Substrate materials and pretreatment for bearings and shafts [1].
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7028",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Bryophytes",title:"Bryophytes",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Bryophytes, a group of plants present in all terrestrial biomes of the Earth, play a significant role in ecosystems and have potential use in many life domains. They can be used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and healthcare domains and can help to improve air quality, create bio-repellents and bio-pesticides, and help cure both human and animal diseases. This book discusses novel aspects of fundamental and applicative bryophyte biology.",isbn:"978-1-83880-219-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-144-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-220-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73787",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"bryophytes",numberOfPages:84,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"726b3024a0b404565b418ec0f13c8845",bookSignature:"Marko S. Sabovljević and Aneta D. Sabovljević",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7028.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3858,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 6th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 15th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 14th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 4th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 3rd 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"261414",title:"Dr.",name:"Marko",middleName:null,surname:"Sabovljević",slug:"marko-sabovljevic",fullName:"Marko Sabovljević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261414/images/12400_n.jpg",biography:"Marko S. Sabovljevic (1974) is a bryophyte biologist. He is a teacher in Dr. Marko S. Sabovljević is a biologist with a master’s degree in Biology from the University of Belgrade, Serbia (2003) and a doctoral degree from the University of Bonn, Germany (2006). His research is dedicated to various aspects of bryophyte biology, and he has published his research in nearly 500 peer-reviewed articles. He has also authored or coauthored 11 book chapters, 189 communications, and several university and academic textbooks and monographs. He is a peer reviewer, coeditor and editorial board member for many international journals and is Editor-in-Chief of Botanica Serbica. Currently, Dr. Sabovljević is a fulltime professor of Ecology, Biogeography and Environmental Sciences in the Department of Plant Ecology and Phytogeography, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Belgrade",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"261415",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneta",middleName:null,surname:"Sabovljević",slug:"aneta-sabovljevic",fullName:"Aneta Sabovljević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261415/images/12402_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Aneta D. Sabovljević is a biologist with a master’s degree in Biology from the University of Belgrade, Serbia (2003) and a doctoral degree from the University of Belgrade, Serbia (2007). She has a rich national and international research career, and is interested in studying bryophytes both in the lab and in the field. She has mostly experimental and analytical approaches to bryophyte biology. Dr. Sabovljević has published her research results in more than 100 peer-reviewed articles. She is a peer reviewer for many national and international scientific journals. Currently, she is Associate Professor of Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants in the Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia.",institutionString:"University of Belgrade",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"41",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"71232",title:"Introductory Chapter: Bryophytes 2020",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91420",slug:"introductory-chapter-bryophytes-2020",totalDownloads:697,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marko S. Sabovljević and Aneta D. Sabovljević",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71232",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71232",authors:[{id:"261414",title:"Dr.",name:"Marko",surname:"Sabovljević",slug:"marko-sabovljevic",fullName:"Marko Sabovljević"}],corrections:null},{id:"68323",title:"Bryophyte Diversity in the Forests of the Southern Urals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88301",slug:"bryophyte-diversity-in-the-forests-of-the-southern-urals",totalDownloads:691,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mountain forest monitoring is closely related to the survey of bryophyte species since it is there that these organisms are common and show very specialized ecological niches. This work is aimed to show how bryophyte richness and taxonomic and ecological categories differ in the various types of indigenous forests in the Southern Ural Mountains. The distribution of bryophytes in mountain forests of the Southern Urals was examined at about 1700 sample plots. Frequency and abundance patterns suggested that species richness, taxonomic distribution, and substrate group distribution are mostly determined by the forest type. According of bryological data, the forest associations characterized by high diversity and concentration of rare species were identified. This is mainly tall herb spruce-fir and mixed forests. The proportion of rare species in these forests is about 9%, including a significant number relicts both of European and Asian origins. The sites of these forests are most valuable for nature conservation and should be protected.",signatures:"Elvira Baisheva, Pavel Shirokikh and Vasiliy Martynenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68323",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68323",authors:[{id:"264923",title:"Dr.",name:"Elvira",surname:"Baisheva",slug:"elvira-baisheva",fullName:"Elvira Baisheva"}],corrections:null},{id:"65797",title:"Species Distribution Patterns in Subgenus Cuspidata (Genus Sphagnum L.) on the East European Plain and Eastern Fennoscandia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84648",slug:"species-distribution-patterns-in-subgenus-cuspidata-genus-sphagnum-l-on-the-east-european-plain-and-",totalDownloads:833,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The geographic range of 13 species from the subgenus Cuspidata in the East European Plain and Eastern Fennoscandia has been studied. Model maps for each species occurrence were constructed using geostatistics techniques (kriging method). Continuous coverages of 23 climatic factors were used in analysis also. We used dataset that proposed by authors of program WORLDCLIM. To learn how corresponding values of climatic factors and species occurrence correlation and cluster analysis were conducted. It was found that 7 of 13 species are widespread on the East European Plain and Eastern Fennoscandia, and 6 species have the restricted ranges. Values of occurrence of all species (except Sphagnum lenense) have a strong correlation with moisture factors (relative air humidity and sum of precipitation) in summer-autumn period. Such preferences allow them to grow successfully in Subarctic and Baltic regions, where high climatic humidity is observed. Restricted species are concentrated around the Baltic Sea and zones of the highest occurrence of widespread species are located at the same region. All species can be