Textile products and their descriptions used in automobiles.
- Transmission of information or data, when it is essential for an amount of energy to reach the receiver to restore the transmitted information;\n
- Transmission of electric energy in the form of electromagnetic field, when the energy transfer efficiency is essential, the power being used to energize the receiving equipment.\n
\nThe second form of energy transfer is the subject of this book.",isbn:"978-953-51-2468-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2467-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6659-7",doi:"10.5772/61488",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"wireless-power-transfer-fundamentals-and-technologies",numberOfPages:140,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"2a20c1dde39792560dab996742f0e73c",bookSignature:"Eugen Coca",publishedDate:"June 29th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5187.jpg",numberOfDownloads:19727,numberOfWosCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:38,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:84,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 12th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 2nd 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 6th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 6th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 5th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"5766",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Coca",slug:"eugen-coca",fullName:"Eugen Coca",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5766/images/1434_n.jpg",biography:"Eugen Coca is currently Associate Professor and Director of the Computers, Electronics and Automation Department at the Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania. He is also the Technical Manager and Scientific Coordinator of the Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory—EMCLab.ro, from the same university, and also Executive Editor of Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering journal. His current research interests are in the areas of electromagnetic compatibility, design, testing, and compliance of domestic and automotive products with emissions and immunity standards, wired and wireless communications, wireless sensor networks and general microcontroller systems and their applications. He authored or co-authored three books or book chapters, and more than 50 papers in international journals or conferences. He has also been involved as project manager or researcher in more than 40 research projects, public or privately funded. He received his BSEE and the PhD in Electronics Engineering from the Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania, in 1994 and 2001, respectively. Dr. Coca teaches Electromagnetic Compatibility, Wireless Sensor Network, Mobile and Satellite Communications, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, and Computer-Aided Design.",institutionString:null,position:"Associate Professor",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"756",title:"Power Electronics",slug:"power-electronics"}],chapters:[{id:"50520",title:"Fundamentals of Inductively Coupled Wireless Power Transfer Systems",doi:"10.5772/63013",slug:"fundamentals-of-inductively-coupled-wireless-power-transfer-systems",totalDownloads:4658,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to study the fundamentals and operating principles of inductively coupled wireless power transfer (ICWPT) systems. This new technology can be used in various wireless power transfer applications with different specifications, necessities, and restrictions such as in electric vehicles and consumer electronics. A typical ICWPT system involves a loosely coupled magnetic coupling structure and power electronics circuitries as an integrated system. In this chapter, the emphasis is placed on the magnetic coupling structure, which is the most important part of the system. Although this technology has motivated considerable research and development in the past two decades, still there are several theoretical studies such as the level of the operating frequency, operating at high secondary circuit quality factor, coupling efficiency, etc., that need further investigation to fully develop the governing mathematical relationships of this technology.",signatures:"Ali Abdolkhani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50520",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50520",authors:[{id:"179618",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Abdolkhani",slug:"ali-abdolkhani",fullName:"Ali Abdolkhani"}],corrections:null},{id:"51032",title:"Analysis of Wireless Power System Efficiency in Dependency on Configuration of Resonant Tank",doi:"10.5772/62998",slug:"analysis-of-wireless-power-system-efficiency-in-dependency-on-configuration-of-resonant-tank",totalDownloads:2048,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter compares various compensation methods for resonant coupling of the wireless energy transfer system. A proposed analysis is particularly relevant to any application where contactless battery charging is used. Main parameters that are investigated include efficiency and electrical variables (current and voltage) of the circuit. In order to analyze the most suitable solution of coupling compensation, the relevant equations are graphically interpreted for each discussed circuit topology. Finally, this chapter provides the recommendations how to design the wireless power-transfer system with the highest possible efficiency for the given system parameters (switching frequency and transmitting distance).",signatures:"Michal Frivaldsky, Pavol Spanik, Peter Drgona, Viliam Jaros and\nMarek Piri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51032",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51032",authors:[{id:"180825",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",surname:"Frivaldsky",slug:"michal-frivaldsky",fullName:"Michal Frivaldsky"},{id:"185361",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavol",surname:"Spanik",slug:"pavol-spanik",fullName:"Pavol Spanik"},{id:"185362",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Drgona",slug:"peter-drgona",fullName:"Peter Drgona"},{id:"185363",title:"MSc.",name:"Marek",surname:"Piri",slug:"marek-piri",fullName:"Marek Piri"},{id:"185364",title:"MSc.",name:"Viliam",surname:"Jaros",slug:"viliam-jaros",fullName:"Viliam Jaros"}],corrections:null},{id:"51254",title:"Wireless Power Transfer by Using Magnetically Coupled Resonators",doi:"10.5772/64031",slug:"wireless-power-transfer-by-using-magnetically-coupled-resonators",totalDownloads:5047,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In this chapter, a wireless power transmission system based on magnetic resonance coupling circuit was carried out. Mathematical expressions of optimal coupling coefficients were examined with the coupling model. Equivalent circuit parameters were calculated with Maxwell 3D software, and then, the equivalent circuit was solved using MATLAB technical computing software. The transfer efficiency of the system was derived using the electrical parameters of the equivalent circuit. System efficiency was analyzed depending on the different air gap values for various characteristic impedances using PSIM circuit simulation software. Since magnetic resonance coupling involves creating a resonance and transferring the power without the radiation of electromagnetic waves, resonance frequency is a key parameter in system design. The aim of this research was to define the efficiency according to variations of coefficients in wireless power transfer (WPT) system. In order to do that, the calculation procedure of mutual inductance between two self-resonators is performed by Maxwell software. Equivalent circuit is solved in circuit simulator PSIM platform. The calculations show that using the parameters that are obtained by magnetic analysis can be used for the equivalent circuit which has the capability to provide the efficiency using electrical quantities. The chapter discusses the application of this approach to a coil excited by a sinusoidal voltage source and a receiver coil, which receives energy voltage and current. Both could be obtained to calculate the instantaneous power and efficiency. To do so, the waveforms for voltage and current were obtained and computed with the PSIM circuit simulator. As the air gap between the coils increased, the coupling between the coils was weakened. The