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Rapid industrialization and urbanization have caused heavy metals to contaminate the atmosphere and it is a problem for human health [2, 3, 4]. HMs poses a major environmental threat to living organisms and habitats due to their non-biodegradability, bioaccumulation, environmental stability, persistence and biotoxicity characteristics [5, 6, 7]. In order to prevent microbial activities, they can directly influence the physical and chemical properties of sediment, soils and water [8]. They can also disrupt the natural ecosystem and impact the human body acutely and permanently through the food chain [9, 10, 11]. The non-degradable HMs can also accumulate in the surface sediment for a long time via the food chain’s amplification effect, causing various diseases and complications in the human body [1, 12, 13].
Natural activities (e.g. geological weathering, atmospheric precipitation, wave erosion, wind and bioturbation) and anthropogenic activities (e.g. rapid industrialization, urbanization, agricultural runoff and transport) play a key role in the spread of HMs to the marine habitats of aquatic ecosystems such as rivers and estuaries [2, 4, 14]. In addition, human activities that can produce industrial pollution, the deposition of urban waste and the offensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides result in the accumulation and sinking of HMs in aquatic habitat surface sediments [15, 16, 17]. The HMs released into the water column have a negative effect on water quality [11, 18] and on surface sediments that alter environmental parameters such as pH, temperature, bioturbation etc. [19, 20]. Sediment quality can therefore play a critical role in identifying the effects of natural and anthropogenic activities [21, 22, 23]; sediment quality can also provide information on the anthropogenic impact on the ecosystem and guide environmental policy and management [24].
Farm waste, agricultural runoff, pesticides, solid waste, waste management, effluents from fish processing plants, jute processing, cement manufacturing, oil refining, fertilizer manufacturing, building materials, soup and detergent factories and brickyard waste are the major sources of pollution (Figure 1). Due to the potential risk of HMs in water, soil and sediment through the disposal of the effluents mentioned, this riverine water, sediment and environment may be important.
Sources, metals and the environmental degradation.
Any metal or metalloid of environmental significance is a heavy metal [25]; the term originated in reference to the adverse effects, all denser than iron, cadmium, mercury and lead (Figure 2). It has since been extended to some other similarly toxic metal or metalloid, irrespective of density, such as arsenic, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, silver, cadmium, antimony, mercury, thallium and lead are commonly found to be heavy metals [26, 27].
Position of heavy metals in periodic table.
In a general, collective term that refers to a group of metals and metalloids with an atomic density greater than 4 g/cm3 or 5 times or more than water, the term heavy metal is often referred to as trace elements as they exist in minute concentrations in biological systems [28].
Heavy metals are classified as “metals that occur naturally and have an atomic number greater than 20” [29, 30]. They are a significant class of contaminants that affect the environment. A serious problem with cultural, ecological and economic consequences is heavy metal contamination in the environment. Because of the toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulative nature of these materials, research on heavy metals in the atmosphere is an important part of environmental research.
Heavy metals may come from natural and anthropogenic processes and end up in various environmental compartments (soil, water, air and their interface). Figure 3 gives information on natural and anthropogenic sources of heavy metals.
Sources of heavy metals in the environment.
Various natural sources of HMs have been recorded in several studies. Natural emissions of HMs occur under numerous and certain environmental conditions. Volcanic eruptions, sea-salt sprays, forest fires, rock weathering, biogenic sources and particles of wind-borne soil are included in these pollutants. The release of metals from their endemic spheres to different environmental compartments will lead to natural weathering processes. In the form of hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, phosphates, silicates and organic compounds, heavy metals can be found.
Lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are the most popular heavy metals. While the above-mentioned heavy metals can be present in traces, humans and other mammals still cause significant health problems.
Industries, irrigation, drainage, mining and metallurgical processes, as well as runoff, also contribute to the release of pollutants into various compartments of the ecosystem. For certain metals, anthropogenic heavy metal processes have been noted to go beyond natural fluxes. In wind-blown dust, metals naturally released are mainly from industrial areas. Car exhaust that releases lead; smelting that releases arsenic, copper and zinc; insecticides that release arsenic and the burning of fossil fuels that release nickel, vanadium, mercury, selenium and tin are some essential anthropogenic causes that contribute significantly to heavy metal pollution in the environment. Because of the everyday manufacture of products to meet the demands of the large population, human activities have been found to contribute more to environmental pollution.