divided into four clusters according to its climatic preferences. Distribution of such species as S. obtusum seems to be strongly associated with two tongues of the Last Glacier, and this species seems to be a glacial relic.",signatures:"Sergei Yu. Popov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65797",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65797",authors:[{id:"282174",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Popov",slug:"sergei-popov",fullName:"Sergei Popov"}],corrections:null},{id:"67501",title:"Bryophytes: A Potential Source of Antioxidants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84587",slug:"bryophytes-a-potential-source-of-antioxidants",totalDownloads:1010,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A variety of degenerative diseases are caused by free radicals. Oxidative stress, the major cause of the diseases, is due to the imbalance between the free radicals and the antioxidants. To overcome this imbalance, the body needs antioxidants whether endogenously present or supplied from exogenous sources. Hence, the search of effective natural antioxidants is greatly needed to fight the onset of degenerative diseases and aging. Indeed, vascular plants are well-known sources of good and efficient natural antioxidants. Non-tracheophytes are however relatively unexplored. Interestingly, these atracheophytes are endowed with the remarkable property of desiccation tolerance which makes them unique in the plant kingdom. The property is attributed to its specialized structure and rich reservoir of phytochemicals. Therefore, there is a need to bioprospect this rich resource for antioxidants.",signatures:"Dheeraj Gahtori and Preeti Chaturvedi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67501",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67501",authors:[{id:"262038",title:"Dr.",name:"Preeti",surname:"Chaturvedi",slug:"preeti-chaturvedi",fullName:"Preeti Chaturvedi"},{id:"279263",title:"Mr.",name:"Dheeraj",surname:"Gahtori",slug:"dheeraj-gahtori",fullName:"Dheeraj Gahtori"}],corrections:null},{id:"63973",title:"Ohioensins: A Potential Therapeutic Drug for Curing Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81583",slug:"ohioensins-a-potential-therapeutic-drug-for-curing-diseases",totalDownloads:628,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Benzonaphthoxanthenones are a class of flavanoids which are absent in the liverworts and hornworts and present only in the mosses. Ohioensins are benzonaphthoxanthenones which are isolated from various moss species. First compound of this series was isolated from the Polytrichum ohioense Renauld & Cardot. and hence named as Ohioensin A. Together with Ohioensin A, there are 10 other Ohioensins (B–H) and their derivatives have been extracted from different species of mosses. These compounds are pharmaceutically very important and various studies have shown their usefulness as antioxidant, in Atherosclerosis and cytotoxic activities against various human tumor cell lines. In this chapter, synthesis of Ohioensins, their structure and potential medicinal uses are discussed.",signatures:"Satish Chandra, Dinesh Chandra and Arun Kumar Khajuria",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63973",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63973",authors:[{id:"265063",title:"Dr.",name:"Satish",surname:"Chandra",slug:"satish-chandra",fullName:"Satish Chandra"},{id:"267406",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Dinesh",surname:"Chandra",slug:"dr.-dinesh-chandra",fullName:"Dr. Dinesh Chandra"},{id:"267407",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Arun Kumar",surname:"Khajuria",slug:"dr.-arun-kumar-khajuria",fullName:"Dr. Arun Kumar Khajuria"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6277",title:"Physical Methods for Stimulation of Plant and Mushroom Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33dff71e3489403e273057ae36bd0dbd",slug:"physical-methods-for-stimulation-of-plant-and-mushroom-development",bookSignature:"Mohamed El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6277.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. 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A. A. Raof, M. Y. Mashor, R. B. Ahmad and S. S. M. Noor",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"12388",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Badlishah",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",fullName:"R. Badlishah Ahmad",slug:"r.-badlishah-ahmad"},{id:"22111",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd. Yusoff",middleName:null,surname:"Mashor",fullName:"Mohd. Yusoff Mashor",slug:"mohd.-yusoff-mashor"},{id:"22112",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafikha Aliana",middleName:null,surname:"A Raof",fullName:"Rafikha Aliana A Raof",slug:"rafikha-aliana-a-raof"},{id:"22632",title:"Prof.",name:"Siti Suraiya",middleName:null,surname:"Md. Noor",fullName:"Siti Suraiya Md. 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Hassanpour",slug:"hamid-hassanpour"}]},{id:"15370",type:"chapter",title:"Hardware Implementation of a Real-Time Image Segmentation Circuit based on Fuzzy Logic for Edge Detection Application",slug:"hardware-implementation-of-a-real-time-image-segmentation-circuit-based-on-fuzzy-logic-for-edge-dete",totalDownloads:2363,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Angel Barriga",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21122",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Barriga",fullName:"Angel Barriga",slug:"angel-barriga"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3125",title:"Advances in Image Segmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"94056fc0687fbb81e9d8cc4b1e297312",slug:"advances-in-image-segmentation",bookSignature:"Pei-Gee Peter Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3125.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21284",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Gee",surname:"Ho",slug:"pei-gee-ho",fullName:"Pei-Gee Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38131",title:"Template Matching Approaches Applied to Vertebra Detection",slug:"template-matching-approaches-applied-to-vertebra-detection",signatures:"Mohammed Benjelloun, Saïd Mahmoudi and Mohamed Amine Larhmam",authors:[{id:"151431",title:"Dr.",name:"Saïd",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",fullName:"Saïd Mahmoudi",slug:"said-mahmoudi"},{id:"153326",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Benjelloun",fullName:"Mohammed Benjelloun",slug:"mohammed-benjelloun"},{id:"153327",title:"MSc.",name:"Mohamed Amine",middleName:null,surname:"Larhmam",fullName:"Mohamed Amine Larhmam",slug:"mohamed-amine-larhmam"}]},{id:"37750",title:"Image Segmentation and Time Series Clustering Based on Spatial and Temporal ARMA Processes",slug:"image-segmentation-and-time-series-clustering-based-on-spatial-and-temporal-arma-processes",signatures:"Ronny Vallejos and Silvia Ojeda",authors:[{id:"151600",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Vallejos",fullName:"Vallejos",slug:"vallejos"},{id:"152029",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Ojeda",fullName:"Silvia Ojeda",slug:"silvia-ojeda"}]},{id:"37708",title:"Image Segmentation Through an Iterative Algorithm of the Mean Shift",slug:"image-segmentation-through-an-iterative-algorithm-of-the-mean-shift",signatures:"Roberto Rodríguez Morales, Didier Domínguez, Esley Torres and Juan H. Sossa",authors:[{id:"20624",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez",fullName:"Roberto Rodriguez",slug:"roberto-rodriguez"}]},{id:"40286",title:"Constrained