impedance of the circuit varied as the air gap changed, affecting the power transfer efficiency. In order to determine the differences between the software programs, efficiency values were calculated using three kinds of software. And it is concluded that equivalent circuit analysis by means of numerical computing is proper to obtain the voltage and current waveforms. Correspondingly, transmission efficiency can be calculated using the electrical relations.",signatures:"Ali Agcal, Selin Ozcira and Nur Bekiroglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51254",authors:[{id:"19888",title:"Dr.",name:"Nur",surname:"Bekiroglu",slug:"nur-bekiroglu",fullName:"Nur Bekiroglu"},{id:"179716",title:"Dr.",name:"Selin",surname:"Ozcira",slug:"selin-ozcira",fullName:"Selin Ozcira"},{id:"186130",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Agcal",slug:"ali-agcal",fullName:"Ali Agcal"}],corrections:null},{id:"50788",title:"Innovative Wireless Power Receiver for Inductive Coupling and Magnetic Resonance Applications",doi:"10.5772/63341",slug:"innovative-wireless-power-receiver-for-inductive-coupling-and-magnetic-resonance-applications",totalDownloads:2606,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a wireless power receiver for inductive coupling and magnetic resonance applications. The active rectifier with shared delay-locked loop (DLL) is proposed to achieve the high efficiency for different operation frequencies. In the DC–DC converter, the phase-locked loop is adopted for the constant switching frequency in the process, voltage, and temperature variation to solve the efficiency reduction problem, which results in the heat problem. An automatic mode switching between pulse width modulation and pulse frequency modulation is also adopted for the high efficiency over the wide output power. This chip is implemented using 0.18 μm BCD technology with an active area of 5.0 mm × 3.5 mm. The maximum efficiency of the active rectifier is 92%, and the maximum efficiency of the DC–DC converter is 92% when the load current is 700 mA.",signatures:"Young-Jun Park, Hongjin Kim, Hyung-Gu Park and Kang-Yoon Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50788",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50788",authors:[{id:"180098",title:"Prof.",name:"Kang-Yoon",surname:"Lee",slug:"kang-yoon-lee",fullName:"Kang-Yoon Lee"},{id:"185231",title:"Mr.",name:"Young-Jun",surname:"Park",slug:"young-jun-park",fullName:"Young-Jun Park"},{id:"185232",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyung-Gu",surname:"Park",slug:"hyung-gu-park",fullName:"Hyung-Gu Park"}],corrections:null},{id:"50455",title:"Microwave Power Transmission Based on Retro-reflective Beamforming",doi:"10.5772/62855",slug:"microwave-power-transmission-based-on-retro-reflective-beamforming",totalDownloads:2300,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Microwave power transmission has the potential to supply wireless power to portable/mobile electronic devices over long distances (on the order of meters or even kilometers) efficiently. Nevertheless, several technical challenges remain to be resolved in order to accomplish practical microwave power transmission systems, including (i) minimizing power loss due to microwave propagation, (ii) preventing humans and other electrical systems from exposure to excessive microwave radiation, and (iii) reconfiguring wireless power transmission in reaction to environmental changes (such as physical movements of portable devices) in real time. In this chapter, a microwave power transmission scheme based on retro-reflective beamforming is proposed to address the above challenges. In the retro-reflective beamforming, wireless power transmission is guided by pilot signals. To be specific, one or more than one mobile device(s) broadcast pilot signals to their surroundings, and based on analyzing the pilot signals, a wireless power transmitter delivers focused power beam(s) onto the mobile device(s). Preliminary numerical and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed retro-reflective beamforming scheme.",signatures:"Xin Wang and Mingyu Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50455",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50455",authors:[{id:"179390",title:"Prof.",name:"Xin",surname:"Wang",slug:"xin-wang",fullName:"Xin Wang"},{id:"183027",title:"Dr.",name:"Mingyu",surname:"Lu",slug:"mingyu-lu",fullName:"Mingyu Lu"}],corrections:null},{id:"51247",title:"A Review of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for In‐Motion Electric Vehicles",doi:"10.5772/64331",slug:"a-review-of-dynamic-wireless-power-transfer-for-in-motion-electric-vehicles",totalDownloads:3073,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dynamic wireless power transfer system (DWPT) in urban area ensures an uninterrupted power supply for electric vehicles (EVs), extending or even providing an infinite driving range with significantly reduced battery capacity. The underground power supply network also saves more space and hence is important in urban areas. It must be noted that the railways have become an indispensable form of public transportation to reduce pollution and traffic congestion. In recent years, there has been a consistent increase in the number of high‐speed railways in major cities of China, thereby improving accessibility. Wireless power transfer for train is safer and more robust when compared with conductive power transfer through pantograph mounted on the trains. Direct contact is subject to wear and tear; in particular, the average speed of modern trains has been increasing. When the pressure of pantograph is not sufficient, arcs, variations of the current, and even interruption in power supply may occur. This chapter provides a review of the latest research and development of dynamic wireless power transfer for urban EV and electric train (ET). The following key technology issues have been discussed: (1) power rails and pickups, (2) segmentations and power supply schemes, (3) circuit topologies and dynamic impedance matching, (4) control strategies, and (5) electromagnetic interference.",signatures:"Kai Song, Kim Ean Koh, Chunbo Zhu, Jinhai Jiang, Chao Wang and\nXiaoliang Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51247",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51247",authors:[{id:"179138",title:"Prof.",name:"Kai",surname:"Song",slug:"kai-song",fullName:"Kai Song"},{id:"179160",title:"Dr.",name:"Jinhai",surname:"Jiang",slug:"jinhai-jiang",fullName:"Jinhai Jiang"},{id:"179161",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunbo",surname:"Zhu",slug:"chunbo-zhu",fullName:"Chunbo Zhu"},{id:"180988",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoliang",surname:"Huang",slug:"xiaoliang-huang",fullName:"Xiaoliang Huang"},{id:"180989",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ean",surname:"Koh",slug:"kim-ean-koh",fullName:"Kim Ean 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Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12177",leadTitle:null,title:"Epigenetics - Regulation and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tEpigenetics is the major regulation mechanism for transcriptomics. The epigenetics dysfunctions cause cancer and many complex diseases. The early detection of cancer-based on DNA methylation in blood has attracted great attention to liquid biopsy. Since the methylation changes are earlier than the mRNA changes, the detection of methylation is better than the gene expression test. If we can detect tumorigenesis signals, we can treat cancer as early as possible and significantly increase the prognosis. Besides DNA methylation, there are many emerging epigenetics studies, such as 3D Genome-based on Hi-C data and RNA Modification based on sequencing of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) N1-methyladenine (m1A), 5-methylcytidine (m5C), etc. In this book, we will introduce these latest epigenetics omics technologies and their applications in cancer and complex diseases. We hope this book will open the eyes of readers and encourage them to use the multi-omics data integration approach to investigate the epigenetics regulation mechanisms for various biomedical problems.
\r\n\t
The amount of fiber usage in a standard passenger car is sizable, reaching around 25 kg; even the safety and comfort requirement can increase this amount [1]. In the automotive industry, fibers are used in the manufacturing of textile products, which are given and described in Table 1 [2].
