\r\n\tSQL is worth learning because it’s a programming language that’s in demand in the tech industry and in other sectors that need technology. Most software developers who know SQL earn respectable salaries. Learning SQL can not only enhance your skills, but it can also give you a better understanding of the applications you work with daily. In this book, we will go through the details of SQL and how to use it effectively. The goal of this book is to have many practical application examples that will help learners easily acquire and self-study SQL.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-946-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-945-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-947-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d1d908cd61561c1e813552fbd6cb9ed1",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Duc-Man Nguyen and Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11919.jpg",keywords:"Database Classification, Types of Databases, SQL Basic, Drop Statement, Aggregate Functions, Conversion Function, Date Function, Mathematical Functions, User-Defined Types, User-Defined Functions, String Data Type, Pivoting Data in SQL",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 3rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 22nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Nguyen Duc Man is a member of the DSA-Da Nang Software Association, Vietnam. He was awarded the Award for Excellent effort in Training and Management by the Duy Tan University, Vietnam for several years in a row, and received the Certificate of Merit for Excellent effort in Training and Management by the Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam. His current research interests are software testing, mobile testing, test automation, test case generation, context-driven testing, and ML for testing.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen received his Master of Engineering in Computer Science from the University of Danang, Vietnam in 2010, and a Ph.D. degree from Soongsil University, Korea, in 2017. He is currently a lecturer at the Vietnam - Korea University of Information and Communication Technology, the University of Danang. He has over 18 years of experience teaching and researching programming, databases, machine learning, information retrieval, multimedia, and artificial intelligence.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"227628",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Duc-Man",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"duc-man-nguyen",fullName:"Duc-Man Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/227628/images/system/227628.jpg",biography:'1.\tName:\tNguyen Duc Man\n\tOffice: Room 601, 254 Nguyen Van Linh, Danang, Vietnam\n\tTel: +84-2363 650 403 (Ext 601)\n Mobi: 0904 235 945\n\tEmail: mannd@duytan.edu.vn\n\n2.\tEducation:\nBSc.\tInformation Technology\tDuy Tan University, Vietnam\t1999\nMSc.\tComputer Science\tDanang University, Vietnam\t2009\nPhD.\tComputer Science\tDuy Tan University, Vietnam\t2020\n\n3.\tAcademic experience:\nDuy Tan University, Vietnam\tTeaching\tLecturer\t2004- Present\tFT\n\t\n4.\tNon-academic experience:\nHSD Corporation, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam\tAnalysis, Design and Code, DB Design\tSoftware Developer\t1999-2001\tFT\nDuy Tan Software Center, Vietnam\tTeam leader, Planning, A&D\tProject Lead\t2001-2003\tFT\n\n5.\tCertifications or professional registrations:\n-\tCertificate for completion of Train the Trainer courses (Software Capstone Project, Requirements Engineering, Software Architecture, Software Project management, software Process and Quality management, Software Integration Practices). Institute of Software Research, Carnegie Mellon University, USA. (2010, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019).\n-\t7 Professional Development Hours for participation in the Fundamentals of Program Assessment Workshop, ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\t7 Professional Development Hours for participation in the Self-Study Development Workshop ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\t14 Professional Development Hours for participation at the 2017 ABET\nSymposium, ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\tSoftware Testing and Automation Conference. VISTACON 2011, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (2011).\n-\tFagan Software Inspection Method. ECCI Group, Vietnam (2011).\n-\tHP Train the Trainer courses: HP QTP, LoadRunner, Quality Center (2011).\n\n6.\tMembership in professional organizations:\n-\tMember of DSA-Da Nang Software Association, Vietnam.\n\n7.\tHonors and awards:\n-\tAwards for Excellent effort in Training and Management. Duy Tan University, Vietnam (2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012).