Compound MRF Model with Bi-Level Line Field for Color Image Segmentation",slug:"constrained-compound-mrf-model-with-bi-level-line-field-for-color-image-segmentation",signatures:"P. K. Nanda and Sucheta Panda",authors:[{id:"152451",title:"Prof.",name:"Pradipta Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Nanda",fullName:"Pradipta Kumar Nanda",slug:"pradipta-kumar-nanda"}]},{id:"40216",title:"Cognitive and Statistical Pattern Recognition Applied in Color and Texture Segmentation for Natural Scenes",slug:"cognitive-and-statistical-pattern-recognition-applied-in-color-and-texture-segmentation-for-natural-",signatures:"Luciano Cássio Lulio, Mário Luiz Tronco, Arthur José Vieira Porto, Carlos Roberto Valêncio and Rogéria Cristiane Gratão de Souza",authors:[{id:"18366",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:"Cássio",surname:"Lugli",fullName:"Luciano Lugli",slug:"luciano-lugli"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"99",title:"Image Segmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5a76ae0e1714cc2c4019296ef7f4f08",slug:"image-segmentation",bookSignature:"Pei-Gee Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/99.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21284",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Gee",surname:"Ho",slug:"pei-gee-ho",fullName:"Pei-Gee Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1326",title:"Digital Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4aabc0c4713da53c9c996abed9fe259a",slug:"digital-image-processing",bookSignature:"Stefan G. Stanciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1326.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17941",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan G.",surname:"Stanciu",slug:"stefan-g.-stanciu",fullName:"Stefan G. Stanciu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1925",title:"Advanced Image Acquisition, Processing Techniques and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"877298c5eacd9e7081a4f4d89be5db4c",slug:"advanced-image-acquisition-processing-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Ventzas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1925.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109555",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Ventzas",slug:"dimitrios-ventzas",fullName:"Dimitrios Ventzas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1973",title:"Image Restoration",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cba7791da39b779e7d88407bfdd13ef9",slug:"image-restoration-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Aymeric Histace",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1973.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105110",title:"Dr.",name:"Aymeric",surname:"Histace",slug:"aymeric-histace",fullName:"Aymeric Histace"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3125",title:"Advances in Image Segmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"94056fc0687fbb81e9d8cc4b1e297312",slug:"advances-in-image-segmentation",bookSignature:"Pei-Gee Peter Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3125.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21284",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Gee",surname:"Ho",slug:"pei-gee-ho",fullName:"Pei-Gee Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"99",title:"Image Segmentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5a76ae0e1714cc2c4019296ef7f4f08",slug:"image-segmentation",bookSignature:"Pei-Gee Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/99.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21284",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Gee",surname:"Ho",slug:"pei-gee-ho",fullName:"Pei-Gee Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78338",title:"Wear Life of Bonded MoS2 Film Lubricant",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99802",slug:"wear-life-of-bonded-mos-sub-2-sub-film-lubricant",body:'Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), along with graphite or PTFE, is a commonly used solid lubricant. One of the most commonly used forms of MoS2 is a bonded film lubricant. Its application process is relatively simple and stable performance can be obtained, compared to other coatings such as sputtering. They are often used in automobiles and OA equipment, especially in aerospace applications.
Lubrication properties of MoS2 are known to be greatly affected by environmental atmosphere, and the same is true for bonded MoS2 film lubricants. They generally perform well in dry air, inert gas environments and in vacuum, compared to moist air environment. Because of this, they often used in space applications.
However, the performance in the atmosphere is often important even for space applications, which may be used in the atmosphere before the launching for the tests etc., and for devices that moves in and out of vacuum and the atmosphere.
The lubrication properties of bonded MoS2 film lubricant in vacuum and in air were investigated, and it was found that specific wear rate is often not effective in estimating the wear life. Fatigue at the interface between the film and the substrate is found to be the main factor that determines wear life of bonded MoS2 film lubricant, and short life in the atmosphere could be attributed to the fatigue.
Figure 1 shows the typical application process of the bonded MoS2 film lubricant. It can apply to various forms of products, including inner side of the holes. The thickness of the film is typically about 10 micro-meters. Sometimes this is too large for some mechanical parts, e.g. precious ball bearings, but usually small enough to realize smooth engagement of the parts.
Typical application process of bonded MoS2 film lubricant.
Figure 2 [1] shows the cross-section of the bonded MoS2 film lubricant including substrate and film. The cross-section is enlarged vertically because it was cut diagonally. It can be seen that an intricately shaped substrate anchors the film. Such substrate surface morphology is produced by pretreatment of the substrate such as blasting. Chemical pretreatment passivates the surface of the substrate, some of which gives the surface a fine mesh-like structure. It has been reported that the final texture of the substrate surface is determined by blasting and that phosphate treatment, a type of chemical treatment, promotes significant changes in surface roughness [2]. Substrate pretreatment is an important process for providing a strong adhesion between the film and the substrate, resulting in a longer wear life of the bonded film lubricant [3].
Cross-section of bonded MoS2 film lubricant [
As the lubrication performance in vacuum is excellent, the bonded MoS2 film lubricants are often used in space applications [4, 5, 6]. Figure 3 [4] shows the joint mechanism of the robot arm of the space station: ISS. Bonded MoS2 film lubricant is applied to gears and sliding bearings in it. In general it seems to be often used for pure-sliding or rolling-sliding surfaces rather than pure-rolling surfaces.
Joint mechanism of robot arm of space station: ISS [
Bonded MoS2 film lubricants are used at a variety of sliding speeds and loading conditions, but naturally their limiting PV values are smaller than oil lubrication. The working conditions under which they perform well seem to be high load and low speed conditions [7] where oil lubrication does not perform well. In this chapter, we will mainly discuss the friction and wear of bonded MoS2 film lubricants under relatively high load and low speed conditions.
