"Dr.",name:"Oswaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Del Castillo",fullName:"Oswaldo Del Castillo",slug:"oswaldo-del-castillo"},{id:"96862",title:"MSc.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Olalde",fullName:"Jose Olalde",slug:"jose-olalde"},{id:"96864",title:"Dr.",name:"Anatoly",middleName:null,surname:"Antoshechkin",fullName:"Anatoly Antoshechkin",slug:"anatoly-antoshechkin"},{id:"96865",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Guzman",fullName:"Roberto Guzman",slug:"roberto-guzman"},{id:"96866",title:"Dr.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"Amendola",fullName:"Francis Amendola",slug:"francis-amendola"}]},{id:"19832",title:"Effectiveness of Fenugreek for Lowering Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Patients with Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial",slug:"effectiveness-of-fenugreek-for-lowering-hemoglobin-hba1c-in-patients-with-self-management-of-type-2-",signatures:"Rashid Ansari and Saiqaa Ansari",authors:[{id:"39621",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashid",middleName:"Muhammad",surname:"Ansari",fullName:"Rashid Ansari",slug:"rashid-ansari"},{id:"46456",title:"Dr.",name:"Saiqaa",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",fullName:"Saiqaa Ansari",slug:"saiqaa-ansari"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"341",title:"Medical Complications of Type 2 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4288dc5cb2b73d4039d20c858003314e",slug:"medical-complications-of-type-2-diabetes",bookSignature:"Colleen Croniger",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/341.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55053",title:"Dr.",name:"Colleen",surname:"Croniger",slug:"colleen-croniger",fullName:"Colleen Croniger"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3857",title:"Glucose 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by",editors:[{id:"25847",title:"Dr.",name:"Drahomira",surname:"Springer",slug:"drahomira-springer",fullName:"Drahomira Springer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1039",title:"Role of the Adipocyte in Development of Type 2 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"703580c77db309a487a505a32e748af4",slug:"role-of-the-adipocyte-in-development-of-type-2-diabetes",bookSignature:"Coleen Croniger",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1039.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55053",title:"Dr.",name:"Colleen",surname:"Croniger",slug:"colleen-croniger",fullName:"Colleen Croniger"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82661",title:"Necessity of Herbal Medicine in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105199",slug:"necessity-of-herbal-medicine-in-the-management-of-metabolic-syndrome",body:'Lifestyle diseases are distinguished as changes in the metabolism profile of a population and are directly proportional to their day-to-day habits. The primary factors that induce lifestyle diseases include unorganized food habits, uninhabited exercise activities, etc. Metabolic syndrome is a common metabolic condition that is being exacerbated by rising obesity rates. The metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X, insulin resistance, and other terms, is a pathologic condition characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, according to the World Health Organization. Prothrombotic conditions, proinflammatory states, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and reproductive abnormalities are some of the other comorbidities [1]. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder and it puts tremendous pressure on patients as well as their socioeconomic status. In recent decades, the prevalence of diabetes has been raised gradually in certain developed countries. As per the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) data, the diabetes prevalence may increase by 693 million in the year 2045 if successful measures of treatment are not implemented [1]. Incidence and prevalence rates of diabetes in Indian populations are illustrated in Figure 1.
Incidence rate of diabetes in India in millions.
The incidence of diabetes has risen significantly in recent decades, and it is expected to be higher in the upcoming decades. These specific complaints, in addition to cardiovascular complications, respiratory disorders, and cancers, are directly responsible for 80% of all premature noncommunicable disease (NCD) deaths [2].
Data from IDF show that diabetes is a rising concern in India. The estimated rate of diabetes patients is 8.7%, and the age range is between 20 and 70 years [4]. Formal paraphrase diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder correlated with carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism and is followed by insulin deficiency and/or insulin resistance. Diabetes mellitus has the following characteristic signs and symptoms: thirst, polyuria, blurring of vision, and weight loss [5]. The metabolic syndrome has been around for over 80 years. Over the last two decades, the number of people with metabolic syndrome has risen dramatically worldwide. This rise is linked to the worldwide obesity and diabetes epidemic. The metabolic syndrome increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, necessitating the development of measures to combat the oncoming global epidemic [3].
