Primers, sequences, and references are used by different researchers to identify seedless hybrid genotypes [56].
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According to the data of 2020, approximately 78 million tons of grapes are obtained from this area. The countries with the highest production, respectively, are China, Italy, Spain, France, and USA. Half of the world’s total grape production is made in these five countries [1]. Grapevine cultivation is in high commercial demand on a global scale due to its high yield and different consumption patterns. In 2020, grapes were the world’s 289th most traded product, with a total trade of $11B. Between 2019 and 2020 the exports of grapes grew by 2.27%, from $10.8B to $11B. Trade in grapes represent 0.066% of the total world trade. In 2020, the top exporters of grapes were Chile ($1.18B), China ($1.09B), United States ($1.02B), Peru ($1.01B), and Italy ($831M). In 2020, the top importers of grapes were United States ($1.36B), Germany ($943M), China ($817M), Netherlands ($816M), and United Kingdom ($812M). The countries with the highest import tariffs for grapes are Turkmenistan (100%), India (73.9%), Iran (55%), and Turkey (54.6%) [2]. Grapes are the world’s third most valuable horticultural crop (after potatoes and tomatoes). Cultivation of grapes for fruit and wine began at least 7000 years ago in the Near East, and over the millennia, thousands of cultivars have been developed and selected for different purposes. Nowadays, grapes are used to produce diverse consumer products including wine, table grapes, raisins, grape juice concentrate, and distillate for various industrial uses as well as making fortified wine and brandy. While wild Vitis species are very valuable to breeders, new cultivars developed from particular different breeding programs are important for grape growers to sell their quality products at high prices. With the rapid change in consumer preferences, different government policies, increased awareness of human/environmental health, global warming, and some other factors, it has become more important for researchers to better examine and understand the grapevine genome and, as a result, to develop new varieties that will meet all these expectations with the help of modern methods. Grapevine is not only an economically valuable species but also a highly preferred model for both cultivation and breeding studies due to its genetic characteristics [3]. In addition, for many countries, the culture of viticulture is a cultural heritage that has great meaning. For all these reasons, the grapevine plant (
Grapevines (
In each country, grape production can be done for different purposes. Grapes are grown for wine, table, raisins, juice, jam, concentrate, seed oils, and other purposes. According to these different growing purposes, market demands, and expectations are changing rapidly and, in this case, the demand for new grape cultivars increases [6]. Controlled grape breeding is thought to start almost 200 years ago. Henri and Louis Bouschet de Bernard are believed to have begun generating hybrids between “Teinturier du cher” and “Aramon” cultivars in 1824 in southern France [7]. The birth of modern grape breeding is connected with the arrival of North American diseases (downy mildew, powdery mildew, and black rot) and insects (mainly phylloxera) to Europe. These diseases and pests caused substantial losses on the highly susceptible
Several major progress in viticulture and grapevine breeding occurred as a result of the epidemics spreading through Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Especially, the advent of rootstock breeding as an effective and immediate means to control phylloxera. Wild vines (
Although, the cultivars obtained as a result of the hybridization of
First grapevine breeding studies started with wine grapes, and later on, at the end of the nineteenth century, also table grapes were included in these breeding studies. With the phylloxera pest affecting vines in the European continent, studies on rootstock breeding started at the same time (late nineteenth century). In the twentieth century, different institutions and organizations in the USA (such as the University, the private sector and the USDA) started breeding studies on table grapes and many new grape cultivars with superior characteristics were developed as a result of these studies. These cultivars, which were developed as a result of breeding programs in the USA and grown by grape growers, led to the development of the table grape industry all over the world. Afterwards, grape breeding programs started rapidly in different countries (Far East, South America, Europe, Turkey, Israel, Argentina, and many other countries) [10]. The main purpose of these breeding studies is to obtain new cultivars that will meet the expectations, taking into account the changing consumer demands, as soon as possible by using the opportunities provided by technology. Especially in recent years, demand for large berry, seedless and high-yielding cultivars that are resistant to different biotic and abiotic stress conditions for table grapes has increased and more emphasis has been given to these issues in breeding studies. Among the wine grapes, cultivars that are resistant to different biotic and abiotic stress conditions and have the desired wine quality criteria have also become prominent selection criteria in breeding studies. Most of the commonly grown
In this review, it is aimed to inform scientists from different fields who are interested in grapevine breeding by summarizing the remarkable techniques, methods, and developments in grape breeding studies carried out for different purposes in recent years.