The friction and wear life of journal bearings with bonded MoS2 film lubricant applied to some substrates were investigated in vacuum using the test equipment shown in Figure 4 [8]. Figure 5 illustrates the friction measurement part of the equipment set in the vacuum chamber. The shaft was oscillated by AC servo motor through reduction gear and feedthrough. The radial load was applied by an air cylinder outside the vacuum chamber through a bellows. The bore and width of the bearing were 10 mm and 7 mm, respectively. The lubricant was applied both to the bearing and the shaft. The frictional torque was measured by the load cell above the test bearing.
In-vacuum journal bearing test equipment [
Friction measurement part of the in-vacuum journal bearing test equipment.
The commercially available bonded MoS2 film lubricant, including about 25 wt. % MoS2 and phenolic resin binder, was spray coated and heat cured at 150°C for 1 h. The film thickness was about 10 micro-meters and the diameter clearance between the bearing and the shaft with lubricant film was 10-20 micrometers.
Table 1 [1] shows the substrate materials and pretreatment for the bearings and the shafts. Table 2 [1] indicates the bearing and the shaft combinations. The circled numbers in the table correspond to those in Table 1. Table 3 [1] shows the test conditions.
No. | Substrate material | Heat-treatment | Hardness Hv. | Pretreatment |
---|---|---|---|---|
① | JIS 2017 aluminum alloy | JIS T4 | 120-130 | Sand-blasting |
② | JIS 440C stainless steel (martensitic stainless steel) | Quench hardening and tempering | 570-590 | Sand-blasting and passivating |
③ | JIS 304 stainless steel (austenitic stainless steel) | — | 220-250 | Sand-blasting and passivating |
Substrate materials and pretreatment for bearings and shafts [1].
Set No. | Substrate material | |
---|---|---|
bearing | Shaft | |
1 | ① | ② |
2 | ② | ② |
3 | ③ | ③ |
Bearing and shaft combinations [1].
Motion | Oscillation |
---|---|
Atmosphere | 10−5 Pa vacuum |
Load | 1470 N |
Angular velocity | 10 deg./s |
Oscillational angle | 50 deg |
Test conditions [1].
Figure 6 [1] illustrated the typical measured friction evolution. The measured friction drew the rectangular wave due to the oscillation motion and half of the total amplitude was used as the frictional force. The friction gradually decreased with the number of oscillations and suddenly increased. This sudden increase point was used as the wear life of the lubricant.
Typical measured friction evolution [
Figure 7 [1] shows the appearance of the tested shaft. A part of the film lubricant was removed and the metal substrate was exposed and scratched. Figure 8 [1] shows the lubricant film profiles of Set No.3 specimen in Table 2 at the points (a) and (b) in the wear life shown in the right diagram. Most of the film thickness remained near the end of the wear life, and the scratched part was observed at the end of the test.
Appearance of the tested shaft [
Lubricant film profiles: (a) about 60% of wear life, (b) after the friction increase [
Figure 9 [1] indicated the wear life and friction coefficient of the tested combinations. There was no significant difference in the friction coefficients, but the wear life of the SUS304 was much longer than the others.
Wear life and friction coefficient of the tested combinations [
It was observed that the film thickness of the lubricant gradually decreased, but it seems that the wear life suddenly came with most of the film thickness remaining. This form of wear has been observed in several previous studies [9, 10]. This means that specific wear rates cannot be used to predict wear life. In some studies, specific wear rates has been proposed for the wear life estimation of the bonded MoS2 film lubricant [9, 11]. It may be used for relatively large sliding speed and low load conditions, but cannot be used for small sliding speed and high load conditions like this case.
The sudden decrease of the film is probably due to the de-bonding of the film from the substrate, possibly due to fatigue. The adhesion strength between the substrate and the film must affect the fatigue strength, that is, the wear life, and is strongly dependent on the anchoring effect by the surface morphology of the pretreated substrate.
The surface morphology of the pretreated substrate was investigated using “pretreated surface specimen” shown in Figure 10 [1]. A portion of one side of a rectangular metal specimen was pretreated and the bonded MoS2 film lubricant was applied to half of the pretreated area. Figure 11 [1] shows the surface profiles of the specimens. As shown in (a) and (c), the pretreated areas of the aluminum alloy substrate and the SUS304 stainless steel substrate had a roughness that went up and down across the original surface, while that of the SUS440C stainless steel substrate was below the original surface. This means that ductile metal surfaces such as aluminum alloy and SUS304 stainless steel (austenitic stainless steel) were deformed plastically by the blasting and that of brittle metal such as SUS440C (martensitic stainless steel) seems to have had its surface layer taken away by the blasting. This resulted in a characteristic surface morphology.
Pretreated surface specimen [
Surface profiles of the pretreated surface specimens, (a) aluminum alloy, (b) SUS440C, (c) SUS 304 [
Figure 12 [1] shows the cross- sections of the pretreated surface specimens. The SUS304 specimen indicated the intricate surface morphology, while the SUS440C specimen had a monotonous wavy surface morphology. Probably these morphologies brought the strong adhesion between the substrate and the film, that is, the long wear life, to the SUS304 substrate and short wear life to the 440C substrate. The work hardening would also have contributed to the long wear life of the SUS304 substrate. The short wear life of aluminum alloy substrate could be attributable to the deformation of surface morphology by the load due to the lack of the hardness.
Cross-sections of the pretreated surface specimens: (a) SUS440C substrate, (b) SUS304 substrate [
Friction and wear life characteristics were investigated under various loads, sliding speeds in air and vacuum atmospheres using the test equipment used in Section 3.1. Test materials and test conditions are shown in Table 4 [8] and Table 5 [8], respectively. SUS630 is a precipitation hardened stainless steel with high strength, and was chosen for the shaft specimen in consideration of actual applications.
