Differences between non-pathogenic and pathogenic Th17 cells.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5413",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation - A Look at Trends in the Technology",title:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation",subtitle:"A Look at Trends in the Technology",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation - A Look at Trends in the Technology is the first part of the InTech collection of international community works in the field of thermoelectric power generation. The authors from many counties have presented in this book their achievements and vision for the future development in different aspects of thermoelectric power generation. Remarkably, this hot topic unites together efforts of researchers and engineers from all continents of our planet. The reader will find in the book a lot of new interesting information concerning prospective materials for thermoelectric generators, both inorganic and organic; results of theoretical studies of materials characteristics; novel methods and apparatus for measuring performance of thermoelectric materials and devices; and thermoelectric power generator simulation, modeling, design, and practice.",isbn:"978-953-51-2846-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2845-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4132-7",doi:"10.5772/62753",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"thermoelectrics-for-power-generation-a-look-at-trends-in-the-technology",numberOfPages:572,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"d81a819e53a5ff35501b9876d5f6b1ab",bookSignature:"Sergey Skipidarov and Mikhail Nikitin",publishedDate:"December 21st 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5413.jpg",numberOfDownloads:40968,numberOfWosCitations:81,numberOfCrossrefCitations:39,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:85,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:8,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:205,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 30th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 20th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 25th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 23rd 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 22nd 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"16374",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Nikitin",slug:"mikhail-nikitin",fullName:"Mikhail Nikitin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/16374/images/5077_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mikhail Nikitin graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Department of Physical and Quantum Electronics. He is a Science and Technology adviser of Ferrotec Nord Corporation, Moscow, Russia. Dr. Nikitin has forty years of successful experience in photonics, optoelectronics, and semiconductor device technology. His works deal with simulation, design, and manufacturing technologies of solid-state electromagnetic (optical) radiation sensors and thermal radiation converters and systems. Dr. Nikitin has more than 110 publications, including chapters in 3 books and 11 certificates on inventions.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"185957",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Skipidarov",slug:"sergey-skipidarov",fullName:"Sergey Skipidarov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185957/images/5078_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergey Skipidarov graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Department of Physical and Quantum Electronics. He is the CEO of Ferrotec Nord Corporation, Moscow, Russia, one of the world’s leading companies in thermoelectricity. Dr. Skipidarov has forty years of successful experience in research, development, and production of thermoelectric materials and devices. His works deal with formulation and fabrication methods of thermoelectric materials, manufacturing technologies of thermoelectric materials and devices, and serial production of state-of-the-art thermoelectric cooling and generation modules. Dr. Skipidarov has more than 30 publications and 18 patents and certificates on inventions. He is a member of the International Academy of Refrigeration.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"769",title:"Power Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-power-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"52834",title:"Layered Cobaltites and Natural Chalcogenides for Thermoelectrics",doi:"10.5772/65676",slug:"layered-cobaltites-and-natural-chalcogenides-for-thermoelectrics",totalDownloads:1952,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We have systematically investigated thermoelectric properties by a series of doping in layered cobaltites Bi2Sr2Co2Oy, verifying the contribution of narrow band. In particular, Sommerfeld coefficient is dependent on charge carriers’ density and as function of density of states (DOS) at Fermi level, which is responsible for the persistent enhancement of large thermoelectric power. Especially for Bi2Sr1.9Ca0.1Co2Oy, it may provide an excellent platform to be a promising candidate of thermoelectric materials. On the other hand, high‐performance thermoelectric materials require elaborate doping and synthesis procedures, particularly the essential thermoelectric mechanism still remains extremely challenging to resolve. In this chapter, we show evidence that thermoelectricity can be directly generated by a natural chalcopyrite mineral Cu1+xFe1−xS2 from a deep‐sea hydrothermal vent, wherein the resistivity displays an excellent semiconducting character, while the large thermoelectric power and high power factor emerge in the low x region where the electron‐magnon scattering and large effective mass manifest, indicative of the strong coupling between doped carriers and localized antiferromagnetic spins, adding a new dimension to realizing the charge dynamics. The present findings advance our understanding of basic behaviors of exotic states and demonstrate that low‐cost thermoelectric energy generation and electron/hole carrier modulation in naturally abundant materials is feasible.",signatures:"Ran Ang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52834",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52834",authors:[{id:"187743",title:"Prof.",name:"Ran",surname:"Ang",slug:"ran-ang",fullName:"Ran Ang"}],corrections:null},{id:"52532",title:"Electrical Conductivity, Thermoelectric Power and Crystal and Band Structures of EDOB-EDT-TTF Salts Composed of PF6 −, AsF6 − and SbF6 −",doi:"10.5772/65561",slug:"electrical-conductivity-thermoelectric-power-and-crystal-and-band-structures-of-edob-edt-ttf-salts-c",totalDownloads:1495,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Novel 2:1 EDOB-EDT-TTF radical salts with different octahedral PF6−, AsF6−, and SbF6− anions were prepared by electrochemical oxidation. AsF6 salt was found to be isostructural to PF6 salt and had a triclinic crystal structure, while SbF6 salt was not isostructural with PF6 salt and had monoclinic crystal structure. PF6 salt had higher metal-to-semiconductor (MS) transition temperature, than that of AsF6 salt, while SbF6 salt exhibited semiconductive behavior throughout the temperature range of electrical conductivity measurements. To clarify MS transition of these salts, thermoelectric power measurements were also carried out. Thus, thermoelectric power apparatus was constructed and measurements were performed simultaneously with thermoelectric power and electrical resistivity measurements. Crystal structural features for EDOB-EDT-TTF salts at 90, 293, 330 and 350 K, as well as conductivity, thermoelectric power measurements and band structures before and after MS transition are described.",signatures:"Tomoko Inayoshi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52532",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52532",authors:[{id:"188354",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoko",surname:"Inayoshi",slug:"tomoko-inayoshi",fullName:"Tomoko Inayoshi"}],corrections:null},{id:"52995",title:"Progress in Polymer Thermoelectrics",doi:"10.5772/66196",slug:"progress-in-polymer-thermoelectrics",totalDownloads:2274,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter addresses recent progress in the field of polymer thermoelectric materials. It covers a brief introduction to intrinsically conductive polymers and its motivation for thermoelectric utilization. A review about important and recent literature in the field of p-type and n-type polymers for thermoelectric applications is summarized here. For a better understanding of material development issues, doping mechanisms for intrinsically conducting polymers are discussed. Special emphasis is given to n-type polymers, since this group of polymers is often neglected due to unavailability or poor stability during processing. Different possibilities in terms of generator design and fabrication are presented. Recent challenges in this scientific field are discussed in respect to current material development, uncertainty during the measurement of thermoelectric properties as well as temperature stability for the most prominent p-type polymer used for thermoelectric, PEDOT:PSS.",signatures:"Lukas Stepien, Aljoscha Roch, Roman Tkachov and Tomasz\nGedrange",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52995",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52995",authors:[{id:"188294",title:"Dr.",name:"Aljoscha",surname:"Roch",slug:"aljoscha-roch",fullName:"Aljoscha Roch"},{id:"195076",title:"Mr.",name:"Lukas",surname:"Stepien",slug:"lukas-stepien",fullName:"Lukas Stepien"},{id:"197556",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",surname:"Tkachov",slug:"roman-tkachov",fullName:"Roman Tkachov"},{id:"197564",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Gedrange",slug:"tomasz-gedrange",fullName:"Tomasz Gedrange"}],corrections:null},{id:"52712",title:"Tetrahedrites: Prospective Novel Thermoelectric Materials",doi:"10.5772/65638",slug:"tetrahedrites-prospective-novel-thermoelectric-materials",totalDownloads:1688,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Since their discovery in 1845, tetrahedrites, a class of minerals composed of relatively earth‐abundant and nontoxic elements, have been extensively studied in mineralogy and geology. Despite a large body of publications on this subject, their transport properties had not been explored in detail. The discovery of their interesting high‐temperature thermoelectric properties and peculiar thermal transport has led to numerous experimental and theoretical studies over the last 4 years with the aim of better understanding the relationships between the crystal, electronic, and thermal properties. Tetrahedrites provide