Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\n
This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\n
We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\n
Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"919",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Electrical Generation and Distribution Systems and Power Quality Disturbances",title:"Electrical Generation and Distribution Systems and Power Quality Disturbances",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The utilization of renewable energy sources such as wind energy, or solar energy, among others, is currently of greater interest. Nevertheless, since their availability is arbitrary and unstable this can lead to frequency variation, to grid instability and to a total or partial loss of load power supply, being not appropriate sources to be directly connected to the main utility grid. Additionally, the presence of a static converter as output interface of the generating plants introduces voltage and current harmonics into the electrical system that negatively affect system power quality. By integrating distributed power generation systems closed to the loads in the electric grid, we can eliminate the need to transfer energy over long distances through the electric grid. In this book the reader will be introduced to different power generation and distribution systems with an analysis of some types of existing disturbances and a study of different industrial applications such as battery charges.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-329-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4397-0",doi:"10.5772/1426",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"electrical-generation-and-distribution-systems-and-power-quality-disturbances",numberOfPages:320,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"fe78caf22b46bb1996cf7be89f98ddf7",bookSignature:"Gregorio Romero Rey and Luisa Martinez Muneta",publishedDate:"November 21st 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/919.jpg",numberOfDownloads:84879,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:24,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:49,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 11th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 8th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 15th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 14th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 13th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"964",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregorio",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"gregorio-romero",fullName:"Gregorio Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/964/images/1793_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Gregorio Romero Rey (Spain, 1974) received his Industrial Technical Engineering degree from the ICAI in 1996 and his Mechanical Engineering degree from the UNED in 2000. After the analysis of mathematical systems corresponding to multi-domain models, he was awarded his PhD Degree by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in 2005, the university in which he works as Associated Professor. Since 1997, he has worked mainly on simulation models and the virtual reality area, developing his research activity in the Research Group in Railway Technology and Advanced Simulation (CITEF) collaborating on European and National Projects, apart from works with private companies. He has been involved in different technical committees and has received two prizes associated with his research and education activity. At present he is the manager of an electrical simulator designed for a Spanish company and has published more than 70 technical papers in different international journals, books and conferences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Technical University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"121611",title:"Prof.",name:"Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",slug:"luisa-martinez",fullName:"Luisa Martinez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/121611/images/1795_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luisa Martinez Muneta received her Mechanical Engineer degree from the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) in 1990. She got her PhD Degree in 1997 working on variational geometry. Since 1990 she started to work as Associate Professor at UPM. She usually works in the field of computer graphics, simulation and virtual reality, developing her research activity in the Research Group in Railway Technology and Advanced Simulation (CITEF) from 1997. During this time she has been involved in different industrial projects and pilot activities promoted by the European Commission and other Spanish institutions, and has received some prizes associated with her activity. She has published 4 books and over 60 technical papers.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"769",title:"Power Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-power-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"23857",title:"Integration of Hybrid Distributed Generation Units in Power Grid",doi:"10.5772/19160",slug:"integration-of-hybrid-distributed-generation-units-in-power-grid",totalDownloads:5711,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marco Mauri, Luisa Frosio and Gabriele Marchegiani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23857",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23857",authors:[{id:"2381",title:"Ing.",name:"Marco",surname:"Mauri",slug:"marco-mauri",fullName:"Marco Mauri"},{id:"33881",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriele",surname:"Marchegiani",slug:"gabriele-marchegiani",fullName:"Gabriele Marchegiani"},{id:"44218",title:"Dr.",name:"Luisa",surname:"Frosio",slug:"luisa-frosio",fullName:"Luisa Frosio"}],corrections:null},{id:"23858",title:"Optimal Location and Control of Multi Hybrid Model Based Wind-Shunt FACTS to Enhance Power Quality",doi:"10.5772/20780",slug:"optimal-location-and-control-of-multi-hybrid-model-based-wind-shunt-facts-to-enhance-power-quality",totalDownloads:4123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Belkacem Mahdad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23858",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23858",authors:[{id:"28043",title:"Dr.",name:"Belkacem",surname:"Mahdad",slug:"belkacem-mahdad",fullName:"Belkacem Mahdad"}],corrections:null},{id:"23859",title:"Modeling of Photovoltaic Grid Connected Inverters Based on Nonlinear System Identification for Power Quality Analysis",doi:"10.5772/16914",slug:"modeling-of-photovoltaic-grid-connected-inverters-based-on-nonlinear-system-identification-for-power",totalDownloads:8291,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nopporn Patcharaprakiti, Krissanapong Kirtikara, Khanchai Tunlasakun, Juttrit Thongpron, Dheerayut Chenvidhya, Anawach Sangswang, Veerapol Monyakul and Ballang Muenpinij",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23859",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23859",authors:[{id:"26664",title:"Mr",name:"Nopporn",surname:"Patcharaprakiti",slug:"nopporn-patcharaprakiti",fullName:"Nopporn