Shaft material | JIS 630 stainless steel (precipitation hardened stainless steel) |
---|---|
Bearing bush material | JIS 304 stainless steel |
Bearing bore, mm × length, mm | 10 × 7, 5 × 7, 10 × 3.5 |
Bearing clearance, μm | ~20 |
Test materials [7].
No. | Bearing bore × width (mm) | Load (N) | Bearing pressure (MPa) | Oscillational angle (deg.) | Angular velocity (deg. /s) | Atmosphere |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 10 × 7 | 5880 | 84 | 50 | 50 | vacuum |
2 | 10 × 7 | 1960 | 28 | 50 | 50 | vacuum |
3 | 10 × 7 | 980 | 14 | 50 | 50 | vacuum |
4 | 10 × 7 | 5880 | 84 | 50 | 50 | air |
5 | 10 × 7 | 1960 | 28 | 50 | 50 | air |
6 | 10 × 7 | 980 | 14 | 50 | 50 | air |
7 | 10 × 7 | 5880 | 84 | 50 | 5 | vacuum |
8 | 10 × 7 | 5880 | 84 | 50 | 5 | air |
9 | 10 × 7 | 1960 | 28 | 300 | 50 | vacuum |
10 | 10 × 7 | 1960 | 28 | 300 | 50 | air |
11 | 5 × 7 | 980 | 28 | 50 | 50 | air |
12 | 10 × 3.5 | 980 | 28 | 50 | 50 | air |
Test conditions [7].
Figure 13 [8] shows a typical change in the friction coefficient with the number of oscillations in air and in vacuum. The friction coefficient was several times larger and the wear life was several ten times shorter in air than in vacuum. The relationship between the friction coefficient and the load is shown in Figure 14 [8]. Friction coefficient used was in the steady state as shown in Figure 13. Friction coefficient was about 0.2 in air and about 0.05 in vacuum regardless of test conditions.
Typical change in friction coefficient in air and in vacuum [
Relationship between the friction coefficient and load [
Figure 15 [8] shows the relationship between the bearing pressure and the wear life. The wear life refers to the number of oscillations when friction increased sharply. There are two groups, one in vacuum and one in air, with differences in wear life of hundreds of thousands of oscillations. It seems that there is no relationship between the groups.
Relationship between bearing pressure and wear life [
Figure 16 [8] shows the lubricant film profile at about 70% wear life in air, obtained under the same test conditions as No. 5 in Table 5. Most of the film thickness remained, as in the in-vacuum test shown in Figure 8. This suggests that the wear life in air, as well as in vacuum, is due to the de-bonding of the film from the substrate, and that the fatigue strength of the film-substrate interface may determine the wear life.
Lubricant film profile at about 70% wear life in air [
Fatigue strength of some metals are known to be affected by atmosphere and be larger in vacuum than in air (e.g. [12]). However, it has been shown that the propagation rate of fatigue cracks in epoxy resins is almost the same in both vacuum and air [13], and in general, the fatigue of resins, which are the binders of the films, is considered to be less affected by the atmosphere. Therefore, the short wear life due to fatigue of film lubricants in air is not considered to be due to their reaction to the environmental atmosphere. The factor that differs between vacuum and air and is considered to affect fatigue is the friction coefficient.
Stress analysis was performed to investigate the effects of the friction coefficient on the stress in the film [8]. The analysis was performed as a plane strain perfect elasticity problem. Young’s modulus of the film was measured in dry air to be about 10 GPa. Calculation conditions are shown in Table 6 [8].
Film thickness (μm) | Young’s modulus of film (GPa) | Poisson’s ratio of film | Young’s modulus of substrate (GPa) | Poisson’s ratio of substrate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 10 | 0.3 | 197 | 0.3 | |
No. | Bearing bore (mm) | Shaft diameter (mm) | Line load (N/mm) | Friction coefficient | Corresponding test numbers |
1 | 10.02 | 10 | 840 | 0.05 | 1, 7 |
2 | 10.02 | 10 | 280 | 0.05 | 2, 9 |
3 | 10.02 | 10 | 140 | 0.05 | 3 |
4 | 10.02 | 10 | 840 | 0.2 | 4, 8 |
5 | 10.02 | 10 | 280 | 0.2 | 5, 10, 12 |
6 | 10.02 | 10 | 140 | 0.3 | 6 |
7 | 5.02 | 5 | 140 | 0.2 | 11 |
Calculation conditions [7].
Figure 17 [8] shows examples of the calculated stresses in the film. Since the film thickness is small compared to the contact length, the stress is almost constant in the depth direction of the film.
Examples of calculated stresses in the film [
Figure 18 [8] shows the relationship between the maximum shear stress at the interface between the film and the substrate in the direction parallel to the interface and wear life. All points are on a straight line, whether they are in vacuum or in air. This is a typical S-N curve for fatigue phenomenon. Therefore, the wear life of the bonded MoS2 film lubricant can be attributed to fatigue due to shear stress at the interface. Since the contact width is much larger than the film thickness, the shear stress at the interface is almost the same as the shear stress at the film surface, i.e., the product of the friction coefficient and the contact pressure, as shown in Figure 17(b) and (d). Since the maximum von Mises stress, which contains a large component of vertical loading, did not show the same relationship as the shear stress, damage inside the film is not considered to be the cause of wear life in this case. Thus, the difference in wear life between vacuum and air is due to the friction coefficient between vacuum and air.
Relationship between the maximum shear stress at the interface between the film and the substrate and wear life [
The effect of repeated vertical loading was investigated separately. Figure 19 shows the “repeated vertical loading machine” [14], in which the bonded MoS2 film lubricant on the flat surface was subjected to the repeated vertical pressure by a steel ball with 5/16 in. (~7.9 mm) diameter. A sinusoidal load of 0.98 N to 4.4 N was applied at a frequency of 1000 cpm.
Repeated vertical loading machine [
Only dents with a few micrometer depth were observed on the tested lubricant films after more than 107 times loading, as shown in Figure 20 [14], and no de-bonding was observed. Hence, the repeated shear stress, i.e. the friction, rather than the repeated vertical load causes the de-bonding of the film lubricant.