According to studies published in the previous decade, approximately one-quarter to one-third of adults from various ethnic origins meet metabolic syndrome requirements. Metabolic syndrome becomes more common as people get older [7]. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was shown to be more common in specific ethnic groups, with 15% of American Indians having T2DM and only 4.30% of Chinese Americans having T2DM. South Asian Americans have a greater frequency of metabolic syndrome and abdominal obesity than other ethnic groups [8]. The factor that increases the risk of the development of the metabolic disorder is positive family history smoking, Increasing age, obesity, low socioeconomic status, Mexican-American ethnicity, postmenopausal status, physical inactivity, sugary drinks and soft drink consumption, excessive alcohol consumption, Western dietary patterns, low cardiorespiratory fitness, excessive television watching, use of antiretroviral drugs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, atypical antipsychotic drug use (e.g., clozapine) [9]. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are regarded as key risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome, and they may also play a role in the pathophysiology of its metabolic components [10]. Body fat distribution, particularly visceral fat accumulation, is a significant predictor of the metabolic syndrome, a collection of diabetogenic, atherogenic, prothrombotic, and proinflammatory metabolic abnormalities marked by dysfunctional adipocytes and dysregulated adipocytokine production (hypoadiponectinemia) [11]. The “lipid triad” of high plasma triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and a preponderance of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are the main components of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome, which most likely causes atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therapeutic lifestyle changes are a cornerstone of treatment. Drug therapy may be indicated if it does not treat dyslipidemia. The first-line treatment for reducing LDL-C is with statins [12]. In patients with metabolic syndrome, visceral fat reduction combined with lifestyle changes might be a beneficial therapy for preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) [11].
CAM is a group of therapeutic and diagnostic principles that are often practiced by patients along with conventional therapies. CAM is normally not appreciated by the majority of the medical profession as traditional or mainstream medical approaches. Integrative medicine is an approach to medical care that combines standard medicine with CAM practices that are shown to be effective and safe [4].
CAM therapies are widely used all over the world. Since the majority of patients are not satisfied with their existing treatment pattern, patients do believe alternative therapies are suitable for their illnesses since they are natural and free from toxicity. Herbal medicine is the preparation of biologically active natural products that have therapeutic value. The use of herbal medicines in developed countries has expanded in the latter half of the twentieth century. Recently, the WHO estimated that 80% of people rely on herbal medicines for some aspect of their primary health care needs. More than 70% of the Indian population still uses these plant-based medicinal products for their needs. As a significance of dissatisfaction with conventional medicine, herbal remedies are becoming increasingly popular in developed nations. Herbal remedies are widely thought to be innately safe because they are “natural.” Their effects are generally related to the pharmacological features and dose levels of their active ingredient, rather than their natural origin. Herbal medicines, on the other hand, can be toxic if used inappropriately or as a substitute for conventional medications. Toxic effects can indeed be linked to a variety of pharmaceutical reasons, such as ingredient toxicity, preparation contamination by pesticides, microbes, heavy metals, or synthetic pharmaceuticals. As a result, before using any herbal medicine, both users and doctors and practitioners should be capable of making the greatest risk-benefit assessment possible [13].
For the treatment of diabetes and its consequences, several different plants have been employed individually or in formulations. The active ingredients in this herbal mixture are not well described, which is one of the primary flaws. It’s critical to understand the active ingredients and their molecular interactions, as this will aid in determining the product’s medicinal efficacy and standardizing the manufacturing process. The absence of scientific and clinical data showing herbal medicine’s efficacy and safety is a major impediment to its incorporation into modern medical procedures. Clinical research on herbal medications is required, as are the development of simple bioassays for biological standardization, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation, and the development of numerous animal models for toxicity and safety testing. Widely practiced alternative therapies in the management of metabolic syndromes are herbal supplements, acupuncture therapy, massage therapy, meditation, and yoga therapy. Plant-based medicinal products are highly consumed by the majority of the population. Table 1 discusses the clinical evidence of herbal supplements in the management of obesity.
