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Zahorian and Hongbing Hu",authors:[{id:"26524",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Zahorian",fullName:"Zahorian",slug:"zahorian"}]},{id:"15939",title:"Determination of Spectral Parameters of Speech Signal by Goertzel Algorithm",slug:"determination-of-spectral-parameters-of-speech-signal-by-goertzel-algorithm",signatures:"Božo Tomas and Darko Zelenika",authors:[{id:"24400",title:"Dr.",name:"Božo",middleName:null,surname:"Tomas",fullName:"Božo Tomas",slug:"bozo-tomas"},{id:"24869",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Darko",middleName:null,surname:"Zelenika",fullName:"Darko Zelenika",slug:"darko-zelenika"}]},{id:"15940",title:"Blind Segmentation of Speech Using Non-Linear Filtering Methods",slug:"blind-segmentation-of-speech-using-non-linear-filtering-methods",signatures:"Okko Rasanen, Unto Laine and Toomas Altosaar",authors:[{id:"25079",title:"MSc",name:"Okko",middleName:null,surname:"Räsänen",fullName:"Okko Räsänen",slug:"okko-rasanen"},{id:"25081",title:"Prof.",name:"Unto",middleName:null,surname:"Laine",fullName:"Unto Laine",slug:"unto-laine"},{id:"25082",title:"Dr.",name:"Toomas",middleName:null,surname:"Altosaar",fullName:"Toomas Altosaar",slug:"toomas-altosaar"}]},{id:"15941",title:"Towards a Multimodal Silent Speech Interface for European Portuguese",slug:"towards-a-multimodal-silent-speech-interface-for-european-portuguese",signatures:"Joao Freitas, Antonio Teixeira, Miguel Dias and Carlos Bastos",authors:[{id:"26725",title:"Mr",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",fullName:"João Freitas",slug:"joao-freitas"},{id:"35317",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",fullName:"António Teixeira",slug:"antonio-teixeira"},{id:"35318",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Dias",fullName:"Miguel Dias",slug:"miguel-dias"},{id:"74006",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Bastos",fullName:"Carlos Bastos",slug:"carlos-bastos"}]},{id:"15942",title:"The Influence of Lombard Effect on Speech Recognition",slug:"the-influence-of-lombard-effect-on-speech-recognition",signatures:"Damjan Vlaj and Zdravko Kacic",authors:[{id:"28571",title:"Dr.",name:"Damjan",middleName:null,surname:"Vlaj",fullName:"Damjan Vlaj",slug:"damjan-vlaj"},{id:"28574",title:"Prof.",name:"Zdravko",middleName:null,surname:"Kačič",fullName:"Zdravko Kačič",slug:"zdravko-kacic"}]},{id:"14591",title:"Suitable Reverberation Criteria for Distant-talking Speech Recognition",slug:"suitable-reverberation-criteria-for-distant-talking-speech-recognition",signatures:"Takanobu Nishiura and Takahiro Fukumori",authors:[{id:"33043",title:"Dr.",name:"Takanobu",middleName:null,surname:"Nishiura",fullName:"Takanobu Nishiura",slug:"takanobu-nishiura"},{id:"35965",title:"PhD.",name:"Takahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Fukumori",fullName:"Takahiro Fukumori",slug:"takahiro-fukumori"}]},{id:"15943",title:"The Importance of Acoustic Reflex in Speech Discrimination",slug:"the-importance-of-acoustic-reflex-in-speech-discrimination",signatures:"Kelly Cristina Lira de Andrade, Silvio Caldas Neto and Pedro de Lemos Menezes",authors:[{id:"28464",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Menezes",fullName:"Pedro Menezes",slug:"pedro-menezes"},{id:"38453",title:"MSc.",name:"Kelly",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Kelly Andrade",slug:"kelly-andrade"},{id:"38454",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvio",middleName:null,surname:"Caldas Neto",fullName:"Silvio Caldas Neto",slug:"silvio-caldas-neto"}]},{id:"15944",title:"Single-Microphone Speech Separation: The use of Speech Models",slug:"single-microphone-speech-separation-the-use-of-speech-models",signatures:"S. W. Lee",authors:[{id:"25777",title:"Dr.",name:"Siu Wa",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Siu Wa Lee",slug:"siu-wa-lee"}]},{id:"15945",title:"Speech Recognition System of Slovenian Broadcast News",slug:"speech-recognition-system-of-slovenian-broadcast-news",signatures:"Mirjam Sepesy Maucec and Andrej Zgank",authors:[{id:"10732",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrej",middleName:null,surname:"Zgank",fullName:"Andrej Zgank",slug:"andrej-zgank"},{id:"11357",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirjam",middleName:null,surname:"Sepesy Maucec",fullName:"Mirjam Sepesy Maucec",slug:"mirjam-sepesy-maucec"}]},{id:"15946",title:"Wake-Up-Word Speech Recognition",slug:"wake-up-word-speech-recognition",signatures:"Veton Kepuska",authors:[{id:"24379",title:"Prof.",name:"Veton",middleName:null,surname:"Kepuska",fullName:"Veton Kepuska",slug:"veton-kepuska"}]},{id:"15947",title:"Syllable Based Speech Recognition",slug:"syllable-based-speech-recognition",signatures:"Rıfat Aslıyan",authors:[{id:"24682",title:"Dr.",name:"Rıfat",middleName:null,surname:"Aşlıyan",fullName:"Rıfat Aşlıyan",slug:"rifat-asliyan"}]},{id:"15948",title:"Phoneme Recognition on the TIMIT Database",slug:"phoneme-recognition-on-the-timit-database",signatures:"Carla Lopes and Fernando Perdigao",authors:[{id:"28842",title:"Mrs.",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Lopes",fullName:"Carla Lopes",slug:"carla-lopes"},{id:"34940",title:"Mr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Perdigão",fullName:"Fernando Perdigão",slug:"fernando-perdigao"}]},{id:"15949",title:"HMM Adaptation Using Statistical Linear Approximation for Robust Speech Recognition",slug:"hmm-adaptation-using-statistical-linear-approximation-for-robust-speech-recognition",signatures:"Berkovitch Michael and Shallom D.Ilan",authors:[{id:"29801",title:"Dr.",name:"Berkovitch",middleName:null,surname:"Michael",fullName:"Berkovitch Michael",slug:"berkovitch-michael"},{id:"29837",title:"Prof.",name:"shallom",middleName:null,surname:"illan",fullName:"shallom illan",slug:"shallom-illan"}]},{id:"15950",title:"Speech Recognition Based on the Grid Method and Image Similarity",slug:"speech-recognition-based-on-the-grid-method-and-image-similarity",signatures:"Janusz Dulas",authors:[{id:"29762",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Dulas",fullName:"Janusz