a remarkable example of anharmonic system giving rise to a temperature dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity that mirrors that of amorphous compounds. Here, we review the progress of research on the transport properties of tetrahedrites, highlighting the main experimental and theoretical results that have been obtained so far and the important issues and questions that remain to be investigated.",signatures:"Christophe Candolfi, Yohan Bouyrie, Selma Sassi, Anne Dauscher\nand Bertrand Lenoir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52712",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52712",authors:[{id:"188273",title:"Prof.",name:"Bertrand",surname:"Lenoir",slug:"bertrand-lenoir",fullName:"Bertrand Lenoir"},{id:"188274",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Candolfi",slug:"christophe-candolfi",fullName:"Christophe Candolfi"},{id:"188275",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",surname:"Dauscher",slug:"anne-dauscher",fullName:"Anne Dauscher"},{id:"188276",title:"Dr.",name:"Yohan",surname:"Bouyrie",slug:"yohan-bouyrie",fullName:"Yohan Bouyrie"},{id:"188277",title:"Dr.",name:"Salma",surname:"Sassi",slug:"salma-sassi",fullName:"Salma Sassi"}],corrections:null},{id:"53166",title:"Thermoelectric Effect and Application of Organic Semiconductors",doi:"10.5772/65872",slug:"thermoelectric-effect-and-application-of-organic-semiconductors",totalDownloads:2343,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Human development and society progress require solving many pressing issues, including sustainable energy production and environmental conservation. Thermoelectric power generation looks like promising opportunity converting huge heat from the sun and waste heat from industrial sector, housing appliances and infrastructure and automobile and other fuel combustion exhaust directly to electrical energy. Thermoelectric power generation will be of high demand, when technology will be affordable, providing low price, high conversion efficiency, reliability, easy applicability and advanced ecological properties of end products. In this context, organic thermoelectric materials attract great interest caused by non-scarcity of raw materials, non-toxicity, potentially low costs in high-scale production, low thermal conductivity and wide capabilities to control thermoelectric properties. In this chapter, we focus mainly on thermoelectric effect in several organic semiconductors, both crystalline and disordered. We present theory of some transport phenomena determining thermoelectric properties of organic semiconductors, including general expression of thermoelectric effect, percolation theory of Seebeck coefficient, hybrid model of Seebeck coefficient, Monte Carlo simulation and first-principle theory. Finally, a future outlook of this field is briefly discussed.",signatures:"Nianduan Lu, Ling Li and Ming Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53166",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53166",authors:[{id:"188284",title:"Dr.",name:"Nianduan",surname:"Lu",slug:"nianduan-lu",fullName:"Nianduan Lu"},{id:"194543",title:"Prof.",name:"Ling",surname:"Li",slug:"ling-li",fullName:"Ling Li"},{id:"194554",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming",surname:"Liu",slug:"ming-liu",fullName:"Ming Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"52815",title:"Review of Research on the Thermoelectric Material ZnSb",doi:"10.5772/65661",slug:"review-of-research-on-the-thermoelectric-material-znsb",totalDownloads:2050,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The thermoelectric material ZnSb has been studied intensively in recent years and has shown promising features. The other zinc‐antimonide compound, Zn4Sb3 has remarkable low thermal conductivity, but it is accompanied with phase transitions at moderate temperature and has inherent stability problems. Compared to that, ZnSb is relatively phase stable and has a relative high charge carrier mobility and Seebeck coefficient, thus yielding a decent power factor. Meanwhile, its thermal conductivity can be reduced by means of nanostructuring, thus giving a good figure of merit at moderate temperatures, 400–600 K. Many researchers have dedicated their efforts to study and improve ZnSb properties, and the figure of merit has been reported to be above one. Still, ZnSb as a thermoelectric material has features and behaviours that are not well‐understood. The behaviour and properties of its intrinsic defects are not understood, but have interested researchers in recent years. This chapter intends to offer a comprehensive review on ZnSb to the readers. By combining own experiences from research on thermoelectric materials, the authors address the prospect for improving the thermoelectric properties of ZnSb and the concerns of transferring lab results to manufacturing.",signatures:"Xin Song and Terje G. Finstad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52815",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52815",authors:[{id:"188808",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin",surname:"Song",slug:"xin-song",fullName:"Xin Song"},{id:"189619",title:"Prof.",name:"Terje G.",surname:"Finstad",slug:"terje-g.-finstad",fullName:"Terje G. Finstad"}],corrections:null},{id:"53298",title:"Silver-Antimony-Telluride: From First-Principles Calculations to Thermoelectric Applications",doi:"10.5772/66086",slug:"silver-antimony-telluride-from-first-principles-calculations-to-thermoelectric-applications",totalDownloads:1562,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Silver-antimony-telluride (AgSbTe2) based compounds have emerged as a promising class of materials for thermoelectric (TE) power generation at the mid-temperature range. This Chapter demonstrates utilization of first-principles calculations for predicting TE properties of AgSbTe2-based compounds and experimental validations. Predictive calculations of the effects of La-doping on vibrational and electronic properties of AgSbTe2 compounds are performed applying the density functional theory (DFT), and temperature-dependent TE transport coefficients are evaluated applying the Boltzmann transport theory (BTE). Experimentally, model ternary (AgSbTe2) and quaternary (3 at. % La-AgSbTe2) compounds were synthesized, for which TE transport coefficients were measured, indicating that thermal conductivity decreases due to La-alloying. The latter also reduces electrical conductivity and increases Seebeck coefficients. All trends correspond with those predicted from first-principles. Thermal stability issues are essential for TE device operation at service conditions, e.g. changes of matrix composition and second-phase precipitation, and are also addressed in this study on both computational and experimental aspects. It is shown that La-alloying affects TE figure-of-merit positively, e.g., improving from 0.35 up to 0.50 at 260 °C. We highlight the universal aspects of this approach that can be applied for other TE compounds. This enables us screening their performance prior to synthesis in laboratory.",signatures:"Yaron Amouyal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53298",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53298",authors:[{id:"189202",title:"Prof.",name:"Yaron",surname:"Amouyal",slug:"yaron-amouyal",fullName:"Yaron Amouyal"}],corrections:null},{id:"52396",title:"Nanostructured State-of-the-Art Thermoelectric Materials Prepared by Straight-Forward Arc-Melting Method",doi:"10.5772/65115",slug:"nanostructured-state-of-the-art-thermoelectric-materials-prepared-by-straight-forward-arc-melting-me",totalDownloads:1695,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Thermoelectric materials constitute an alternative to harvest sustainable energy from waste heat. Among the most commonly utilized thermoelectric materials, we can mention Bi2Te3 (hole and electron conductivity type), PbTe and recently reported SnSe intermetallic alloys. We review recent results showing that all of them can be readily prepared in nanostructured form by arc-melting synthesis, yielding mechanically robust pellets of highly oriented polycrystals. These materials have been characterized by neutron powder diffraction (NPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electronic and thermal transport measurements. Analysis of NPD patterns demonstrates near-perfect stoichiometry of above-mentioned alloys and fair amount of anharmonicity of chemical bonds. SEM analysis shows stacking of nanosized sheets, each of them presumably single-crystalline, with large surfaces parallel to layered slabs. This nanostructuration affects notably thermoelectric properties, involving many surface boundaries (interfaces), which are responsible for large phonon scattering factors, yielding low thermal conductivity. Additionally, we describe homemade apparatus developed for the simultaneous measurement of Seebeck coefficient and electric conductivity at elevated temperatures.",signatures:"Federico Serrano-Sánchez, Mouna Gharsallah, Julián Bermúdez,\nFélix Carrascoso, Norbert M. Nemes, Oscar J. Dura, Marco A. López\nde la Torre, José L. Martínez, María T. Fernández-Díaz and José A.\nAlonso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52396",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52396",authors:[{id:"189662",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Antonio",surname:"Alonso",slug:"jose-antonio-alonso",fullName:"Jose Antonio Alonso"},{id:"194777",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Serrano-Sánchez",slug:"federico-serrano-sanchez",fullName:"Federico Serrano-Sánchez"}],corrections:null},{id:"52767",title:"Nanometer Structured Epitaxial Films and Foliated Layers Based on Bismuth and Antimony Chalcogenides with Topological Surface States",doi:"10.5772/65750",slug:"nanometer-structured-epitaxial-films-and-foliated-layers-based-on-bismuth-and-antimony-chalcogenides",totalDownloads:1312,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The thermoelectric and galvanomagnetic properties of nanometer structured epitaxial films and foliated layers based on bismuth and antimony chalcogenides were investigated, and an increase in the figure of merit Z up to 3.85 × 10-3 K-1 was observed in the Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 films over the temperature range of 180–200 K. It is shown that an increase in the Seebeck coefficient and the change in the slope on temperature, associated with changes in the effective scattering parameter of charge carriers and strong anisotropy of scattering in the films, lead to enhance power factor due to the growth of the effective mass of the density of states. These features are consistent with the results of research of oscillation effects in strong magnetic fields at low temperatures and research of