Surface profiles of the film after the tests: (a) static loading, (b) 1 × 107 loadings, (c) 4.4 × 107 loadings [
Wear life of bonded MoS2 film lubricants was found to be caused by de-bonding of the film from the substrate due to fatigue under relatively high load and low speed condition. In order to improve wear life, it is important to select substrate materials with appropriate surface morphology through pretreatment to provide strong adhesion to the film. The specific wear rate, which assumes that the amount of wear of the material is constant according to the load and sliding distance, is not suitable for estimating the wear life of bonded MoS2 film lubricants under these conditions.
When the thickness of the film is much smaller than the contact length, as in the case treated here, the frictional force directly becomes the shear force at the interface, which determines the fatigue life of the film-substrate adhesion. In other words, the friction coefficient has a direct effect on the wear life of the film lubricants. It was shown that the wear life of bonded MoS2 film lubricant in vacuum is much longer than in air. This is because the friction coefficient in vacuum is much smaller than in the air.
In order to improve the wear life in air, it is effective to reduce the friction coefficient in air. It is the moisture in air that increases the friction of MoS2 in air. Attempts to reduce the friction in air, such as adsorbing a surfactant on MoS2 to prevent the adsorption of water molecules and thus imparting hydrophobicity to MoS2 [15], are expected to expand the application fields of bonded MoS2 film lubricants.
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",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
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\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Shamshiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203413",title:"Dr.",name:"Redmond R.",middleName:null,surname:"Shamshiri",slug:"redmond-r.-shamshiri",fullName:"Redmond R. Shamshiri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. 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Stress is any adverse environmental condition that hampers proper growth of plant. Abiotic stress creates adverse effect on multiple procedures of morphology, biochemistry and physiology that are directly connected with growth and yield of plant. Abiotic stress are quantitative trait hence genes linked to these traits can be identified and used to select desirable alleles responsible for tolerance in plant. Plants can initiate a number of molecular, cellular and physiological modifications to react to and adapt to abiotic stress. Crop productivity is significantly affected by drought, salinity and cold. Abiotic stress reduce water availability to plant roots by increasing water soluble salts in soil and plants suffer from increased osmotic pressure outside the root. Physiological changes include lowering of leaf osmotic potential, water potential and relative water content, creation of nutritional imbalance, enhancing relative stress injury or one or more combination of these factors. Morphological and biochemical changes include changes in root and shoot length, number of leaves, secondary metabolite (glycine betaine, proline, MDA, abscisic acid) accumulation in plant, source and sink ratio. Proposed chapter will concentrate on enhancing plant response to abiotic stress and contemporary breeding application to increasing stress tolerance.",book:{id:"9345",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production"},signatures:"Summy Yadav, Payal Modi, Akanksha Dave, Akdasbanu Vijapura, Disha Patel and Mohini Patel",authors:[{id:"186963",title:"Dr.",name:"Summy",middleName:null,surname:"Yadav",slug:"summy-yadav",fullName:"Summy Yadav"},{id:"308004",title:"Ms.",name:"Payal",middleName:null,surname:"Modi",slug:"payal-modi",fullName:"Payal Modi"},{id:"308005",title:"Ms.",name:"Akanksha",middleName:null,surname:"Dave",slug:"akanksha-dave",fullName:"Akanksha Dave"},{id:"308006",title:"Ms.",name:"Akdasbanu",middleName:null,surname:"Vijapara",slug:"akdasbanu-vijapara",fullName:"Akdasbanu Vijapara"},{id:"308007",title:"Ms.",name:"Disha",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",slug:"disha-patel",fullName:"Disha Patel"},{id:"308008",title:"Ms.",name:"Mohini",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",slug:"mohini-patel",fullName:"Mohini Patel"}]},{id:"68927",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89089",title:"Nano-Fertilizers for Sustainable Crop Production under Changing Climate: A Global Perspective",slug:"nano-fertilizers-for-sustainable-crop-production-under-changing-climate-a-global-perspective",totalDownloads:2088,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:33,abstract:"Since green revolution, chemical fertilizers are deemed an indispensable input of modern crop production systems, but these have associated environmental and ecological consequences. Loss of nutrients from agricultural fields in the form of leaching and gaseous emissions has been the leading cause of environmental pollution and climate change. Ensuring the sustainability of crop production necessitates exploring other sources of nutrients and modifying prevalent nutrient sources. Nanotechnology, which utilizes nanomaterials of less than 100 nm size, may offer an unprecedented opportunity to develop concentrated sources of plant nutrients having higher-absorption rate, utilization efficacy, and minimum losses. Nanofertilizers are being prepared by encapsulating plant nutrients into nanomaterials, employing thin coating of nanomaterials on plant nutrients, and delivering in the form of nano-sized emulsions. Nano-pores and stomatal openings in plant leaves facilitate nanomaterial uptake and their penetration deep inside leaves leading to higher nutrient use efficiency (NUE). Nanofertilizers have higher transport and delivery of nutrients through plasmodesmata, which are nanosized (50–60 nm) channels between cells. The higher NUE and significantly lesser nutrient losses of nanofertilizers lead to higher productivity (6–17%) and nutritional quality of field crops. However, production and availability, their sufficient effective legislation, and associated risk management are the prime limiting factors in their general adoption as plant nutrient sources.",book:{id:"9345",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production"},signatures:"Muhammad Aamir Iqbal",authors:[{id:"249866",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aamir",middleName:null,surname:"Iqbal",slug:"muhammad-aamir-iqbal",fullName:"Muhammad Aamir Iqbal"}]},{id:"67546",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86339",title:"Application Potentials of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Fungi as an Alternative to Conventional Weed Control Methods",slug:"application-potentials-of-plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria-and-fungi-as-an-alternative-to-conven",totalDownloads:1116,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Weeds are the plants usually grown on unwanted places and are