Dulas",slug:"janusz-dulas"}]},{id:"15951",title:"Improvement of Sound Quality on the Body Conducted Speech Using Differential Acceleration",slug:"improvement-of-sound-quality-on-the-body-conducted-speech-using-differential-acceleration",signatures:"Masashi Nakayama, Shunsuke Ishimitsu and Seiji Nakagawa",authors:[{id:"10846",title:"Prof.",name:"Shunsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Ishimitsu",fullName:"Shunsuke Ishimitsu",slug:"shunsuke-ishimitsu"},{id:"20342",title:"Dr.",name:"Seiji",middleName:null,surname:"Nakagawa",fullName:"Seiji Nakagawa",slug:"seiji-nakagawa"},{id:"24353",title:"Dr.",name:"Masashi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakayama",fullName:"Masashi Nakayama",slug:"masashi-nakayama"}]},{id:"15952",title:"Frequency Lowering Algorithms for the Hearing Impaired",slug:"frequency-lowering-algorithms-for-the-hearing-impaired",signatures:"Francisco J. Fraga, Leticia Pimenta C. S. Prates, Alan M. Marotta and Maria Cecilia Martinelli Iorio",authors:[{id:"24743",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia",middleName:null,surname:"Prates",fullName:"Leticia Prates",slug:"leticia-prates"},{id:"34249",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:"J.",surname:"Fraga",fullName:"Francisco Fraga",slug:"francisco-fraga"},{id:"34250",title:"MSc.",name:"Alan",middleName:null,surname:"Marotta",fullName:"Alan Marotta",slug:"alan-marotta"},{id:"34251",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli Iorio",fullName:"Maria Cecilia Martinelli Iorio",slug:"maria-cecilia-martinelli-iorio"}]},{id:"15953",title:"The Usability of Speech and Eye Gaze as a Multimodal Interface for a Word Processor",slug:"the-usability-of-speech-and-eye-gaze-as-a-multimodal-interface-for-a-word-processor",signatures:"T.R. Beelders and P.J. Blignaut",authors:[{id:"25734",title:"Ms.",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Beelders",fullName:"Tanya Beelders",slug:"tanya-beelders"},{id:"33775",title:"Prof.",name:"Pieter",middleName:null,surname:"Blignaut",fullName:"Pieter Blignaut",slug:"pieter-blignaut"}]},{id:"15954",title:"Vowel Judgment for Facial Expression Recognition of a Speaker",slug:"vowel-judgment-for-facial-expression-recognition-of-a-speaker",signatures:"Yasunari Yoshitomi, Taro Asada and Masayoshi Tabuse",authors:[{id:"24472",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Yoshitomi",fullName:"Yoshitomi",slug:"yoshitomi"}]},{id:"15955",title:"Speech Research in TUSUR",slug:"speech-research-in-tusur",signatures:"Roman V. Meshchryakov",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"47",title:"Recent Advances in Brain-Computer Interface Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"recent-advances-in-brain-computer-interface-systems",bookSignature:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/47.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1995",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"440",title:"Speech and Language Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f09f63aefa849a15cc4d5268207be9fd",slug:"speech-and-language-technologies",bookSignature:"Ivo Ipsic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10238",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivo",surname:"Ipsic",slug:"ivo-ipsic",fullName:"Ivo Ipsic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1372",title:"Face Analysis, Modeling and Recognition Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"71c9fb38fdc6f61f0af8839a3102ac3f",slug:"face-analysis-modeling-and-recognition-systems",bookSignature:"Tudor Barbu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33538",title:"Dr.",name:"Tudor",surname:"Barbu",slug:"tudor-barbu",fullName:"Tudor Barbu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3167",title:"Applications of Self-Organizing Maps",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9d75ec4b405059c7edf889ad434a7cb",slug:"applications-of-self-organizing-maps",bookSignature:"Magnus Johnsson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3167.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3532",title:"Brain-Computer Interface Systems",subtitle:"Recent Progress and Future Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5005164831ec70d92d9d69788277eb20",slug:"brain-computer-interface-systems-recent-progress-and-future-prospects",bookSignature:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3532.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1995",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"440",title:"Speech and Language Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f09f63aefa849a15cc4d5268207be9fd",slug:"speech-and-language-technologies",bookSignature:"Ivo Ipsic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10238",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivo",surname:"Ipsic",slug:"ivo-ipsic",fullName:"Ivo Ipsic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80618",title:"Use of Additives and Evaluation of the Quality of Broiler Meat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101893",slug:"use-of-additives-and-evaluation-of-the-quality-of-broiler-meat",body:'Broiler production is based on increasing meat quality, improving the characteristics of the chicken meat. Characteristics such as appearance, texture, juiciness, watery, firmness, tenderness, odor, and flavor of the meat are important for the consumer’s judgment before and after purchasing a meat product. However, quantifiable meat properties, such as water-holding capacity (WHC), shear force, drip loss, cooking loss, pH, and shelf life, are indispensable for the processing of meat products with added value. Many research was carried out as an alternative to improve the quantity, quality, and homogeneity of farm animals and their products. The use of additives can contribute to improving animal performance and meat quality parameters. One of these alternatives is the supplementation of nanoparticles, probiotics, and prebiotics in the diet of broiler chickens.
In this review, general aspects of the use of nanoparticles, probiotics, and prebiotics in poultry feed are reported.