Raman scattering at normal and high pressures in the foliated layers of solid solutions (Bi, Sb)2(Te, Se)3, in which the topological Dirac surface states were observed. The unique properties of topological surface states in the investigated films and layers make topological insulators promising material for innovation nanostructured thermoelectrics.",signatures:"Lidia N. Lukyanova, Yuri A. Boikov, Oleg A. Usov, Mikhail P. Volkov\nand Viacheslav A. Danilov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52767",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52767",authors:[{id:"189665",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidia",surname:"Lukyanova",slug:"lidia-lukyanova",fullName:"Lidia Lukyanova"},{id:"194597",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",surname:"Boikov",slug:"yuri-boikov",fullName:"Yuri Boikov"},{id:"194599",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Usov",slug:"oleg-usov",fullName:"Oleg Usov"},{id:"194600",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",surname:"Volkov",slug:"mikhail-volkov",fullName:"Mikhail Volkov"},{id:"194601",title:"Mr.",name:"Viacheslav",surname:"Danilov",slug:"viacheslav-danilov",fullName:"Viacheslav Danilov"}],corrections:null},{id:"52634",title:"Thermoelectric Power Generation by Clathrates",doi:"10.5772/65600",slug:"thermoelectric-power-generation-by-clathrates",totalDownloads:1695,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Clathrate compounds combine aesthetic beauty of their crystal structures with promising thermoelectric properties that have made them one of the most explored family of compounds deemed as base for thermoelectric generators for mid- and high-temperature application. This chapter surveys crystal and electronic structure and structure-related transport properties of selected types of clathrates and discusses their thermoelectric performance and prospects of their future applications.",signatures:"Andrei V. Shevelkov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52634",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52634",authors:[{id:"190372",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",surname:"Shevelkov",slug:"andrei-shevelkov",fullName:"Andrei Shevelkov"}],corrections:null},{id:"53051",title:"Efficient Thermoelectric Materials Based on Solid Solutions of Mg2X Compounds (X = Si, Ge, Sn)",doi:"10.5772/65864",slug:"efficient-thermoelectric-materials-based-on-solid-solutions-of-mg2x-compounds-x-si-ge-sn-",totalDownloads:1966,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The silicides have obvious attractive characteristics that make them promising materials as thermoelectric energy converters. The constituting elements are abundant and have low price, many of compounds have good high temperature stability. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made, especially in the past 10 years, in order to develop efficient silicide-based thermoelectric materials. These efforts have culminated in creation of Mg2(Si-Sn) n-type thermoelectric alloys with proven maximum thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of 1.3. This success is based on combination of two approaches to maximize the thermoelectric performance: the band structure engineering and the alloying. In this chapter, we review data on crystal and electronic structure as well as on the thermoelectric properties of Mg2X compounds and their solid solutions.",signatures:"Vladimir K. Zaitsev, Grigoriy N. Isachenko and Alexander T. Burkov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53051",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53051",authors:[{id:"189552",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Burkov",slug:"alexander-burkov",fullName:"Alexander Burkov"},{id:"192366",title:"Dr.",name:"Grigory",surname:"Isachenko",slug:"grigory-isachenko",fullName:"Grigory Isachenko"},{id:"195176",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Zaitsev",slug:"vladimir-zaitsev",fullName:"Vladimir Zaitsev"}],corrections:null},{id:"52352",title:"Simulation of Morphological Effects on Thermoelectric Power, Thermal and Electrical Conductivity in Multi‐Phase Thermoelectric Materials",doi:"10.5772/65099",slug:"simulation-of-morphological-effects-on-thermoelectric-power-thermal-and-electrical-conductivity-in-m",totalDownloads:1369,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Multi‐phase thermoelectric materials are mainly investigated these days due to their potential of lattice thermal conductivity reduction by scattering of phonons at interfaces of the involved phases, leading to the enhancement of expected thermoelectric efficiency. On the other hand, electronic effects of the involved phases on thermoelectric performance are not always being considered, while developing new multi‐phase thermoelectric materials. In this chapter, electronic effects resulting from controlling the phase distribution and morphology alignment in multi‐phase composite materials is carefully described using the general effective media (GEM) method and analytic approaches. It is shown that taking into account the specific thermoelectric properties of the involved phases might be utilized for estimating expected effective thermoelectric properties of such composite materials for any distribution and relative amount of the phases. An implementation of GEM method for the IV–VI (including SnTe and GeTe), bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), higher manganese silicides (HMS) and half‐Heusler classes of thermoelectric materials is described in details.",signatures:"Yaniv Gelbstein",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52352",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52352",authors:[{id:"95796",title:"Prof.",name:"Yaniv",surname:"Gelbstein",slug:"yaniv-gelbstein",fullName:"Yaniv Gelbstein"}],corrections:null},{id:"52554",title:"Thermal Conductivity and Non-Newtonian Behavior of Complex Plasma Liquids",doi:"10.5772/65563",slug:"thermal-conductivity-and-non-newtonian-behavior-of-complex-plasma-liquids",totalDownloads:1544,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Understanding of thermophysical properties of complex liquids under various conditions is of practical interest in the field of science and technology. Thermal conductivity of nonideal complex (dusty) plasmas (NICDPs) is investigated by using homogeneous nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (HNEMD) simulation method. New investigations have shown, for the first time, that Yukawa dusty plasma liquids (YDPLs) exhibit a non-Newtonian behavior expressed with the increase of plasma conductivity with increasing external force field strength Fext. The observations for lattice correlation functions Ψ (t) show, that our YDPL system remains in strongly coupled regime for a complete range of plasma states of (Γ, κ), where (Γ) Coulomb coupling and (κ) Debye screening length. It is demonstrated, that the present NICDP system follows a simple scaling law of thermal conductivity. It has been shown, that our new simulations extend the range of Fext used in the earlier studies in order to find out the size of the linear ranges. It has been shown that obtained results at near equilibrium (Fext = 0.005) are in satisfactory agreement with the earlier simulation results and with the presented reference set of data showed deviations within less than ±15% for most of the present data points and generally overpredicted thermal conductivity by 3–22%, depending on (Γ, κ).",signatures:"Aamir Shahzad and Maogang He",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52554",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52554",authors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],corrections:null},{id:"52625",title:"Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Nanocomposites Towards Thermoelectric Applications",doi:"10.5772/65675",slug:"nitrogen-doped-carbon-nanotube-polymer-nanocomposites-towards-thermoelectric-applications",totalDownloads:1849,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study investigates the impact of nitrogen doping on the performance of carbon nanotube (CNT)/polymer nanocomposites for thermoelectric applications; this was performed through measurement of conductivity of the generated nanocomposites. Three different catalysts (Co, Fe, and Ni) were used to synthesize nitrogen-doped CNTs (N-CNTs) by chemical vapor deposition technique. Synthesized N-CNTs were melt-mixed with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix with a small-scale mixer at a broad range of loadings from 0.3 to 3.5 wt.% and then compression molded. Measurement of electrical conductivity of the generated nanocomposites showed superior properties in the following order of the synthesis catalyst: Co > Fe > Ni. We employed various characterization techniques to figure out the reasons behind dissimilar electrical conductivity of the generated nanocomposites, i.e., transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, light microscopy, and rheometry. It was found out, that the superior electrical conductivity of (N-CNT)Co nanocomposites was due to a combination of high synthesis yield, high aspect ratio, low nitrogen content, and high crystallinity of N-CNTs coupled with a good state of N-CNT dispersion. Moreover, it was revealed, that nitrogen doping had an adverse impact on electrical conductivity and, thus, on thermoelectric performance of CNT/polymer nanocomposites.",signatures:"Mohammad Arjmand and Soheil Sadeghi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52625",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52625",authors:[{id:"187813",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Arjmand",slug:"mohammad-arjmand",fullName:"Mohammad Arjmand"},{id:"189198",title:"Dr.",name:"Soheil",surname:"Sadeghi",slug:"soheil-sadeghi",fullName:"Soheil Sadeghi"}],corrections:null},{id:"53165",title:"Methods and Apparatus for Measuring Thermopower and Electrical Conductivity of Thermoelectric Materials at High Temperatures",doi:"10.5772/66290",slug:"methods-and-apparatus-for-measuring-thermopower-and-electrical-conductivity-of-thermoelectric-materi",totalDownloads:2131,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The principles and methods of thermopower and electrical conductivity measurements at high temperatures (100–1000 K) are reviewed. These two properties define the so-called power factor of thermoelectric materials. Moreover, in combination with thermal conductivity, they determine efficiency of thermoelectric conversion. In spite of the principal simplicity of measurement methods of these properties, their practical realization is rather complicated, especially at high temperatures. This leads to large uncertainties in determination of the properties, complicates comparison of the results, obtained