Grapevine growing areas are increasing worldwide due to the understanding that grapes and grape products are beneficial for human health. Biotechnology research is increasingly playing a role in improving the yield and quality of grapes. Grapevine breeding and genetics researches increased after the 1950s and spread all over the world. Molecular markers have facilitated research in
Photographs of various regeneration systems during somatic embryogenesis of
Badouin et al. [31] generated a high-quality de novo reference genome for
With the help of RNA sequencing, one of the next-generation sequencing systems developed in recent years, short readings of cDNA sequences that can be quantified absolutely can be made by aligning them with reference sequences [32]. With the development of this technology, it has become possible for many researchers working on grape breeding to conduct important studies on the grapevine genome. In particular, the RNA sequencing technique has been widely used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms and new cultivar-specific transcripts, also splicing variants [33, 34, 35]. As a result of the latest advances in plant biotechnology, full-length cDNA sequencing readings can now be made with much higher accuracy. In addition to all these, it is seen that this developed system is also used to accurately detect alternative transcripts that play a role in different biological processes and stress responses [34, 36, 37, 38, 39]. While the reference genome was needed before the full-length cDNA sequencing technique, it is no longer needed thanks to this technique. Thus, it has become possible to obtain healthy information about many traits related to plant breeding, in a much shorter time.
Integration of data banks with the results obtained in genomic studies is of great importance in terms of using the obtained results in breeding studies. In particular, studies on the grapevine genome in different countries and the collection of existing data in different databases continue. Standing out as the most comprehensive of these studies, VitisGDB provides the most comprehensive information of
Schematic VitisGDB platform. (A) Species information for species, (B) data type and source, (C) data processing explanation (D) framework of VitisGDB, (E) main modules, (F) VitisGDB overview [
Transferable DNA markers are of great importance for the success of breeding and genetic studies. Although grapevine breeders have been using the disease resistance-related alleles of closely related species for many years, it has been reported that the interspecies transmission rates of the current Vitis markers are quite low. Zhu et al. [40] in their study with the Vitis core genome of 40 accessions, they were able to identify PCR primary binding sites of conserved nuclei with high information content surrounding polymorphic haplotypes. Researchers developed markers (2000 rhAmpSeq) as PCR multiplexes from target sites and confirmed this in four biparental populations, also increased the transferability to a very high rate.
Polyploidy refers to the condition in which a diploid organism has an excess of chromosomes as a result of the addition of one or more sets of chromosomes. A general classification of polyploids is made as allopolyploids, auto-polyploids, and segmental allopolyploids [41]. In order to obtain polyploid structures, triploid or tetraploid new genotypes were tried to be obtained with different applications and mutations by increasing the chromosome numbers in grapevine and other plant species. However, a high success rate could not be mentioned in these techniques, and sequence-specific mutations were mostly dependent on chance [42].
Somatic embryogenesis is one of the methods preferred by many researchers for the micro propagation of different plant species. It is also used for the removal of many phytopathogens that have infected different plant organs under in vitro conditions [43]. However, abnormalities may be encountered during somatic embryogenesis due to some somaclonal variations. These mutations are desirable in some cases as they sometimes allow the formation of polyploid forms. In particular, induced polyploidy and natural polyploidy are frequently used to obtain new genotypes for polyploidy breeding studies. Because it is reported that new polyploid genotypes have more resistant structures against many biotic and abiotic stress conditions. It is known that plants with polyploid form have some advantages compared to plants with diploid form. Especially polyploid plants are among the most important advantages with their ability to tolerate harmful mutations, larger structures, high heterozygous, and heterozygous structures [44, 45, 46]. Polyploid seedless cultivars are obtained in polyploid structure due to some errors during meiosis, and this is common in grapevines. It also allows the reproduction of hybrid genotypes in a sterile structure by doubling the genome [47, 48].
One of the most used methods to provide polyploidy in plants is the application of colchicine to the apical meristem, and it is reported that it is not very effective in applications made on grapevines [49]. Many studies have been carried out to obtain polyploid genotypes by using different species and cultivars belonging to the
Triploid breeding researchers have presented a new method for seedless grape breeding as it allows high sterilization and obtaining of parthenocarpic fruits, and ultimately facilitated the achievement of desired results [55]. Seedless is generally desired by breeders, and it has become a more important issue, especially for table grape breeding researchers in recent years. Because the demand for seedless grape cultivars is much higher than the seedless cultivars [56, 57]. However, there exists some mating obstacles in crosses between diploid and tetraploid grape cultivars. Embryo rescue or embryo recovery technique has been used with increasing success rate in recent years to overcome these obstacles. The embryo rescue technique may prevent the early-stage abortion of triploid young embryo, so triploid plants can be produced [58]. The majority of the studies on grape embryo rescue involved studies using seedless or early ripening grape cultivars as the female parent and cross-breeding studies, also the research of a cross between subgenus. There are few studies on embryo rescue from an interspecific cross between diploid and tetraploid grape species. There was a very limited number of studies on cross-breeding and embryo recovery between diploid and tetraploid grape cultivars, including interspecies, but these studies have begun to increase with the techniques and technologies developed in recent years [55, 59, 60, 61]. Different studies have been carried out to obtain triploid and tetraploid new genotypes that have larger berry and seedless from different
Triploid genotypes usually have strong plant formation with seedless berry [63]. Researchers reported that some superior hybrid genotypes were obtained in triploid breeding studies carried out on grapevines. It has been reported that especially larger berry formation is frequently seen in triploid individuals. For this reason, it is seen that both natural and artificial polyploidy studies have increased in recent years [64, 65]. Despite all these studies, the commercial use of polyploid genotypes is still far from the desired levels. Polyploidization can change some phenotypes in plants, but without affecting the appearance of many of the fundamental characteristics of the cultivars. Due to these advantages, polyploidy breeding studies allow the development of some important characteristics (such as quality, yield, and resistance to stress conditions). Researchers still cannot fully explain the genetic and physiological mechanisms affected in the plant as a result of polyploidy. It can also increase the adaptation of artificial tetraploid (4x) grapevine rootstocks to the conditions of biotic and abiotic stresses in
Sequence-specific nucleases that generate double-stranded DNA breaks in targeted genes are the most important parts of site-specific genome editing in some plants. Induction of knockout mutations to inactivate undesirable features in genome editing has become the preferred method in many plant species in recent years. Different applications of sequence-specific nucleases have come to be used as robust tools for introducing functional mutations in many polyploid species, including grapes. The main approach here to utilize knowledge of biological mechanisms for targeted induction of double-stranded DNA breaks and their error-prone repair. Moreover, these regions may allow very specific changes at designated genome loci [41].