Nanomaterials are being used in agriculture, feed, and food [1]. Some are stable at high temperature and pressure [2] and can be easily assimilated into the digestive system [3]. The action mode of the nanoparticles depends mainly on many factors, such as particle size, sizes smaller than 300 nm spread in the blood, but particles smaller than 100 nm reach tissues [4]. Thus, there is better interaction with other biologically active substances due to a larger surface area
Silver nanoparticles exhibit a strong antimicrobial effect [9]. On the other hand, the use of nano-minerals, such as nano-selenium, nano-chromium, or nano-zinc, can improve the parameters of animal production, their healthiness, and the quality of the products obtained from them, research has shown better effects in relation to the inorganic salts of these elements and chelates used on a large scale in the animal feed industry [10]. Considering this, in the livestock industry, research was conducted to improve the composition and quality of meat. Thus, the enrichment of feed with nanoparticles and their effects on meat properties were evaluated.
Selenium (Se) influences the physiological function and growth performance of animals and humans [11, 12]. Thus, it is necessary for various enzymes that are active in all cells. Dietary supplementation with selenium can increase growth performance in broilers [13, 14]. Studies show that the use of nano-selenium in supplementation improved weight gain and feed-conversion rate [15, 16], higher percentages of breast and drumstick, and a lower percentage of abdominal fat [15]. Some studies indicated that supplementation of 0.30 mg/kg of selenium improves growth performance [17, 18, 19, 20]. According to Zhou and Wang [19] supplementation of diets with 0.30 mg/kg of nano-selenium with organic sources of selenium was effective in increasing growth performance and feed-conversion rates of broilers [16, 19]. Other studies showed no effect of nano-selenium supplementation in the diet in relation to body weight gain [21] and growth performance [22].
Zinc (Zn) is essential with widely variable functions in many important enzymatic processes of glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism and production and secretion of hormones [23]. It is nutritionally essential for the development and maintenance of growth performance in broilers [24]. The permitted level of Zn for poultry diets, as recommended by the National Research Council [25], is 40 mg/kg. However, high zinc content in the diet can lead to excess zinc in the feces, which causes environmental pollution [26], affects the balance of other trace elements in the body, and can reduce the stability of vitamins and other nutrients [27]. The substitution of the inorganic source of ZnO by nano-ZnO or combined nano-ZnO and Zn promoted the growth of broilers, increased the absorption of Zn and antioxidant status without negative influence on the distribution of selected minerals in broiler tissues [28]. Other studies have shown that nano-Zn supplementation improved weight gain and feed efficiency [29, 30], decreased cholesterol levels [31], decreased abdominal lipids [30] as well as improved the meat quality of broilers [30]. A concentration of 2.5 ppm of nano-ZnO can improve the performance of broilers [32]. Concentrations of 20 and 60 mg/kg of nano-ZnO can promote body weight gain [33].
Silver (Ag) has been considered antibacterial made by humans and can be used as an additive instead of antibiotics due to its antibacterial properties and adaptability to biological systems [34]. Nanosilver was destructive in the influence on pathogenic intestinal microorganisms and induced better nutrient absorption, improvement in feed intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency of broilers [35]. However, the study conducted by Ahmadi [36] showed that when Ag-NPs were introduced in diets there was no improvement compared to control treatment, performance, body weight, feed intake, feed-conversion rate, and feed efficiency of broilers during a 42-day experimental period. This effect may be a result of Ag-NPs could affect organisms in the intestine (intestinal microflora). Nanosilver is an effective elimination agent against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria [37], including antibiotic-resistant strains [38, 39].
Manganese (Mn) have an important role in bone development, normal nutrient metabolism, and biochemical processes, such as pyruvate carboxylase, superoxide dismutase, and glycolyltransferase [40, 41]. Levels of 100–400 mg/kg supplemental manganese sulfate (MnSO4) decreased abdominal fat deposition [42, 43] and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the broiler muscle, reducing lipoprotein lipase activity and increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase containing Mn (MnSOD) [42]. According to Brooks et al. [44] supplementation of Mn 20–500 mg/kg in diets for broilers did not affect BWG (weight gain) or FI (feed intake). Several other studies found no effects of dietary levels of Mn on growth performance [40, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48].
Chromium (Cr) is important for physiological and nutritional activity [49]. It has potent hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant properties. It helps in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and protein in animals; manifests itself in reducing the amount of glucose and cholesterol in the blood; helps in reducing fat deposits; and stimulates the formation of muscle tissue [50]. Kumari et al. [51] reported higher weight gain, the feed-conversion efficiency in the diet can produce lean meat with decreased muscle cholesterol and fat percentage for dietary supplementation with nano-Cr (400–1600 ppb). In the study conducted with chromium and nano-chromium supplementation and under thermal stress the results showed better performance, including weight gain and feed-conversion rate of broilers [52].
The pH influences the quality of meat that reflects the change in acidity in the fermentation process of muscle tissue and speed of glycogen fermentation after slaughter, the stable pH value is conducive to normal maturation of muscles [53]. After slaughter, a rapid decrease in pH in the muscle results in the denaturation of the myofibrillar protein with the decrease in protein solubility, obtaining a poor WHC and greater drip loss [54], decreased juiciness, and intense muscle coloration [55].
The increase in the pH value observed after selenium supplementation indicates a delay in the metabolic conversion of glucose into lactic acid in the postmortem muscle [18]. The breast muscles of chickens that received nano-Se supplementation showed higher pH values after 45 min of 6.17 and after 24 h pH value 5.85 [18]. Similar results were reported for chicken breast meat with a Met-Se diet [56]. Mohammadi et al. [16] used dietary sources of Se and REO (rosemary essential oil) and did not observe effect at pH 4 h after slaughter.