Textile products used in automobiles | Description of product |
---|---|
Car tire cords | Fabric reinforcement for car tires |
Drive belts | Fabric reinforcement for automotive drive belts |
Hose | Fabric reinforcement for automotive hoses |
Filters | Filter media for engine filters, air intake filters, fuel filtration |
Seat belts | Narrow woven safety belt fabric |
Airbags | Fabric for air bags |
Automobile carpets face fabric | Tufted or needle punch face fabric for floor covering |
Automobile carpet backing | Primary and secondary carpet backing |
Trim | Woven, knitted and nonwoven trims for bootliners, head liners, parcel shelves and door panels |
Seat cover | Woven and knitted seat covers and backing fabrics |
Textile products and their descriptions used in automobiles.
In the automobiles, fibers are used in different forms of textile materials such as circular knitted, warp knitted, woven and nonwoven structures. Fibers are also used as a component in multi-layer composite structures. Textile products used in automobiles are expected to fulfill different performance requirements regarding the application area. These requirements are generally fulfilled by using man-made fibers as summarized in Table 2 [3].
Textile products used in automobiles | Requirement | Fibers used |
---|---|---|
Seat covers | Abrasion and UV resistance, attractive design | Polyester, wool, polyamide, acrylic |
Carpets | Light fastness, moldability | Polyamide, polyester, polypropylene |
Seat belts | Tensile strength, abrasion and UV resistance | Polyester |
Airbags | Ability to withstand high temperature inflation gases, durability to storage in compacted state over many years | Polyamide 6.6, Polyamide 4.6 |
Hoses, belts | Heat resistance, tensile strength, dimensional stability, adhesion to rubber and chemical resistance | Polyester, aramid |
Composites (Headliner, Bootliner) | Stiffness, strength, light weight, energy absorbing and thermal stability | Glass, carbon, aramid, polyester and polyethylene |
Performance requirements of textile products and fibers used.
As shown in Table 2, polyester (mainly polyethylene terephthalate—PET—but also polybutylene terephthalate—PBT—and polyethylene naphthalate—PEN) is the predominant fiber used in manufacturing of automotive textiles. It has a share of 42%, whereas polyamide 6.6 (PA 6.6) has a share of 26%. These fibers are preferred because of their good physical properties and high mechanical performances, being dyeable as well as inexpensive [1].This chapter deals with the use of polyester in automotive applications by discussing the basic properties and performance aspects of the fiber. It presents the recent studies about the production of textile-based automobile components made of polyester and recycled polyester fibers. In addition, recyclability of automotive components made of polyester fiber as well as the usage of polyester in the production of natural fiber composites enabling reuse of waste materials is indicated.
The physical and mechanical properties of PET make it widely preferred for textiles used in automobiles because of [4]:
high resistance to temperature (short-term exposure from 210 to 240°C)
high strength, hardness and good chemical resistance
excellent sliding properties and good electrical insulation properties
high resistance to abrasion and low absorption of humidity
modulus range in tension is between 1700 and 17,000 MPa depending on modifications
Advantages and disadvantages of textile fibers commonly used in automotive applications are summarized in Table 3 [1, 5, 6]. As stated before, polyester and polyamide are the leading fibers in automotive applications; however, the very low cost of polypropylene makes it attractive; thus, it is also included in the table. Besides, as a natural fiber, wool is also preferred even in low amounts in automotive applications.
Fiber type | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Polyester (PET) |
|
|
Polyamide 6 (PA 6) and 6.6 (PA 6.6) |
|
|
Polypropylene (PP) |
|
|
Wool |
|
|
Advantages and disadvantages of textile fibers commonly used in automotive applications.
Although PP seems to be a good choice for several automobile components with its low cost and lightweight, this fiber has several disadvantages in terms of use, such as low melting point and moderate abrasion resistance. Besides, difficulty in PP’s dyeability overshadows the advantage of low cost [5].
When compared to PP, PET and PA fibers have better dyeability characteristics, temperature resistance and dimensional stability. For example, 3 M™ Thinsulate™ acoustic insulation material is composed of 35% of PET staple fibers and 65% PP fibers. While the material has low weight, thanks to the polypropylene fiber, the unquestionable role of PET fiber is strengthening of the material for enhancing its usability in automobiles [7].
PA has greater toughness, excellent tensile strain recovery and excellent adhesiveness when compared to PET [1]. However, PET has higher modulus, higher heat stability, higher resistance to color change, higher durability to sunlight exposure and it is less expensive than PA.
Wool fiber provides a high level of thermal comfort owing to its high moisture absorption ability. Together with its high level of resiliency, these features make wool fiber attractive and appropriate especially for seat cover fabrics. However, due to its high cost, PET has been replaced with that fiber and has become the predominant fiber used in seat cover fabrics. Thus, wool fiber is generally used only in high-end cars [5, 6]. Despite the inappropriateness of polyester fiber for use in applications where thermal comfort has priority, its low moisture absorption property can be an advantage when dimensional stability is required under changing environmental conditions (e.g. when it is used in seat belts). Although it is not shown in Table 3, cellulosic fibers can also be used especially in seat covers due to their good esthetic and thermal comfort properties. However, very good abrasion resistance of PET provides durability and makes that fiber appropriate for use in seat cover fabrics [5].
In addition to mechanical performance properties, PET has good sound insulation property, which is important for carpets and pre-assembled interior components such as headliners, bootliners, parcel shelves and door panels because of the requirements for increased driving and traveling comfort. PET fiber has a potential for use to increase sound transmission loss within a wide range of frequency (i.e. 100–500 Hz) similar to that achieved by using fiberglass [8]. Besides, nonwovens produced with a high percentage of hollow PET fibers (e.g. 45–50%) in the blends with PET fiber has demonstrated higher sound absorption rate when compared to the samples produced from 100% PET fibers [9, 10].
Moreover, due to the increasing environmental awareness to protect resources, reuse and recycle of the products have gained importance in the manufacturing of automobile components. Polyester fiber can be used in the recycled form in car upholstery, especially in the automobile carpets and seat covers [11, 12]. Polyester nonwovens can be recycled to produce new materials [13]. Moreover, polyester resin can be used as a matrix material for especially the natural fiber composites, enabling the reuse of waste materials used in the pre-assembled parts of the automobiles such as headliner, bootliners and parcel shelves [14, 15]. Thus, polyester can be considered as a select fiber for recycling and sustainability.
Carpets used in the automobiles are basically required to be durable against soil and abrasion with high color fastness and they are expected to insulate the noise as well as having a pleasing appearance [16]. In addition, environmental friendliness is a recent trend found in automobile carpets. In this regard, lightweight carpets for decreasing the total weight of the car and carpets from recycled materials have been developed for decreasing the environmental pollution [11].