Harmful trace metals are a significant threat to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems [31]. Upon release from both natural and anthropogenic sources, HMs contaminates natural aquatic bodies, sediments and soils. Ultimately, during volcanic eruptions and complex industrial emissions, heavy metals released into the atmosphere often return to the soil and cause water and soil contamination. They either collect in biota or leach down into ground water because heavy metals in the atmosphere are irreversible. There are significant public health effects of the contamination of biota and groundwater with potentially harmful heavy metals. In riverine settings, the degree of heavy metal pollution can be measured by observing the concentrations and distribution of these elements [32]. Figure 4 provides a conceptual schematic of the contamination of the marine (riverine) environment with heavy metals. Various physicochemical and climatic effects affect the overall dynamics and biogeochemical cycling of heavy metals in the atmosphere.
A conceptual schematic of contamination of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystem.
Water is regarded as the life-blood of the biosphere as well. It can dissolve distinct organic and inorganic chemicals and environmental contaminants, as water is a common solvent. They are vulnerable to pollution in both freshwater and marine aquatic environments. Heavy metals are important contaminants in the pollution of the marine environment. Water contamination by HMs is a critical environmental issue that adversely affects plants, animals and human health [33]. Also at very low levels, heavy metals are highly harmful to marine species [34]. These elements may cause significant physiological changes in the body and histopathological changes in the tissues of aquatic organisms, such as fish [35]. There are several sources of heavy metal pollution in water. Two main culprits of this industrialization and urbanization are the increased degree of concentration of heavy metal in water. Heavy metals from factories, municipalities and urban areas are carried by runoff [36]. This release of untreated industrial waste into marine bodies is a significant cause of surface and groundwater contamination [37]. Due to the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of food chains and the toxicity of these elements, contamination of water bodies with heavy metals is a global issue [38].
The contamination of sediments with HMs is a very important environmental problem with implications for marine life and human health. Sediments act as the main source of HMs in the aquatic environment. Their quality can indicate the contamination status of water [39]. Sediments act as a sink and heavy metal source, releasing them into the column of water [40]. Continued heavy metal accumulation in sediments can also contribute to groundwater pollution of these contaminants [41]. Many physicochemical variables such as temperature, hydrodynamic conditions, redox status, organic matter and microbe content, salinity, and particle size influence the adsorption, desorption, and subsequent concentrations of heavy metals in sediments [42]. The distribution of heavy metals in sediments is influenced by the sediment’s chemical composition; grain size and total organic matter content [43]. The pH is an important determinant of the bioavailability of metals in sediments. A decrease in pH increases the competition between metal ions and H+ for sediment binding locations and may contribute to the dissolution of metal complexes, thereby releasing free metal ions into the water column [44]. Higher toxic heavy metals concentrations in riverine sediments can pose an ecological risk to benthos (bottom-dwelling organisms) [45].
Heavy metals and metalloids are released into soils from activities and sources such as manufacturing activities, mine tailings, high metal waste disposal, leaded gasoline and paints, fertilizer land application, animal manures, sewage sludge, pesticides, irrigation of waste water, residues of coal combustion and petrochemical spillage, resulting in soil contamination by heavy metals [46]. Most HMs does not typically experience microbial or chemical degradation and thus, after being released to the atmosphere, their total concentrations last in the sail for a long time. The composition of the parent rock, the degree of weathering and physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil and environment conditions are factors influencing the presence and distribution of heavy metals in soils [47]. Compared to virgin soils and soils with low inputs, substantial heavy metal enrichment has been recorded in soils receiving more fertilizer input and Cu fungicide [48]. Soils may be polluted with heavy metals from heavy vehicular activity on roads in urban areas. In urban areas, soil samples have elevated levels of Pb, of which 45–85% is bioaccessible [49]. The bioavailability of heavy metals in soils is of great importance for their environmental fate and for their plant uptake. Different HMs has different soil bioavailability and this bioavailability depends on the speciation of metals and the different soil physicochemical characteristics.
Aquatic biota is exposed to heavy metals by water, sediments and food on various routes [50]. Different toxic HMs released to freshwater bodies from various natural and anthropogenic sources are introduced to freshwater fish. Heavy metal pollution of fish has become a major global concern because it poses a danger to fish and poses health hazards to buyers of fish [51]. Assessment of the bioaccumulation of HMs in fish species from various aquatic ecosystems is very significant [52]. Assessing the amount of heavy metals in fish tissues is important for the conservation of marine environments and the human consumption of fish [53]. There are high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and low cholesterol levels in fish. They are a major protein source [54].