The main phytopathogenic organisms that cause biotic stress in vines are organisms such as bacteria, nematodes, fungi, oomycetes, and viruses, which cause different infections in the vine and adversely affect many of their functions. All these pathogens get what they need for growth and reproduction from the host plant. Plant pathogens are divided into three different classes based on their infection strategy. In this classification, the differences of the pathogens according to their feeding patterns and the necrosis they form in the plants are based [67].
Fungal diseases are among the most important biotic stress factors in grapes. Among the fungal diseases, downy mildew (
Since this intensive fungicide application poses a great risk for both human and environmental health, grape breeding studies have focused on breeding more resistant varieties to diseases that will not need such intensive spraying in recent years. In grape breeding programs, many breeding studies are carried out by researchers in different countries to determine gene regions that are resistant to these diseases and to develop new wine and table varieties that carry these gene regions [13].
Although many of the North American origin wild
As a result of revealing the characteristics and related gene regions related to resistance in grape breeding studies, much more successful results have been obtained in breeding programs. To date, some resistance loci related to fungal diseases have been identified and their mapping has been done. In recent years, not only fungal diseases but also numerous genetic loci associated with a particular phenotype have been identified in the grapevine. Regions associated with these diseases are very important in grapevine breeding studies as they are determined with the help of marker-assisted selection (MAS) and provide a great advantage in achieving results. Gene regions associated with many traits in grapevines have been reported by the Vitis International Variety Catalog [74].
Overall, the table reports potential gene regions found to be related to 20 different traits. In particular, the table includes loci and alleles associated with downy and powdery mildew diseases. Eight sites associated with non-mildew diseases, five with metabolites, five refer to morphology traits, and four with phenology. This table is updated regularly to provide accurate access to loci and markers associated with many of the commercial traits and stress factors required by grapevine research. It also helps the researchers in correct naming and following the same systematic (Figures 3–5).
Table of loci for diseases and pests traits in grapevine relevant for breeding and genetics (details in
Downy mildew (
Genomic positions of morphological, phenological, metabolic trait loci, non-mildew disease, and pest resistances. Scale is in megabases (Mb) [
The resistance of hybrid genotypes obtained from different grape breeding studies against downy and powdery mildew diseases has been compared in several studies [6, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79]. According to the studies conducted by the researchers so far, 31 genomic regions have been associated with downy mildew resistance (Rpv loci) and 13 with powdery mildew disease resistance (Run/Ren loci) (Figure 3). In order to determine the presence of these loci in hybrid genotypes, marker-assisted selection (MAS) studies have been successfully performed [75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83].
However, the presence of these gene regions alone often does not prove that the variety is resistant to diseases. In addition, the resistance of the genotypes should be tested in the field and under controlled greenhouse/laboratory conditions [84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89]. New downy and powdery mildew resistant cultivar “Regent” was obtained in Germany, its pedigree includes American species carrying Ren3, Ren9, Rpv3, Rpv4, and Rpv11 [90, 91, 92]. In recent years, new resistant loci have been identified in different species, especially in relation to resistance to fungal diseases from biotic stress factors. In one of these studies, [93]. discovered the REN11 locus from
After determining the gene regions associated with resistance and thus the resistant genotypes, another problem may be encountered in resistance breeding studies. New pathogen races may break this resistance. In order to solve this problem that may arise, one of the methods that breeders usually resort to is to try to collect more than one gene region associated with resistance into new genotypes. Thus, the resistance of the new genotypes is further increased. For example, even if the vine plant is infected with a new virus, it limits the development of the pathogen and shows more resistance against it. Marker-assisted gene pyramid applications have been a highly preferred application by researchers in grape breeding studies in recent years. With the use of molecular markers in grape breeding programs, genotypes that may exhibit the same phenotype in appearance but carry more than one resistance gene in their genomes can be determined [94, 95, 96]. In recent years, breeders and pathologists have worked together to achieve significant success in grape breeding, especially in studies related to resistance. In one of them, with the VitisGen project carried out in partnership with different organizations in the USA, they collected different isolates against powdery mildew disease and identified complementary resistance loci sets to evaluate the phenotypic and genetic resistance gene stacks against them [97].