Studies by Liu et al. [24] showed that Zn supplementation increases the pH value (5.88–6.06) after 24 h in the thigh muscle independent of the Zn source. A similar study was conducted by El-Hack et al. [30] who observed an increase in the pH value from 5.5 to 6.0 when supplemented with nano-ZnNPs. However, pH values of 6.15–6.25 were observed in chicken meat when supplemented to diet with nano-Zn (ZONPs - 10–50 ppm zinc oxide) [57]. Already lower pH values of 5.63–5.69 for chicken meat using nano-ZnO supplementation (2.5–40 ppm) were reported by Hussan et al. [32]. Supplemental Zn significantly increased pH values in broiler muscle [24, 57]. In agreement, Selim et al. [58] reported that chickens fed ZONPs reduced the pH of the breast muscle and thigh by 6.8%. ZONPs at 40 ppm reduced color and overall acceptability compared to control. According to Selim et al. [58], the use of ZONPs at 40 or 80 ppm did not affect the sensory evaluation of chicken meat, including texture, aroma, color, and general acceptability.
Shokri et al. [48] reported higher pH values for broilers fed diets supplemented with nano-Mn when compared with control, pH values 6.41–6.44 for breast and pH values of 6.50–6.83 for thigh after slaughter. After 4 h of slaughter, pH values of 6.15–6.24 for breast meat and thigh pH values of 5.99–6.20 were observed. Lu et al. [42] reported that the added Mn content had no effect on water-retention capacity and pH values in the thigh muscles and intramuscular fat in the chest and thigh muscles.
In a study conducted by Hashemi et al. [59], there were no differences in pH values after slaughter between control poultry and poultry fed nano-Ag, pH values from 5.38 to 5.78 for breast muscle were observed.
According to Sams and Mills [60], the normal pH values at the end of the postmortem process are between 5.60–5.80 and 5.78–5.86, respectively. However, according to Soeparno [61], normal pH values would be in the range of 5.3–6.5. The high muscle pH makes the meat more susceptible to bacterial deterioration, while the low muscle pH increases the shelf life of chicken meat [62].
Some evidence indicates positive correlations between WHC and pH and a negative correlation between WHC and humidity [55]. In fact, Young et al. [63] explained that there is no good relative correlation between pH and water-retention capacity, and the lower overall final pH did not result in an overall decrease in water-retention capacity.
According to Huff-Lonergan and Lonergan [64], meat oxidation could decrease sensitivity to hydrolysis, weaken protein degradation, and reduce water reserves among myofibrils, which would increase meat juice loss by influencing softness and water-retention capacity.
Selenium is an essential trace element that positively regulates the antioxidant defense mechanism and is vital for the body’s intra- and extracellular antioxidant systems [65]. Research shows improvement in antioxidant properties [18, 19, 65]. For levels from 0.15 to 0.3 ppm using different sources of if there was an improvement in oxidation levels [20].
MDA is one of the final products of the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cells and is a marker of oxidative stress [66]. Concentrations of 0.3–0.5 mg/kg of nano-Se in diet supplementation were effective to improve oxidation resistance by reporting lower MDA concentration in broiler samples fed diets supplemented with nano-Zn [18, 65]. The storage under cooling of the chest and thigh muscles is supplemented with Se observed a decrease in MDA concentration [16]. In addition, El-Deep et al. [17] reported a reduction in lipid peroxidation (MDA content) in broilers under high ambient temperature.
Changes in carcass characteristics may be due to increased tissue zinc residue, the effect of zinc on the antioxidant status and the oxidative enzyme, and especially the antioxidant function and water-holding capacity of muscle [24, 33, 58]. In the study by El-Hack et al. [30] the activity of liver enzymes and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in the groups treated with nano-Zn (ZnNPs). Supplementation of broilers with 25 and 50 mg/kg of nano-Zn showed lower TBA values [67].
Hashemi et al. [59] observed an increase in MDA levels with an increase in nano-Ag supplementation levels. Protein oxidation can lead to the production of intermolecular bonds, including disulfide, dityrosine, and other intermolecular bridges to form the aggregation and polymerization of proteins [68].
Jankowski et al. [69] indicated that the antioxidant system worked properly when Mn was added in the form of nanoparticles, which can be attributed to the increase in the activity of Mn-SOD, GPx, and CAT. Lu et al. [70] reported that broilers fed diets supplemented with Mn presented low concentrations of MDA in the thigh muscle. Similar results were obtained when nano-Mn was added to the diets causing a reduction in the concentration of MDA in the thigh muscle in storage under refrigeration [48]. In contrast, Bozkurt et al. [71] reported that MDA concentrations increased in broilers fed diets supplemented with Mn. Already Bulbul et al. [72] reported that organic and inorganic sources of Zn and Mn decreased oxidative stress in laying hens.
According to Ognik et al. [73], a dose of 10 mg/kg in the form of NP-Mn2O3 induced large-scale lipid oxidation reactions. The reduction of Mn content, regardless of the form used, is disadvantageous, since it weakens the defense of the antioxidant system, which can induce oxidative processes in cells. In addition, the increase in dietary levels of Mn from 0 to 200 mg/kg in the diet regardless of the source showed lower values of TBARS [42, 43, 45, 70]. According to Kim et al. [43], high levels of Mn in the diet can be considered to improve carcass quality, preferably from the nano-Mn source because it presents higher bioavailability of Mn.
The oxidation of lipids in the breast muscle is a representative factor that reduces the quality of meat [74], and Mn is indicated as a necessary element for the production of SOD (superoxide dismutase) to increase antioxidant capacity and improve meat quality in chickens [41]. Oxidative changes in intramuscular lipids and products were determined based on TBARS [75, 76]. Thus, it has been demonstrated that the use of Mn in diets in organic (manganese methionine) or inorganic (MnO) forms increases MDA, glutathione peroxidase, and nitrogen oxide in chicken meat exposed to high-density stocking stress [71].
Studies report that Mn significantly reduced MDA levels in broilers [42, ] and turkeys [77]. This may be due to the change in the activity of MnSOD (superoxide dismutase) in the mitochondria of muscle cells because MnSOD plays an important role in delayed lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane. However, there is an increase in the effect of MDA concentration with high Mn in the diet in the longissimus thoracis of pigs [78].