Carpets used in automobiles basically can be categorized into two types: needle punched nonwoven carpets and tufted carpets. Fifty-five percent of the interior carpets are composed of nonwoven fabrics, whereas 45% are tufted carpets, depending on the car-manufacturing region or country [16, 17]. In both types of carpets, PET is mainly used in the facings [1]. On the other hand, needle punch facings are made from PET fibers in Europe and from PP fibers in the USA. In PET velour constructions, different fiber linear densities can be blended together to provide stability of the piles and esthetic appearance [17]. Carpets produced by using tufting method have backing surfaces for supporting the piles on the facing surface. In the backing surfaces, thermally bonded spunlaid PET and/or PP nonwovens are used [16]. For example, Colback® backings are thermally bonded spunlaid nonwovens, made from bi-component filaments with a PET core and either a PP or a PA surface. The product offers processing stability, high tear strength and uniform elongation as well as excellent thermal and dimensional stability [18]. For many years, automotive carpets have been produced by molding to the shape to match the dimensions where the carpet is used [19]. PET and/or PET blended nonwovens are appropriate to meet this requirement, since they can easily be molded into shape at relatively low temperatures and have outstanding dimensional stability [16].
Recently, the most important trend in automobile carpets is using recycled PET in order to reduce the environmental pollution and promote sustainability and efficient use of resources. The analysis of sound transmission loss of needle punch nonwoven automotive carpets made up of recycled PET revealed that comparable quality levels and specifications could be achieved using recycled PET instead of pure PET in terms of mechanical properties [11].
Made from recycled PET, Freudenberg Performance Materials from Germany produces automobile carpets with an environmentally friendly production process. In addition to using recycled fiber, they have eliminated the use of chemical binders and also obtained lighter carpets when compared to conventional automobile carpets, which promotes further environmental protection [12].
The required characteristics of the seat covers used in automobiles can be durability, soil resistance, UV resistance and appearance retention [17].
Automobile seats are produced in a three-layer structure. Seat cover is at the uppermost layer, a foam layer is in the middle and a scrim backing at the bottom, and these three different components are connected with adhesive layers. The seat cover at the top layer is usually made from woven, warp knitted or circular knitted fabrics, in which PET is used as a dominant fiber. Since late 1990s, PET has been used in 95% of seat covers in automobiles due to its high strength and modulus, high performance against abrasion, UV radiation and heat, outstanding anti-aging performance, good shape retention and dimensional stability and low cost [20]. PET is generally used in pure form; however, sometimes it is blended with wool. Other characteristics that make PET appropriate for seating fabric are high tear resistance, easy care property and wrinkle resistance. On the other hand, very low moisture absorption capability of PET fiber (around 0.4%) is a disadvantage in terms of thermal comfort, especially in hot weather [5, 21]. In the usage of 100% PET constructions, fabrics are also produced from waste materials blended with thermoplastic to meet price points [16].
Banex is a fabric that uses a special type of PET yarn used as a seat cover that achieves the cushioning effect of springs with the machine-made warp knitting and finishing [22].
The foam layer beneath the top layer is generally made from polyurethane (PU) and acts as an adhesive agent [23]. However, the materials composed of PET and other polymeric fibers have been recently used in order to replace the foam material [17]. Nonwoven PET fabrics made from recycled fibers and the knitted structures can be used in the cover laminate instead of PU foam. Major knitted structures preferred over PU foam are the spacer fabrics, knit, multiknit and struto. Within these knit structures, multiknit comprises two stitch layers with piles in between, whereas knit consists of a stitch layer with a pile on the top [24].
The third layer at the bottom is the backing layer, which is generally produced from either PET or PA [5, 23, 25]. In the backing layer, bolster fabrics and reinforcement nonwovens such as needle punch, hydroentangled and spunbond nonwoven fabrics are preferred [17].
Pre-assembled parts are the fixtures in the car other than upholstery and carpeting, which are produced by molding in shape and covered with a fabric. Among them, there are headliners, bootliners, door panels and parcel shelves. In the production of these components, knitted, woven and nonwoven fabrics are used generally as the facing layer. On the other hand, polyester can also be used as a thermoset resin with vinyl ester in the production of natural fiber composites in automotive applications such as door panel, seat backs, headliners and dashboards. Whereas the natural fiber composites produced using vinyl esters are tougher, the orthophthalic polyester provides rigid products with low heat resistance and isophthalic polyester provides moisture resistance [14, 15].
Headliners are the parts which are tightly fitted into the interior roof from the rear window to the front of the car. They are usually produced by molding and are given the shapes to house sunroofs, lamps and coat hooks [16].
The characteristics, which are expected from headliners, include esthetic properties, sound absorption, thermal insulation and cushioning. Moreover, they are required to be produced from lightweight materials. The headliners are also required to be soil resistant [17].
Headliners are produced to have at least three layers, which are esthetic-facing fabric, a foam backing and the core [17]. As the facing fabric for covering, knit tricot fabrics and woven materials are used in majority. Nonetheless, nonwoven linings can also be preferred in the headliners as the facing fabric. Whereas knitted and woven linings provide better appearance, nonwoven materials are cheaper, easy to process and they show more resistance to abrasion. The other components of headliners are selected from porous structures such as PET foam sheets and fiber-reinforced porous polymer sheets, since the sound absorbing capability and heat insulation is needed [24].
On the other hand, the construction of the materials used in the production of headliners may change in different regions. For instance, regarding the facing fabrics, it is stated that half of the facing fabrics are made up of warp-knitted tricot fabrics, which are followed with needle punched and stitch bond fabrics in Europe [17]. Contrary to this, PA and PET warp-knit tricot fabric or woven materials are selected as facing fabrics to cover the headliners [16]. Nonetheless, having the ability to be easily assembled into the roof, headliners covered with dope dyed 100% PET needle punch fabrics seem to replace conventional warp-knitted fabrics. The other reason for this selection is the cost advantage, acceptable abrasion resistance and good thermal molding characteristics of the needle punch fabrics. Moreover, the weight of the needle punch fabric can be decreased by decreasing the fiber linear density. In parallel with this weight reduction, the softness of the fabric increases as well [16]. The other fabric type which drew attention is the hydroentangled fabrics because of better durability and softness. Being made up of spunlaid and hydroentangled splittable PA/PET bicomponent fibers, Evolon® fabric has excellent strength and softness. Produced using Apex technology and used in the production of headliners, Miratec fabric can copy the fabric patterns of 3D textiles and they have high strength in both horizontal and vertical directions [17, 26].