Patcharaprakiti"},{id:"43215",title:"Dr.",name:"Krissanapong",surname:"Kirtikara",slug:"krissanapong-kirtikara",fullName:"Krissanapong Kirtikara"},{id:"122221",title:"Dr.",name:"Khanchai",surname:"Tunlasakun",slug:"khanchai-tunlasakun",fullName:"Khanchai Tunlasakun"}],corrections:null},{id:"23860",title:"Reliability Centered Maintenance Optimization of Electric Distribution Systems",doi:"10.5772/18180",slug:"reliability-centered-maintenance-optimization-of-electric-distribution-systems",totalDownloads:5082,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dorin Sarchiz, Mircea Dulau, Daniel Bucur and Ovidiu Georgescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23860",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23860",authors:[{id:"30667",title:"Prof.",name:"Dorin Stefan",surname:"Sarchiz",slug:"dorin-stefan-sarchiz",fullName:"Dorin Stefan Sarchiz"},{id:"39983",title:"Mr.",name:"Mircea",surname:"Dulau",slug:"mircea-dulau",fullName:"Mircea Dulau"},{id:"39986",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Bucur",slug:"daniel-bucur",fullName:"Daniel Bucur"},{id:"39988",title:"Dr.",name:"Ovidiu",surname:"Georgescu",slug:"ovidiu-georgescu",fullName:"Ovidiu Georgescu"}],corrections:null},{id:"23861",title:"Power Quality Improvement by Using Synchronous Virtual Grid Flux Oriented Control of Grid Side Converter",doi:"10.5772/16480",slug:"power-quality-improvement-by-using-synchronous-virtual-grid-flux-oriented-control-of-grid-side-conve",totalDownloads:5208,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vasanth Reddy Bathula and Chitti Babu B.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23861",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23861",authors:[{id:"25245",title:"Dr.",name:"B.Vasanth",surname:"Reddy",slug:"b.vasanth-reddy",fullName:"B.Vasanth Reddy"},{id:"43280",title:"Mr",name:"Chitti Babu",surname:"B",slug:"chitti-babu-b",fullName:"Chitti Babu B"}],corrections:null},{id:"23862",title:"Power Quality and Voltage Sag Indices in Electrical Power Systems",doi:"10.5772/18181",slug:"power-quality-and-voltage-sag-indices-in-electrical-power-systems",totalDownloads:19131,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alexis Polycarpou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23862",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23862",authors:[{id:"30671",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexis",surname:"Polycarpou",slug:"alexis-polycarpou",fullName:"Alexis Polycarpou"}],corrections:null},{id:"23863",title:"Electrical Disturbances from High Speed Railway Environment to Existing Services",doi:"10.5772/22133",slug:"electrical-disturbances-from-high-speed-railway-environment-to-existing-services",totalDownloads:7072,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Juan de Dios Sanz-Bobi, Jorge Garzón-Núñez, Roberto Loiero and Jesús Félez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23863",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23863",authors:[{id:"46439",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan de Dios",surname:"Sanz-Bobi",slug:"juan-de-dios-sanz-bobi",fullName:"Juan de Dios Sanz-Bobi"},{id:"46606",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Garzón",slug:"jorge-garzon",fullName:"Jorge Garzón"},{id:"46607",title:"Mr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Loiero",slug:"roberto-loiero",fullName:"Roberto Loiero"},{id:"46608",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",surname:"Félez",slug:"jesus-felez",fullName:"Jesús Félez"}],corrections:null},{id:"23864",title:"Design of a Virtual Lab to Evaluate and Mitigate Power Quality Problems Introduced by Microgeneration",doi:"10.5772/18185",slug:"design-of-a-virtual-lab-to-evaluate-and-mitigate-power-quality-problems-introduced-by-microgeneratio",totalDownloads:3416,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sonia Pinto, J. Fernando Silva, Filipe Silva and Pedro Frade",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23864",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23864",authors:[{id:"30680",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Pinto",slug:"sonia-pinto",fullName:"Sonia Pinto"},{id:"44170",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Silva",slug:"fernando-silva",fullName:"Fernando Silva"},{id:"45534",title:"MSc.",name:"Filipe",surname:"Silva",slug:"filipe-silva",fullName:"Filipe Silva"},{id:"45535",title:"MSc",name:"Pedro",surname:"Frade",slug:"pedro-frade",fullName:"Pedro Frade"}],corrections:null},{id:"23865",title:"Understanding Power Quality Based FACTS Using Interactive Educational GUI Matlab Package",doi:"10.5772/24528",slug:"understanding-power-quality-based-facts-using-interactive-educational-gui-matlab-package",totalDownloads:7504,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Belkacem Mahdad and K. Srairi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23865",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23865",authors:[{id:"28043",title:"Dr.",name:"Belkacem",surname:"Mahdad",slug:"belkacem-mahdad",fullName:"Belkacem Mahdad"}],corrections:null},{id:"23866",title:"A Power Quality Monitoring System Via the Ethernet Network Based on the Embedded System",doi:"10.5772/16538",slug:"a-power-quality-monitoring-system-via-the-ethernet-network-based-on-the-embedded-system",totalDownloads:4766,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Krisda Yingkayun and Suttichai Premrudeepreechacharn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23866",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23866",authors:[{id:"25486",title:"Mr.",name:"Krisda",surname:"Yingkayun",slug:"krisda-yingkayun",fullName:"Krisda Yingkayun"},{id:"37533",title:"Dr.",name:"Suttichai",surname:"Premrudeepreechacharn",slug:"suttichai-premrudeepreechacharn",fullName:"Suttichai Premrudeepreechacharn"}],corrections:null},{id:"23867",title:"Some Basic Issues and Applications of Switch-Mode Rectifiers on Motor Drives and Electric Vehicle Chargers",doi:"10.5772/20151",slug:"some-basic-issues-and-applications-of-switch-mode-rectifiers-on-motor-drives-and-electric-vehicle-ch",totalDownloads:8839,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"C. M. Liaw and Y. C. Chang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23867",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23867",authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",surname:"Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw"},{id:"37618",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuan-Chih",surname:"Chang",slug:"yuan-chih-chang",fullName:"Yuan-Chih Chang"}],corrections:null},{id:"23868",title:"Battery Charger with Power Quality Improvement",doi:"10.5772/16437",slug:"battery-charger-with-power-quality-improvement",totalDownloads:5738,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23868",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23868",authors:[{id:"25089",title:"Dr.",name:"Dylan",surname:"Lu",slug:"dylan-lu",fullName:"Dylan Lu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"172",title:"Power Quality",subtitle:"Harmonics Analysis and Real Measurements Data",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f35bec1bed8ccb6a099567bbf197b48c",slug:"power-quality-harmonics-analysis-and-real-measurements-data",bookSignature:"Gregorio Romero Rey and Luisa Martinez Muneta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/172.