Study participants | Conclusion | Reference |
---|---|---|
34 postmenopausal women aged 50–70 years were randomly assigned to exercise and placebo | The use of isoflavones when body weight remains stable seems to enhance the beneficial effects of mixed-exercise training on body composition and CRP in overweight or obese postmenopausal women. | [5] |
A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study of a herbal dietary supplement in Overweight men and women of Sixty-seven subjects | This herbal mixture of Ma Huang and Guarana effectively promoted short-term weight and fat loss | [6] |
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 80 obese participants without any disease were recruited randomly into actiponin and placebo groups | Actiponin supplementation may be effective for treating obese individuals | [7] |
80 obese women were randomly assigned for either ginger (2-g ginger rhizomes powder per day) or placebo supplements (corn starch with the same amount) | Ginger consumption has potential in managing obesity | [8] |
Double-blinded, randomized subjects with BMI ≧27 was randomly divided into control (n = 18) and an oat-treated (n = 16) group | Consumption of oat reduced obesity, abdominal fat, and improved lipid profiles and liver functions | [9] |
Clinical evidences of plant-based medicinal products in the management of metabolic syndrome.
Diabetes mellitus (DM): DM is a metabolic condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Diabetes is caused by a shortage of insulin or inadequate insulin synthesis in the pancreas. Even though several synthetic medications have been produced, none of them provides a complete cure. Long-term use of some synthetic compounds creates significant adverse effects, but there is still a desire for nontoxic, low-cost medications. Throughout human history, traditional therapies have been a highly regarded source of medicine. These are widely utilized around the world, demonstrating that herbs are becoming an increasingly important aspect of modern and high-tech medicine. A total of 21,000 plants are utilized for therapeutic reasons around the world, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and there are around 400 plants available for the treatment of diabetes among them [14]. Table 2 discusses the frequently used plant-based medicinal products in the management of metabolic syndrome.
Name of the plant-based medicinal products | Therapeutic effect |
---|---|
Fennel | Aids in the reduction of fat and sugar absorption |
Cinnamon | ↓Low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides |
Gimena | Inhibits the absorption of glucose and the buildup of fatty acids. |
Aloe vera | Enhance carbohydrate metabolism and minimizes glucose intolerance caused by obesity |
Moringa | Triglycerides and elevated blood glucose reduction |
Bitter melon and fenugreek | Increases insulin sensitivity, reduce low-density lipoprotein and Triglycerides |
Few plant-based medicinal products in the management of metabolic syndrome.
Several herbs, comprising extracts or bioactive constituents derived from plants, can be primarily used to treat metabolic syndrome, also in nano-formulated pharmaceutical forms. For this global concern, researchers and physicians are exploring novel, safe, complementary, and alternative therapeutic approaches. Herbal remedies are found to be a promising way to lose weight and body fat. The benefits of herbal medicines such as antihyperglycemic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory properties, and antioxidant agents were examined in different preclinical and clinical investigations [15]. The advantages of employing medicinal plants as just a safe, economical, approachable, and organic alternative healthcare solution for the treatment of metabolic diseases’ health outcomes.
Herbal medicines promote insulin secretion and cardiovascular health while reducing gluconeogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. To manage diabetes and its consequences, various plant extracts have been proposed. Nanostructured formulations of herbal extracts can improve their anti-diabetic effects by regulating their pharmacokinetics and making them more available to the body [16]. Considering long-term use of some synthetic compounds creates significant adverse effects, there is still a necessity for nontoxic, low-cost medications. Throughout the history of mankind, traditional therapies have been a highly regarded source of treatment. These are usually employed around the world, demonstrating that herbs are becoming an increasingly important aspect of modern and high-tech medicine. The low level of side effects associated with herbal pharmaceuticals is one of their key advantages, and this has encouraged several researchers to develop novel molecules for the treatment of diabetes. Recent breakthroughs in the field of herbal medications to treat diabetes, prevent diabetes-related secondary problems, and numerous herbal compounds in various stages of clinical trials [14].