\n-\tCertificate of Merit for Excellent effort in Training and Management. Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam (2008- 2009, 2010- 2011, 2013- 2014).\n-\tCertificate of Merit of the People Committee of Da Nang. Danang, Vietnam (2011-2012).\n\n8.\tService activities:\n-\tInstitutional service: \n•\tStudents’ Awards Committee \n•\tFaculty Development Committee \n•\tScholarship Committee \n•\tFaculty Council \n\n9.\tPublications and presentations from the past five years:\n\n1.\t\tCheng, Y. H., Chang, P. C., Nguyen, D. M., & Kuo, C. N. (2020). Automatic Music Genre Classification Based on CRNN. Engineering Letters, 29(1).\n2.\t\tHuynh, Q. T., Pham, L. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, D. M. (2020). An Effective Approach for Context Driven Testing in Practice—A Case Study. International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, 30(09), 1245-1262.\n3.\t\tNguyen, D. M., Huynh, Q. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, T. H. (2020). Automated test input generation via model inference based on user story and acceptance criteria for mobile application development. International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, 30(03), 399-425.\n4.\t \tNguyen, D. M., Do, H. N., Huynh, Q. T., Vo, D. T., & Ha, N. H. (2018, August). Shinobi: A Novel Approach for Context-Driven Testing (CDT) Using Heuristics and Machine Learning for Web Applications. In International Conference on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems (pp. 86-102). Springer, Cham.\n5.\t\tHoang-Nhat, D. O., NGUYEN, D. M., HUYNH, Q. T., & Nhu-Hang, H. A. (2018). One2Explore-Graph Builder for Exploratory Testing from a Novel Approach.\n6.\t\tNguyen, M. D., Huynh, T. Q., & Nguyen, T. H. (2016, November). Improve the Performance of Mobile Applications Based on Code Optimization Techniques Using PMD and Android Lint. In International Symposium on Integrated Uncertainty in Knowledge Modelling and Decision Making (pp. 343-356). Springer, Cham.\n7.\t\tBao Le Nguyen, Nguyen Duc Man, Minh Nguyen Cong and Luong Vo Van (2013). Difficulties in the Operation of an International Program in Vietnam. FICAP-1 Proceedings, BrownWalker Press, 2013, ISBN-13: 9781612337043.\n8.\t\tDuc Nguyen Duc Man, Tien Vu Truong, Nguyen Bao Le (2013). Deployment of Capstone Projects in Software Engineering Education at Duy Tan University as Part of a University-wide Project-based Learning Effort. Learning and Teaching in Computing and Engineering (LaTiCE), IEEE Computer Society -CPS, 2013, E-ISBN :978-0-7695-4960-6 (pp. 184 -191).\n9.\t\tGia Nhu Nguyen, Nhat Tan Tran, Thanh Trung Nguyen and Nguyen Duc Man (2014). The Benefits of CDIO for ABET Preparation from a Hands-on Study in Vietnam. Proceedings of the 10th International CDIO Conference. Barcelona \n10.\t\tVu T Truong, Bao N Le, Man N Duc, Thang M Nguyen (2014). Accessing the Maturity of Teamwork Capabilities through CDIO Projects. Proceedings of the 10th Annual International CDIO Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.\n11.\t\tPhuong A Pham, Man D Nguyen, Long Q Nguyen, Thang M Nguyen, Bao N Le (2014). Learning Computer Programming In Cdio’s Team Settings. Proceedings of the 10th Annual International CDIO Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.\n12.\t\tVo, Q. N., Tran, N. P., Van Dat Ngo, V. H. T., Huynh, Q. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, D. M. LEVERAGE THE BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY TO MANAGE SMART CONTRACT IN ASSET TRADING. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị KHCN Quốc gia lần thứ XII về Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin (FAIR); Huế, ngày 07-08/6/2019 DOI: 10.15625/vap.2019.00032\n\n13.\t\tHa, N. H., Nguyen, D. M., Liu, C. A., Van Van, T., Nguyen, A. D., & Huynh, Q. T. AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF THE MPOS SYSTEM ON THE PROCESS CHANGE OF RESTAURANTS. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị KHCN Quốc gia lần thứ XII về Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin (FAIR); Huế, ngày 07-08/6/2019 DOI: 10.15625/vap.2019.00032\n\n14.\t\tNguyễn Thanh Hùng, Nguyễn Đức Mận, Huỳnh Quyết Thắng (2019), Thử Nghiệm Đánh Giá Áp Dụng Một Số Kỹ Thuật Kiểm Thử Để Nâng Cao Độ Tin Cậy Cho Ứng Dụng Di Động Trong Môi Trường Phát Triển Linh Hoạt. Section on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) - No. 13, Journal of Science and Technique - Le Quy Don Technical University - No. 199, ISSN 1859-0209\n15.\t\tHuỳnh Quyết Thắng, Nguyễn Đức Mận, Nguyễn Thị Bảo Trang, Nguyễn Thị Anh Đào (2016). Kỹ thuật kiểm thử hồi qui hiệu quả cho phát triển ứng dụng di động. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị khoa học công nghệ quốc gia lần thứ IX, ngày 4-5/8/2016 - "Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin" (FAIR 2016), trang 255-265. Nhà xuất bản Khoa học tự nhiên và Công nghệ. ISBN 978-604-913-472-2\n\n10.