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"964",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregorio",surname:"Romero",slug:"gregorio-romero",fullName:"Gregorio Romero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3734",title:"Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"modelling-simulation-and-optimization",bookSignature:"Gregorio Romero Rey and Luisa Martinez Muneta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3734.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"964",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregorio",surname:"Romero",slug:"gregorio-romero",fullName:"Gregorio Romero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1073",title:"Wireless Power Transfer",subtitle:"Principles and Engineering Explorations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"539623d2f9a1dca563421e451940e4e1",slug:"wireless-power-transfer-principles-and-engineering-explorations",bookSignature:"Ki Young Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5413",title:"Thermoelectrics for Power Generation",subtitle:"A Look at Trends in the Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d81a819e53a5ff35501b9876d5f6b1ab",slug:"thermoelectrics-for-power-generation-a-look-at-trends-in-the-technology",bookSignature:"Sergey Skipidarov and Mikhail Nikitin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16374",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",surname:"Nikitin",slug:"mikhail-nikitin",fullName:"Mikhail Nikitin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3177",title:"Wind Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a5f2db2003e1dfb3beb19541b2faf87",slug:"wind-power",bookSignature:"S M Muyeen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3177.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122699",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M.",surname:"Muyeen",slug:"s.-m.-muyeen",fullName:"S. M. Muyeen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3589",title:"ICT - Energy - Concepts Towards Zero",subtitle:"Power Information and Communication Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52d111bb721e0d749c1cee6c8b6d8ab8",slug:"ict-energy-concepts-towards-zero-power-information-and-communication-technology",bookSignature:"Giorgos Fagas, Luca Gammaitoni, Douglas Paul and Gabriel Abadal Berini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"168209",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgos",surname:"Fagas",slug:"giorgos-fagas",fullName:"Giorgos Fagas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3724",title:"Distributed Generation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9383c05ece5ed76feff7645f261830ba",slug:"distributed-generation",bookSignature:"D N Gaonkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3724.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112984",title:"Dr.",name:"Dattatraya",surname:"Gaonkar",slug:"dattatraya-gaonkar",fullName:"Dattatraya Gaonkar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"62",title:"Power Quality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"power-quality",bookSignature:"Andreas Eberhard",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/62.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18782",title:"Mr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Eberhard",slug:"andreas-eberhard",fullName:"Andreas Eberhard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3660",title:"Nuclear Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"nuclear-power",bookSignature:"Pavel Tsvetkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3660.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10023",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel V.",surname:"Tsvetkov",slug:"pavel-v.-tsvetkov",fullName:"Pavel V. Tsvetkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3076",title:"Advances in Wind Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7fd7c5d70cbc111f7a84a512c2189d48",slug:"advances-in-wind-power",bookSignature:"Rupp Carriveau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3076.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22234",title:"Dr.",name:"Rupp",surname:"Carriveau",slug:"rupp-carriveau",fullName:"Rupp Carriveau"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-lifestyle-and-epidemiology-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-a-double-burden-in-africa",title:"Corrigendum: Lifestyle and Epidemiology: Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases a Double Burden in African Populations",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79528.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79528",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79528",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79528",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79528",chapter:{id:"74853",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-a-double-burden-in-african-population",signatures:"Franck Ngowa Nzali, Mazou Ngou Temgoua, Joel Noutakdie Tochie and Simeon Pierre Choukem",dateSubmitted:"December 18th 2020",dateReviewed:"December 29th 2020",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 6th 2021",book:{id:"10558",title:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology",subtitle:"The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",fullTitle:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-the-double-burden-of-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-in-african-populations",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",bookSignature:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Han C.G. Kemper",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotsedi Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monyeki",slug:"kotsedi-daniel-monyeki",fullName:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"300903",title:"Prof.",name:"Simeon Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Choukem",fullName:"Simeon Pierre Choukem",slug:"simeon-pierre-choukem",email:"schoukem@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"326000",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel Noutakdie",middleName:null,surname:"Tochie",fullName:"Joel Noutakdie Tochie",slug:"joel-noutakdie-tochie",email:"joeltochie@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"334742",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Nzali",fullName:"Frank Nzali",slug:"frank-nzali",email:"nzalifranck@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}},{id:"334743",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazou Ngou",middleName:null,surname:"Temgoua",fullName:"Mazou Ngou Temgoua",slug:"mazou-ngou-temgoua",email:"mazoutemgoua@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"74853",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-a-double-burden-in-african-population",signatures:"Franck Ngowa Nzali, Mazou Ngou Temgoua, Joel Noutakdie Tochie and Simeon Pierre Choukem",dateSubmitted:"December 18th 2020",dateReviewed:"December 29th 2020",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 6th 