The activity of GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) affecting the oxidation state of myofibrillar protein could affect drip loss [79]. Studies report lower drip losses in breast meat of chickens who were fed nano-Se [19, 65] and organic Se [21, 80].
The pH drop retard leads to reduced protein denaturation, and consequently, to reduced drip and cooking loss [81], thus improving the water-retention capacity of meat. The use of nano-Se showed a decrease in drip loss [18].
Chicken meat with low pH has been associated with low WHC, which results in loss of cooking and drip loss. The lower pH decreases the ability of muscle proteins to bind to water, causing the shrinkage of myofibrils [82].
Some studies with nano-Se supplementation have observed an increase in meat water-retention capacity [83, 84]. In contrast, Mohammadi et al. [16] in the study reported that using dietary sources of Se and REO (rosemary essential oil) had no effect on water retention capacity (WHC) in the thigh and breast muscles in broiler.
Meat color and drip loss are important indices for assessing meat quality and are closely related to the oxidation state in muscles. The color of the meat is determined by the oxidation state of myoglobin [24]. The use of supplementation with if improves antioxidant capacity and thus could increase the content of myoglobin, thus improving the color of meat [83, 85]. In addition, when phospholipids in cell membranes are oxidized, changes in cellular permeability occur, leading to decreased water-retention capacity of the muscle.
Drip loss is commonly used as an indicator of the water-retention capacity (WHC) of meat. The lower drip loss reflected the higher content of water-soluble nutrients and the increase in meat juiciness [86]. Lower drip losses of the breast muscle were observed when supplemented with nano-Zn (ZONPs 25–50 mg/kg ZnO) [57]. On the other hand, Liu et al. [24] and Selim et al. [58] reported that additional nano ZONPs decreased drip loss in broilers. Similarly, Saenmahayak et al. [87] reported that drip loss increased significantly in the muscles of broilers fed zinc supplemented diets.
The decrease in drip loss in the breast muscle [78] can be attributed to a stable pH value [88].
Regarding water-retention capacity (WHC) no difference was observed in supplementation with nano-Zn [32, 87]. In contrast to our results, Yang et al. [89] recorded an increase in breast muscle WHC with the addition of inorganic zinc in broilers.
The physical and chemical properties of proteins, including solubility, hydrophobicity, WHC, and even nutritional value can be modified by protein oxidation [90]. In postmortem muscle, protein oxidation has been gradually recognized as an important factor for meat quality. During postmortem storage, the muscle has a decreased ability to maintain its antioxidant defense system, and this can cause an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species [91]. Improved antioxidant status can promote the maintenance of cell membrane integrity [65], which can be explained by the results of water-retention capacity. According to Hashemi et al. [59], there was no significant difference for breast in WHC value, while thigh supplementation with nano-Ag resulted in higher levels of WHC, which may be due to the low level of protein oxidation.
The quantifiable properties of meat are indispensable for processors involved in the manufacture of meat products, such as water-retention capacity (WHC), shear force, drip loss, cooking loss, pH, shelf life, protein solubility, and fat-binding capacity [92].
Muscle pH had a significant positive correlation with water-retention capacity (WHC), and WHC had a significant correlation with an a* value [55].
In addition, thighs with nano ZnNPs lower loss by cooking [67].
The color of meat is an indicator of quality, which represents its freshness for consumers [93]. Some studies did not report differences in the color of the breast muscles for supplementation with nano-Se compared to the control [18, 56, 83]. Meanwhile, Boiago et al. [94] observed a decrease in L* values of breast muscles for broilers fed diets supplemented with Met-Se Se, which may be related to a reduction in moisture on the meat surface because of increased water-retention capacity [95].
El-Hack et al. [30] reported lower L* values for breast meat from chickens treated with dietary supplements of nano-Zn ZnNPs and did not observe differences for a* values. For thigh meat, the different treatment groups with nano ZnNPs did not affect the values of L* and a* [67]. However, for the value of b* there was an increase for the thigh muscle [24, 67] and the breast muscle [24, 30, 89].
According to Hashemi et al. [59] in the treatments of zeolite, nano-silver (50 and 75 ppm) there was no significant difference for the color parameters parameter L*, a*, and b* in the breast muscle.
Lipid oxidation can promote the accumulation of metmyoglobin, such as brown pigments, in meat [94, 96]. The increase in the yellowing of meat may be due to the increase in the formation of oxymyoglobin [97]. In addition, lipid oxidation is associated with the destruction of meat pigments, such as carotenoids [98]. Some researchers have also demonstrated that there is a significant negative correlation between the color values of clarity of breast meat and the pH of breast meat [62]. Color is the most important characteristic for the appearance of meat [99], which is influenced by sex, genotype, and breed; moreover, it relates to the pH value [100].
Softness, described as shear force, is an important indicator of consumer acceptability and is determined by the structural properties of various proteins and fats in muscle [101]. Nano-Se supplementation showed a decrease in the value of the shear force of the breast muscles and lower cooking loss [18].
Baowei et al. [85] reported that SS supplementation in the 0.3 g/kg diet reduced the hardness of the goose’s breast muscles. Results indicate that the supplementation of broiler feed with organic Se or nano-Se leads to improvement of meat quality, in relation to the addition of inorganic Se [102].
Many studies have shown that IMP (inosine 5′-monophosphate) contributes to the sensory perception of meat [101]. A higher IMP content was observed in chickens supplemented with nano-Se may be associated with a better quality of Guangxi Yellow chicken meat [19].
Zn supplementation increased the content of intramuscular breast muscle fat in broilers independent of the source of Zn [24]. Hodgson et al. [103] observed that higher levels of intramuscular fat caused a significant decrease in shear force. Liu et al. [24] showed that Zn supplementation decreased the shear force of the thigh muscle and breast muscles, regardless of the source of Zn.
Texture parameters such as succulence, softness, and flavor obtained lower values when using a diet with nano ZnNPs [30].