\tRecent professional development activities:\n-\tCoordinator and Assistant Director of ACM/ICPC Asia Regional Contest, Danang, Vietnam (2013). \n-\tParticipated in the 7th National Conference on Fundamental and Applied IT Research (2014).\n-\tAttended the 7 Professional Development Hours the Fundamentals of Program Assessment Workshop (2017).\n-\tParticipated in the 12th National Conference on Fundamental and Applied IT Research (2019).\n-\tINISCOM 2018, INISCOM 2019, KSE 2019, CITA2021, CITA2022\n-\tAttended the CDIO Regional Meeting - Asia-Pacific (2019).',institutionString:"Duy Tan University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Duy Tan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Vietnam"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"473326",title:"Dr.",name:"Van-Loi",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"van-loi-nguyen",fullName:"Van-Loi Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003Sa5QKQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:01:50.jpg",biography:"Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen received his Master of Engineering in Computer Science from the University of Danang, Vietnam in 2010, and a Ph.D. degree from Soongsil University, Korea in 2017. He is currently a lecturer at the Vietnam - Korea University of Information and Communication Technology, the University of Danang. He has over 18 years of experience teaching and researching in the fields of programming, databases, machine learning, information retrieval, multimedia, and artificial intelligence.",institutionString:"University of Danang",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429342",firstName:"Zrinka",lastName:"Tomicic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429342/images/20008_n.jpg",email:"zrinka@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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These factors have not been fully discovered, however the main aggressive factors are well defined. Gastritis is defined as a pathomorphological appearance of inflammation in the gastric mucosa. Gastritis may be caused by different factors such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), bacterial overgrowth in a hypochlorohydric stomach, autoimmune mechanisms or chemical agents such as short and long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy.
The possible physiological, pathological and pharmacological role(s) of afferent nerves has (have) not been analyzed just recent studies search on its most important role(s) in GI physiology, pathology and pharmacology. Our attention has been focused on capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves during the last decades.
The possible roles of the capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves have been approached to gastrointestinal tract from the years of 1980 by our work-team in animal experiments, in healthy human subjects with histological intact and in patients with different disorders (Mózsik et al., 1997, 2001, 2005a, 2007). Capsaicin (given it in small doses) protected the gastrointestinal mucosal damage induced by different necrotizing agents (such as physical, chemical, drugs, etc.) in animal experiments and in human healthy subjects, in patients with different gastrointestinal disorders (Mózsik et al., 1997, 2005a, 2007, 2009). The functional state of some part of afferent nerves (capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves) can be modified by application of capsaicin by a dose-dependent process (capsaicin, given in small doses stimulates, meanwhile given in higher dose produces reversible and irreversible inhibition or impairment) (Szolcsányi et al., 1984a; Mózsik et al., 2001).
The aims of our observations were:
To study the distribution of capsaicin receptor (TRVP1), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) in the human gastric mucosa in histologically intact with functional dyspepsia, chronic gastritis (diagnosed histologically);To evaluate the possible role of capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves in the development of gastritis produced by H. pylori;
To analyse the role of capsaicin afferent nerves (e.g.immunhistochemical distribution of TRVP1, CGRP, SP) in the the gastric mucosa of the same patients with chronic gastritis produced by H. pylori before and after eradication treatment;
To approach the possible gastric mucosal defensive mechanisms of capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves (immunhistochemical distribution of TRVP1, CGRP, SP) in the development of gastritis and its treatment;
To demonstrate a new pathway (namely the possible productions of new chemical compounds acting on the capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves) to introduce (as one of the possibilities) in the treatment of chronic gastritis.