2021",book:{id:"10558",title:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology",subtitle:"The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",fullTitle:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-the-double-burden-of-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-in-african-populations",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",bookSignature:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Han C.G. Kemper",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotsedi Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monyeki",slug:"kotsedi-daniel-monyeki",fullName:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"300903",title:"Prof.",name:"Simeon Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Choukem",fullName:"Simeon Pierre Choukem",slug:"simeon-pierre-choukem",email:"schoukem@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"326000",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel Noutakdie",middleName:null,surname:"Tochie",fullName:"Joel Noutakdie Tochie",slug:"joel-noutakdie-tochie",email:"joeltochie@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"334742",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Nzali",fullName:"Frank Nzali",slug:"frank-nzali",email:"nzalifranck@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}},{id:"334743",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazou Ngou",middleName:null,surname:"Temgoua",fullName:"Mazou Ngou Temgoua",slug:"mazou-ngou-temgoua",email:"mazoutemgoua@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Catholic University of Cameroon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cameroon"}}}]},book:{id:"10558",title:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology",subtitle:"The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",fullTitle:"Lifestyle and Epidemiology - The Double Burden of Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases in African Populations",slug:"lifestyle-and-epidemiology-the-double-burden-of-poverty-and-cardiovascular-diseases-in-african-populations",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",bookSignature:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki and Han C.G. Kemper",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10558.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"276287",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotsedi Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monyeki",slug:"kotsedi-daniel-monyeki",fullName:"Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11127",leadTitle:null,title:"Electrospinning - Material Technology of the Future",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe evolution of virtually all fields of science and industry is inextricably linked with access to modern functional materials with special physical properties. The development of material technologies based on efficiency, economy and environmental impact is also of great importance. In view of the challenges of the future in the field of sustainable industrial development, it is necessary to constantly search for materials that enable the implementation of the designers' assumptions. One of the most promising directions for the materials engineering based on materials with special properties (electrical, optical, mechanical, chemical) is the nano-scale operation. The famous saying of prof. Richard Feynman "There's Plenty of Space at the Bottom" is a great illustration of the possibilities of nanotechnology. In the case of nano-structured materials, the reduction to the nano-scale size results in a complete change of physical properties, eg.mechanical, electrical, and causes known materials to be somehow rediscovered.
\r\n
\r\n\tTherefore, the aim of the presented work is to briefly describe the latest research on one of the most interesting directions of material nanoengineering. The use of the modern technique of producing nanostructures, which is electrospinning, allows to obtain one-dimensional nanometric structures, both organic and inorganic, in a fast, economical process with low environmental impact. The work contains information on the basics of technology and detailed descriptions of individual parameters along with their influence on the structure and properties of the obtained materials. As shown by the available research, the perspective use of one-dimensional materials is extremely wide, it includes, among others, automotive, electronics, optics, medicine, environmental protection. Hence the necessity to collect and catalog the available information in a compact form of the presented book. In addition, the book will describe the prospects for the future development of electrospun materials with regard to applications.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-343-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-342-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-344-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4ea265f539dc64d666469f298a224027",bookSignature:"Prof. Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański and Dr. Pawel Jarka",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11127.jpg",keywords:"Electrostatic Repulsion, One-Dimensional Nanostructures, Mechanical Properties, Optoelectronic Properties, Flow Rate, Nanostructural Reinforcement, Semiconductors, Optical Parameters, Photocatalysis, Biocompatibility, Hybrid Nanocomposites, Portable",numberOfDownloads:243,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 2nd 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 30th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 29th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 17th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 18th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A recognized expert in the field of materials engineering and nanotechnology, author of over 400 scientific studies, and winner of numerous international awards.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",middleName:null,surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/15700/images/system/15700.png",biography:"Prof. Tomasz Tański is the head of the Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Poland, and a member of the Committee of Metallurgy of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He is also a specialist in non-ferrous alloys, composite and nanostructured materials, and structural engineering materials. He has authored or co-authored more than 400 scientific publications worldwide, including 15 monographs and books. He has won twenty national and international awards and honors. He is and/or was a supervisor or contractor for more than fifteen research and didactic projects in Poland and abroad. He is also a reviewer and promoter of numerous scientific papers, including eight doctoral research papers in the field of nanotechnology and materials.",institutionString:"Silesian University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:{name:"Silesian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"213174",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Jarka",slug:"pawel-jarka",fullName:"Pawel Jarka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213174/images/system/213174.jpg",biography:'Paweł Jarka obtained his Ph.D. from the Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Poland, where he is currently employed. The subject of his doctoral thesis was \\"The optoelectronic properties of active layers obtained by PVD methods in organic photovoltaic devices.