Various herbal medicines such as capsicum annum of the capsicum family showed anti-diabetic effects by increasing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, improvement in glucose tolerance, protection of β cells from apoptosis, and reduction of insulin level in clinical studies. Capsaicin (the active ingredient in the capsicum family) stimulates GLP-1 secretion, thus increasing glucagon level in the blood and thus decreasing Ghrelin level (orexigenic hormone). There is evidence of inhibition of ɑ-amylase and ɑ-glucosidase activity via preclinical studies [17].
Saffron, a dried stigma of Crocus sativus used as a spice with coloring properties, demonstrated an anti-hyperglycemic effect by reducing the serum blood glucose level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and showed an antioxidant effect. It also reverses the pancreatic damage, phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (which play an important role in glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity) [18].
As per recent studies, the most potent plants for fasting blood glucose (FBS) are green tea (at 150 and 1000 mg/day),
After months of consumption,
Other herbal medicines or extracts such as bitter melon, mostly used by the Asian population, reduce Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and post-prandial blood sugar (PPBS) by acting on the GLUT-4 receptor. Fenugreek improved blood glucose levels and increased insulin sensitivity when combined with anti-diabetic therapy. Yuquan Wan, a Chinese extract administered for 1 month, decreased FBS and improved diabetic-related complications. Xioake Wan (XAX), a Chinese medicine, showcased a significant improvement in blood lipid and blood glucose parameters when combined with anti-diabetic drugs and enhanced insulin sensitivity [20]. Most people’s hypertension goes untreated or uncontrolled. The availability, cost, and side effects of antihypertensive medicines hinder the effective treatment of hypertension. Conventional treatment was unable to alleviate several hypertension-related symptoms [21]. Lifestyle adjustments, dietary changes, and the use of combination therapy with herbs are some of the most commonly used alternative measures for decreasing high blood pressure. Herbal medicines, in general, have no negative side effects while also providing additional benefits. Herbal remedies are available in almost all health stores and can be purchased without the need for a prescription. Some herbs can even be cultivated in your backyard. These treatments are ideal for people who are allergic to a variety of medications.
The leading cause of sickness worldwide is hypertension. Patients who are prescribed pharmacological therapy may refuse it due to the asymptomatic nature of their hypertension, opting for other remedies instead. Herbal medicines such as DiaNo decoction, Yiqi Huaju Recipe, Daotan decoction, Gegen Shanzha decoction, Qinggan Jiangtang tablet, Modified Banxia Baizhu Tianma decoction, Pinggan Jiangya pill, Huanglian Wendan decoction, Xueguan Ruanhua decoction, Shengjiangtongmai powder, and Shenling Jianpihuashi decoction showed a significant reduction in blood pressure in many clinical studies. It was also found that Shenling Jianpihuashi decoction had the same effect as nifedipine in animal studies, and a double-blind study, saffron, and its constituents exhibit vasomodulatory effects and improve endothelium-dependent acetylcholine (ACh) relaxation via the endothelial nitric oxide pathway. Various animal-based studies and a double-blind study showed decreased systolic blood pressure. It also showed an effect via blocking calcium release in the cytosol [18]. In preclinical studies, Panax Ginseng (3 g/kg) used for 12 weeks reduced arterial stiffness and systolic blood pressure via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation and the nitric oxide pathway [22]. Several of the synthetic medications employed possess unfavorable side effects. Herbal supplements can be used in addition to or instead of pharmaceutical treatments for weight loss and maintenance. They are beneficial, safer, and much less expensive than pharmaceutical drugs. Medicinal herbs include pharmacodynamic bioactive chemicals that have a synergistic and additive medicinal impact on the treatment of metabolic diseases. Herbs possess anti-obesity effects through a variety of mechanisms, including appetite suppression and satiety enhancement, increased energy expenditure, low-fat digestion, and increased fat lipolysis [23].