notorious for causing interruptions in agricultural settings. Remarkable yield losses have been reported in fields infested with weeds worldwide. So far, these weeds cause about 34% of losses to yields of major agricultural crops and pose threats to economic condition of the farmers. Conventionally, weed control was achieved by the use of chemical herbicides and traditional agronomic practices. But these methods are no more sustainable as the magnitude of threats imposed by these conventionally outdated methods such as chemical herbicides is greater than the benefits achieved and their continuous use has disturbed biodiversity and weed ecology along with herbicide resistance in some weeds. Herbicide residues are held responsible for human health hazards as well. Therefore the future of weed control is to rely on alternative approaches which may be biological agents such as bacteria and fungi. This chapter highlights the potentials of using bacterial and fungal biocontrol agents against weeds in farmer fields. Moreover, detailed review on merits and demerits of conventional weed control methods is discussed in this chapter.",book:{id:"9345",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production"},signatures:"Adnan Mustafa, Muhammad Naveed, Qudsia Saeed, Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf, Azhar Hussain, Tanveer Abbas, Muhammad Kamran, Nan-Sun and Xu Minggang",authors:[{id:"276041",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"azhar-hussain",fullName:"Azhar Hussain"},{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa"},{id:"300582",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Naveed",slug:"muhammad-naveed",fullName:"Muhammad Naveed"},{id:"300583",title:"Ms.",name:"Qudsia",middleName:null,surname:"Saeed",slug:"qudsia-saeed",fullName:"Qudsia Saeed"},{id:"300584",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanveer",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"tanveer-abbas",fullName:"Tanveer Abbas"},{id:"300585",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Nadeem Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-nadeem-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf"},{id:"300586",title:"Prof.",name:"Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Minggang",slug:"xu-minggang",fullName:"Xu Minggang"},{id:"301223",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Kamran",slug:"muhammad-kamran",fullName:"Muhammad Kamran"}]},{id:"48142",doi:"10.5772/59933",title:"Wastes in Building Materials Industry",slug:"wastes-in-building-materials-industry",totalDownloads:4064,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"4566",slug:"agroecology",title:"Agroecology",fullTitle:"Agroecology"},signatures:"Marinela Barbuta, Roxana Dana Bucur, Sorin Mihai Cimpeanu, Gigel Paraschiv and Daniel Bucur",authors:[{id:"50794",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"G",surname:"Bucur",slug:"daniel-bucur",fullName:"Daniel Bucur"}]},{id:"64340",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80365",title:"Deficit Irrigation in Mediterranean Fruit Trees and Grapevines: Water Stress Indicators and Crop Responses",slug:"deficit-irrigation-in-mediterranean-fruit-trees-and-grapevines-water-stress-indicators-and-crop-resp",totalDownloads:1429,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"In regions with Mediterranean climate, water is the major environmental resource that limits growth and production of plants, experiencing a long period of water scarcity during summer. Despite the fact that most plants developed morphological, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms that allow to cope with such environments, these harsh summer conditions reduce growth, yield, and fruit quality. Irrigation is implemented to overcome such effects. Conditions of mild water deficit imposed by deficit irrigation strategies, with minimal effects on yield, are particularly suitable for such regions. Efficient irrigation strategies and scheduling techniques require the quantification of crop water requirements but also the identification of pertinent water stress indicators and their threshold. This chapter reviews the scientific information about deficit irrigation recommendations and thresholds concerning water stress indicators on peach trees, olive trees, and grapevines, as case studies.",book:{id:"6952",slug:"irrigation-in-agroecosystems",title:"Irrigation in Agroecosystems",fullTitle:"Irrigation in Agroecosystems"},signatures:"Anabela Fernandes-Silva, Manuel Oliveira, Teresa A. Paço and Isabel\nFerreira",authors:[{id:"81075",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",middleName:"Afonso",surname:"Fernandes-Silva",slug:"anabela-fernandes-silva",fullName:"Anabela Fernandes-Silva"},{id:"181227",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:"T.",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"manuel-oliveira",fullName:"Manuel Oliveira"},{id:"245447",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Paço",slug:"teresa-paco",fullName:"Teresa Paço"},{id:"245449",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"isabel-ferreira",fullName:"Isabel Ferreira"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58509",title:"Activity and Variety of Soil Microorganisms Depending on the Diversity of the Soil Tillage System",slug:"activity-and-variety-of-soil-microorganisms-depending-on-the-diversity-of-the-soil-tillage-system",totalDownloads:2175,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Soil is an ecosystem capable of producing the resources necessary for the development of the living organisms. Soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) are responsible for biomass decomposition, biogenic element circulation, which makes nutrients available to plants, biodegradation of impurities, and maintenance of soil structure. The presence of microorganisms in soil depends on their chemical composition, moisture, pH, and structure. Human activity has an indispensable influence on the formation of ecosystems. Soil tillage has an impact on the chemical and physical parameters of the soil, and thus on its biological properties. The use of inappropriate agro-technology can lead to degradation of the soil environment. Changes in soil properties may cause changes in soil abundance, activity, and diversity. Cultivation can affect microorganisms, causing their mortality and reducing the availability of nourishment in the soil. Therefore, it is extremely important to assess the diversity and microbiological activity of soil in relation to soil-tillage technology.",book:{id:"6485",slug:"sustainability-of-agroecosystems",title:"Sustainability of Agroecosystems",fullTitle:"Sustainability of Agroecosystems"},signatures:"Karolina Furtak and Anna Maria Gajda",authors:[{id:"225887",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Gajda",slug:"anna-gajda",fullName:"Anna Gajda"},{id:"225889",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Karolina",middleName:null,surname:"Furtak",slug:"karolina-furtak",fullName:"Karolina Furtak"}]},{id:"72075",title:"Application and Mechanisms of Plant Growth Promoting Fungi (PGPF) for