It is advantageous to use edible fish in human diets and is also recommended in healthy diets. Contamination of fish by toxic heavy metals is considered a risk to human health and has raised concerns about their consumption, especially among more vulnerable groups of people, such as women, children and people at risk of other diseases.
Heavy metal bioaccumulation in freshwater fish depends on different factors, including the characteristics of the fish and the external environmental factors. Fish-related factors include fish age, size (weight and length), feeding habits and physiology of the body, while external environmental factors include water column metal concentration and bioavailability, water physicochemical properties and other climatic factors. Depending on the structure and function of the tissues, the degree of accumulation of heavy metals in the various tissues of fish is usually different. Metabolically active tissues such as the gills, liver and kidneys typically have higher heavy metal accumulations than other tissues such as the skin and muscles. The comparatively higher accumulation of heavy metals in metabolically active fish tissues is normally explained by the induction/occurrence in these tissues of metal-binding proteins called metallothioneins (MTs) upon exposure to heavy metals. Fish gills have been observed as the target tissue for heavy metals such as Ni to accumulate and eliminate [38]. While fish muscles are the tissue of poor heavy metal accumulation [55], from a human consumption point of view, they are essential. Trace metal bioaccumulation in fish muscles is typically species-specific [56].
The bioaccumulation of toxic HMs in freshwater fish has significant environmental, ecological and social consequences; it affects the carnivorous species and human by eating fish [57, 58]. Waterborne HMs are absorbed into fish and penetrate the human body through the food chain, thereby impacting human health [59]. In addition, poisonous HMs affects the health and well-being of fish as well.
As HMs in the atmosphere is permanent, they accumulate in living organisms and are passed in the food chains from one trophic stage to another. The degree to which heavy metals are deposited in biota depends on their accumulation rate and their removal rate from the body.
Heavy metals, i.e. water, sediments and soil, may enter the body of an organism directly from the abiotic system, or may enter the body of the organism from its food/prey. For example, heavy metals may reach the body of the fish directly from water or sediments through the gills/skin of the fish or from the food/prey of the fish through its food canal. Over successive trophic levels in a food chain, the concentration of a heavy metal can increase or decrease. The retention of heavy metals in an organism’s body depends on a variety of factors, such as the speciation of the metal concerned and the physiological mechanisms established by the organism for heavy metal control, homeostasis and detoxification. Because of their lipophilicity, methylated forms of heavy metals like Hg are accumulated to a greater extent in biota and also biomagnified in food chains. In metal-rich environments, such plants have the potential to survive and are called metallophytes. Special mechanisms for dealing with higher heavy metal concentrations in soil have been established by these special plants and are classified into three groups, i.e. excluders, markers, and hyper accumulators [57]. To define the trophic transfer of heavy metals, certain words are used (Figure 5).
Trophic transfer of heavy metals in the environment.
The degree or extent of accumulation of HMs in biota has been quantified using some terminology. Bioconcentration factor (BCF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) and so on are some of these quantitative terms. Below, some of these terms are discussed.
Bioconcentration Factor is representative of the degree of heavy metal enrichment in an organism as opposed to that in its habitat. The ratio of the concentration of a heavy metal in the tissue of an organism to its concentration in the abiotic medium is known as’ (water and sediments).
It is calculated by the following equation [60]:
Where,
The alternative words transfer factor (TF), metal transfer factor (MTF), accumulation factor (AF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), and biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) are used by some writers and measured accordingly. All these indexes, however, indicate the extent of a heavy metal’s accumulation in the organism compared to that in the world where it grows/lives.
Bioaccumulation Coefficient is calculated by the following equation [61]:
Where, Cplant is the metal concentration in plant and Csoil is the metal concentration in soil.
The values of BCF, BAF, BAC, etc. are obviously dependent on the concentration of the HM in the organism and the environmental medium in question. In view of the fact that the values of these indices are inversely related to the concentration of metals in the environmental medium (water, sediments and soil), the values of these indices should be used with caution to measure the contamination of heavy metals in biota. For example, because of the lower metal content in the environment of the former fish, the BCF value of a heavy metal in the muscles of a fish living in less polluted water may be higher than that of a fish living in more contaminated water. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) values of seven common HMs in crop grains have been shown to decrease exponentially with average soil metal concentrations [62].