Obesity is a metabolic condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of fat in the body, and it is linked to the augmentation of disorders such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, kidney disease, sleep disorders, etc. There are currently only a few effective medicines for treating obesity, despite ongoing investment in research. As a result, patients and researchers are seeking complementary and alternative treatment options for obesity, such as the use of medicinal plants and their products. According to research findings, herbal plants could be an alternative therapy for hyperlipidemia in patients who are statin-intolerant or unwilling to take modern antihyperlipidemic medicines.
In several clinical studies, herbal plants have been shown to reduce body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass (FM), and fat free mass (FFM) in several ways. FM and BF% were significantly decreased by green tea (green tea at dose of 6000 mg/day and catechins at doses of 458, 468, and 886 mg/day),
In a clinical trial using capsaicinoid (6 mg/kg) for 12 weeks, it was found that there was a significant fat reduction. Capsaicin, a water-soluble derivative of homovanillic acid and an active ingredient of capsicum plants, is responsible for various anti-inflammatory properties in skin problems, gastritis problems, migraines, hemorrhoids, anorexia, etc. Recent studies conducted via in vivo and vitro methods demonstrated that capsaicin acts as an antihyperlipidemic agent by activating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR-) and by reducing intestinal absorption and elevation of bile acid secretion. Thus, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (
Heart disease, aortic stenosis, atrial fibrillation, stroke, and even thromboembolic illness can all occur in patients with lifestyle diseases. Evidence now suggests that the risk of ischemic stroke in people with metabolic syndrome is significantly higher than previously anticipated. Other issues linked to metabolic syndrome include a higher chance of cancers in the colon, kidney, and gallbladder. In addition, metabolic syndrome may increase the risk of cognitive dysfunction. Finally, patients with metabolic syndrome are more likely to fall into the polypharmacy category, which means they will have higher medical expenses, be more likely to be impoverished, and have difficulty accessing high-quality treatment. Crude drugs are safe and can be expected to have the effects of improving metabolic syndrome. Treatment with complementary and alternative medicine will become effective methods. In this case, to prevent the drugs’ induced secondary complications and economic problems, patients believe in alternative therapies such as plant medicinal products since they are safe, reliable, free from toxicity, and cost-effective.
We would like to thank all the healthcare professionals.
No funding has been raised for this study.
The authors declare no competing interests.
The consent was taken from all coauthors.
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by"}},{type:"book",id:"2049",title:"Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering",subtitle:"Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f1b08a4349661bb1992a5d543926f1ed",slug:"advances-in-geotechnical-earthquake-engineering-soil-liquefaction-and-seismic-safety-of-dams-and-monuments",bookSignature:"Abbas Moustafa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2049.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"47538",doi:"10.5772/58971",title:"An Updated Seismic Source Model for Egypt",slug:"an-updated-seismic-source-model-for-egypt",totalDownloads:3414,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"4488",slug:"earthquake-engineering-from-engineering-seismology-to-optimal-seismic-design-of-engineering-structures",title:"Earthquake Engineering",fullTitle:"Earthquake Engineering - From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures"},signatures:"R. Sawires, J.A. Peláez, R.E. Fat-Helbary, H.A. Ibrahim and M.T. García\nHernández",authors:[{id:"77194",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:"A.",surname:"Peláez",slug:"jose-pelaez",fullName:"José Peláez"},{id:"171273",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashad",middleName:null,surname:"Sawires",slug:"rashad-sawires",fullName:"Rashad Sawires"},{id:"171274",title:"Dr.",name:"María Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"García Hernández",slug:"maria-teresa-garcia-hernandez",fullName:"María Teresa García Hernández"},{id:"171275",title:"Dr.",name:"Raafat El-Shafey",middleName:null,surname:"Fat-Helbary",slug:"raafat-el-shafey-fat-helbary",fullName:"Raafat El-Shafey