There are also some studies in which the headliner was produced solely from polyester fiber. The headliner material was formed from two layers of polyester fibers which include the binder and non-binder fibers. Whereas the layer including 20–30% binder fiber provided the loftier part and better sound absorption properties, the layer including 40–60% binder fibers provided rigidity to the headliner material [27].
In fact, polyester fiber is suggested to be a convenient material for the recycling process because of its thermoplastic characteristics. The headliners, which are produced from PET fibers, can be ground, melted and spun into new headliners [13]. Besides, needle punch PET facing fabrics were developed with PET core as an alternative to foam type materials. Although the foam type materials control the stiffness, increase the sound absorption and provide the cushioning effect, their recycling processes are complicated. By bonding directly the facing fabric to the core, the use of foam type materials can be eliminated [17].
The boot of the car can be considered as the extension of the cabin. The coverings such as rubber matting and a carpet joined to hardboard base is preferred as the bootliners [16].
The required properties for the bootliners can be wear resistance, abrasion resistance, durability, stiffness, lightweight and ease of cleaning. Moreover, the bootliner should not have excessive recovery since this may result in a tendency to shrink over time [16] and this property gains importance within the useful life of the product.
PP and PET are the mostly used fibers in the boot linings. Whereas PP is partially stable and because of this reason less preferred, PET is more dimensionally stable since it can be molded at high temperatures.
Because of economic concerns, nonwovens are mostly used in boot and luggage compartments. Again, in the nonwoven structures, PET is the preferred fiber for bootliners. Bootliners are usually produced from needle punch fabrics for which the facing fabric is made from a staple fiber PET or needle punch fabrics in either flat or velour construction [17].
On the other hand, the sound insulation properties of the bootliners can be improved with the underlay fabric produced from fiber batts composed of recycled fibers [17]. The fibers obtained from clothing wastes can be the blends of PET, PA, PP and acrylic or natural fibers such as wool, coconut, sisal jute and hemp [16].
The other application of polyester in the bootliners is the integration of it into the natural fiber composite materials. While natural fiber composites are preferred in automobiles since they cause a reduction in weight, energy production and cost at 10, 80 and 5%, respectively, polyester is used as a matrix material for these types of composites. Even different materials other than textile materials like sunflower can be used as the core material of these composites [28].
The door panels are the third type of preformed structures within the car interiors. The lower section of the door panel is produced as an extension of floor covering and the upper part is upholstery fabric or vinyl [16].
Having higher modulus, good heat stability, excellent resistance to color change and high durability for sunlight degradation and being less expensive, PET is used for making door panels [17].
For the panel trim in the door including the inserts or bolster, both the underlying reinforcement fabrics and lower facing fabrics can be constructed from nonwovens. The facing fabric can be selected from flat or random velour needle punch or hydroentangled materials [17].
Whereas needled fabrics produced from PP are used in the USA, the fabrics produced from fiber spun dyed PET fiber are preferred in Europe and Japan. Since interior fabrics are subjected to UV exposure, spun dyed fibers are preferred. But, in fact, spun dyed PET fiber has lower abrasion resistance when compared with PP fiber [17].
The second component of the door trim is usually made of hydroentangled fabrics. They are joined with the facing fabric or foamed PU and usually composed of 100% PET, 75% PET, 25% viscose or 50% PET/50% PP [17].
In fact, polyester is used in the door panel constructions which have parts differing from the ones explained earlier. In a study, the vehicle door panel was patented, which is mainly made up of rigid plastic panel, a paper-backing material attached with rigid plastic panel, a polyester fiber pad providing a cushioning surface, a cloth membrane and nylon adhesive membrane placed on the cloth and finally a vinyl membrane supported by cloth fabric [29].
The parcel shelf is the part of the car that encloses the area between the rear seats and boot. The requirements of this part are light fastness, lightweight and sound absorption to some extent.
Usually a needled fabric made up of PA, PET or PP fibers is used in the parcel shelf [16]. Often matt is included in the parcel shelf structure to increase the sound absorption.
Tires are the interface between the car and the road. The components of tires can be classified as the tread, belt package, ply, inner liner, apex, bead bundle, sidewalls and chafer [30]. Other than the rubber and steel components, textile fibers such as rayon, PA, PET or Kevlar are used in the ply component of the tire coated with rubber.
The tire ply cords are classified into three parts, which are named as bias, belted bias and radial ply cords according to their configuration. In diagonal (bias) tires, ply cords are laid at angles less than 90° to tread centerline. Belted bias tires have the belt added in the tread region. The radial tires have body ply cords, which are laid radially from bead to bead at 90° to the centerline of the tread [16]. The ply and tire ply cords transmit the braking and steering forces and withstand burst loads [30]. The requirements of the ply cords are thus tenacity, flexibility, shrinkage at high temperature, heat resistance, wear and abrasion resistance [16, 31]. Being used on the rougher roads, and requiring lower wearing resistance, PA fiber is used in bias tires as ply cord because of its excellent toughness. On the other hand, PET fiber is used in radial tires as ply cord because of having higher modulus and reducing the flat spotting [1]. PET is strong and stiff, and it provides excellent dimensional stability [16]. Moreover, it has high tenacity, good heat resistance, good wet resistance and low water absorption [32]. When compared to PA tire ply cords, the thermal shrinkage and flat spotting characteristics are superior. However, it lacks bonding with rubber when compared to PA [24]. The PET fiber type used in the tire cord is a multifilament fiber with high modulus and low shrinkage [1]. In radial tires, rayon is also used because of its superiority to PA in high-speed impact [33]. PET is also good at high-speed impacts but loses modulus and strength faster than viscose [33]. When these three fibers, PET, viscose and PA, are compared to each other, PA has the highest tenacity, whereas viscose has the least shrinkage at 160°C. On the other hand, heat generation is very low in rayon and it depends on driving conditions for the PET fiber [16].
In comparing PA 6, PA 6.6 and PET, Naskar et al. [34] applied cyclic compression and tension onto the cord-reinforced rubber composite specimens at different strain levels and time intervals on Goodrich compression and tension fatigue tester and found out that PET tire ply cords had excellent dimensional stability but poor fatigue resistance.
PET fibers are also developed to have distinguishing properties for being used as tire ply cords. A high modulus yarn was prepared by spinning polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) or other semi-crystalline PET polymers to an optimum crystallinity state. The resulting yarn had high tenacity, dimensional stability of less than 5% and shrinkage lower than 4% [35].
Finally, PET fibers were proposed to be used in the other parts of the automobile tires rather than tire ply cords. A limited twisted PET yarn having low polymerization degree was used in the belt breaker [32].
An average car involves many different types of filters to prevent air, fuel, oil and water from contaminants such as carburetor air filter, cabin interior filter, crank base breather filter, ABS wheel/brake filter, power steering filters, engine oil filters, fuel tank filter, transmission filters, wiper washer screen filters, air conditioning recirculation filter and diesel/soot filters [16].