\\" His scientific interests concern functional materials. During his scientific activity, he has participated in many scientific international conferences. He is the co-author of several dozen scientific papers and five chapters in monographs and co-editor of one book. He also has one patent to his credit.',institutionString:"Silesian University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Silesian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"292",title:"Material Science",slug:"technology-material-science"}],chapters:[{id:"81611",title:"Biomass Electrospinning: Recycling Materials for Green Economy Applications",slug:"biomass-electrospinning-recycling-materials-for-green-economy-applications",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"80458",title:"Production of Nanofibers from Plant Extracts by Electrospinning Method",slug:"production-of-nanofibers-from-plant-extracts-by-electrospinning-method",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81245",title:"Functional Nanofibers for Sensors",slug:"functional-nanofibers-for-sensors",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"81249",title:"Electrospun Polymeric Substrates for Tissue Engineering: Viewpoints on Fabrication, Application, and Challenges",slug:"electrospun-polymeric-substrates-for-tissue-engineering-viewpoints-on-fabrication-application-and-ch",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82676",title:"Electrospinning of Fiber Matrices from Polyhydroxybutyrate for the Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"electrospinning-of-fiber-matrices-from-polyhydroxybutyrate-for-the-controlled-release-drug-delivery-",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79949",title:"Active Electrospun Mats: A Promising Material for Active Food Packaging",slug:"active-electrospun-mats-a-promising-material-for-active-food-packaging",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5474",title:"Study of Grain Boundary Character",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"591ee927a4e438667ce39c8251cdacfa",slug:"study-of-grain-boundary-character",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tanski and Wojciech Borek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5474.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6501",title:"Electrospinning Method Used to Create Functional Nanocomposites Films",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c28620c5ccc64e4b32eb9758302a1679",slug:"electrospinning-method-used-to-create-functional-nanocomposites-films",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tański, Pawel Jarka and Wiktor Matysiak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6501.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7232",title:"Magnesium Alloys",subtitle:"Selected Issue",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"968e7fbf2920c8d89c013c5a8be0dbb3",slug:"magnesium-alloys-selected-issue",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tański, Wojciech Borek and Mariusz Król",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7232.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6172",title:"Creep",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4bebb76aea6fbaad3502b8de2a43e7c",slug:"creep",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tanski, Marek Sroka and Adam Zielinski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6172.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7221",title:"Atomic-force Microscopy and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2320402a229f880b0be7c73b247ebcf4",slug:"atomic-force-microscopy-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tański, Marcin Staszuk and Bogusław Ziębowicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7221.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8369",title:"Creep Characteristics of Engineering Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"810e34ac2596856d53111a3b50fd2542",slug:"creep-characteristics-of-engineering-materials",bookSignature:"Tomasz Ta?ski, Marek Sroka, Adam Zieli?ski and Grzegorz Gola?ski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8369.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9926",title:"Magnesium Alloys Structure and Properties",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6d1a99f4befe885857743f77e81524c",slug:"magnesium-alloys-structure-and-properties",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tański and Paweł Jarka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. Sglavo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6320.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17426",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo Maria",surname:"Sglavo",slug:"vincenzo-maria-sglavo",fullName:"Vincenzo Maria Sglavo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"15184",title:"Design of Two-Dimensional Digital Filters Having Variable Monotonic Amplitude-Frequency Responses Using Darlington-type Gyrator Networks",doi:"10.5772/15098",slug:"design-of-two-dimensional-digital-filters-having-variable-monotonic-amplitude-frequency-responses-us",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/15184.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/15184",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/15184",totalDownloads:2637,totalViews:117,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:25,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 3rd 2010",dateReviewed:"September 30th 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 11th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"This paper develops a design of two-dimensional (2D) digital filter with monotonic amplitude-frequency responses using Darlington-type gyrator networks by the application of Generalized Bilinear Transformation (GBT). The proposed design provides the stable monotonic amplitude-frequency responses and the desired cutoff frequency of the 2D digital filters. This 2D recursive digital filter design includes 2D digital low-pass, high-pass, band-pass and band-elimination filters. Design examples are given to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed technique. Index Terms— Stability, monotonic response, GBT, gyrator network.