Fat-Helbary"},{id:"171276",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamza Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hamza-ahmed-ibrahim",fullName:"Hamza Ahmed Ibrahim"}]},{id:"47961",doi:"10.5772/59641",title:"Seismic Reliability-Based Design Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Structures Including Soil-Structure Interaction Effects",slug:"seismic-reliability-based-design-optimization-of-reinforced-concrete-structures-including-soil-struc",totalDownloads:1339,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"4488",slug:"earthquake-engineering-from-engineering-seismology-to-optimal-seismic-design-of-engineering-structures",title:"Earthquake Engineering",fullTitle:"Earthquake Engineering - From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures"},signatures:"Mohsen Khatibinia, Sadjad Gharehbaghi and Abbas Moustafa",authors:[{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa"},{id:"173876",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadjad",middleName:null,surname:"Gharehbaghi",slug:"sadjad-gharehbaghi",fullName:"Sadjad Gharehbaghi"}]},{id:"67102",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85322",title:"Impacts of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake: Lessons Learnt from Nepal",slug:"impacts-of-the-2015-gorkha-earthquake-lessons-learnt-from-nepal",totalDownloads:2249,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Nepal is highly vulnerable to a number of disasters for example: earthquakes, floods, landslides, fires, epidemics, avalanches, windstorms, hailstorms, lightning, glacier lake outburst floods, droughts and dangerous weather events. Among these disasters—earthquake is the most- scary and damaging. The effects of a disaster, whether natural or human induced, are often long lasting. The Gorkha earthquake of 25 April 2015 enormously affected human, socio-economic and other multiple sectors and left deep scars mainly in the economy, livelihood and infrastructure of the country. Besides the natural factors, the damages from disasters in Nepal are in increasing trend due to the human activities and inadequate proactive legislations. Fundamentally, the weak structures have been found as the major cause of damage in earthquakes. This underlines the need for strict compliance of building codes. Thus, proactive disaster management legislation focusing on disaster preparedness is necessary. This paper analyses and shows the critical gaps and responsible factors that would contribute towards seismic risk reduction to enable various stakeholders to enhance seismic safety in Nepal. Additionally, this chapter aims to pinpoint the deficiencies in disaster management system in Nepal with reference to the devastating Gorkha earthquake and suggest appropriate policy and advanced technical measures for improvement.",book:{id:"7660",slug:"earthquakes-impact-community-vulnerability-and-resilience",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience"},signatures:"Shiva Subedi and Meen Bahadur Poudyal Chhetri",authors:[{id:"285969",title:"Mr.",name:"Shiva",middleName:null,surname:"Subedi",slug:"shiva-subedi",fullName:"Shiva Subedi"},{id:"293220",title:"Dr.",name:"Meen",middleName:null,surname:"Paudyal Chhetri",slug:"meen-paudyal-chhetri",fullName:"Meen Paudyal Chhetri"}]},{id:"60778",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76014",title:"The Earthquake Disaster Risk in Japan and Iran and the Necessity of Dynamic Learning from Large Earthquake Disasters over Time",slug:"the-earthquake-disaster-risk-in-japan-and-iran-and-the-necessity-of-dynamic-learning-from-large-eart",totalDownloads:1102,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"This book chapter targets how learning from large earthquakes disasters occurred and developed in Japan and Iran in the last 100 years. As research case studies, large earthquake disasters in Japan and Iran were investigated and analyzed. Normal distribution was found to be a good estimate of the magnitude distribution for earthquakes, in both the countries. In Japan, there is almost a linear correlation between magnitude of earthquakes and number of dead people. However, such correlation is not present for Iran. This lack of correlation in Iran and existence of linear correlation in Japan highlights that the magnitude of earthquakes directly affects the number of fatalities and extent of destruction in Japan, while in Iran, there is an increased complexity with regard to the factors affecting earthquake consequences. A correlation is suggested between earthquake culture and learning from large earthquake disasters in both Japan and Iran. Learning from large earthquake disasters is impacted by a multitude of factors, but the rhythm of learning in Japan is much higher if compared with Iran. For both Japan and Iran, a