The basic air filters in the automobiles can be classified as the engine air filter and the cabin air filter. The major purpose of air filters is cleaning the air and preventing the impurities within the air, which is used by the engine during combustion. Thus, the air filters indirectly protect the components of the engine from wear. Cabin air filter prevents the airborne pollutants and allergens within the cabin and they improve the quality of cabin air.
The air intake filters are usually produced from wet-laid, resin-impregnated cellulose papers. The other media used in the air filters are PU foam, nonwovens from synthetic, natural fibers or both in hybrid systems. In fact, the usage of nonwovens in air filtering is advantageous because they are more durable and have higher bursting strength. Besides, it is possible to control the parameters such as thickness, porosity and fiber diameter [17]. Moreover, the nonwoven filter media can be constructed to have specific characteristics such as being flame retardant, antibacterial property and so on.
PET fiber can be used in different forms as a filtration media. Mainly made up of PET fiber, QualiFlo® is developed as a gradient filtration media which is produced to have a trilaminate structure. It has exceptional dirt/dust-holding capacity consisting of continuous filament PET web with filaments having a trilobal cross section in one outer section and fully bonded air-permeable high loft batt with a randomly dispersed blend of crimped PET fibers in the other outer section. Moreover, requiring no additional binder, StarWeb, which is made up of spunbond PET, was proposed to be used in filtration with Qualiflo®. StarWeb is constructed as a trilaminate filter medium containing PET fibers as in the case of Qualiflo®. Within this filter, a top layer was produced from trilobal PET spunlaid fabric, the middle layer was produced from 100% PET homopolymer and copolymer PET filaments and the bottom layer was produced from high-loft PET crimped fiber fabrics with isotropic fiber arrangement [36].
Although there are filtration media produced only from PET fiber as is discussed in previous examples, PET is also preferred to be used in nonwoven and hybrid nonwoven structures in the air filter media.
A high-capacity hybrid, multilayer automotive air filter was developed and patented [37]. This air filter was designed to have a fluid filter media containing porous natural fibers and a porous synthetic fiber media containing absorbent spunbond PET. In the natural fiber filter media, two cotton mesh layers with different densities were used in a way that the first cotton mesh, which was placed closer to receiving end of the air stream, has lower density than the second cotton mesh layer, which was placed closer to the filtered effluent air stream. In parallel with this, synthetic fiber filter media, the first spunbond PET fiber filter placed closer to the second cotton mesh has lower density than the second spunbond PET mesh placed closer to the filtered effluent air stream creating a gradient density.
Placed between the fuel reservoir and the engine, the fuel filters are also used to protect the engine of the cars from dirt, water and the other contaminants.
The fuel filter media is usually made from PA. The reason for this is that, although the thermoplastic materials such are fluoropolymers, PET and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers are resistant to fuels, the impact toughness especially at low temperatures is not found as satisfactory as PA [38]. Nonetheless, PET fiber can be used in different forms as a component of fuel filter media.
In fact, in a patent for a multilayer plastic fuel filter having at least three layers, the inner and outer layers are suggested to be produced from plastic material, which is made conductive using additives (PA6, PA6.6, PA11 and PA12). Embedded between them, PET was listed as one polymer which can be used with the other plastics which is not made conductive (fluoropolymer other than PVDH, PET or impact-modified PET) [38].
In a patent for developing depth media in-tank fuel filter with extruded mesh shell [39], it is stated that an in-tank fuel filter is developed to have two panels of filtration media. Each panel is comprised of an outer layer of extruded mesh, a pair of spunbond filtration media and an inner layer of meltblown filtration media in between. PET is used in both the spunbond and the meltblown filtration media.
Moreover, a diesel fuel filter is patented with a smoke suppressant for which the smoke suppressant is adsorbed onto the strip of nonwoven PET fiber, which is placed equidistantly around the round container [40].
Seat belts and airbags are the two main items used as safety equipment in automobiles. A seat belt is used to fix the passengers on their seats and decrease the import shock by absorbing [1]. High tensile strength and stability under static and dynamic loadings are needed in seat belts. The narrow fabric used in seat belts has mostly the weave structures such as plain weave, twill weave and sateen weave used in single-layer or double-layer structures. Seat belts are manufactured in a needle loom where the weft is inserted through the warp sheen and a selvedge is formed. On the other hand, filament yarns made of PA or PET are used to produce seat belt webbing [24].
Although PA was used as a major fiber in seatbelts for years, PET has been replaced with PA due to some advantages [40]. Having higher-impact energy-absorbing capability, less discoloration against sunlight and better dimensional stability under changing temperature and humidity conditions, PET is preferred to PA [1, 41].
When the static and dynamic loads have been applied on the seatbelts made from multifilament PET and PA yarns and compared, it has been observed that PET is superior due to lower extensibility that prevents stretching of the belts under loading during impact situations and higher stiffness [24, 41, 42].
As one other important safety equipment in automobiles, airbags are required to have extremely low gas permeability by means of a combination of high-density weaving and a thin coating treatment to resist high temperature, to have high extensibility and to be durable for storage in a compacted state for many years [43].
Demands for airbag yarns have been increasing recently, as a result of global rise in safety requirements in automobiles. Airbags are usually made up from PA 6.6 filament yarns. Nonetheless, there are some attempts to find alternative fibers. There is a noticeable trend toward PET and PA 4.6 filament yarns for the airbag fabrics and sewing threads [44, 45].
In Table 4, characteristics of the fibers used in airbag yarns are given [44].
Characteristic | PA 6.6 | PA 6 | PET |
---|---|---|---|
Density (kg/m3) | 1140 | 1140 | 1390 |
Specific heat capacity (kJ/kg°K) | 1.67 | 1.67 | 1.3 |
Melting point (°C) | 260 | 215 | 258 |
Softening point (°C) | 220 | 170 | 220 |
Heat to melt (kJ/kg) | 589 | 522 | 427 |
Characteristics of the fibers used in airbag yarns.
North America’s airbag market in 2014 comprised around 45,000 tons of PA 6.6-based fabrics and an additional 4000 tons of PET-based alternatives. On the other hand, in Europe, the use of PA 6.6-based fabrics has stayed around 33,000–35,000 tons per year while the use of PET fabrics has increased. It is forecasted that around 12,000–13,000 tons of PET will be employed in European airbags by 2020 [46].
Textile materials are used in engine compartment items such as driving belts (V-belt, synchronous belts and serpentine belt), hoses (brake and clutch hoses) and lines (power steering lines and bonnet lines).