\n\n1. Introduction\nBecause of recent growth in the 2D signal processing activities, a significant amount of research work has been done on the 2D filter design [1] and it is seen that monotonic characteristics in frequency response of a filter is getting more popular. The filters with the monotonic characteristics are one of the best filters for the digital image, video and audio (enhancement and restoration) [2]. The filters are widely accepted in the applications of medical science, geographical science and environment, space and robotic engineering [1]. For example, medical applications are concerned with processing of chest X-Ray, cine angiogram, projection of frame axial tomography and other medical images that occurs in radiology, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultrasonic scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) etc. and the restoration and enhancement of these images are done by the 2D digital filters [3]. The design of 2D recursive filters is difficult due to the non-existence of the fundamental theorem of algebra in that the factorization of 2D polynomials into lower order polynomials and the testing for stability of a 2D transfer function (recursive) requires a large number of\n\n\f54\n\nDigital Filters\n\ncomputations. But, the major drawbacks of the recursive filters are their lower-order realizations and computational intensive design techniques. Several design techniques of 2D recursive filter have been reported in the literature [2], [4] – [9] and most of these designs have problems of computational complexity, stability and unable to provide variable magnitude monotonic characteristic. A design technique of 2D recursive filters have been shown which met simultaneously magnitude and group delay specifications [4], although the technique has the advantage of always ensuring the filter stability, the difficulties to be encountered are computational complexity and convergence [5]. In [6], 2D filter design as a linear programming problem has been proposed, but, this tends to require relatively long computation time. In [7], a filter design has been shown using the two specifications as the problem of minimizing the total length of modified complex errors and minimized it by an iterative procedure. Difficulties of the design obtain for two-dimensional stability testing at each iteration during the minimization procedure. One way to ensure a 2D transfer function is stable is if the denominator of the transfer function is satisfied to be a Very Strict Hurwitz Polynomial (VSHP) [8] and that can ensure a transfer function that there is no singularity in the right half of the biplane, which can make a system unstable. In [9]-[11], stable 2D recursive filters have been designed by generation of Very Strict Hurwitz Polynomial (VSHP), but it is not guaranteed to provide the stable monotonic amplitude-frequency responses. Several filter designs with monotonic amplitude frequency response has been reported [12] – [16], but to the best of our knowledge, filter design with variable monotonic amplitude frequency response is not proposed yet. In this paper, 2-D digital filters with variable monotonic amplitude frequency responses are designed starting from Darlington-type networks containing gyrators and doublyterminated RLC-networks. The extension of Darlington-synthesis to two-variable positive real functions is given in [17], [18]; but they do not contain gyrators. From the 2-D stable transfer functions so obtained, the GBT [19] is applied to obtain 2-D digital functions and their properties are studied. The designed filters are used in the image processing application. 2. THE TWO BASIC STRUCTURES CONSIDERED Two filter structures are considered for 2D digital recursive filters design and both structures are taken from Darlington-synthesis [20]. Figures 1(a) and (b) show the two structures considered in this paper. The impedances of the filters are replaced by doubly-terminated RLC filters and the overall transfer function will be of the form\n\nH ( s1 , s 2 , g ) \n\n N ï²ï® ( g )s ï² sï® ï²ï®\n0 0 1\n\nM n Nn\n\n2\n\nï« ï€½0 ï¬ ï€½0\n\n  Dï« ( g )s\nï¬\n\nM d Nd\n\n(1)",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/15184",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/15184",book:{id:"120",slug:"digital-filters"},signatures:"Muhammad Tariqus Salam and Venkat Ramachandran",authors:[{id:"19161",title:"Dr.",name:"Venkat",middleName:null,surname:"Ramachandran",fullName:"Venkat Ramachandran",slug:"venkat-ramachandran",email:"kamala@ece.concordia.ca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"22941",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad T.",middleName:null,surname:"Salam",fullName:"Muhammad T. Salam",slug:"muhammad-t.-salam",email:"tariqus_salam@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"120",type:"book",title:"Digital Filters",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Digital Filters",slug:"digital-filters",publishedDate:"April 11th 2011",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/120.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-190-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5526-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:30,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"554"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"15182",type:"chapter",title:"Digital Filters for Maintenance Management",slug:"digital-filters-for-maintenance-management",totalDownloads:2027,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez and Diego José Pedregal Tercero",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez"},{id:"24285",title:"Prof.",name:"Diego J.",middleName:null,surname:"Pedregal Tercero",fullName:"Diego J. Pedregal Tercero",slug:"diego-j.-pedregal-tercero"}]},{id:"15183",type:"chapter",title:"The Application of Spectral Representations in Coordinates of Complex Frequency for Digital Filter Analysis and Synthesis",slug:"the-application-of-spectral-representations-in-coordinates-of-complex-frequency-for-digital-filter-a",totalDownloads:1800,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Alexey Mokeev",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20067",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexey",middleName:"V.",surname:"Mokeev",fullName:"Alexey Mokeev",slug:"alexey-mokeev"}]},{id:"15184",type:"chapter",title:"Design of Two-Dimensional Digital Filters Having Variable Monotonic Amplitude-Frequency Responses Using Darlington-type Gyrator Networks",slug:"design-of-two-dimensional-digital-filters-having-variable-monotonic-amplitude-frequency-responses-us",totalDownloads:2637,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Muhammad Tariqus Salam and Venkat Ramachandran",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19161",title:"Dr.",name:"Venkat",middleName:null,surname:"Ramachandran",fullName:"Venkat Ramachandran",slug:"venkat-ramachandran"},{id:"22941",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad T.",middleName:null,surname:"Salam",fullName:"Muhammad T. Salam",slug:"muhammad-t.