Regarding the texture profile of broiler breast meat for hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were influenced by the treatment with nano Ag (NZ75 higher values), while adhesiveness and springiness were not influenced [59]. For the thigh muscle texture profile of broilers, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness were not influenced, however there was a difference in springiness for supplementation with nano Ag [59]. Results may be related to water-retention capacity (WHC), a quality parameter related to the meat softness process, which is an important parameter in the sensory evaluation of meat [104].
Yang et al. [77] reported the use of Mn in the duck diet, they observed a significant increase in intramuscular fat and decreased shear strength, showing similar results in studies conducted by Yang et al. [89] in broilers.
Meat softness is a factor used to evaluate the acceptability of the consumer of cooked meat [99] and is generally associated with the content of MIF and muscle fiber structure [105]. Shear force is a reliable indicator that inversely represents the softness of the meat.
Probiotics are considered live microbial supplements that beneficially influence the host by improving intestinal microbial balance [106], stimulating metabolism, reducing the risk of infection by opportunistic pathogens [107], tend to improve levels of body antioxidants, which can improve the health of broilers [108]. The study has shown that dietary probiotic supplementation increases growth rate, feed efficiency, and immunity in chickens [109], improve chicken meat quality, such as WHC, tenderness, and oxidative stability [110], increase weight gain and feed-conversion ratio, improve antioxidant capacity in organs and muscle tissue in heat-stressed chickens [111]. Probiotics used in animal nutrition include groups of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, such as
The prebiotic is a nondigestible feed ingredient that, through its metabolization by microorganisms in the gut, modulates the composition and/or activity of the gut microbiota, thus conferring a beneficial physiological effect on the host [115]. The prebiotics are used as substrates for survival and multiplication of probiotics in a lower gut region that act as symbiotics [116]. Some prebiotics are composed of diverse sugar units. Therefore, each prebiotic may influence the animals differently [117]. Prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are considered preventive agents, as they can select a gastrointestinal microbiota that not only benefits the host but can serve as a barrier to the colonization of pathogens [118]. Besides, feed additives, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics have been proposed as a nutritional strategy to improve the resilience of animals against heat stress [119].
Probiotics have a beneficial effect on the host animal, improving its intestinal microbial balance [120]. This creates a healthy intestinal environment with increasing counts of healthy bacteria and suppresses intestinal pathogens, thereby improving digestion and nutrient utilization [121]. According to Al-Shawi et al. [122], the animal not only requires an optimal amount of food but also must improve the digestibility of the food to maximize growth. Some studies have reported lower feed intake in broilers fed with probiotics [123, 124, 125, 126]. Thus, increased nutrient absorption in broilers produces lower feed intake to maintain their nutrition needs [127]. Amerah et al. [123] reported that the inclusion of
The inclusion of
Bai et al. [133] evaluated the feeding of broilers with
According to Patel et al. [141], the effectiveness of probiotics is influenced by the selection of the most efficient strains, manipulation of genes, combination of several strains and the combination of probiotics, and synergistically by the action of the components. However, the use of multiple strains may improve the effectiveness of probiotics as they beneficially affect the host by enhancing growth-promoting bacteria with competitive antagonism against pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract [142].
In the broilers fed with multi-strain probiotics, such as
Therefore, the effectiveness of the application of probiotics varies depending on several factors, such as probiotic strains, dosage of administration, method of administration, diet composition, age and breed of birds, and management conditions [114, 131, 132, 136, 144].
The positive prebiotic effect on growth performance can be due to the ability of prebiotics to enhance lactobacilli and bifidobacteria populations, and these beneficial bacteria compete with harmful bacteria for colonization [145].
Prebiotic diet reported higher carcass weight, carcass yield, and breast muscle weight [146, 147], and an increase in body weight gain [148].
The study observed a significant effect of diet on feed conversion, and control birds showed poor feed conversion. The rearing system also affected weight gain and feed intake, so confined birds had better weight gain and feed intake [149]. Birds fed diets supplemented with probiotics and prebiotics showed greater body weight and weight gain, whereas feed intake was greater in control birds. Similar studies, diets with prebiotic treatment and probiotic alone, reported better responses for body weight gain and FCR compared to the use of symbiotic treatment [150]. Several other studies also showed that the addition of probiotics or prebiotics alone or in combinations as synbiotics in feeds had no effect on the feed intake of broiler chickens [151]. On the other hand, dietary synbiotic supplementation can increase the breast muscle weight of broilers in comparison with those fed the basal diet [152].
The physicochemical properties of meat are important and can determine its storage or further processing. They are interconnected and influence the sensory quality of meat. Thus, the use of probiotics can influence these parameters [153]. Meat quality is also a very important parameter for the effect of dietary treatment in broiler studies. The supplementation of probiotics in basal diets had beneficial effects on quality broiler meat [128, 133].
The decreased pH relates to the generation of lactic acid through the anaerobic pathway, and probably promotes the denaturation of myofibrillar proteins, and reduces the ability of these proteins to maintain water [154]. Wang et al. [155] observed the decline in pH, however, pH24h (6.01) was increased by
On the other hand, Cramer et al. [160] observed that
In cooking loss in broiler no difference was reported, regardless of probiotic feeding levels [165, 168, 169]. Also, the drip, cooking, and thaw losses on breast muscle were not observed by Benamirouche et al. [157]. However, some studies observed that heat stress increases drip and cooking loss [79, 144] of the breast meat [167]. In contrast, lower cooking loss was observed in
Meat tenderness can be estimated by measuring the shear force; lower shear force indicates tenderer meat and was one of the crucial sensory qualities that influenced the consumer [172]. The shear force in breast and drumstick meats decreased with
No interactions between probiotic feeding levels and display storage time on CIE L* (lightness), CIE a* (redness) breast muscles from chickens exposed to cyclic heat challenge were found, except for CIE b* (yellowness) [160, 161]. The quail meat color a*, b*, and L* values were decreased by probiotics treatment with all levels studied as compared to the control group [143]. Haščík et al. [178] observed an increase in a* and b* values of the thigh and an increase in the L* values of breast and thigh cuts in birds fed probiotics alone or in combination with pollen. In contrast, Haščík et al. [179] reported that a* values in breast muscle were increased, whereas the values of L* and b* for broiler breast meat were not altered because of
The MDA concentration shows the intensity of the lipid peroxidation rate in the body and indirectly shows the degree of damage by tissue peroxidation [155]. Some studies have reported an antioxidant effect of probiotic feeding on lipid oxidation, suggesting that the improved meat quality might be closely connected with its enhanced antioxidant capacity by yeast supplementation in broilers [110, 133, 135, 155, 156, 160, 169, 170, 180]. Thus, it can improve the quality parameters of broiler meat under heat stress. However, in a study by Kim et al. [161] no effects on lipid oxidation stability were observed.