In automobiles, the mechanical parts of the engines are driven by belts. The belts used in engine compartment of automobiles are required to be resistant to fatigue, abrasion, heat, chemicals as well as have high tensile strength and good dimensional stability [16].
A typical V-belt cross-sectional scheme is shown in Figure 1.
V-belt [
In order to enhance the fatigue properties of the belts that proposed mechanical and thermal loads, cords are used for reinforcement. The major reinforcing element used in the belts is PET cord, which is composed of twisted filament yams [16]. PET fiber is applied both in the cord of V-belt and in the fabric cover of its upper part, whereas p-Aramid fiber is applied to the cords of V-belts, V-ribbed belts and metal-combined belts [1].
The bonnet line and the fabric linings with it in the engine compartment require both thermal and sound insulation functions and it usually is constructed from metal or fiber-reinforced plastic composite. PET spunbond is usually used as a nonwoven facing to cover stiffening components such as glass fiber foam or resin bonded nonwoven fabric [17].
The brake and clutch hoses are required to prevent absorption of the lubricant fluid and to resist the fluid. As an example of those kinds of hoses supplied by Fenox, the PET yarn is used as the reinforcement component that prevents fluid absorption and extends the service life of the fluid and also it improves the ability of the hose to withstand pressures as a result of increased rigidity [48].
Although attempts have been made to investigate the use of different textile fibers such as cotton, viscose, wool, acrylic, aramid and bast fibers in automobile applications, these fibers are used in a small amount by specific automobile manufacturers. The industry is still served by manmade fibers, in particular PET fiber, due to its good physical properties, enhancing mechanical performances, functionality and durability.
Polyester fiber can be used in many forms in the automotive industry, such as knitted, woven or nonwoven fabrics, especially needle punch and stitch bond fabrics used as facing materials; woven fabrics in the airbags and seat belts; nonwoven material used as a filling material for especially improving the sound insulation property in multilayer structures in the car interiors; spunbond or meltblown nonwoven structures either used solely or in combination with other layers in the filtration media; as reinforcing material in the tire cords and engine comportment items such as V-belt and hoses; and finally as a component for resin-impregnated composites either as a core material or as a matrix material.
In future, it is expected that polyester will remain as the leading fiber that will be used in the production of automotive textiles. Besides, considering the increase in natural fiber composites with the purpose of weight reduction and environmental friendliness and increasing amount of recycled material in the automobile parts, the usage of polyester resin in natural fiber composites is expected to increase. Nonetheless, the performance and functionality of materials made of polyester should be improved in parallel to the trends, probable changes in future expectations and requirements, as for the materials produced from other types of fibers and polymers.
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
',metaTitle:"Odredbe i uvjeti",metaDescription:"Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/cro-terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\\n\\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\\n\\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\\n\\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\\n\\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\\n\\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\\n\\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\\n\\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\\n\\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\\n\\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\\n\\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\\n\\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Al-Weshahy and V.A. Rao",authors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"},{id:"150485",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Weshahy",slug:"amir-al-weshahy",fullName:"Amir Al-Weshahy"}]},{id:"69956",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88829",title:"Biostimulants and Their Role in Improving Plant Growth under Abiotic Stresses",slug:"biostimulants-and-their-role-in-improving-plant-growth-under-abiotic-stresses",totalDownloads:2658,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Biostimulants are products that reduce the need for fertilizers and increase plant growth, resistance to water and abiotic stresses. In small concentrations, these substances are efficient, favoring the good performance of the plant’s vital processes, and allowing high yields and good quality products. In addition, biostimulants applied to plants enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance and/or plant quality traits, regardless of its nutrient contents. Several researches have been developed in order to evaluate the biostimulants in improving plant development subjected to stresses, saline environment, and development of seedlings, among others. Furthermore, various raw materials have been used in biostimulant compositions, such as humic acids, hormones, algae extracts, and plant growth-promoting bacteria. In this sense, this chapter aims to approach the use of biostimulants in plant growth according to the raw material used in their compositions as well as their effects on plants subjected to abiotic stresses.",book:{id:"8954",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Ana Carolina Feitosa de Vasconcelos and Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves",authors:null},{id:"32894",doi:"10.5772/27308",title:"Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Some Plant Extracts",slug:"antimicrobial-and-antioxidant-activities-of-some-plant-extracts",totalDownloads:7083,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"1958",slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals - Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"Elita Scio, Renata F. Mendes, Erick V.S. Motta, Paula M.Q. Bellozi, Danielle M.O. Aragão, Josiane Mello, Rodrigo L. Fabri, Jussara R. Moreira, Isabel V.L. de Assis and Maria Lúcia M. Bouzada",authors:[{id:"69660",title:"Dr.",name:"Elita",middleName:null,surname:"Scio",slug:"elita-scio",fullName:"Elita Scio"},{id:"76248",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Fabri",slug:"rodrigo-fabri",fullName:"Rodrigo Fabri"},{id:"76251",title:"MSc.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Aragão",slug:"danielle-aragao",fullName:"Danielle Aragão"},{id:"76253",title:"Ms.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes",slug:"renata-mendes",fullName:"Renata Mendes"},{id:"76256",title:"Mr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Motta",slug:"erick-motta",fullName:"Erick Motta"},{id:"76259",title:"Ms.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Assis",slug:"isabel-assis",fullName:"Isabel Assis"},{id:"76261",title:"Ms.",name:"Jussara",middleName:null,surname:"Moreira",slug:"jussara-moreira",fullName:"Jussara Moreira"},{id:"76262",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Bouzada",slug:"maria-lucia-bouzada",fullName:"Maria Lucia Bouzada"},{id:"76264",title:"Ms.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Bellozi",slug:"paula-bellozi",fullName:"Paula Bellozi"},{id:"76266",title:"MSc.