by different groups, and hinders realistic estimate of potential thermoelectric efficiency of new materials. The lack of commonly accepted reference material for thermopower measurements exaggerates the problem. Therefore, it is very important to have a clear understanding of capabilities and limitations of the measuring methods and set-ups. The chapter deals with definitions of thermoelectric parameters and principles of their experimental determination. Metrological characteristics of state-of-the-art experimental set-ups for high temperature measurements are analyzed.",signatures:"Alexander T. Burkov, Andrey I. Fedotov and Sergey V. Novikov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53165",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53165",authors:[{id:"189552",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Burkov",slug:"alexander-burkov",fullName:"Alexander Burkov"}],corrections:null},{id:"53264",title:"Novel Measurement Methods for Thermoelectric Power Generator Materials and Devices",doi:"10.5772/65443",slug:"novel-measurement-methods-for-thermoelectric-power-generator-materials-and-devices",totalDownloads:1827,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Thermoelectric measurements are notoriously challenging. In this work, we outline new thermoelectric characterization methods that are experimentally more straightforward and provide much higher accuracy, reducing error by at least a factor of 2. Specifically, three novel measurement methodologies for thermal conductivity are detailed: steady‐state isothermal measurements, scanning hot probe, and lock‐in transient Harman technique. These three new measurement methodologies are validated using experimental measurement results from standards, as well as candidate materials for thermoelectric power generation. We review thermal conductivity measurement results from new half‐Heusler (ZrNiSn‐based) materials, as well as commercial (Bi,Sb)2(Te,Se)3 and mature PbTe samples. For devices, we show characterization of commercial (Bi,Sb)2(Te,Se)3 modules, precommercial PbTe/TAGS modules, and new high accuracy numerical device simulation of Skutterudite devices. Measurements are validated by comparison to well‐established standard reference materials, as well as evaluation of device performance, and comparison to theoretical prediction obtained using measurements of individual properties. The new measurement methodologies presented here provide a new, compelling, simple, and more accurate means of material characterization, providing better agreement with theory.",signatures:"Patrick J. Taylor, Adam Wilson, Jay R. Maddux, Theodorian Borca-\nTasciuc, Samuel P. Moran, Eduardo Castillo and Diana Borca-Tasciuc",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53264",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53264",authors:[{id:"188517",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Taylor",slug:"patrick-taylor",fullName:"Patrick Taylor"},{id:"189606",title:"Prof.",name:"Theodorian",surname:"Borca-Tasciuc",slug:"theodorian-borca-tasciuc",fullName:"Theodorian Borca-Tasciuc"},{id:"189607",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",surname:"Wilson",slug:"adam-wilson",fullName:"Adam Wilson"},{id:"189609",title:"Dr.",name:"Jay",surname:"Maddux",slug:"jay-maddux",fullName:"Jay Maddux"},{id:"194613",title:"Prof.",name:"Diana",surname:"Borca-Tasciuc",slug:"diana-borca-tasciuc",fullName:"Diana Borca-Tasciuc"},{id:"194734",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Moran",slug:"samuel-moran",fullName:"Samuel Moran"},{id:"195134",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Castillo",slug:"eduardo-castillo",fullName:"Eduardo Castillo"}],corrections:null},{id:"52688",title:"Thermoelectric Power Generation Optimization by Thermal Design Means",doi:"10.5772/65849",slug:"thermoelectric-power-generation-optimization-by-thermal-design-means",totalDownloads:2071,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One of the biggest challenges of the twenty‐first century is to satisfy the demand for electrical energy in an environmentally speaking clean way. Thus, it is very important to search for new alternative energy sources along with increasing the efficiency of current processes. Thermoelectric power generation, by means of harvesting waste heat and converting it into electricity, can help to achieve above‐mentioned goal. Nowadays, efficiency of thermoelectric power generators limits them to become key technology in electric power generation, but their performance has potential of being optimized, if thermal design of such generators is optimized. Heat exchangers located on both sides of thermoelectric modules (TEMs), mass flow of refrigerants and occupancy ratio (the area covered by TEMs related to base area), among others, need to be fine‐tuned in order to obtain the maximum net power generation (thermoelectric power generation minus consumption of auxiliary equipment). Finned dissipator, cold plate, heat pipe and thermosiphon are experimentally tested to maximize net thermoelectric generation on real‐working furnace based on computational model. Maximum generation of 137 MWh/year using thermosiphons is achieved with 32% of area covered by TEMs.",signatures:"Patricia Aranguren and David Astrain",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52688",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52688",authors:[{id:"95667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Astrain",slug:"david-astrain",fullName:"David Astrain"},{id:"188620",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Aranguren",slug:"patricia-aranguren",fullName:"Patricia Aranguren"}],corrections:null},{id:"52858",title:"Modeling of a Thermoelectric Generator Device",doi:"10.5772/65741",slug:"modeling-of-a-thermoelectric-generator-device",totalDownloads:3187,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are devices that employ Seebeck effect in thermopile to convert temperature gradient induced by waste heat into electrical power. Recently, TEGs have enticed increasing attention as green and flexible source of electricity able to meet wide range of power requirements from thermocouple sensors to power generators in satellites. Thermoelectric generators suffer from low‐conversion efficiency; however, they could be promising solutions, when they are used to harvest waste heat coming from industry processes or central‐heating systems. This chapter covers the working principles behind TEGs, depicts numerous schematics explaining functionality of TEGs, and investigates performance of TEGs. A detailed derivation process, which provides performance expressions dictating operation of TEGs, is exposed in this chapter. In addition, thermal resistance network is shown to explain thermal connection of thermocouples in TEGs in parallel and electrical connection of thermocouples in series. Performance features shown in this chapter are power output, efficiency, and voltage induced within TEG as functions of numerous parameters.",signatures:"Eurydice Kanimba and Zhiting Tian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52858",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52858",authors:[{id:"189755",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhiting",surname:"Tian",slug:"zhiting-tian",fullName:"Zhiting Tian"},{id:"192280",title:"Ms.",name:"Eurydice",surname:"Kanimba",slug:"eurydice-kanimba",fullName:"Eurydice Kanimba"}],corrections:null},{id:"52605",title:"Calculation Methods for Thermoelectric Generator Performance",doi:"10.5772/65596",slug:"calculation-methods-for-thermoelectric-generator-performance",totalDownloads:3529,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to build one-dimensional thermoelectric model for device-level thermoelectric generator (TEG) performance calculation and prediction under steady heat transfer. Model concept takes into account Seebeck, Peltier, Thomson effects, and Joule conduction heat. Thermal resistances between heat source, heat sink, and thermocouple are also considered. Then, model is simplified to analyze influences of basic thermal and electrical parameters on TEG performance, when Thomson effect is neglected. At last, an experimental setup is introduced to gauge the output power and validate the model. Meantime, TEG simulation by software ANSYS is introduced briefly.",signatures:"Fuqiang Cheng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52605",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52605",authors:[{id:"187892",title:"Dr.",name:"Fuqiang",surname:"Cheng",slug:"fuqiang-cheng",fullName:"Fuqiang Cheng"}],corrections:null},{id:"53201",title:"Performance Analysis of Composite Thermoelectric Generators",doi:"10.5772/66143",slug:"performance-analysis-of-composite-thermoelectric-generators",totalDownloads:1729,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Composite thermoelectric generators (CTEGs) are thermoelectric systems composed of different modules arranged under various thermal and electrical configurations (series and/or parallel). The interest for CTEGs stems from the possibility to improve device performance by optimization of configuration and working conditions. Actual modeling of CTEGs rests on a detailed understanding of the nonequilibrium thermodynamic processes at the heart of coupled transport and thermoelectric conversion. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the linear out-of-equilibrium thermodynamics of the electron gas, which serves as the working fluid in CTEGs. The force‐flux formalism yields phenomenological linear, coupled equations at the macroscopic level, which describe the behavior of CTEGs under different configurations. The relevant equivalent quantities—figure of merit, efficiency, and output power—are formulated and calculated for two different configurations. Our results show, that system performance in each of these configurations is influenced by combination of different materials and their ordering, that is, position in the arrangement structure. The primary objective of our study is to contribute new design guidelines for development of composite thermoelectric devices that combine different materials, taking advantage of the performance of each in proper temperature range and type of configuration.",signatures:"Alexander Vargas Almeida, Miguel Angel Olivares‐Robles and\nHenni Ouerdane",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53201",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53201",authors:[{id:"188238",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",surname:"Olivares-Robles",slug:"miguel-angel-olivares-robles",fullName:"Miguel Angel Olivares-Robles"},{id:"197147",title:"Dr.",name:"Henni",surname:"Ouerdane",slug:"henni-ouerdane",fullName:"Henni Ouerdane"},{id:"197148",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Vargas Almeida",slug:"alexander-vargas-almeida",fullName:"Alexander Vargas Almeida"}],corrections:null},{id:"53338",title:"Non-Stationary Thermoelectric Generators",doi:"10.5772/66421",slug:"non-stationary-thermoelectric-generators",totalDownloads:1701,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A review of theoretical publications on non-steady thermoelectrics is given. Review concerns different aspects of non-stationary and pulsed processes in thermoelectric materials and devices. Theoretical analysis of dynamic behaviour of thermoelectric devices, including analysis of small and large signals of thermoelectric generator, is given and details of concepts of quasi-equilibrium thermoelectricity are discussed as well. Special attention is paid to theoretical study of the non-routine regime of non-steady thermoelectricity—fast-time dependence of thermoelectric properties when material or device is well out of equilibrium. Theoretical findings of fast-time dependence give reason to believe that it can increase the output electrical power of thermoelectric generator compared to stationary regime of operation. We also present experimental results obtained with first non-stationary thermoelectric generator prototype, which was designed for operation in fast-time dependence mode. Several research teams are presently making and testing devices to confirm that more electrical power can be obtained in AC mode (AC frequency about hundreds of kHz) than in DC mode. Descriptions with an analysis are given.",signatures:"John G. Stockholm",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53338",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53338",authors:[{id:"187684",title:"Mr.",name:"John",surname:"Stockholm",slug:"john-stockholm",fullName:"John Stockholm"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1073",title:"Wireless Power Transfer",subtitle:"Principles and Engineering Explorations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"539623d2f9a1dca563421e451940e4e1",slug:"wireless-power-transfer-principles-and-engineering-explorations",bookSignature:"Ki Young Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3177",title:"Wind Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a5f2db2003e1dfb3beb19541b2faf87",slug:"wind-power",bookSignature:"S M Muyeen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3177.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122699",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M.",surname:"Muyeen",slug:"s.-m.-muyeen",fullName:"S. M. Muyeen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3589",title:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero",subtitle:"Power Information and Communication Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52d111bb721e0d749c1cee6c8b6d8ab8",slug:"ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology",bookSignature:"Giorgos Fagas, Luca Gammaitoni, Douglas Paul and Gabriel Abadal Berini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"168209",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgos",surname:"Fagas",slug:"giorgos-fagas",fullName:"Giorgos Fagas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3724",title:"Distributed Generation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9383c05ece5ed76feff7645f261830ba",slug:"distributed-generation",bookSignature:"D N Gaonkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3724.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112984",title:"Dr.",name:"Dattatraya",surname:"Gaonkar",slug:"dattatraya-gaonkar",fullName:"Dattatraya Gaonkar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"62",title:"Power Quality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"power-quality",bookSignature:"Andreas Eberhard",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/62.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18782",title:"Mr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Eberhard",slug:"andreas-eberhard",fullName:"Andreas Eberhard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3660",title:"Nuclear Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"nuclear-power",bookSignature:"Pavel Tsvetkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3660.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10023",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel V.",surname:"Tsvetkov",slug:"pavel-v.-tsvetkov",fullName:"Pavel V. 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Tsvetkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3073",title:"Power Quality Issues",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"41be446d0a7e208798819a2e31c44960",slug:"power-quality-issues",bookSignature:"Ahmed Zobaa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed F.",surname:"Zobaa",slug:"ahmed-f.-zobaa",fullName:"Ahmed F. Zobaa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",title:"Corrigendum to Review of Liquid-Filled Optical Fibre-Based Temperature Sensing",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65367.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65367",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65367",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65367",chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}]},book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11867",leadTitle:null,title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tAlthough the diagnosis and overall survival of patients with various cardiac diseases have improved in the last years, there still remains a significant proportion of patients with unfavorable prognoses. The evaluation of these patients necessitates effective imaging techniques in both diagnosis and long-term follow-up. Even though Cardiac Magnetic Resonance imaging is currently the imaging modality of choice for tissue characterization, advanced echocardiography represents a modern alternative. Speckle tracking echocardiography can be used to assess myocardial deformation at both segmental and global levels. Since distinct myocardial pathologies affect deformation differently, information about the underlying tissue can be offered by strain imaging. Echocardiography advances also show promising results in the improvement of diagnostic accuracy, management, and follow-up and a major advantage of echocardiography over other imaging modalities is the ability to use it in real-time, in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, allowing for the performance of imaging immediately before, during, and after interventional procedures. Furthermore, the prevalence of adult congenital heart disease continues to grow due to advances in surgical and diagnostic techniques. Echocardiography has proven to be a useful tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients, both after percutaneous and surgical procedures, and its utility has expanded significantly due to the development of better technology. In addition, stress echocardiography could be useful in the evaluation of several cardiac diseases and should be preferred over other imaging modalities due to the lower cost, wider availability, and radiation-free nature.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art novel imaging techniques by focusing on the most important evidence-based developments in this area.
Environment-driven metabolic adaptations perform important roles in regulating the immune system. Specific metabolic pathways control T-cell activation/proliferation/differentiation and regulate the switch towards either pro- or anti-inflammatory responses: it, therefore, seems rational that metabolic trepidations can alter self-immune tolerance [1]. Aberrant metabolic pathways constitute a molecular snapshot of the cellular processes that are exaggerated during disease pathogenesis [2]. This immune-metabolic interactome can orchestrate the choreography of interleukin (IL)-17-producing T helper (Th17) cells-induced pathogenicity in psoriatic patients, manifested as a ‘psoriatic march’, ultimately resulting in the development of a variety of psoriasis-associated co-morbidities [3]. Metabolic anomalies influencing the T regulatory cells (Treg)/Th17 axis play a paramount role in the pathophysiology of psoriasis, so it is imperative to understand the close linkage between metabolic pathways and immune cell function: this may unveil specific interventional targets and suggest indirect dietary styles and repositioning of metabolic drugs that beneficially impact the abnormal T-cell metabolism [4].
Faced with any antigenic stimulus, either an intracellular or extracellular pathogen or any tissue homeostatic alteration, naïve CD4+ T-cells respond via activation, proliferation, and finally differentiation into specialized T-effector cell subsets which are specifically programmed to deal with the offending agent/s. One such specialized T-effector cell subset is comprised of Th17 cells, best known as a host-defensive effector T-cell subset at barrier mucosal tissues (intestine, lung, skin) with a prime role in providing immunity against fungi and other extracellular pathogens and in sustaining gut barrier integrity by transdifferentiating into Th1-like or Treg-like cells [5]. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-gamma (RORγt), a signature ligand-dependent transcription factor for Th17 cells has been characterized as the molecular orchestrator of Th17 cell program. RORγt belongs to a subfamily of nuclear receptors, encoded by the master switch gene
IL-17 induced “Psoriasogenicity”: psoriatic march. (A) A constellation of regulatory factors including hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α (with recruited factor p300 having histone acetyltransferase activity), runt-related transcription factor (RUNX1), basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor (BATF)- Jun B heterodimer, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), p65 NF-kB subunit, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 act as co-operators of
Th17 cells exhibit much superior plasticity compared to other T-cell subsets and epitomize a highly functionally diverse effector T cell population and also display stem cell-associated features [8]. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and IL-6 induced non-pathogenic/anti-inflammatory Th17 cells have been shown to play an important role in supporting cellular and organismal metabolic homeostasis as well [9]. However, Th17 cells are also recognized for their pathogenicity against the host, due to their association with several autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetes mellitus. TGF-β3-induced, IL-23- dependent, functionally distinct pathogenic Th17 cells are characterized by different molecular, biochemical, and metabolic profiles (Table 1), conferring a proinflammatory phenotype to this effector T-cell subset [10].