Phytostimulation",slug:"application-and-mechanisms-of-plant-growth-promoting-fungi-pgpf-for-phytostimulation",totalDownloads:1323,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) constitute diverse genera of nonpathogenic fungi that provide a variety of benefits to their host plants. PGPF show an effective role in sustainable agriculture. Meeting increasing demand for crop production without damage to the environment is the biggest challenge nowadays. The use of PGPF has been recognized as an environmentally friendly way of increasing crop production. These fungi have proven to increase crop yields by improving germination, seedling vigor, plant growth, root morphogenesis, photosynthesis, and flowering through either a direct or indirect mechanism. The mechanisms of PGPF involve solubilizing and mineralizing nutrients for easy uptake by plants, regulating hormonal balance, producing volatile organic compounds and microbial enzyme, suppressing plant pathogens and ameliorating abiotic stresses. Successful colonization is an intrinsic factor for most PGPF to exert their beneficial effects on plants. A certain level of specificity exists in the interactions between plant species and PGPF for root colonization and growth promoting effects. There is a gap between the number of reported efficacious PGPF and the number of PGPF as biofertilizer. Efforts should be strengthened to improve the efficacy and commercialization of PGPF. Hence, this chapter summarizes valuable information regarding the application and mechanisms of PGPF in sustainable agriculture.",book:{id:"10134",slug:"organic-agriculture",title:"Organic Agriculture",fullTitle:"Organic Agriculture"},signatures:"Md. Motaher Hossain and Farjana Sultana",authors:[{id:"318381",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Motaher",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"md.-motaher-hossain",fullName:"Md. Motaher Hossain"},{id:"318383",title:"Dr.",name:"Farjana",middleName:null,surname:"Sultana",slug:"farjana-sultana",fullName:"Farjana Sultana"}]},{id:"72566",title:"Formulations of BGA for Paddy Crop",slug:"formulations-of-bga-for-paddy-crop",totalDownloads:618,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Blue green algae (BGA) are prokaryotic phototrophic organisms that can fix the atmospheric nitrogen biologically, and were directly applied as a biofertilizers in agricultural fields specifically Paddy field. Since they are having the ability to fix nitrogen, they are formulated with various adsorbents for the purpose of enhancing the crop growth along with maintaining the soil fertility and other soil factors responsible for productivity. The present study revealed that the formulations of blue green algae isolated from paddy fields of southern districts with different adsorbents like alluvial soil, sand, charcoal, and powdered paddy straw. All the adsorbents mixed with blue green algae showed significant growth when compared to the control plant. This determined that the adsorbent formulated mixed blue green algae enhanced the paddy plant growth under greenhouse condition.",book:{id:"9685",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",title:"Agroecosystems",fullTitle:"Agroecosystems – Very Complex Environmental Systems"},signatures:"Bagampriyal Selvaraj and Sadhana Balasubramanian",authors:[{id:"316222",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadhana",middleName:null,surname:"Balasubramanian",slug:"sadhana-balasubramanian",fullName:"Sadhana Balasubramanian"},{id:"316448",title:"Mrs.",name:"Bagampriyal",middleName:null,surname:"Selvaraj",slug:"bagampriyal-selvaraj",fullName:"Bagampriyal Selvaraj"}]},{id:"63233",title:"Paddy Fields as Artificial and Temporal Wetland",slug:"paddy-fields-as-artificial-and-temporal-wetland",totalDownloads:1368,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Paddy cultivation plays a significant and vital role on rice production. Most of the global population depends on the 480 million tons of rice produced each year as the basis for their lives. While about 90% of the world’s 160 million hectares of paddy fields are in Asian countries, mainly in monsoon regions, paddies are also seen in North America and Africa, even in dry regions. Most of the paddy fields are flooded naturally or artificially during rice production period. In the case that paddy fields are kept submerged artificially, hydraulic structures are required. Irrigated paddy fields produce traditionally much rice, taking befits of stable water supply and continuous ponding. Paddy fields are simultaneously performing other functions for local environment, including climate mitigation, flood control, groundwater recharge, biodiversity, and ecosystem development. On the other hand, since paddy fields require much water and modify the original and natural hydrological regime, they might cause adverse effect on local environment. Much water supply by irrigation sometimes requires drainage system, which also might alter local water balance. In this chapter, implication of paddy fields as artificial and temporal wetland is reviewed comprehensively with various aspects, focusing mainly on their role for local hydrological environment.",book:{id:"6952",slug:"irrigation-in-agroecosystems",title:"Irrigation in Agroecosystems",fullTitle:"Irrigation in Agroecosystems"},signatures:"Tsugihiro Watanabe",authors:[{id:"243864",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsugihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"tsugihiro-watanabe",fullName:"Tsugihiro Watanabe"}]},{id:"69405",title:"Plant Nutrition and Sustainable Crop Production in Nigeria",slug:"plant-nutrition-and-sustainable-crop-production-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:909,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to examine the determining factors of plant nutrition and sustainable crop production in Nigeria. The study applied an in-depth review of literature and observed that different biotic and abiotic factors interact together to determine the outcome of plant nutrition and sustainable crop production in Nigeria. These factors include; types of fertilizers applied, atmospheric emissions, level of technological development, infrastructural facilities, climatic conditions, irrigation method, and level of skilled labour force. The study recommended that there should be increased and equal access to credit facilities, social protection incentives, and more innovation and technological involvement in the agricultural sector in order to increase productivity and efficiency.",book:{id:"9345",slug:"sustainable-crop-production",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",fullTitle:"Sustainable Crop Production"},signatures:"Romanus Osabohien and Toun Ogunbiyi",authors:[{id:"290879",title:"Mr.",name:"Romanus",middleName:null,surname:"Osabohien",slug:"romanus-osabohien",fullName:"Romanus Osabohien"},{id:"310108",title:"Ms.",name:"Toun",middleName:null,surname:"Ogunbiyi",slug:"toun-ogunbiyi",fullName:"Toun Ogunbiyi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"307",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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