-salam"}]},{id:"15185",type:"chapter",title:"Common Features of Analog Sampled-Data and Digital Filters Design",slug:"common-features-of-analog-sampled-data-and-digital-filters-design",totalDownloads:2504,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pravoslav Martinek, Jiˇí Hospodka and Daša Tichá",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"19731",title:"Prof.",name:"Pravoslav",middleName:null,surname:"Martinek",fullName:"Pravoslav Martinek",slug:"pravoslav-martinek"},{id:"20978",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Hospodka",fullName:"Jiri Hospodka",slug:"jiri-hospodka"},{id:"23022",title:"Prof.",name:"Daša",middleName:null,surname:"Tichá",fullName:"Daša Tichá",slug:"dasa-ticha"}]},{id:"15186",type:"chapter",title:"New Design Methods for Two-Dimensional Filters Based on 1D Prototypes and Spectral Transformations",slug:"new-design-methods-for-two-dimensional-filters-based-on-1d-prototypes-and-spectral-transformations",totalDownloads:2288,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Radu Matei",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20530",title:"Dr.",name:"Radu",middleName:null,surname:"Matei",fullName:"Radu Matei",slug:"radu-matei"}]},{id:"15187",type:"chapter",title:"Integration of Digital Filters and Measurements",slug:"integration-of-digital-filters-and-measurements",totalDownloads:2067,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jan Peter Hessling",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20815",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hessling",fullName:"Jan Peter Hessling",slug:"jan-peter-hessling"}]},{id:"15188",type:"chapter",title:"Low-Sensitivity Design of Allpass Based Fractional Delay Digital Filters",slug:"low-sensitivity-design-of-allpass-based-fractional-delay-digital-filters",totalDownloads:2723,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"G. Stoyanov, K. Nikolova and M. Kawamata",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21294",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Stoyanov",fullName:"Georgi Stoyanov",slug:"georgi-stoyanov"},{id:"21298",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamelia",middleName:null,surname:"Nikoliva",fullName:"Kamelia Nikoliva",slug:"kamelia-nikoliva"},{id:"24319",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kawamata",fullName:"Masayuki Kawamata",slug:"masayuki-kawamata"}]},{id:"15189",type:"chapter",title:"Integrated Design of IIR Variable Fractional Delay Digital Filters with Variable and Fixed Denominators",slug:"integrated-design-of-iir-variable-fractional-delay-digital-filters-with-variable-and-fixed-denominat",totalDownloads:2221,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hon Keung Kwan and Aimin Jiang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"21788",title:"Prof.",name:"Hon Keung",middleName:null,surname:"Kwan",fullName:"Hon Keung Kwan",slug:"hon-keung-kwan"},{id:"23569",title:"Dr.",name:"Aimin",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Aimin Jiang",slug:"aimin-jiang"}]},{id:"15190",type:"chapter",title:"Complex Coefficient IIR Digital Filters",slug:"complex-coefficient-iir-digital-filters",totalDownloads:5847,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Zlatka Nikolova, Georgi Stoyanov, Georgi Iliev and Vladimir Poulkov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18206",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Poulkov",fullName:"Vladimir Poulkov",slug:"vladimir-poulkov"},{id:"21534",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Iliev",fullName:"Georgi Iliev",slug:"georgi-iliev"},{id:"22961",title:"Dr.",name:"Zlatka",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolova",fullName:"Zlatka Nikolova",slug:"zlatka-nikolova"},{id:"22962",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Stoyanov",fullName:"Georgi Stoyanov",slug:"georgi-stoyanov"}]},{id:"15191",type:"chapter",title:"Low-Complexity and High-Speed Constant Multiplications for Digital Filters Using Carry-Save Arithmetic",slug:"low-complexity-and-high-speed-constant-multiplications-for-digital-filters-using-carry-save-arithmet",totalDownloads:1959,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Oscar Gustafsson and Lars Wanhammar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23087",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Gustafsson",fullName:"Oscar Gustafsson",slug:"oscar-gustafsson"},{id:"23088",title:"Prof.",name:"Lars",middleName:null,surname:"Wanhammar",fullName:"Lars Wanhammar",slug:"lars-wanhammar"}]},{id:"15192",type:"chapter",title:"A Systematic Algorithm for the Synthesis of Multiplierless Lattice Wave Digital Filters",slug:"a-systematic-algorithm-for-the-synthesis-of-multiplierless-lattice-wave-digital-filters",totalDownloads:2516,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Juha Yli-Kaakinen and Tapio Saramäki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23134",title:"Dr.",name:"Juha",middleName:null,surname:"Yli-Kaakinen",fullName:"Juha Yli-Kaakinen",slug:"juha-yli-kaakinen"},{id:"23136",title:"Prof.",name:"Tapio",middleName:"Antero",surname:"Saramäki",fullName:"Tapio Saramäki",slug:"tapio-saramaki"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3198",title:"Digital Filters and Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ad19128b3c5153cd5d30d16912ed89f3",slug:"digital-filters-and-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez and Noor Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"40445",title:"Maintenance Management Based on Signal Processing",slug:"maintenance-management-based-on-signal-processing",signatures:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez, Raúl Ruiz de la Hermosa González- Carrato, Jesús María Pinar Perez and Noor Zaman",authors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez"},{id:"155699",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz De La Hermosa Gonzalez-Carrato",fullName:"Raul Ruiz De La Hermosa Gonzalez-Carrato",slug:"raul-ruiz-de-la-hermosa-gonzalez-carrato"},{id:"155700",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús María",middleName:null,surname:"Pinar Perez",fullName:"Jesús María Pinar Perez",slug:"jesus-maria-pinar-perez"},{id:"156010",title:"Dr.",name:"Noor",middleName:null,surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Noor Zaman",slug:"noor-zaman"}]},{id:"41076",title:"Spectral Analysis of Exons in DNA Signals",slug:"spectral-analysis-of-exons-in-dna-signals",signatures:"Noor Zaman, Ahmed Muneer and Fausto Pedro García Márquez",authors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez"},{id:"155714",title:"Dr.",name:"Noor",middleName:null,surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Noor Zaman",slug:"noor-zaman"},{id:"155957",title:"Dr.",name:"Mnueer",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Mnueer Ahmed",slug:"mnueer-ahmed"}]},{id:"41666",title:"Deterministic Sampling for Quantification of Modeling Uncertainty of Signals",slug:"deterministic-sampling-for-quantification-of-modeling-uncertainty-of-signals",signatures:"Jan Peter Hessling",authors:[{id:"20815",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hessling",fullName:"Jan Peter Hessling",slug:"jan-peter-hessling"}]},{id:"41868",title:"Direct Methods for Frequency Filter Performance Analysis",slug:"direct-methods-for-frequency-filter-performance-analysis",signatures:"Alexey Mokeev",authors:[{id:"20067",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexey",middleName:"V.",surname:"Mokeev",fullName:"Alexey Mokeev",slug:"alexey-mokeev"}]},{id:"40459",title:"Frequency Transformation for Linear State-Space Systems and Its Application to High-Performance Analog/Digital Filters",slug:"frequency-transformation-for-linear-state-space-systems-and-its-application-to-high-performance-anal",signatures:"Shunsuke Koshita, Masahide Abe and Masayuki Kawamata",authors:[{id:"154837",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kawamata",fullName:"Masayuki Kawamata",slug:"masayuki-kawamata"}]},{id:"40133",title:"A Study on a Filter Bank Structure With Rational Scaling Factors and Its Applications",slug:"a-study-on-a-filter-bank-structure-with-rational-scaling-factors-and-its-applications",signatures:"Fumio