The patients with symptoms suffering from functional complaints (n=40), chronic gastritis with H. pylori negative (gastric discomfort sensation, nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting) (n=30) and H. pylori positive (n=39) infection. The age of patients was between 39 to 68 years, and these patients were near to be equal to males and females.
Gastric biopsies were collected from the hyperaemic areas of the corpus and antrum of the stomach by oesophago-gastrosco-bulboscopy. The H. pylori infection was detected using the 14C urea breath test (14C UBT), the rapid urease test, and specific histological examinations. The gastric tissue samples were classified into the different groups of chronic gastritis to the updated Sydney system by an independent histopathologist (Dömötör et al., 2007, Lakner et al., 2010).
The immunhistochemical studies were carried out on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue samples using anti-TRVP1 receptor, anti-SP and anti-CGRP antibodies.
18 patients with H. pylori positive chronic gastritis went over the same physical, laboratory, ultrasonographic, endoscopic and histological examinations (mentioned above) before and after eradication treatment.
Distribution of TRVP1 positive (20%) and negative (80%), CRGP positive (30%) and negative (70%), SP weak (75) and strong (25%) in gastric mucosa of healthy human subjects. TRVP1 positive 82%, and negative 18%, CGRP positive 80% and negative 20%, SP weak 85% and strong 15% in patients with H. pylori positive chronic gastritis. TRVP1 positive 70% and negative 30%, CGRP positive 63% and negative 37%, SP weak 59% and strong 28% in patients with H. pylori negative chronic gastritis.
The eradication treatment for H. pylori infection was successful (in 16 from 18, 89%) and complaints (epigastrial pain, heart burn, abdominal expansion) also decreased. Histologically healthy gastric mucosa could be detected only in 22% (4 from 18) and appearance of gastric mucosa (just in moderate histological picture) was obtained.
TRVP1 positive 89% and negative 11%, CGRP positive 100%, SP positive 6% and negative 94% in patients with H. pylori positive gastritis, before eradication treatment. TRVP1 positive 72% and negative 18%, CGRP positive 100%, SP negative 100% in patients with H. pylori positive chronic gastritis after classical eradication treatment.
H. pylori does not represent an exclusive factor for the development of chronic gastritis in patients. The many other compounds (physical, chemical agents) are able also to produce chronic gastritis in patients.
The expression of TRVP1 and increased CGRP participated in the development of chronic gastritis (without and with H. pylori infection), meanwhile the SP probably does not participate in this process. These results clearly indicate that the histological picture of chronic gastritis is independent from the presence of commonly emphasized role of H. pylori infection in patients, and much more complicated series of mechanisms are present in the development of human chronic gastritis (as we now suggest those at this time).
The classical eradication human therapy does not modify the immunhistological distribution of TRVP1, CGRP and SP in the human gastric mucosa with H. pylori infection. Many animal and human observations indicated that the stimulation of capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves by application by small doses of capsaicin (or other compounds) produced defensive effects against the different physical, chemical, bacteriological, immunological agents.
The capsaicin-sensitive afferentation (s) has (have) a permanent defensive role(s) against gastric mucosal damage by different noxious agents, in the human gastric mucosa. The innovative pharmacological research may offer a new pathway to prevent the gastric mucosa induced by different agents (including the H. pylori infection).
The principle role of efferent vagal nerves has been emphasized in the development of gastrointestinal mucosal damage and prevention, as well as in medical treatment involving anticholinergic agents, histamine H2 receptor inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors during the last century. From the initial observation of capsaicin desensitation phenomenon, a long-lasting chemoanalgesia and impairment of thermoregulation in the 1970s, chain of new discoveries led to the discovery of the capsaicin receptor, a type of C-polymodal nociceptors (Szolcsányi, 2004b). The effects of capsaicin depend on the applied doses and duration of exposure (Mózsik et al., 2001; Szolcsányi, 2004a). These different effects of capsaicin are: (1) excitation; (2) sensory-blocking effect; (3) long-term selective neurotoxic impairment and (4) irreversible cell destruction.