A big source of exposure for the human population to heavy metals is food and drinking water. The intensification of HMs in industrial and agricultural activities has led to much industrialization, modern urbanization and rapid economic development around the world [63]. These activities can cause pollution of toxic HMs in water, air, and soils. Heavy metal-contaminated media contribute to the bioaccumulation of these elements from the environment in the human food chains, eventually reaching the human body. There are some health impacts of HMs on the human body depending on the amount and duration of exposure (Figure 6).
Effects of heavy metals in different vital organs of human health.
Among different HMs, Cd is considered as seventh most hazardous and noxious metal that causes an indirect oxidative stress and have carcinogenic and mutagenic effect resulting severe health problem in human body such as kidney damage, prostate dysfunction, bone diseases and cancer [64, 65]. It can also responsible for kidney dysfunction and proteinuria if Cd has prolonged exposure to kidneys.
Arsenic is also causes skin damage, cancer and marked problems with circulatory system [66]. When As cross its permissible limit in drinking water is also causes developmental abnormalities, neurobehavioral sicknesses, cardiovascular diseases and hearing sickness, together with anemia, leukopenia, eosinophilia and carcinoma [67, 68].
Chromium is known as highly toxic HM as it can cross the cell membrane via sulfate transport system and causes denaturation and mutation of nucleic acids and proteins. It also creates critical health issues like skin problems, nasal irritation, hear impairment and lung carcinoma [65, 69, 70].
Lead can also create different health problems like decrease in intelligent quotient, memory loss, infertility, mood swing, weakness of joints, nausea, insomnia, anorexia, or even death [65]. Young and infants are more sensitive to Pb poisoning than adults. Details about effects of different HMs on human health were described in Table 1.
Heavy metals | EPA regulatory limit for drinking water (ppm) | OSHA limit for workplace air (μg/m3) | Toxic Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arsenic (As) | 0.01 | 10.0 | Nausea and vomiting Decreased production of red and white blood cells Abnormal heart rhythm Damage to blood vessels A sensation of “pins and needles” in hands and feet also cause muscle damage Darkening of the skin and the appearance of small “corns” or “warts” on the palms, soles and torso Diffuse or spotted hyper-pigmentation of the skin Benign skin lesions (hyperkeratosis) and cancer of the skin Liver disease reflected by abnormal porphyry metabolism Chronic inhalation can cause lung cancer Chronic exposure via water can cause cancer of internal organs, particularly the urinary bladder, lung, liver, and kidney Affects essential cellular processes such asoxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis | [28, 63, 71, 72] |
Barium (Ba) | 2.0 | 500 | Gastrointestinal dysfunction (vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea) Difficulties in breathing Increased or decreased blood pressure Numbness around the face and Muscle weakness High blood pressure Changes in heart rhythm and cardiac arrhythmias Muscle twitching Paralysis Respiratory failure and Possibly death | [63, 73, 74] |
Cadmium (Cd) | 5.0 | 5.0 | Cause acute bronchitis or even chronic disease, such as emphysema or pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer Severe irritation in the stomach, leading to vomiting and diarrhea Buildup kidney disease, lung damage, and fragile bones Kidney tubular dysfunction Osteoporosis (elderly women with iron deficiency) Lung cancer (only in chronic inhalation) Carcinogenic Mutagenic Endocrine disruptor Fragile bones Affects calcium regulation in biological systems | [75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81] |
Chromium (Cr) | 0.1 | 0.5 to 1000 | Irritation to the lining of the nose Nose ulcers and runny nose Breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing Skin ulcers Allergic reactions consisting of severe redness and swelling of the skin Hair loss Damage to liver, kidney circulatory and nerve tissues Skin irritation | [73, 75] |
Silver (Ag) | 0.10 | 10.0 | Arygria, a blue-gray discoloration of the skin and other body tissues Mild allergic reactions such as rash, swelling, and inflammation in some people Breathing problems Lung and throat irritation and Stomach pains | [73, 82] |
Mercury (Hg) | 2.0 | 100 for organic Hg 50 for metallic Hg | Brain damage Tremor Temper outbursts Loss of memory Disturbance of vision Psychiatric disturbances Restlessness Depression Altered behavior Glomerulnephritis Kidney failure Paresthesia Blindness Deafness Fetal death and abortion Damage the brain resulting irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision or hearing, and memory problems Damage kidneys and Developing fetuses Lung damage Gastrointestinal dysfunction (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) Increases in blood pressure or heart rate Skin rashes and Eye irritation Autoimmune diseases Drowsiness Fatigue Hair loss Insomnia Lung failure | [28, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87] |