It has been reported as a result of studies that different chemicals have important effects on defense mechanisms in plants also grapevines. Among them, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid are the most important ones. These chemicals can act synergistically or vice versa, depending on the pathogen. While jasmonic acid and ethylene help plants to defend themselves against necrotrophic pathogens, defense against biotrophic pathogens is mediated by salicylic acid, unlike them. Cultivars of
Cavaco et al. [98] identified subtilisin-like proteases as strong resistance-associated candidates. The relationship between fungal diseases and phenolic components has become increasingly important in recent years. Researchers evaluated changes in total phenolics, total antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds in different
Chibutaru et al. [103] first examined the reaction of mono-locus resistant genotypes against downy mildew after the first and second infection, and also evaluated the pyramid resistance genotypes. Researchers especially investigated different metabolites (not stilbenes and stilbenoids), which accumulate significantly in resistant and susceptible genotypes as a result of disease infection and can be used as potential resistance-related markers. Also, they investigated whether these metabolites could be markers of infection. In their study, it was aimed to provide a better understanding of the different resistance mechanisms of hybrid-pathogen interaction that can affect different
The development of highly reproducible genetic engineering methods for grapevine rootstocks, cultivars, and genotypes now allows the identification, screening, and/or introduction of grapevine-derived genes related to desirable traits, such as disease or pest resistance. It has been reported that genetically modified grapevines constitutively expressing rice chitinase genes have been screened for the responses of pathogenesis-related proteins to fungal pathogen infection, and show increased resistance to powdery mildew disease. As a result of studies, it has been revealed that other grape-derived genes such as polygalacturonase inhibitor protein and other lytic peptides increase resistance to fungal diseases [104, 105].
Grapevine breeding programs have been started in order to develop new resistant hybrid genotypes against powdery mildew and downy mildew diseases in different countries [106]. In one of these, Ruiz-García et al. [107] evaluated the degree of phenotypic resistance or susceptibility for downy and powdery mildew of 28 new genotypes obtained from crosses between “Monastrell” and “Regent”. In particular, three genotypes from the hybrid population showed strong combined resistance, and they could be used as a very important source of resistance parents in future breeding studies in terms of both powdery mildew and downy mildew. As a result of their study, they reported that multi-resistant lines provide very valuable material for obtaining resistant genotypes and help to characterize the molecular basis of downy and powdery mildew resistance.
Wild grapevine species are widely recognized as an important source of resistance or tolerance genes for diseases and environmental stresses. Recent studies revealed partial resistance to powdery mildew (
In order to increase the resistance to different biotic and abiotic stress conditions in grapevine, research programs have increased primarily on the determination of the responsible gene regions and then the introgression of these regions into susceptible cultivars or the mutation of the genes that cause the susceptibility in recent years. Sometimes the resistance obtained as a result of mutation of the genes can provide a longer-term protection. Especially in breeding studies, genotypes with genes containing resistance are selected as parents and it is aimed to transfer these characteristics to new genotypes. According to Pirello et al. [109] used Arabidopsis as a model in their study, worked with resistant mutants, and investigated the effectiveness of DMR6 and DLOs genes that could confer downy mildew resistance in grapevines. By examining the relationships between genes and the links between the VviDLO1, VviDMR6-1, and VviDMR6-2 gene groups, they reported that they are associated with genes sensitive to pathogenesis. In particular, the researchers concluded that the VviDMR6-1 region may be a candidate that can be used to produce resistant cultivars by gene editing.
As a result of climate change affecting the whole world, the development of new grape genotypes with high adaptability to abiotic stress conditions has become a more important priority in recent years. Successful programs are carried out for sustainable viticulture, with the aim of grapevine breeding studies and the transfer of many resistance-related genes in wild grapevine species to new genotypes through interspecies cross-breeding. Different studies are being conducted to identify these alleles in the grapevine genome and understand how they can be used to manipulate phenotypes. The diversity of abiotic constraints (heat stress, drought, salinity, mineral deficiency, etc.) and their timing, duration, and intensity must be taken into account. It is seen that topics such as the type of factors causing abiotic stress (extreme temperatures, salt stress, excessive water, heavy metals, and others), duration, and intensities are taken into account in these studies. It is necessary to clearly identify these by thoroughly examining the characteristics and sensitive development stages underlying the adaptation of the vine plant to different stress factors. Targeted traits are often quite complex and under the control of various genetic mechanisms. Especially in the last decade, various researches on grapevine genome (sequencing, genetics, phenotype development, modeling) and functional characterization of related genes) and significant results have been obtained by carrying out successful projects. In the light of recent developments in grape physiology and genome, molecular mechanisms related to adaptation processes to changing climatic conditions and the gene regions controlling them are explained. The physiology of the vine is actually quite complex, and this complex mechanism is polygenically controlled. However, in recent years, very important information has been obtained about new grapevine genotypes that are more tolerant/resistant to different abiotic stress conditions. Responses to extreme temperatures, heavy metals, droughts, and some other stress conditions have been extensively studied by different researchers in order to obtain new more compatible hybrid genotypes [110].