reactive learning approach based on past earthquake disasters needs to be constantly backed up by a proactive approach and dynamic learning.",book:{id:"6564",slug:"earthquakes-forecast-prognosis-and-earthquake-resistant-construction",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Forecast, Prognosis and Earthquake Resistant Construction"},signatures:"Michaela Ibrion and Nicola Paltrinieri",authors:[{id:"209369",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Michaela",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrion",slug:"michaela-ibrion",fullName:"Michaela Ibrion"},{id:"244752",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Paltrinieri",slug:"nicola-paltrinieri",fullName:"Nicola Paltrinieri"}]},{id:"28219",doi:"10.5772/28044",title:"Recent Landslide Damming Events and Their Hazard Mitigation Strategies",slug:"recent-landslide-damming-events-and-their-hazard-mitigation-strategies",totalDownloads:2232,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"2049",slug:"advances-in-geotechnical-earthquake-engineering-soil-liquefaction-and-seismic-safety-of-dams-and-monuments",title:"Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering - Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments"},signatures:"Ahsan Sattar and Kazuo Konagai",authors:[{id:"72541",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahsan",middleName:null,surname:"Sattar",slug:"ahsan-sattar",fullName:"Ahsan Sattar"},{id:"121222",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuo",middleName:null,surname:"Konagai",slug:"kazuo-konagai",fullName:"Kazuo Konagai"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"47538",title:"An Updated Seismic Source Model for Egypt",slug:"an-updated-seismic-source-model-for-egypt",totalDownloads:3414,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"4488",slug:"earthquake-engineering-from-engineering-seismology-to-optimal-seismic-design-of-engineering-structures",title:"Earthquake Engineering",fullTitle:"Earthquake Engineering - From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures"},signatures:"R. Sawires, J.A. Peláez, R.E. Fat-Helbary, H.A. Ibrahim and M.T. García\nHernández",authors:[{id:"77194",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:"A.",surname:"Peláez",slug:"jose-pelaez",fullName:"José Peláez"},{id:"171273",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashad",middleName:null,surname:"Sawires",slug:"rashad-sawires",fullName:"Rashad Sawires"},{id:"171274",title:"Dr.",name:"María Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"García Hernández",slug:"maria-teresa-garcia-hernandez",fullName:"María Teresa García Hernández"},{id:"171275",title:"Dr.",name:"Raafat El-Shafey",middleName:null,surname:"Fat-Helbary",slug:"raafat-el-shafey-fat-helbary",fullName:"Raafat El-Shafey Fat-Helbary"},{id:"171276",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamza Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hamza-ahmed-ibrahim",fullName:"Hamza Ahmed Ibrahim"}]},{id:"47738",title:"Earthquakes and Dams",slug:"earthquakes-and-dams",totalDownloads:3261,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"4488",slug:"earthquake-engineering-from-engineering-seismology-to-optimal-seismic-design-of-engineering-structures",title:"Earthquake Engineering",fullTitle:"Earthquake Engineering - From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures"},signatures:"Hasan Tosun",authors:[{id:"79083",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}]},{id:"47881",title:"Simplified Multi-Block Constitutive Model Predicting the Seismic Displacement of Saturated Sands along Slip Surfaces with Strain Softening",slug:"simplified-multi-block-constitutive-model-predicting-the-seismic-displacement-of-saturated-sands-alo",totalDownloads:1163,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"4488",slug:"earthquake-engineering-from-engineering-seismology-to-optimal-seismic-design-of-engineering-structures",title:"Earthquake Engineering",fullTitle:"Earthquake Engineering - From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures"},signatures:"Constantine A. Stamatopoulos",authors:[{id:"171228",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantine",middleName:null,surname:"Stamatopoulos",slug:"constantine-stamatopoulos",fullName:"Constantine Stamatopoulos"}]},{id:"67102",title:"Impacts of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake: Lessons Learnt from Nepal",slug:"impacts-of-the-2015-gorkha-earthquake-lessons-learnt-from-nepal",totalDownloads:2248,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Nepal is highly vulnerable to a number of disasters for example: earthquakes, floods, landslides, fires, epidemics, avalanches, windstorms, hailstorms, lightning, glacier lake outburst floods, droughts