Neurogenic inflammation is mediated by these C-afferents, which are supplied by the putative capsaicin receptor. These afferents are called capsaicin-sensitive chemoreceptive afferents. They opened new avenues of local peptidegic regulation in peripheral tissues. It has been suggested that, in contrast to classical axon theory, capsaicin-sensitive sensory system has a dual sensory-afferent function, whereby initiation of afferent signals and neuropeptide release are coupled at the same nerve endings. Furthermore, for instance in the skin at threshold stimuli which do not evoke sensation already maximum efferent response as enhanced microcirculation is elicited. Recently, the capsaicin receptor has been cloned and named as transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRVP1) (Caterina et al., 1997). TRPV1 was detected in the area postrema and in the nucleus tractus solitarii where the afferent fibres of the vagal nerve come to an end. Studies with capsaicin receptor led to discovery of the first temperature-gated ion channel gated by noxious heat, protons, vanilloids and endogenous ligands as anadamide, N-oleodopamine and lypoxygenase products. Another recent achievement was the discovery of a novel neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms mediated by somatostatin. Somatostatin released from the TRVP1-expressing nerve endings reaches the circulation and elicits anti-inflammatory and analgetic sensory functions (Szolcsányi, 2004; Helyes et al., 2004).
The vagal nerve contains also only 10% efferent and 90% of afferent nerve fibres, and 9% of these afferent fibres are the capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves (Gabellla & Pease, 1973; Grijalva & Novin, 1990). Thus, the amount of the efferent nerves and the capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves are roughly the same amount in the vagal nerve.
The possible role of afferent vagal nerve was studied in the last decades both in development of gastrointestinal mucosal damage and protection (Mózsik et al., 1997; 2004a; Holzer, 1999; Abdel-Salam et al., 1999). Recently, the gastroprotective effect of capsaicin against chemical agents (ethanol, indomethacin) has been proven in human healthy subjects (Mózsik et al., 2004b, 2005). The beneficial effect of capsaicin has also been shown in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (Bartolotti et al. 2002; Bhat & Bielefeldt, 2006).
The integrity of gastric mucosa is an equilibrium state between aggressive and defensive factors. The loss of this balance leads to the development of most gastric disorders, like gastric mucosal ulceration and most likely chronic gastritis.
One of the aggressive factors is
On the other hand, one of the defensive mechanisms is the capsaicin-sensitive afferentation. During administration of small doses of capsaicin (from ng/kg to μg/kg body weight) neurotransmitters such as substance-P (SP), calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) and somatostatin (SS) are released from this nerve endings (Holzer, 1998, 1999; Szolcsányi, 2004). These mediators can increase mucosal blood flow by vasodilatation (Holzer et al., 1991), can activate mast cells and immunocells in the mucosa (Stead, 1992), and somatostatin can elicit systemic anti-inflammatory and analgetic “sensory functions”. The immunodistribution of neuropeptides (SP, VIP, NPY, SOM, GAL, and TH) released from the sensory neurons and their neuroimmune function are known in
The presence of this receptor and released neurotransmitters could be studied in the development of human gastrointestinal disorders including gastritis, peptic ulcer, polyp without and with dysplasia, tumour and inflammatory bowel diseases by immunhistological method (Kihara et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2005b; Dömötör et al., 2005; Mózsik et al., 2007). In our further research significant changes were observed in the immunhistological distribution of TRPV1, CGRP and SP in patients with chronic
The symptoms of patients suffering from chronic gastritis with or without H. pylori infection (21 H. pylori positive, 30
Twenty people with functional dyspepsia (all of them underwent the aforementioned medical, laboratory, iconographic, and histological examinations and all of these examinations indicated absolutely negative results) were taken as healthy controls. The age of patients was 39 to 68 years; there were 22 males and 29 females with chronic gastritis and 10 males and 10 females in the functional dyspepsia group (Table 1).