Grapevine (
In a study investigating the response of grapevine plants to temperature, Luchare et al. [118] studied the effects of increases in temperature on carbon balance using microvine mutants. The grapevine plants under controlled conditions studied in detail the photosynthesis, respiration, and carbon allocation in different parts of the plants at different temperature ranges. As a result of the study, they reported that especially net photosynthesis decreased after peaking at 25–30°C, and that respiration at night increased steadily with the increase in temperature. In addition, a less favorable carbon balance was formed at higher temperatures compared to lower temperatures. In another similar study, it was reported that although organogenesis and leaf area was stimulated by high temperature, there was a decrease in carbon balance [119].
In case of exposure to high temperatures, there can be significant changes in the amount of compounds in the content of grapes, especially aroma compounds [120]. For example, in a study with “Gewürztraminer” × “Riesling” hybrids, it was observed that high temperature had different effects on geraniol content linalool and linalool content in grape berries. While geraniol content increased with the high temperature in all genotypes used in the study, linalool content decreased. This was interpreted as the regulatory pathways for the deposition of the components were different for both components. This also showed that high temperatures increased the complexity of the quality control parameters [121].
Roots are vine organs that play an important role in biotic stress factors. Despite the fact that they are less studied due to their underground location, there has been a significant increase in the studies on roots in recent years due to the understanding that roots have an important role in resistance against many stress conditions. Since most of the vines are grafted, rootstocks can be used especially for mineral deficiency/toxicity or drought tolerance, and there is a chance to choose the best scion × rootstock combinations for different soil/climate types [122].
One of the most important problems in mineral nutrition and roots is that genetic variation cannot be fully characterized and the lack of extensive investigation of the genetic architecture of mineral nutrition-related traits. Important studies have been published on limestone tolerance [123] and recently salt tolerance [124] Since rootstocks are often derived from interspecific crosses, it should reveal the extent to which different species possess the relevant alleles that define and differentiate their feeding activities. These alleles can be used successfully in breeding studies to grow highly efficient rootstocks. As a result of the evaluation of the variability between rootstocks from different genetic backgrounds, important data can be provided to achieve the desired goals. In one of these studies, it was reported that rootstocks with
With a full understanding of the conditions that cause abiotic stress, successful results can be obtained by applying the effects of this stress on plants and fruits to breeding studies with integrated approaches of ecophysiological and genetic modeling [126, 127]. With plant modeling, many complex traits can be divided into simpler traits, and as a result, complex traits adapt to the environment and growing environments much more stably with simple genetic control. For the grapevine, researchers are working on the details of the different models. In recent years, important studies have been carried out to describe the physiological and genetic mechanisms of grapevine responses to important abiotic stress conditions. These studies, the number of which has increased in recent years. The increasing development of modern phenotyping and genotyping tools with approaches in molecular physiology, modeling, ecophysiology, and genetics, and their integration with each other, show how knowledge on this subject can be further increased. With the help of these extensive studies, new components related to regulatory pathways have been found and the genetic structure of important traits has been analyzed. As a result, these data provided very important information for the breeding of advanced cultivars and rootstocks in the fight against different diseases and their agents. Despite all these developments and advances in technology, much remains to be done in order to describe the responses of plants to abiotic stress factors and to fully understand how to adapt to these extreme climates. There is still a large gap between the phenotypes and genotypes of newly developed cultivars. We are far from the desirable level of fully understanding and responding to the interactions of plants, both with the environment and with their own structures [110, 128].
Seedless grape cultivars constitute a very important part of table grape production. Especially in recent years, consumers have been demanding more seedless cultivars. This situation has led to the start of studies in many countries for the breeding of high quality, larger berry, long storage life, high yielding, and relatively more disease tolerant seedless cultivars. These breeding programs are carried out by state institutions, private sector, and grower [129].
It is known that the seedless grape cultivars have two different types (parthenocarpic and stenospermocarpic seedless). In stenospermocarpic seedless genotypes, the embryo fails to develop shortly after fertilization during seed development, and such cultivars are used as parents in breeding to obtain seedless genotypes with larger berry size [130]. Berries of parthenocarpic grapes have rather a small berry size that develops without fertilization. For this reason, the embryo rescue/recovery technique is widely used together with conventional breeding methods to obtain new seedless grape varieties.