Parameter | Non-pathogenic Th17 cells | Pathogenic Th17 cells |
---|---|---|
Polarizing cytokine | TGF-β1/IL-6 | TGF-β3 + IL-6 IL-1β + IL-6 + IL-23 |
Master transcription factor | RORγt | RORγt |
Upregulated expression of other relevant genes important for Th17 cell heterogeneity | ||
CD5L expression | Positive | Negative |
Cytokines secreted | IL-17, IL-10, IL-9 | IL-17, IFN-γ, GM-CSF |
Metabolic profile | Glycolytic ↑ | Glycolytic ↑↑↑ |
Glutaminolytic ↑ | Glutaminolytic ↑↑↑ | |
Lipogenic (FAS)↑↑↑ | Lipogenic (FAS) ↑↑↑ | |
Cholesterol biosynthesis↑ | Cholesterol biosynthesis ↑↑↑ | |
Biochemical profile: | ||
| Low | High |
| High | Low |
| Low | High |
| High ↑ | High ↑↑↑ |
Functional profile | Anti-inflammatory/regulatory | Pro-inflammatory |
Homeostasis/microbiota homeostasis | Autoimmunity | |
Tissue repair/barrier integrity | Fibrosis | |
Adipogenesis | Tumorigenic | |
Thermogenesis |
Differences between non-pathogenic and pathogenic Th17 cells.
Ahr, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; c-maf, c-musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma expression; csf2, colony stimulating factor; T-bet, T-box expressed in T cells; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty caids; α-KG, alpha-ketoglutarate; 2-HG, 2-hydroxyglutarate.
Th17 cell evolution towards pro-inflammatory
Psoriasis is a progressive self-sustained and self-perpetuated inflammatory disease driven by the coexisting autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways that, while primarily presenting with cutaneous involvement, also manifests as seronegative inflammatory arthritis with synovitis, enthesitis, dactylitis, and spondylitis [19]. It is quite heterogeneous in nature, characterized by a dynamic interplay of the individual’s genetic landscape, tissue-specific immune micro-environments, metabolite/immune-metabolite signature, host-microbiome interactions, and biomechanical stressors [20, 21].
Psoriasis has long been recognized as a chronic immune-mediated multi-systemic inflammatory disorder, associated with numerous comorbidities
Psoriasis is considered as a “IL-17 centric” disease with a preponderance of pathogenic Th17 cells [28]. Psoriatic Th17 cells produce high levels of IL-17 (A to F), IL-26, IL-29 and IL-22 that synergistically act as transcriptional enhancers of many keratinocyte-expressed genes. IL-26 is linked with increased vascularisation while IL-29 regulates the expression of antiviral proteins [29, 30]. IL-17 induced inflammatory effects are not only limited to cutaneous plaques but also to more distant alterations in numerous different cell types that are responsible for producing systemic inflammatory effects and psoriasis-associated co-morbidities [31]. (Figure 1) IL-17 mediated psoriasogenicity is also linked in part to its synergism with other cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-22, IL-23, IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β across various organ systems [32].
A multifaceted, complex regulation of immune networks both depend on, and influences, cellular and local/systemic metabolic environment. This intricate, dynamic interplay between immunity and metabolism, i.e., “immunometabolism” outlines the metabolic patterning of immune cells and maintains metabolic homeostasis (local/systemic) but can also result in metabolic disorders dominated by deranged immune cells [33, 34]. In other words, immunometabolism can be defined as a molecular and biochemical intertwining of metabolism and immunology in all organisms that accounts for the physiological functioning of the immune system in different metabolic conditions in health and disease [35]. Immune response/inflammation can modulate cellular and tissue/systemic metabolism and vice-versa. Therefore, there are 2 dimensions to immunometabolism: the first is “cellular immunometabolism”, which includes the intracellular metabolism of a variety of immune cells under different states of activation, polarization, proliferation, and differentiation and the 2nd dimension is tissue/systemic immunometabolism, which explores the influences of immune cells and their products on local and systemic metabolism across various settings/organs [36]. Thus, the immune system, which can be prompted by the metabolic status of the body can, in turn, have significant consequences on cellular and systemic metabolic homeostasis or disarray.
We will cover these two dimensions of psoriasis-associated immune-metabolism separately:
Cellular immunometabolism
The impact of changes in major cellular metabolic pathways on differentiation of Th17 cells, the “signature” cells in psoriasis.
Tissue/systemic immunometabolism
The influence of the resultant Th17 response on metabolism across various tissues or organs, especially white adipose tissue (visceral and cutaneous) culminating in metabolic syndrome and other psoriasis-associated co-morbidities.
Before delving deeper into these, we will brush up on immune-metabolic signaling pathways and discuss a basic outline of the major metabolic pathways used by immune cells.
Innate as well as adaptive immune cells have immense malleability to actively respond to different metabolic demands and diverse metabolic microenvironments
These intertwined and reciprocal PI3K-Akt/mTORC/HIF-1α/c-MYC and LKB1–AMPK immunometabolic signaling networks crosstalk
Figure 2 explains how T- cells, under the influence of environmental signals, renew their metabolic equipment to employ metabolic pathways that regulate and propel function of these immune cells.
Signaling pathways regulating immunometabolism of immune cells. T-cell receptor ligation and CD28 costimulatory signals regulate immune-metabolic signaling pathways, i.e., mTORC1/C2 and LKB1-AMPK signaling. These signaling pathways are intertwined and crosstalk via direct reciprocal antagonism, i.e., AMPK directly inhibits mTORC1 while Akt suppresses LKB1 activity. (Left) Nutrient replete conditions activate PI3K-Akt/mTOR signaling that skew metabolic programming towards anabolism-associated processes such as glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, and glutaminolysis supporting proliferation, differentiation, and heightened immune responses executed by effector immune cells (Th1, Th2, Th17 cells). (Right) Energy stress (increased AMP/ADP:ATP ratio), oxidative stress (increased reactive oxygen species, ROS), nutrient (glucose, glutamine) deprivation during malnutrition/starvation promotes LKB1-AMPK signaling, activating mitochondria-driven oxidative metabolism (citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation), catabolic programs (autophagy/mitophagy), mitochondrial biogenesis, and inhibiting anabolic programs ultimately resulting in cellular quiescence.
There are 7 fundamental inter-linked and co-regulated metabolic modules employed by immune cells to meet their energy demands. These include glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)/electron transport chain, fatty acid synthesis (FAS), fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and amino-acid metabolic pathways.
Once glucose enters the cells through glucose transporters (GLUT), it is rapidly catabolized to pyruvate in a sequential enzymatic process generating a variety of macromolecules needed for different biosynthetic pathways (PPP,
Kreb’s cycle serves as an important node for multiple nutrient inputs as it integrates fatty acid (FA) and AA metabolism with that of glucose by generating a variety of metabolic biosynthetic intermediates required for FA and AA synthesis and by metabolizing other substrates such as glutamine via glutaminolysis or FAs via β-oxidation. Kreb’s cycle results in the generation of different epigenetic-regulating metabolites, e.g., α-KG, 2-HG and acetyl-CoA to calibrate T-cell function [42].
The PPP provides important precursor molecules for nucleotide synthesis thereby contributing to cell growth. It also generates reducing equivalents of NADPH needed for the maintenance of a favorable cellular redox environment.
AAs have a significant impact on immune cell metabolism. They contribute to glycolysis by increasing translocation of GLUT1/GLUT4 (by leucine and isoleucine) to the cell surface and also by activating a glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase muscle enzyme 2, PKM2 (by serine). Glutaminolysis, i.e., conversion of glutamine into glutamate, is a basic and widespread metabolic process linking OXPHOS, redox regulation, and biosynthetic pathways (protein, nucleotides and branched chain FAs [44]. Glutamate, the first product of glutamine decomposition, can either aid in
FAs and cholesterol, important building materials for cell membranes, are energy-dense substrates, and are required for post-translational modifications, thereby modulating T-cell proliferation and differentiation. This ability to guide post-translational modifications (by serving as ligands for several transcription factors) varies with the length of their carbon atom chains (short-chain FAs with less than 6 carbon atoms
FAS is chiefly mediated by the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), catalyzing the rate-limiting step in FA biosynthesis, i.e., the carboxylation reaction of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA in the cellular cytoplasm. Acetyl-CoA needed for
Acetyl-CoA is a central intermediate in lipid metabolism. In addition to FAS, cytosolic acetyl-CoA can be catalyzed in the mevalonate-cholesterol synthetic pathway, generating cholesterol and its derivatives (desmosterol, 4α-carboxy, 4β-methyl-zymosterol, oxysterols
Long-chain free FAs enter the metabolizing cells
Effector and regulatory/tolerogenic immune cells employ different metabolic modules to fulfill their energy requirements. Activated immune cells and effector immune cell subsets including Th1, Th2, Th17 cells and M1 macrophages upregulate glucose and AA transporters to increase their uptake and rely on aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis, PPP and FAS to support pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion while regulatory cells including T regs, memory T cells and M2 macrophages predominantly utilize FAO and OXPHOS to meet their ATP requirements [43].