Study design. The immunhistological studies for capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves were carried out on biopsy specimens of gastric mucosa obtained from patients.
Eighteen patients with
Gastric biopsies were collected from hyperaemic areas of the corpus and antrum of the stomach by gastroscopy. H. pylori infection was detected using the 14C UBT, the rapid urease test and specific histological examinations (Warthin-Starry silver staining). Gastric tissue samples were analyzed at the Department of Pathology and classified into different groups of chronic gastritis according to the updated Sydney system (Price, 1991). The biopsies showed moderate and severe activity of inflammation. Gastric biopsies of patients with chronic gastritis and histologically healthy people were classified into groups by an independent pathologist.
Immunhistological studies were carried out on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples using the peroxidase-labelled polymer method (Lab Vision Corp., USA). SP was detected by the NC1/34HL rat monoclonal antibody and TRPV1 receptor and CGRP were labelled using polyclonal rabbit antibody (all from Abcam Ltd., Cambridge, UK) (Table 2).
Antibodies used as primary.
Immunhistochemical analysis was assessed by light microscopy (Olympus). TRPV1 and CGRP were detected as positive or negative, while the immunhistochemical distribution of SP was characterized using the "SP index." This index was calculated by counting immunopositive spots in at least five high-magnification fields. For fields without immunostaining, the score was 0; for fields containing only one positive spot, the score was 1; and for fields with two or more stained elements, the score was 2. The total score in one specimen was divided by the number of scanned fields to obtain the SP index. Based on these results, biopsies were classed into three categories: weak, medium, and strong (Table 3).
Observations were carried out according to Good Clinical Practice (GCP). Human examinations were carried out from 1997 to 2010 and were permitted by the Regional Ethical Committee of University of Pécs, Hungary. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
TRPV1 and CGRP were statistically evaluated by chi-square probe, while SP results were semi-quantitatively evaluated by Mann-Whitney\'s U test. The results were taken to be significant at P values of < 0.05.
Results are presented as the typical pictures of the immunomorphological appearance of the studied receptor and mediators in the gastric mucosa in healthy human subjects and in patients with chronic gastritis with or without
The immunhistochemical results are summarized in Table 4. showing the SP scores (mean ± SE) in healthy persons and in patients with
In TRPVl-positive cases of chronic gastritis with or without
Immunhistochemical distribution of TRPV1, CGRP and SP in mucosa of the stomach. Arrows show the immunosigns in the epithelial layer of the gastric mucosa (original magnification: 100x).
Immunodistribution of TRPV1 in the gastric mucosa of a healthy subject (A) and of patient with
The characteristic immunodistribution of CGRP was as a fine granular cytoplasmatic positivity in epithelial cells in the gastric mucosa of patients with chronic gastritis with or without
Before
The immunomorphology of SP was detected as small granular spot-like signals along the mucosal blood vessels in gastric mucosa of healthy subjects and of patients with chronic gastritis with or without the presence of
The gastroscopy with gastric biopsy was carried out in all patients after
Immunodistribution of CGRP in gastric mucosa of a healthy subject (A), of patient with
Immunodistribution of SP in gastric mucosa of a healthy subject (A) and of patient with
Result of immunhistochemistry examinations for TRVP1, CGRP and SP in gastric mucosa of healthy subjects (n=40), patients with
The efficacy of the traditional
The TRPV1 was positive in 20% (5/20) in the healthy subjects, that value was 89 % (16/18; p< 0.001) before and 72% (13/18; p< 0.03) after eradication therapy in patients with chronic
Immunhistochemistry of CGRP was positive in 100% (18/18; p<0.001) of patients before and after eradication (18/18; p< 0.001). The SP immunostaing was positive in 25% of control persons (20/20), and in 5.5 % (1/18; p> 0.05) before and in 0% (0/18; p>0.05) after eradication. The results of the immunhistological examinations are characterized by the typical histological pictures of the TRPV1 receptor and the mediators (CGRP and SP) and are summarized in Tables 5 and 6.