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Mello",slug:"josiane-mello",fullName:"Josiane Mello"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69956",title:"Biostimulants and Their Role in Improving Plant Growth under Abiotic Stresses",slug:"biostimulants-and-their-role-in-improving-plant-growth-under-abiotic-stresses",totalDownloads:2664,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Biostimulants are products that reduce the need for fertilizers and increase plant growth, resistance to water and abiotic stresses. In small concentrations, these substances are efficient, favoring the good performance of the plant’s vital processes, and allowing high yields and good quality products. In addition, biostimulants applied to plants enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance and/or plant quality traits, regardless of its nutrient contents. Several researches have been developed in order to evaluate the biostimulants in improving plant development subjected to stresses, saline environment, and development of seedlings, among others. Furthermore, various raw materials have been used in biostimulant compositions, such as humic acids, hormones, algae extracts, and plant growth-promoting bacteria. In this sense, this chapter aims to approach the use of biostimulants in plant growth according to the raw material used in their compositions as well as their effects on plants subjected to abiotic stresses.",book:{id:"8954",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Ana Carolina Feitosa de Vasconcelos and Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves",authors:null},{id:"69577",title:"Role of Fungi in Agriculture",slug:"role-of-fungi-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:1648,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Fungi are a group of eukaryotic organisms and source of food, organic acids, alcohol, antibiotics, growth-promoting substances, enzymes, and amino acids. They include microorganisms like molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. They live on dead or living plants or animals’ tissue. Fungi are very different from other living organisms; they are the primary decomposers of substances in the ecological system. Fungi are tremendous decomposer of organic waste material and most readily attack cellulose, lignins, gums, and other organic complex substances. Fungi can act also under a wide range of soil reaction from acidic to alkaline soil reactions. Fungi conjointly play a basic role in different physiological processes as well as mineral and water uptake, chemical change, stomatal movement, and biosynthesis of compounds termed biostimulants, auxins, lignan, and ethylene to enhance the flexibility of plants to ascertain and cope environmental stresses like drought, salinity, heat, cold, and significant metals.",book:{id:"8954",slug:"biostimulants-in-plant-science",title:"Biostimulants in Plant Science",fullTitle:"Biostimulants in Plant Science"},signatures:"Muthuraman Yuvaraj and Murugaragavan Ramasamy",authors:[{id:"280193",title:"Dr.",name:"Muthuraman",middleName:null,surname:"Yuvaraj",slug:"muthuraman-yuvaraj",fullName:"Muthuraman Yuvaraj"},{id:"289410",title:"Dr.",name:"Murugaragavan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"murugaragavan-ramasamy",fullName:"Murugaragavan Ramasamy"}]},{id:"62653",title:"Phytochemical Composition: Antioxidant Potential and Biological Activities of Corn",slug:"phytochemical-composition-antioxidant-potential-and-biological-activities-of-corn",totalDownloads:2214,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Corn seeds are used as a nutritional source for humans, and the stem and leaves are utilized as fodder for cattle throughout the world. Corn silk and corn cob are usually discarded as waste. This chapter highlights the nutritional as well as medicinal importance of various parts of corn plant. All parts of corn plant are good source of a variety of bioactive phytochemical compounds which possess antioxidant potential. The principal phytochemicals present in corn seed and corn silk include polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, glycosides, carotenoids, and polysaccharides of biological importance, reducing compounds and some water-soluble vitamins. The presence of these phytochemicals makes corn a medicinal plant which shows various biological activities particularly the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antiproliferative, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and renal-protective activities. On the account of its high antioxidant potential, all parts of corn plant can be used for the management of oxidative stress and the treatment of various diseases.",book:{id:"7206",slug:"corn-production-and-human-health-in-changing-climate",title:"Corn",fullTitle:"Corn - Production and Human Health in Changing Climate"},signatures:"Haq Nawaz, Saima Muzaffar, Momna Aslam and Shakeel Ahmad",authors:[{id:"230900",title:"Mr.",name:"Haq",middleName:null,surname:"Nawaz",slug:"haq-nawaz",fullName:"Haq Nawaz"},{id:"244066",title:"Prof.",name:"Saima",middleName:null,surname:"Muzaffar",slug:"saima-muzaffar",fullName:"Saima Muzaffar"},{id:"263041",title:"Ms.",name:"Momna",middleName:null,surname:"Aslam",slug:"momna-aslam",fullName:"Momna Aslam"},{id:"263042",title:"Dr.",name:"Shakeel",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"shakeel-ahmad",fullName:"Shakeel Ahmad"}]},{id:"70950",title:"Role of Biofertilizers in Plant Growth and Soil Health",slug:"role-of-biofertilizers-in-plant-growth-and-soil-health",totalDownloads:1436,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Biofertilizers nowadays have been realised for shifting fortunes in agriculture. It has been proven successful technology in many developed countries while in developing countries exploitation of bioinoculants is hampered by several factors. Scientific knowledge on bioinoculants and its usage will pave way for its effective usage. At the same time overlooking the significance of ensuring and maintaining a high quality standard of the product will have negative impact. Hence a proper knowledge of bioinoculants and its functioning will pave way to tape the resources in a better way. Thus the chapter provide overview knowledge about different bacterial, fungal and algal biofertilizers, its associations with plants and transformations of nutrients in soil. Adopting a rational approach to the use and management of microbial fertilizers in sustainable agriculture thrive vast potential for the future.",book:{id:"8004",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation"},signatures:"Murugaragavan Ramasamy, T. Geetha and M. Yuvaraj",authors:[{id:"289410",title:"Dr.",name:"Murugaragavan",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"murugaragavan-ramasamy",fullName:"Murugaragavan Ramasamy"}]},{id:"67454",title:"Nitrogen Fertilization I: Impact on Crop, Soil, and Environment",slug:"nitrogen-fertilization-i-impact-on-crop-soil-and-environment",totalDownloads:1620,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Nitrogen (N) is a major limiting nutrient to sustain crop yields and quality. As a result, N fertilizer is usually applied in large quantity to increase crop production throughout the world. Application of N fertilizers has increased crop yields and resulted in achievement of self-sufficiency in food production in many developing countries. Excessive application of N fertilizers beyond crops’ demand, however, has resulted in undesirable consequences of degradation in soil, water, and air quality. These include soil acidification, N leaching in groundwater, and emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Long-term application of ammonia-based N fertilizers, such as urea, has increased soil acidity which rendered to soil infertility where crops fail to respond with further application of N fertilizers. Another problem is the groundwater contamination of nitrate-N (NO3-N) which can be a health hazard to human and livestock if its concentration goes above 10 mg L−1 in drinking water. The third problem is emissions of N2O gas which is 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide in terms of global warming potential. This chapter examines the effect of N fertilization on soil and environmental quality and crop yields.",book:{id:"8004",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation"},signatures:"Upendra M. Sainju, Rajan Ghimire and Gautam P. 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He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"20",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Nutrition",keywords:"Sustainable Animal Diets, Carbon Footprint, Meta Analyses",scope:"An essential part of animal production is nutrition. Animals need to receive a properly balanced diet. One of the new challenges we are now faced with is sustainable animal diets (STAND) that involve the 3 P’s (People, Planet, and Profitability). We must develop animal feed that does not compete with human food, use antibiotics, and explore new growth promoters options, such as plant extracts or compounds that promote feed efficiency (e.g., monensin, oils, enzymes, probiotics). These new feed options must also be environmentally friendly, reducing the Carbon footprint, CH4, N, and P emissions to the environment, with an adequate formulation of nutrients.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. 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