Lead (Pb) | 15 | 50 | Severely damage the brain and kidneys Miscarriage in pregnant women Damage the organs responsible for sperm production In children causes impaired development, reduced intelligence, short-term memory loss, disabilities in learning and coordination problems, risk of cardiovascular disease Finally death Produce anemia Effects in central nervous system, including impaired motor function and cognitive function and even seizures, coma, and death with markedly elevated blood lead levels Impaired heme synthesis Chronic kidney disease Lethargy Impairment of cognitive function Lead produces tumors in experimental animals, but there is not enough evidence to regard lead as a human carcinogen | [75, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92] |
Selenium (Se) | 15 | 200 | Nausea Vomiting and Diarrhea Produce selenosis; major signs of selenosis are hair loss, nail brittleness, and neurological abnormalities Respiratory irritation Bronchitis Difficulty breathing Coughing Stomach pains Dietary exposure of around 300 μg/day affects endocrine function Impairment of natural killer cells activity Hepatotoxicity | [63, 93] |
Copper (Cu) | 1.3 | Brain and kidney damage Liver cirrhosis Chronic anemia Stomach and intestine irritation | [63, 75, 88] | |
Nickel (Ni) | 0.2 | Allergic skin diseases such as itching Cancer of the lungs, nose, sinuses, throat through continuous inhalation Immunotoxic, neurotoxic, genotoxic effect Affects fertility Hair loss | [75, 94, 95] | |
Zinc (Zn) | 0.5 | Dizziness Fatigue | [63, 96] |
Toxic effects of heavy metals on human health.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Parts Per Million (ppm), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
Heavy metals and metalloids are critical environmental contaminants for both marine and terrestrial environments and ecosystem. The danger of an environmental chemical is a function of its persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulative ability in the environment. Due to these three characteristics: persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity; HMs are considered as harmful. The most dangerous heavy metals and metalloids that are environmentally important include Cr, As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Ni, Cu and Zn. In aquatic and terrestrial food chains, the trophic transition of these elements has major consequences for different lives of ecosystem and human health. So contamination of environment of heavy metals is of great concern, and its treatment from the soil and water around industrial areas is needed urgently in every place. The assessment and monitoring of the concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals and metalloids in the various environmental segments and in the resident biota is very significant. A detailed environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology analysis of dangerous heavy metals and metalloids demonstrates that steps should be taken to mitigate the effects on human health and the environment of these elements.
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Important global efforts have been made to eliminate malaria leading to significant reduction in malaria cases and mortality in Africa by 42% and 66%, respectively. Early diagnosis, improved drug therapies and better health infrastructure are key components, but this extraordinary success is mainly due the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual sprayings (IRS) of insecticide. Unfortunately, the emergence and spread of resistance in mosquito populations against insecticides is jeopardising the effectiveness of the most efficient malaria control interventions. To help establish suitable resistance management strategies, it is vital to better understand the distribution of resistance, its mechanisms and impact on effectiveness of control interventions and malaria transmission. 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The purpose of this article is to outline the scope of low health literacy as a concept and explore some appropriate interventions that researchers and healthcare professionals may use to reduce its negative impact on health outcomes such as mortality. 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Despite the availability of information on the escalating adverse economic and health effects of NCDs globally, specific strategies designed to address the growing burden of NCDs in low-resourced countries remain substandard. Research engines like EBSCOhost, Science Citation Index, CINAHL database, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, published and unpublished abstracts and a hand search of reference lists and table of contents of relevant journals and books were searched from January 2011 to June 2019. In total, 84 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies confirm that low-resourced countries compared with high-resourced countries battle to implement NCDs prevention strategies; fail to record data on the risk factors of NCDs; medical records and surveillance data are unavailable. Due to a lack of knowledge and skill, low-resourced countries show no urgency to implement a systems approach for NCDs management. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"351159",title:"BSc.",name:"Kalum J.",middleName:null,surname:"Ost",slug:"kalum-j.-ost",fullName:"Kalum J. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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