Presence of histological inflammation in gastric mucosa of patients with chronic gastritis after classical
Summary of differences in result obtained in immunhistochemistry examinations for TRVP1, cGRP and SP in gastric mucosa of healthy subjects (n=40), patients with
The possible role(s) of the capsaicin-sensitive afferent vagal nerve has been studied by our work-team since the l980s under physiological and different pathological conditions in animal experiments (Mózsik et al, 1997, 2001, 2004b; Abdel Salam et al., 1999), healthy subjects (Mózsik et al., 2004b, 2005a) and in patients with different gastrointestinal disorders (Dömötör et al., 2005, Mózsik et al., 2006, 2007).
The distribution of TRVP1, CGRP significantly increased in
Histologically healthy gastric mucosa could be detected only 4 (4/18; 22%)
How can we explain these unchanged immunodistribution in the gastric mucosa of
We have to start from basic observed facts: 1. TRPV1, CGRP and SP can be immunhistologically detected in the rat and human gastric mucosa under healthy and different pathological circumstances; 2. the changes in expression of TRPV1, CGRP and SP are consequence of activation in the capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves; 3. the
Summary of result obtained in immunhistochemistry examinations for TRVP1 in gastric mucosa of healthy subjects and patients with
Summary of result obtained in immunhistochemistry examinations for CGRP in gastric mucosa of healthy subjects and patients with
The TRVP1, CGRP expressions increased significantly in the gastric mucosa with
In the second series of human observation, it was an unexpected result, that the distribution of TRVP1, CGRP and SP remained unchanged after the classical eradication treatment in patients, although the urea breath test showed high successful rate in bacterial eradication. The gastric mucosa did not become to be histologically negative after the eradication treatment. Interestingly the ratio between the TRVP1, CGRP positivity vs. negative remained the similar before and after eradication.
To understand the changes in histochemical distribution in the gastric mucosa, we performed acute animal experiment, when the rat gastric mucosa was exposed to endogenous (HCl) and exogenous (indomethacin) noxious agents. In these experiments presence of positive immunodistribution of TRPV1, CGRP and SP decreased acutely, that could be abolished by omeprazole (or omeprazole-like compounds) treatment (at 4 hour) (Mózsik et al., 2005b) (Fig. 7- Fig. 10).
Summary of result obtained in immunhistochemistry examinations for SP in gastric mucosa of healthy subjects and patients with
Immunostaining for TVRP1 in rat gastric mucosa. Weak (A), medium (B) and strong (C) expression of TRVP1 by glandular cells. The weak antigen expression corresponds with immunostaining of some glands in the basal layer. In biopsies with medium expression, positive glands are found at the most in half of the mucosa, and in cases with strong TRVP1 positivity, almost all glands are stained (original magnification: 100x).
Immunostaining for CGRP in rat gastric mucosa. Weak (A; only some glandular cells are positive in the mucosa), medium (B; fine granular cytoplasmic staining) and strong (C; predominantly in the basal zone, larger granular staining is observed with higher intensity) CGRP expression (original magnification: 100x).
Immunostaining for SP in rat gastric mucosa. The weakly stained mucosa (A) is almost negative, however, in positive cases; some fine granular immunostaining was observed (B), corresponding to perivascular neural elements (original magnification: 100x).
Schematic presentation of hypothesis for the changes in immunhistochemically demonstrated changes of TRPV1 receptor, CGRP and SP in rat gastric mucosa after application of endogenous (HCl) and exogenous (indomethacin) chemical agents without (A) and with application of omeprazole and omeprazole like compounds (B) during 4-h experimental time period.
Correlation between the drug actions and histochemistry in indomethacin-treated rats (n=5-10).
Correlation between the drug actions and immunhistochemistry in pylorus-ligated rats.
In this case the proton pump inhibitor acts at the level of efferent nerves. The classical eradication treatment does not link specifically to efferent or afferent nerves of the vagus.