Sensory evaluation test results for lightly cooked breast meat, there was an improvement in the odor of chicken meat fed with
Broiler chickens subjected to heat stress can induce a lower final pH with variation in meat color, water-holding capacity (WHC), and meat tenderness [81, 144, 163], resulting in lower acceptability of the meat by the consumer. In this sense, poultry farming strives to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on poultry production, to reduce economic losses. The main concerns about the use of these bioactives are their efficient administration under fully controlled conditions.
Heat stress not only impairs muscle growth and structure [160, 183], but also influences meat quality, decreasing the pH value, water-retention capacity and redness, and increasing skeletal muscle lightness in chickens [5, 184, 185, 186].
Some studies suggest that the glucose level in skeletal muscles may be influenced by heat stress, causing an accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissue [144], and a rapid decline in pH with low pH values final [5, 144, 160]. Tavaniello et al. [147] and Maiorano et al. [187] no reported influenced pH 24 (5.76 and 5.87) fully fit within the pH range accepted for commercial poultry meat [178, 179]. Already lower values of pH 24 h postmortem were observed under heat stress conditions with and without the use of symbiotic compared to the control.
The redness a∗ value was reduced in breast meat from prebiotics treatment compared to control [147]. Yet, L∗ and b∗ values were similar between the experimental groups. Dietary symbiotic addition reduced L* value. However, it did not affect the b* value [152]. The a* values were lower for the thermoneutral symbiotic, but higher a* values were reported for heat stress and symbiotic. Other studies reported that heat stress can increase L* and reduce a* and b* of breast meat [119]. This could be due to the denaturation of sarcoplasmic proteins, which results in the scattering of light [144].
Less drip and cooking losses were observed, and there was no effect on breast muscle shear force in broilers fed symbiotic compared to those fed a basal diet [152]. However, sob heat stress increased drip loss and cooking loss and decreased shear force in broilers when compared with those under thermoneutral temperature [152]. Similar results were found in broiler exposed to heat stress, which observed decrease in the WHC [119].
Broilers exposed to heat stress reported higher MDA concentration but lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the breast muscle. Compared with broilers fed the basal diet, symbiotic supplementation decreased MDA content and increased GSH-Px activity of breast muscle in broilers [152].
Meat quality is influenced by several factors, such as food. The use of additives to improve meat characteristics was evaluated. It was shown that the type of additive, the quantity, and the method of application are important parameters for obtaining chicken meat with desirable characteristics for the consumer and for the industry in obtaining meat-derived products.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Lack of knowledge and awareness on earthquake as well as its comeback is conspicuous and results in disaster; leading to bitter memories. Therefore, earthquake forecast has been a polemical study theme that has defied even the most intelligent of minds. In this chapter, an attempt was made to do an extensive overview in the area of the earthquake prediction as well as classifying them into the main strategies comprising short‐, immediate‐, and long‐term prediction. An example of each strategy was carried out by mentioning their corresponding approaches/algorithms, such as ΔCFS, CN, MSc, M8, ANN, FFBPANN, KNN, GRNN, RBF, and LMBP; depending on the importance of each strategy. Based on these, it was concluded that, after the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake with M9.0, the current orientation of the Headquarters for earthquake Research Promotion of MEXT in Japan declare that, their mission would be long‐term statistical forecast of seismicity. Even, it is claimed that they do not emphasize on short‐term forecasting. Besides, intermediate‐term estimations are not capable to be used for prevention of all damages and protect all human life, but they may be utilized to undertake certain affordable activities to decrease damage, losses, and modify postdisaster relief. And, despite the long‐term prediction is more concerned by researchers, there is no certain satisfactory level to content them. De facto, the made covenant of 1970 that investigators will be capable to forecast/predict ground excitations within a decade, still remains unmet.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Khaled Ghaedi and Zainah Ibrahim",authors:[{id:"190572",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Ghaedi",slug:"khaled-ghaedi",fullName:"Khaled Ghaedi"},{id:"196228",title:"Prof.",name:"Zainah",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"zainah-ibrahim",fullName:"Zainah Ibrahim"}]},{id:"52524",doi:"10.5772/65425",title:"Earthquakes and Structural Damages",slug:"earthquakes-and-structural-damages",totalDownloads:3265,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Earthquakes are the most destructive natural hazards throughout human history. Hundreds of thousand people lost their lives and loss of billions of dollars’ properties occurred in these disasters. Occurred medium or high-intensity magnitude earthquakes in last twenty years showed that these loses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, inappropriate design such as soft and weak stories, strong beam–weak column, short column, hammering, unconfined gable wall and in-plane/out-of-plane movement of the walls causes damages. These are the main reasons. In addition to this, low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of engineering services, and construction with insufficient detailing of the structural elements are the another reasons of damages. Main reasons of masonry building damages in terms of design faults can be shown as heavy earthen roofs, inappropriate detailing of wall to wall connection and wall to roof connection, absence of bond beams, large openings. However, construction of buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the other reason of failures for these buildings. In this book chapter, earthquakes and reasons of damages arose from earthquakes for reinforced concrete and masonry structures were presented. In addition to this, appropriate solutions are suggested.