In traditional hybridization studies on the breeding of seedless grape varieties, seedless parents are used as the father (pollinator) and the seed parent is used as the mother. However, the seedlessness rate in the genotypes obtained from these crosses varies between 0% and 49% depending on the parent combination [131]. As a result of the abortive embryos of stenospermocarpic vine cultivars to continue their development in tissue culture, seedless x seedless hybridizations have been possible in traditional hybridization studies. This application (embryo rescue technique) increased the seedless rate observed in seedless x seedless hybrids in F1 plants between 16.7% and 92% depending on the parent combination. Has changed. For this reason, the embryo rescue technique is widely used together with traditional breeding methods to obtain new seedless grape cultivars [132, 133, 134, 135, 136]. Success rate in embryo recovery studies depends on the genotype of the parents [132], sampling time, and composition of the culture medium [137]. Embryo forming capacity and germination of embryos of hybrid genotypes may differ according to both their male and female parents [133]. Seed trace of stenospermocarpic grape cultivars can be in 3 different sizes (small, medium, and large). Generally, those with a larger seed trace have a higher rate of transformation into a living plant with the embryo rescue method [138].
Also, in another study, Li et al. [56] conducted studies to obtain seedless, disease-resistant and high-quality grape cultivars by using the embryo recovery method and reported that the sampling time has a very significant effect on the development and recovery of the embryo. The genetic structure of seedlessness in grapes has been studied by different researchers. Finally, a model of three recessive genes (independent and complementary) by a seed development inhibitor at the 18th linkage group on the dominant locus was proposed [139, 140]. In addition, it has been reported that two SSR markers (VMC7f2 and p3_VvAGL11) are very close to the seed development inhibitor region and can be used in marker-based selection breeding studies [141, 142].
It has been reported that VvAGL11, one of these two markers, is located in a region between the promoter region and can be used successfully to identify seedless genotypes. Two markers selected in association with the Seed Development Inhibitor locus region were selected as candidate markers because of their low number of false positives [143, 144]. The VviAGL11 marker belongs to the D-lineage of the MADS-box genes controlling the identity of the grape ovules and stands out as the major functional candidate gene for seedless grape morphogenesis [145, 146, 147]. In addition, two SCAR markers (SCC8 and SCF27), which are related to seedlessness and could be used to identify seedless genotypes, have also been developed [140, 148]. Of these, the SCC8 marker was used to distinguish seedless from hybrid genotypes belonging to seeded × seedless combinations [129, 149]. Mejía and Hinrichsen [148], on the other hand, used both markers to determine seedless genotypes in Ruby seedless’ X “Sultanina” combination and reported that SCF27 marker can be used with a much higher percentage to identify seedless ones in F1 hybrid genotypes. Studies on seedlessness trait at the molecular level have shown that there is a very important relationship between the efficacy of the markers used and the genetic background when evaluating the seedlessness property of different hybrid genotypes. In the absence of lignified seeds in seedless grapes, the p3_VvAGL11 marker can accurately identify seedlessness in approximately 85% of hybrid genotypes [150]. When some seedless hybrid populations with different genetic backgrounds were evaluated with some markers (VvIn16, p3—VvAGL11, SCF27 andVMC7f2), it was reported that the VMC7f2 and p3—VvAGL11 markers showed the most accurate allelic variability. In addition, researchers reported that each combination of parents should be evaluated specifically by markers related to seedlessness [144]. In Table 1, primers and their sequences used by different researchers to identify seedless hybrid genotypes are given.
Primer | Forward primer Sequence 5′–3′ | Reverse primer Sequence 5′–3′ | Tm (°C) | Band size (bp) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCC8 | GGTGTCAAGTTGGAAGATGG | TATGCCAAAAACATCCCC | 60 | 1018 | Lahogue et al. [140] |
SCF27 | CAGGTGGGAGTAGTGGAATG | CAGGTGGGAGTAAGATTTGT | 62 | 2000 | Mejía and Hinrichsen [148] |
P3_VvAGL11 | CTCCCTTTCCCTCTCCCTCT | AAACGCGTATCCCAATGAAG | Touch down | 198/188 | Bergamini et al. [143] |
VMC7F2 | AAGAAAGTTTGCAGTTTATGGTG | AAGATGACAATAGCGAGAGAA | 61 | 198 | Adam-Blondon et al. [151] |
GSLP1 | CCAGTTCGCCCGTAAATG | — | 32 | 569 | Wang and Lamikanra [152] |
ScORA7-760 | GAAACGGGTGTGAGGCAAAGGTGG | GGCCATTAGGAAATCAACATTAC | 56 | 760 | Akkurt et al. [153] |
OPB 151274 | CGGCAGACCTTACTGAAAGGATGAGT | CAACCACCATCCAATGATGGCGGGCTTC | 37 | 1274 | Kim et al. [154] |
S382-615 | TGGGCGTCAA | — | 36 | 615 | Zhang et al. [155, 156] |
Primers, sequences, and references are used by different researchers to identify seedless hybrid genotypes [56].