and dangerous weather events. Among these disasters—earthquake is the most- scary and damaging. The effects of a disaster, whether natural or human induced, are often long lasting. The Gorkha earthquake of 25 April 2015 enormously affected human, socio-economic and other multiple sectors and left deep scars mainly in the economy, livelihood and infrastructure of the country. Besides the natural factors, the damages from disasters in Nepal are in increasing trend due to the human activities and inadequate proactive legislations. Fundamentally, the weak structures have been found as the major cause of damage in earthquakes. This underlines the need for strict compliance of building codes. Thus, proactive disaster management legislation focusing on disaster preparedness is necessary. This paper analyses and shows the critical gaps and responsible factors that would contribute towards seismic risk reduction to enable various stakeholders to enhance seismic safety in Nepal. Additionally, this chapter aims to pinpoint the deficiencies in disaster management system in Nepal with reference to the devastating Gorkha earthquake and suggest appropriate policy and advanced technical measures for improvement.",book:{id:"7660",slug:"earthquakes-impact-community-vulnerability-and-resilience",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience"},signatures:"Shiva Subedi and Meen Bahadur Poudyal Chhetri",authors:[{id:"285969",title:"Mr.",name:"Shiva",middleName:null,surname:"Subedi",slug:"shiva-subedi",fullName:"Shiva Subedi"},{id:"293220",title:"Dr.",name:"Meen",middleName:null,surname:"Paudyal Chhetri",slug:"meen-paudyal-chhetri",fullName:"Meen Paudyal Chhetri"}]},{id:"63029",title:"An Estimation of “Energy” Magnitude Associated with a Possible Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Electromagnetic Coupling Before the Wenchuan MS8.0 Earthquake",slug:"an-estimation-of-energy-magnitude-associated-with-a-possible-lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere-elect",totalDownloads:1161,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"A large scale of abnormities from ground-based electromagnetic parameters to ionospheric parameters has been recorded during the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake. All these results present different anomalous periods, but there seems one common climax leading to a lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere electromagnetic coupling (LAIEC) right on May 9, 3 days prior to the Wenchuan main shock. Based on the electron-hole theory, this chapter attempts to estimate the “energy source” magnitude driving this obvious coupling with the Wenchuan focus zone parameters considered. The simulation results show that the total surface charges fall in ~107–108 C, and the related upward electric field is ~108–109 V/m. These corresponding parameters are up to 109 C and 1010 V/m when the main rupture happens, and the order of the output current is up to 107 A. The electric field increasing in the interface between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere, on one hand, can cause electromagnetic parameter abnormities of ground-based observation, with the range beyond 1000 km. On the other hand, it can accumulate air ionization above pre-earthquake zone and lead to ionospheric anomaly recorded by some spatial seismic monitoring satellites.",book:{id:"6564",slug:"earthquakes-forecast-prognosis-and-earthquake-resistant-construction",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Forecast, Prognosis and Earthquake Resistant Construction"},signatures:"Mei Li, Wenxin Kong, Chong Yue, Shu Song, Chen Yu, Tao Xie and\nXian Lu",authors:[{id:"236284",title:"Dr.",name:"Mei",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"mei-li",fullName:"Mei Li"},{id:"243785",title:"MSc.",name:"Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",slug:"chen-yu",fullName:"Chen Yu"},{id:"243786",title:"MSc.",name:"Chong",middleName:null,surname:"Yue",slug:"chong-yue",fullName:"Chong Yue"},{id:"243788",title:"Dr.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"tao-xie",fullName:"Tao Xie"},{id:"243789",title:"MSc.",name:"Wenxin",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",slug:"wenxin-kong",fullName:"Wenxin Kong"},{id:"243790",title:"BSc.",name:"Shu",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"shu-song",fullName:"Shu Song"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"778",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. 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Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. 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He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. 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