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Burak Yön, Erkut Sayın and Onur Onat",authors:[{id:"192483",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Yön",slug:"burak-yon",fullName:"Burak Yön"},{id:"192486",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sayın",slug:"erkut-sayin",fullName:"Erkut Sayın"},{id:"192487",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Onat",slug:"onur-onat",fullName:"Onur Onat"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"41664",title:"Volcanic Natural Resources and Volcanic Landscape Protection: An Overview",slug:"volcanic-natural-resources-and-volcanic-landscape-protection-an-overview",totalDownloads:3658,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Jiaqi Liu, Jiali Liu, Xiaoyu Chen and Wenfeng Guo",authors:[{id:"60000",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiaqi",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jiaqi-liu",fullName:"Jiaqi Liu"}]},{id:"31815",title:"Disaster Management Based on Business Process Model Through the Plant Lifecycle",slug:"disaster-management-based-on-business-process-model-through-the-plant-lifecycle",totalDownloads:2646,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"600",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",fullTitle:"Approaches to Managing Disaster - Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts"},signatures:"Yukiyasu Shimada, Teiji Kitajima, Tetsuo Fuchino and Kazuhiro Takeda",authors:[{id:"70197",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Shimada",slug:"yukiyasu-shimada",fullName:"Yukiyasu Shimada"},{id:"82055",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Fuchino",slug:"tetsuo-fuchino",fullName:"Tetsuo Fuchino"},{id:"82056",title:"Prof.",name:"Teiji",middleName:null,surname:"Kitajima",slug:"teiji-kitajima",fullName:"Teiji Kitajima"},{id:"121284",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",slug:"kazuhiro-takeda",fullName:"Kazuhiro Takeda"}]},{id:"52524",title:"Earthquakes and Structural Damages",slug:"earthquakes-and-structural-damages",totalDownloads:3273,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Earthquakes are the most destructive natural hazards throughout human history. Hundreds of thousand people lost their lives and loss of billions of dollars’ properties occurred in these disasters. Occurred medium or high-intensity magnitude earthquakes in last twenty years showed that these loses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, inappropriate design such as soft and weak stories, strong beam–weak column, short column, hammering, unconfined gable wall and in-plane/out-of-plane movement of the walls causes damages. These are the main reasons. In addition to this, low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of engineering services, and construction with insufficient detailing of the structural elements are the another reasons of damages. Main reasons of masonry building damages in terms of design faults can be shown as heavy earthen roofs, inappropriate detailing of wall to wall connection and wall to roof connection, absence of bond beams, large openings. However, construction of buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the other reason of failures for these buildings. In this book chapter, earthquakes and reasons of damages arose from earthquakes for reinforced concrete and masonry structures were presented. In addition to this, appropriate solutions are suggested.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Burak Yön, Erkut Sayın and Onur Onat",authors:[{id:"192483",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Yön",slug:"burak-yon",fullName:"Burak Yön"},{id:"192486",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sayın",slug:"erkut-sayin",fullName:"Erkut Sayın"},{id:"192487",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Onat",slug:"onur-onat",fullName:"Onur Onat"}]},{id:"41478",title:"Monogenetic Basaltic Volcanoes: Genetic Classification, Growth, Geomorphology and Degradation",slug:"monogenetic-basaltic-volcanoes-genetic-classification-growth-geomorphology-and-degradation",totalDownloads:6087,totalCrossrefCites:72,totalDimensionsCites:140,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Gábor Kereszturi and Károly Németh",authors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"},{id:"62029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Kereszturi",slug:"gabor-kereszturi",fullName:"Gabor Kereszturi"}]},{id:"62769",title:"Disaster Mitigation Model of Eruption Based on Local Wisdom in Indonesia",slug:"disaster-mitigation-model-of-eruption-based-on-local-wisdom-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:1384,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Kelud is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia and suffered a major eruption in 2014. Although they are not part of the super volcano, the impact of the eruption is extraordinary. However, the eruption is not too worrying for the surrounding community. The lack of disaster victims caused by the eruption in 2014 became a successful representation of disaster mitigation models owned by local communities in answering the eruption problem. The easy evacuation process and quickly post-eruption rehabilitation illustrate a pattern of environmental adaptation around the volcano. This discussion focuses on how the people behavior around the volcano in responding to the challenge of eruption? How the role of local government in preparing the community in the face of an eruption, and what actions are done so that the rehabilitation process can take place quickly? To answer all these questions, the researchers collected relevant data through observation, documentation, and interviews with the local communities and local government representatives directly involved in disaster mitigation measures. In addition, the researchers also revealed local traditions that are considered capable of supporting the process of preparing the community in answering the eruption challenges and becoming part of disaster mitigation in the volcanic region.",book:{id:"6821",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-assessment-and-vulnerability-reduction",title:"Natural Hazards",fullTitle:"Natural Hazards - Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Reduction"},signatures:"Eko Hariyono and Solaiman Liliasari",authors:[{id:"214360",title:"Dr.",name:"Eko",middleName:null,surname:"Hariyono",slug:"eko-hariyono",fullName:"Eko Hariyono"},{id:"219699",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliasari",middleName:null,surname:"S",slug:"liliasari-s",fullName:"Liliasari S"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"106",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:86,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:96,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:283,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:138,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:128,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:100,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. 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Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"351159",title:"BSc.",name:"Kalum J.",middleName:null,surname:"Ost",slug:"kalum-j.-ost",fullName:"Kalum J. Ost",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"325029",title:"Dr.",name:"Prem Chand",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"prem-chand-jain",fullName:"Prem Chand Jain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shiv Nadar University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357275",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Mih",slug:"thomas-mih",fullName:"Thomas Mih",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Buea",country:{name:"Cameroon"}}},{id:"305305",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo Yosimar",middleName:null,surname:"Jaen-Cuellar",slug:"arturo-yosimar-jaen-cuellar",fullName:"Arturo Yosimar Jaen-Cuellar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"305315",title:"Dr.",name:"David Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Elvira-Ortiz",slug:"david-alejandro-elvira-ortiz",fullName:"David Alejandro Elvira-Ortiz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"344374",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Toledano-Ayala",slug:"manuel-toledano-ayala",fullName:"Manuel Toledano-Ayala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/16002",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"16002"},fullPath:"/chapters/16002",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()