Grape rootstocks are used around the world, especially against phylloxera, but despite many difficulties in choosing a better rootstock, research is being carried out. The studies on rootstock breeding started after Phylloxera damage, especially in the vineyard areas in Europe towards the end of the nineteenth century [10]. The use of a very limited number of rootstocks in the viticulture industry is expected to change in the coming years. The large-scale application of microsatellite markers has become the preferred and most reliable tool for
Due to the demand for new grapevine genotypes that are especially resistant to biotic and abiotic stress conditions, grape and rootstock breeding studies have increased in recent years and many studies have been carried out on gene regions that may be associated with these stress conditions, especially with the help of molecular methods. Due to their different advantages as rootstock, the most preferred species are
Resistance to phylloxera has been investigated for a long time at UC Davis, which has been working on grape rootstocks and breeding for many years. Recent studies here are investigating the evolution of possible phylloxera strains capable of aggressive nodosite feeding against some resistant rootstocks and foliar feeding strains once rare in the region. In these studies, the reproduction of phylloxera strains was investigated and molecular markers were developed for physical maps associated with resistance genes. As a result of the studies, rootstocks resistant to aggressive root knot nematodes have been developed. [161].
Different studies are carried out on rootstock breeding, especially in the USA, Brazil, Europe, Australia, Iran, and China. In these studies, crosses are made in order to develop new rootstocks that are tolerant or resistant to different biotic and abiotic stress conditions, and then their compatibility with the varieties grafted on these rootstocks and their effects on fruit quality are examined. Since rootstock breeding studies are much more laborious and time-consuming than other cultivar breeding programs, they are preferred by a limited number of researchers. However, as the mechanisms that cause stress factors become more understandable at the physiological and genetic level, much more successful breeding programs with promising results will become more preferable all over the world. In addition, with interspecies breeding, there is an increasing number of studies in the world that these new interspecies hybrid genotypes can be used directly in growing instead of using rootstock. Because it is reported that new interspecies hybrids will be much more tolerant in terms of different stress conditions and therefore the need for rootstock usage may decrease.
Since grapes are among the most traded fruit types in the world, they have a significant impact on the agricultural economies of the countries. In particular, grapes are preferred by many people due to their different consumption patterns and important effects on human health. However, the demands of consumers can vary rapidly. In order to respond to these rapidly changing consumer demands, quality new grape cultivars should be developed through breeding programs. In these breeding programs, while mainly trying to develop new table and wine grape cultivars, rootstock breeding studies have started to increase in recent years. As a result of research studies carried out by many researchers on the grapevine genome, many characters related to gene regions have been determined and it has become possible to reach the targeted results in grapevine breeding studies in a much shorter time. In recent years, the number of new grape cultivars that are more resistant to biotic and abiotic stress conditions has been increasing rapidly in parallel with climate change and consumer preferences. It is predicted that in the coming years, hybrid cultivars between species will have a greater share in the market with their more resistance to different stress conditions and more friendly characteristics in terms of human and environmental health. As a result of the intensive studies carried out by many scientists with the grapevine genome, it is expected that transgenic grapevine plants, which are more accepted by many parts of the society, will take their place in the markets in a short time. With the integration of biotechnology into breeding programs in a way that will address the ethical concerns of consumers, breeding studies will gain momentum and it will be possible to feed the growing world population and make more sustainable viticulture.
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest in this article.
This research did not receive any external funding.
Not applicable here.
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",metaTitle:"Prior Publication Policy",metaDescription:"Prior Publication Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/prior-publication-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\n\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\n\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
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\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
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\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
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The percentage of elderly over the age of 65 is expected to be more than 15% of the total world population by 2025. As the lifespan increases, there will be a need for maintaining a healthy state for these individuals. Our current knowledge on types and durations of potential anti-aging therapies is quite limited. Recently the zebrafish has emerged as a promising model for understanding the cognitive and neurobiological changes during aging, as well as its use with potential anti-aging interventions. Like humans this model organism ages gradually, displays similar behavioral properties and social characteristics, and in addition, there is a wealth of molecular and genetic tools to uncover the cellular mechanism that contribute to age-related cognitive declines. Drug effect and toxicity can be easily tested in the zebrafish. Therefore, this animal model can provide information about potential therapies that could be translated directly into human populations or provide a more focused treatment direction for testing in other mammalian animal models. The zebrafish will be a powerful tool for uncovering the mysteries of the aging brain.",book:{id:"6474",slug:"recent-advances-in-zebrafish-researches",title:"Recent Advances