Within Th17 cell subset, depending on the presence of further local stimulatory cues (metabolites), there exists substantial functional and molecular heterogeneity determining the generation of pathogenic or non-pathogenic Th17 cells [18]. Due to the shared developmental requirement of TGF-β and due to functional and physical interaction of master transcriptional factors, i.e. RORγt and Foxp3 regulating Th17 and Treg respectively, these cells are capable of transdifferentiating into each other. The reciprocal metabolic cues are fundamental in shaping the relative proportions of Th17
Metabolically, Th17 cells are characterized by
T cell receptor (TCR) ligation and CD28 co-stimulatory signals induce PI3K dependent phosphorylation of Akt that activates key metabolic regulator mTOR (selective role of mTORC1 but not mTORC2 in Th17 differentiation) leading to increased glycolysis (Figure 3). Under Th17-polarizing conditions, the PI3K-Akt/mTORC1/HIF-1α/c-MYC axis activates a series of reactions shifting the Th17/Treg cell balance in favor of Th17 cells. HIF-1α drives Th17 differentiation while simultaneously suppressing Treg induction
Impact of glucose metabolism in Th17 cell differentiation: T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation and CD28 co-stimulation integrate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling, activating a kaleidoscope of metabolic pathways. mTORC1 activates glycolytic pathways in Th17 cells through activation of the transcription factors c-myc and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), mediating multiple pathways. (1) HIF-1α enhances cellular glucose uptake by promoting membrane translocation of the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). (2) HIF-1α causes ubiquitination-mediated proteosomal degradation of Foxp3 thereby shifting the Th17/Treg cell balance towards Th17 cells. (3) HIF-1α induces
Rapid AA import mediated by the amino acid transporters propels Th17 cell lineage specification by enhancing mTORC1 activity leading to enhanced protein biosynthesis and glycolysis. ICER binds to the
Glutamine and methionine potentiating Th17 cell differentiation by impacting epigenetic landscape: (1) glutamine imported by the amino acid transporter, (alanine-serine-cysteine transporter, ASCT2) activated mTORC1/c-Myc signaling axis, enhancing glycolysis. (2) Glutaminase, transactivated by ICER binding, generates glutamate and finally glutathione. (3) glutathione causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) neutralization, enhancing pathogenic Th17 cell production. (4) glutamate is metabolized to α-KG [
Methionine-derived S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) plays a crucial role in chromatin remodeling by serving as a co-factor for epigenome-modifying enzymes, maintaining permissive H3K4me3 marks on
In this way, amino acids regulate energy metabolism, redox balance, and impact the epigenetic landscape, modulating Th17 lineage heterogeneity and plasticity [42].
Rather than utilizing already-available exogenous FA for their lipid requirements, Th17 cells primarily engage in the ATP-costly process of
Lipid metabolism as a central controller of Th17 cell differentiation: T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation and CD28 co-stimulation activate PI3K-Akt/mTORC1 signaling affecting lipid metabolism. (1) increased expression of sterol response element-binding proteins (
Cellular lipid composition influences both generation as well as pathogenicity of Th17 cells.
Dietary LCFAs enhance Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation and also alter the composition of the gut microbiome whereas SCFAs (derived from diet/intestine/microbiota) promote Treg cell formation, demonstrating unique phenotypes driven by different fatty acids [60].
The same glycolytic-lipogenic-glutaminolytic metabolic axis co-ordinated by mTORC1/HIF-1α, plays an equally important role in controlling the generation as well as the “pathogenicity” of Th17 cells. These findings highlight how the generation of Tregs/non-pathogenic Th17/pathogenic Th17 cells is tightly linked to their metabolic state, offering potential new targets for the regulation of these two reciprocally regulated T cell subsets (Table 2). Thus, it is quite clear that the generation of Th17 cells is entwined with complex and intricate intracellular metabolic adaptations.
Metabolic adjustments favoring Th17 differentiation | Metabolic adjustments impairing Th17 differentiation |
---|---|
Activation of PI3K/AKT-mTORC1 pathway | Activation of AMPK with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside, AICAR (a direct activator) and metformin |
Induction of transcription factors HIF-1α and c-MYC (c-MYC initiates the metabolic reprogramming while HIF-1α sustains it) | Inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxyglucose (an inhibitor of all hexokinases) |
Activation of glycolysis, pentose-phosphate pathway and glutaminolytic pathway | Inhibition of hexokinase-2 with specific inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate |
Selective expression of PDHK1 (inhibited PDH activity) directing pyruvate flow through LDH-mediated reactions to produce lactate (aerobic glycolysis) | Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 with a pharmacological inhibitor soraphen A, inhibiting |
Overexpression of inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) that suppresses expression of PDHPs leading to reduced PDH activity and enhanced glycolysis | Inhibition of 3- hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) with statins |
A diet low in cholesterol and high in fibers can skew Th17 cells towards non-pathogenic anti-inflammatory phenotype | Inhibition of glutamine oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT1/2) by aminooxyacetic acid that leads to decreased production of α-ketoglutarate and 2- hydroxyglutarate skewing Th17 differentiation to the inducible T regulatory cells (iTregs) lineage |
A diet high in glucose/salt/ methionine can induce the generation of pathogenic pro-inflammatory Th17 cells |
Comprehensive list of metabolic changes determining Th17 cell fate.
IL-17 has the potential to temper the cellular metabolism in a variety of ways. IL-17 has already been shown to regulate metabolism in psoriatic keratinocytes by reprogramming the urea cycle resulting in excessive polyamine generation that facilitates self-RNA sensing by immune cells independent of RNA-binding proteins LL37 and HNRNPA1 (the proven autoantigens) ultimately leading to amplification of inflammatory circuits [61, 62].
IL-17 also induces intracellular cholesterol accumulation that facilitates NF-κB mediated up-regulation of CCL20, IL-8 and S100A7 expression in keratinocytes thereby further intensifying IL-17A induced psoriatic inflammation [63]. This highlights that how IL-17-induced metabolic alterations can actively participate in eliciting infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells and keratinocyte hyperproliferation leading to sustained inflammatory dermatoses.
Depending upon disease severity (based on PASI scores), topical therapy (vitamin analogues, tars, corticosteroids, dithranol, and retinoids), phototherapy (UV-B or PUV-A), and systemic therapy are considered for treatment of psoriasis. Systemic therapeutic agents used in psoriasis include methotrexate, cyclosporine, retinoids and biologics including etanercept, adalimumab, efalizumab, and alefacept. Other approved biologics for psoriasis include anti-IL-23 antibodies (ustekinumab, guselkumab, tildrakizumab, mirikizumab, risankizumab) targeting only IL-23/IL-17 axis and anti-IL-17 antibodies including anti-IL-17A agents (ixekizumab and secukinumab), anti-IL-17 receptor molecules (brodalumab); or drugs targeting both IL-17A and IL-17F (bimekizumab) [64]. These antibodies have shown promising results in the treatment of psoriasis with IL-17 blockers showing much quicker clinical efficacy resulting in a 50% decline in PASI scores as early as 1.8 weeks as compared to IL-23 blockers [65, 66].
To decrease toxicity and enhance efficacy, a few anti-metabolites are currently being repurposed and investigated as potential therapeutic agents for the management of psoriasis [67]. Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, has the potential to exert an antipsoriatic effect via. AMPK activation [68]. Simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in combination with steroids, has demonstrated positive clinical outcomes in psoriatic patients in terms of improved PASI and dermatological life quality index [69]. These examples provide insight to clinicians for investigating the safety and efficacy of existing anti-metabolite drugs to reposition them as effective psoriasis therapeutic agents.