There is no question that the 6-week time period after eradication therapy does not offer enough time for the histologically restoration of gastric mucosa in patients with chronic
Our explanation for the unchanged immunhistochemical distribution of TRPV1, CGP and SP of gastric
Six-week time period (including the time of eradication) is not enough time for the complete healing of chronic gastritis. Because of patients’ complaints decreased (and the eradication treatment was mostly successful), however, the changes in gastrointestinal mucosal histology (and immunhistology) showed a lower infection, successful eradication treatment, traditional and specific immunhistological distribution of TVPV1, CGRP and SP differ from each other.
The six-week time period (after eradication) is probably not enough time for complete histologically recovery of chronic
The
The immunhistological distribution of TRVP1, CGRP and SP are independent on the chronic gastritis produced by different physical, chemical, bacteriological or immunological agents. It’s true, that the gastric mucosa did not become histologically intact after eradication treatment. These changes in the histological picture in the gastric mucosa (before and after eradication treatment) suggest that the time period (6 weeks) was short for healing the chronic gastritis by eradication treatment. That fact is confirmed by the repeated histological examinations. Histologically healthy gastric mucosa could be studied only in 4 cases of the control biopsies. In 14 cases, the appearance of chronic gastritis became just moderated.
It can be suggested, that other
Low percentage of participants was refractory to the eradication therapy, so the persistent
We demonstrated that the immunodistribution of vanilloid receptor, CGRP and SP increased in patients with chronic gastritis, however, no differences were obtained in the immunhistochemical distribution of examined parameters in the gastric mucosa with
The knowledge, that the capsaicin is able to reduce the indomethacin-induced gastric microbleeding in human healthy subjects and the involvement of TRVP1, CGRP and SP in different gastrointestinal disorders show the importance of continuation of such studies to reach a better understanding of gastric mucosal defensive mechanisms in humans (Mózsik et al., 2005a).
Similar conclusions were obtained from the results of animal experiments and human observations, when we co-applied drugs acting on efferent and afferent vagal nerve fibres (Mózsik et al., 1997, 2009) and received combined actions.
Recently
The values of affinity (pD) and intrinsic activity (α) curves of these compounds were calculated according to standard procedures employed in molecular-pharmacology (Csáky, 1969). The values of the pD2 (dose necessary to inhibit the gastric acid secretion and gastric mucosal damage by 50%) and pA2 (dose necessary to produced 50% decrease in gastric acid secretion and in gastric mucosal damage) were calculated from the affinity and intrinsic activity curves. The intrinsic activity values obtained in relation to atropine (α atropine = 1.00) were taken as standard values.
The knowledge of affinity, intrinsic activity curves, values of pD2 and pA2 gives us an exact approach to understand the physiological and pharmacological roles of different compounds (Mózsik et al., 2006, 2007, 2009).
The following pD2 values were obtained for the different drugs or substances inhibiting the gastric basal acid secretion (BAO): capsaicin, 5.88; atropine, 5.40; pirenzepine, 3.93; cimetidine, 2.23; ranitidine, 3.33; famotidine, 3.77; nizatidine, 3.23; omeprazole, 3.97 and esomeprazole, 3.97 (Mózsik et al., 2007). Similar results were obtained for these compounds inhibiting gastric mucosal damage produced by intragastric administration of ethanol or by orally applied indomethacin in healthy human subjects (Mózsik et al, 2005a).
The results of these observations led us to conclude that the capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves have the most important physiological regulation of gastric basal acid secretion (BAO) and of chemicals-induced gastric mucosal damage in human healthy subjects (Mózsik et al, 2005a, 2007, 2009). Similar results obtained in animals experiments for regulation of gastric acid secretion and of gastric mucosal damage (Mózsik et al, 2006).
The unchanged functional state of capsaicin-sensitive afferentation, before and after classical eradication treatment in patients also offers to conclude an important regulatory function of gastric mucosa in patients with H. pylori chronic gastritis (in comparison the results obtained in patients with
The most important message of this work (study) is that the gastric capsaicin-sensitive afferentation has a permanent defensive role(s) in the gastric mucosal defence. Consequently the modification in the function of capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves offer new possibilities in human medical therapy.
The authors express their thanks for the financial support of grant Baross (REG_DD_KFI_09, CAPSATAB, Hungary).
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. 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