in Zebrafish Researches",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Zebrafish Researches"},signatures:"Dilan Celebi-Birand, Begun Erbaba, Ahmet Tugrul Ozdemir, Hulusi\nKafaligonul and Michelle Adams",authors:[{id:"223775",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michelle",middleName:null,surname:"Adams",slug:"michelle-adams",fullName:"Michelle Adams"},{id:"224816",title:"BSc.",name:"Ergul Dilan",middleName:null,surname:"Celebi-Birand",slug:"ergul-dilan-celebi-birand",fullName:"Ergul Dilan Celebi-Birand"},{id:"224817",title:"MSc.",name:"Begun",middleName:null,surname:"Erbaba",slug:"begun-erbaba",fullName:"Begun Erbaba"},{id:"224819",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ahmet Tugrul",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdemir",slug:"ahmet-tugrul-ozdemir",fullName:"Ahmet Tugrul Ozdemir"},{id:"224823",title:"Dr.",name:"Hulusi",middleName:null,surname:"Kafaligonul",slug:"hulusi-kafaligonul",fullName:"Hulusi Kafaligonul"}]},{id:"59711",title:"The Role of PSR in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) at Early Embryonic Development",slug:"the-role-of-psr-in-zebrafish-danio-rerio-at-early-embryonic-development",totalDownloads:1160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"During development, the role of the phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR) in the professional removal of apoptotic cells that have died is few understood. Programmed cell death (PCD) began during the shield stage (5.4 hpf), with dead cells being engulfed by a neighboring cell that showed a normal-looking nucleus and the nuclear condensation multi-micronuclei of an apoptotic cell. Recently, in the zebrafish model system, PS receptor played a new role on corpse cellular cleaning for further normal development during early embryonic development, which also correlated with tissues’ or organs’ complete development and organogenesis. In the present, we summary new story that a transcriptional factor, YY1a, in the upstream of PSR is how to regulate PS receptor expression that linked to function of PSR-phagocyte mediated apoptotic cell engulfment during development, especially the development of organs such as the brain and heart. YY1a/PSR-mediated engulfing system may involve in diseases and therapy. This engulfing system may provide new insight into phosphatidylserine receptor how to dynamitic interaction with apoptotic cell during priming programmed cell death.",book:{id:"6474",slug:"recent-advances-in-zebrafish-researches",title:"Recent Advances in Zebrafish Researches",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Zebrafish Researches"},signatures:"Wan-Lun Taung, Jen-Leih Wu and Jiann-Ruey Hong",authors:[{id:"66487",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiann",middleName:"Ruey",surname:"Hong",slug:"jiann-hong",fullName:"Jiann Hong"}]},{id:"60880",title:"Transient-Receptor Potential (TRP) and Acid-Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs) in the Sensory Organs of Adult Zebrafish",slug:"transient-receptor-potential-trp-and-acid-sensing-ion-channels-asics-in-the-sensory-organs-of-adult-",totalDownloads:1216,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Sensory information from the aquatic environment is required for life and survival of zebrafish. Changes in the environment are detected by specialized sensory cells that convert different types of stimuli into electric energy, thus originating an organ-specific transduction. Ion channels are at the basis of each sensory modality and are responsible or are required for detecting thermal, chemical, or mechanical stimuli but also for more complex sensory processes as hearing, olfaction, taste, or vision. The capacity of the sensory cells to preferentially detect a specific stimulus is the result of a characteristic combination of different ion channels. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge about the occurrence and localization of ion channels in sensory organs of zebrafish belonging to the superfamilies of transient-receptor potential and acid-sensing ion channels that are involved in different qualities of sensibility superfamilies in the sensory organs of zebrafish. This animal model is currently used to study some human pathologies in which ion channels are involved. Furthermore, zebrafish is regarded as an ideal model to study in vivo the transient-receptor potential ion channels.",book:{id:"6474",slug:"recent-advances-in-zebrafish-researches",title:"Recent Advances in Zebrafish Researches",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Zebrafish Researches"},signatures:"Antonino Germanà, Juan D. Muriel, Ramón Cobo, Olivia García-\nSuárez, Juan Cobo and José A. Vega",authors:[{id:"59892",title:"Prof.",name:"José A.",middleName:null,surname:"Vega",slug:"jose-a.-vega",fullName:"José A. Vega"},{id:"227081",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonino",middleName:null,surname:"Germanà",slug:"antonino-germana",fullName:"Antonino Germanà"}]},{id:"41563",title:"Fish Cytokines and Immune Response",slug:"fish-cytokines-and-immune-response",totalDownloads:5552,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:null,book:{id:"3193",slug:"new-advances-and-contributions-to-fish-biology",title:"New Advances and Contributions to Fish Biology",fullTitle:"New Advances and Contributions to Fish Biology"},signatures:"Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa, Kevin Maisey, Felipe Reyes-López, Daniela Toro-Ascuy, Ana María Sandino and Mónica Imarai",authors:[{id:"92841",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",middleName:null,surname:"Imarai",slug:"monica-imarai",fullName:"Mónica Imarai"},{id:"153780",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Reyes-Cerpa",slug:"sebastian-reyes-cerpa",fullName:"Sebastian Reyes-Cerpa"},{id:"157025",title:"Dr.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Maisey",slug:"kevin-maisey",fullName:"Kevin Maisey"},{id:"157026",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe",middleName:"Esteban",surname:"Reyes-López",slug:"felipe-reyes-lopez",fullName:"Felipe Reyes-López"},{id:"157027",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Toro-Ascuy",slug:"daniela-toro-ascuy",fullName:"Daniela Toro-Ascuy"},{id:"157028",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Sandino",slug:"ana-sandino",fullName:"Ana Sandino"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"298",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. 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She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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