One tissue that has recently become an area of intense metabolic research is adipose tissue. The adipose tissue is an important metabolic organ that regulates the balance of energy intake and consumption and is actively involved in the regulation of many systemic metabolic pathways including glucose and lipids. Adipose tissue also serves as an endocrine organ (secreting bioactive adipocytokines) and an important immune cell niche (secreting chemokines and cytokines, exerting beneficial or detrimental effects on immunometabolism) with visceral white adipose tissue as the major immune-metabolic communication hub. Adipose tissue also communicates with other organs including the liver and muscle and contributes to systemic metabolism
Besides metabolically active parenchymal adipocytes and preadipocytes, adipose tissue is also comprised of a diverse and malleable immune-landscape comprising both innate and adaptive immunocytes residing in special adipose niches [72]. This diversity of T cell pools in adipose tissue is the result of intracellular metabolic alterations that in turn influence systemic metabolism in innumerable ways. Adipose tissue-resident immune cells include T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cell subsets and other unconventional lymphocyte subtypes
Intradermal adipocytes residing in “superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue” or “dermal white adipose tissue” of psoriatic skin secrete monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) favoring macrophage recruitment via the C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) pathway and also release high levels of antimicrobial peptides, cathelicidin, contributing to the pathophysiology of psoriasis [77].
Adipocytes participate in the regulation of the immune system
Adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing anti-inflammatory adipocytokine that corrects insulin resistance and obesity-induced NAFLD (21). Leptin is a critical hormonal regulator of metabolism and an important signaling transducer that activates JAK2 kinase causing tyrosine phosphorylation of various downstream signaling proteins, e.g., STAT3, SHP2, IRS2, and PI3K, thereby regulating transcription of genes essential for energy intake and lipid metabolism [79, 80]. Leptin also affects various immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, NK cells, T and B cells, through surface leptin receptors and regulates a variety of cellular biological processes involving chemokinesis, chemotactic responsiveness, cell migration, proliferation, cell survival (delayed apoptosis) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production [81, 82]. Resistin, another cytokine is also known as an adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) also has the pro-inflammatory potential [83].
A disturbed balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and adipocytokines (hormones) can cause chronic adipose tissue inflammation resulting in obesity and associated metabolic complications.
Obesity (fat and weight gain/body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2/increased abdominal fat mass) resulting from adipose tissue expansion and adipocyte hypertrophy, is a state of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation that accelerates obesity-related insulin resistance (IR), leading to the development of the metabolic syndrome, including diabetes mellitus (DM). Obesity increases the body’s vulnerability to a variety of immune diseases, such as psoriasis, by abnormally altering the whole biology of adipose tissue including stromal-driven regulation of immunocyte and adipocyte numbers. Obesity evokes extensive remodeling of adipose tissue morphology and function with alterations of both immune as well as stromal cell landscapes resulting in metabolic and/or immunologic aberrancies [84]. The number of pro-inflammatory immunocytes
Obesity has been postulated to worsen psoriasis
Adiponectin plays a crucial role in controlling psoriasiform dermatosis by reducing Th17 cell differentiation, restraining glycolysis in an AMPK dependent fashion, thus tightly regulating their nutritional demands and metabolic function [91, 92, 93]. Psoriasis patients with or without metabolic abnormalities exhibit significant hypoadiponectinemia (negatively corelated with psoriasis area severity index, PASI) and hyperleptinemia with leptin resistance (positively corelated with PASI), that contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome.
The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17, a potential linker between metabolic syndrome and psoriasis, causes adipose tissue inflammation by mediating important interactions between adipose tissue and the immune system, leading to IR (the key component of metabolic syndrome) finally manifesting as obesity, DM, hypertension, NAFLD, and hyperlipidemia [21].
Thus, it can be inferred that obesity-driven immune and stromal landscape alterations in adipose tissue, in turn leading to disturbances in systemic metabolism might enhance Th17 differentiation and effector function, consequently leading to increased severity of psoriasis.
Beyond the adipose tissue, the diet or nutritional status, a.k.a. nutritional metabolism, also has a profound impact on the immune system by influencing the immune cell metabolic parameters; malnutrition is clearly associated with diminished immune function whereas a “Western” lifestyle/nutritional pattern rich in calories, fat, and salt, leads to a low-grade systemic inflammation thereby predisposing individuals to a variety of autoimmune diseases associated with metabolic complications, including psoriasis. Diet-associated obesity by increasing availability of extracellular lipids revamps cellular metabolism of innate as well as adaptive immune cells [94]. It is quite tantalizing to consider dietary interventions like fasting-mimicking diets and diets low in salt and calories re-stabilizing the immune-metabolism in psoriasis patients, potentially serving as viable substitutes or adjuvants to drugs directly targeting cellular metabolism.
Understanding the relationship between nutrition and metabolism and its impact on cellular/systemic immunometabolism in psoriasis is important to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
Metabolites/biochemical intermediates/end-products, unique chemical fingerprints of proteomic or cellular metabolic pathways, are viewed as keystones of life as they provide vital communication signals that are necessary to sustain life. Metabolomics, a systematic study of the global metabolite profile in a biological system, i.e., cell, tissue, organ, or organism, provides an “instantaneous snapshot”/direct “functional readout of the physiological state”, capturing the metabolic perturbations driving physiological and disease states. The metabolome, highly dynamic like transcriptome and proteome, and a rapid indicator of biological status, refer to the complete set of diverse small-molecules (<1500 Da) such as sugars, nucleotides, amino acids and lipids in any biological system.
A large number of psoriatic disease-related metabolomic studies have been carried out in the recent past to identify metabolomic biomarkers associated with psoriatic disease [95]. The majority of studies have focused on identifying a metabolic profile that can be used for diagnosis of psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis while others have explored correlating the metabolome with different dimensions of psoriatic disease activity to improve clinical management. A variety of biological samples including peripheral blood (whole blood, plasma, serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells), urine, and skin tissue (uninvolved skin, psoriatic skin, and corticosteroid treated psoriatic skin) have been researched in these metabolomic studies, revealing alterations predominantly in pathways associated with lipid and amino acid metabolism. To get more meaningful information, a few study-groups have compared metabolite concentrations in different biological milieu by examining metabolomes across multiple sample matrices. A variety of metabolites in the eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid pathways are elevated in both the skin and the peripheral blood of psoriatic patients [96, 97]. Plasma and psoriatic skin choline levels correlated positively while citrulline levels across both sample matrices correlated negatively with disease activity scores [98].
A step further, Tarentini et al. integrated results of metabolomic profiling and cytokine/chemokines profiling from lesional skin and serum of psoriatic patients and identified immuno-metabolic clusters indicating biochemical pathways associated with the initial phases of psoriasis development, thus hinting at putative biomarkers of new-onset psoriasis [99].
It is intriguing to explore and validate metabolomic biomarkers that can accurately and reliably predict which psoriatic patients will develop psoriatic arthritis. Identifying metabolites that could differentiate psoriatic arthritis patients from patients with other inflammatory arthritides would be a great added advantage. The synovial fluid, being in direct contact with articular cartilage, bone and synoviocytes, is a very promising candidate for deciphering metabolomic information which can serve as a promising source of biomarkers for psoriatic arthritis.
Metabolic health and gut microbiome dysbiosis are emerging areas of intense investigation as the gut microbiome influences host immunity and metabolism by producing numerous compounds [100]. The connection between the microbiome and the metabolome of patients with heterogenous psoriatic disease holds the potential to highlight aberrant signaling pathways likely driving “psoriatic march”. This could pave the path for the development of clinically useful biomarkers for early recognition and management of comorbidities for this patient population [101].
Thus, immuno-metabolic reprogramming may be worth further exploration for the comprehension of its therapeutic potential in psoriasis. In future studies, it will be quite intriguing to define the interplay between IL-17–driven metabolic reprogramming and epigenetics/chromatin remodeling that are responsible for chronic, sustained transcriptional responses seen in psoriasis, which in turn modulate the activity of IL-17- related proinflammatory cytokine programs.
Integrating metabolomics with other high-throughput-omic technologies such as genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics can unravel molecular, cellular, and functional signatures associated with psoriasis pathogenesis [102, 103]. The “omics” datasets, thus generated, can help construct predictive or diagnostic classifiers, grouping psoriatic patients based on their probability of developing systemic comorbidities or their likelihood to respond to a specific therapy [104]. This cutting-edge, systemic, and holistic approach will allow the clinicians to institute tailored, targeted, precision medicine, based on individual patient characteristics thereby maximizing efficacy and minimizing toxicity and at the same time overcoming the biggest challenge we face in achieving long-term, stable remission in psoriatic patients.
None.
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My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"6",type:"subseries",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. 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Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",slug:"lynn-zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - 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