Itami",authors:[{id:"154810",title:"Dr.",name:"Fumio",middleName:null,surname:"Itami",fullName:"Fumio Itami",slug:"fumio-itami"}]},{id:"41655",title:"Digital Filter Implementation of Orthogonal Moments",slug:"digital-filter-implementation-of-orthogonal-moments",signatures:"Barmak Honarvar Shakibaei Asli and Raveendran Paramesran",authors:[{id:"153833",title:"Dr.",name:"Barmak",middleName:null,surname:"Honarvar Shakibaei Asli",fullName:"Barmak Honarvar Shakibaei Asli",slug:"barmak-honarvar-shakibaei-asli"},{id:"166106",title:"Prof.",name:"Raveendran",middleName:null,surname:"Paramesran",fullName:"Raveendran Paramesran",slug:"raveendran-paramesran"}]},{id:"40215",title:"Two-Rate Based Structures for Computationally Efficient Wide- Band FIR Systems",slug:"two-rate-based-structures-for-computationally-efficient-wide-band-fir-systems",signatures:"Håkan Johansson and Oscar Gustafsson",authors:[{id:"23087",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Gustafsson",fullName:"Oscar Gustafsson",slug:"oscar-gustafsson"},{id:"89357",title:"Prof.",name:"Håkan",middleName:null,surname:"Johansson",fullName:"Håkan Johansson",slug:"hakan-johansson"}]},{id:"41503",title:"Analytical Approach for Synthesis of Minimum L2-Sensitivity Realizations for State-Space Digital Filters",slug:"analytical-approach-for-synthesis-of-minimum-l2-sensitivity-realizations-for-state-space-digital-fil",signatures:"Shunsuke Yamaki, Masahide Abe and Masayuki Kawamata",authors:[{id:"154681",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kawamata",fullName:"Masayuki Kawamata",slug:"masayuki-kawamata"},{id:"164775",title:"Dr.",name:"Shunsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Yamaki",fullName:"Shunsuke Yamaki",slug:"shunsuke-yamaki"},{id:"164871",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahide",middleName:null,surname:"Abe",fullName:"Masahide Abe",slug:"masahide-abe"}]},{id:"40283",title:"Particle Swarm Optimization of Highly Selective Digital Filters over the Finite-Precision Multiplier Coefficient Space",slug:"particle-swarm-optimization-of-highly-selective-digital-filters-over-the-finite-precision-multiplier",signatures:"Seyyed Ali Hashemi and Behrouz Nowrouzian",authors:[{id:"154822",title:"Prof.",name:"Behrouz",middleName:null,surname:"Nowrouzian",fullName:"Behrouz Nowrouzian",slug:"behrouz-nowrouzian"},{id:"155063",title:"Mr.",name:"Seyyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Hashemi",fullName:"Seyyed Ali Hashemi",slug:"seyyed-ali-hashemi"}]},{id:"41630",title:"Analytical Design of Two-Dimensional Filters and Applications in Biomedical Image Processing",slug:"analytical-design-of-two-dimensional-filters-and-applications-in-biomedical-image-processing",signatures:"Radu Matei and Daniela Matei",authors:[{id:"20530",title:"Dr.",name:"Radu",middleName:null,surname:"Matei",fullName:"Radu Matei",slug:"radu-matei"},{id:"154993",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Matei",fullName:"Daniela Matei",slug:"daniela-matei"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"120",title:"Digital Filters",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10692f498575728ddac136b0b327a83d",slug:"digital-filters",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3594",title:"Sensor and Data Fusion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aadc2df3d3ed8f730386eae73769abdc",slug:"sensor_and_data_fusion",bookSignature:"Nada Milisavljevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3594.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4262",title:"Dr.",name:"Nada",surname:"Milisavljevic",slug:"nada-milisavljevic",fullName:"Nada Milisavljevic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5150",title:"Electronics Cooling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b95856cfcc87ef3cb7d7c7c7bac4010d",slug:"electronics-cooling",bookSignature:"S M Sohel Murshed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24904",title:"Prof.",name:"S. M. Sohel",surname:"Murshed",slug:"s.-m.-sohel-murshed",fullName:"S. M. Sohel Murshed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"120",title:"Digital Filters",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10692f498575728ddac136b0b327a83d",slug:"digital-filters",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82025",title:"The Requirements of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) frameworks for integration and synergic collaboration with Omnichannel strategy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104417",slug:"the-requirements-of-product-lifecycle-management-plm-frameworks-for-integration-and-synergic-collabo",body:'
1. Introduction
Nowadays retail industries are changing sharply. Sales are not only happening in physical stores but also in many new touchpoints. One of the challenges is to coordinate these channels and have the same information among them e.g., price of the product, which refers to one of Omnichannel’s features. More touchpoints mean more data; therefore, the need for data analytics is inevitable. With the help of data analytics tools, data that are generated from the touchpoints like social media can be analyzed and entered into each related PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) disciplines and make a change. The missing loop here is, data from PLM disciplines should also be transferred to the touchpoints because always all alterations cannot be practical and beneficial; therefore, before applying a change in the product lifecycle, the feedback whether positive or negative should as an input come to PLM, and the manufacturer should know the consequences of each small changes in design.
If channels work independently like the multi-channel concept, one of the issues would be creation of fragmented supply chains. Also, it would be difficult to deliver a consistent and reliable consumer experience. Besides, this independence leads to data mismatch, product/order information inconsistency, and poor inventory efficiency are more probable to happen. In the Omnichannel concept, the consumer can switch among channels easily e.g., they can search for a product in one channel and buy it in another channel and receive the product with a home delivery option which is the third channel.
Omnichannel has a vital role in sales by providing a seamless shopping experience for customers. The Omnichannel phase is more agile than before due to increasing the number of sales channels and also increasing the number and variety of new products. Customers are more demanding than before; therefore, to meet customer demands a strategy should be considered to be not only agile but also ahead of competitors. In the B2C phase, the most important factor which leads to profit is customer satisfaction. When a customer is satisfied, it is more plausible that another purchase is realized. Customer satisfaction is an important goal of Omnichannel strategy. For creating a seamless shopping experience different modes of delivery are considered in Omnichannel strategy like STS (ship-to-store), BOPS (buy-online-and-pick-up-in-store), Click & Collect, Click & Return, packet stations, home delivery, etc. Some of the benefits of applying Omnichannel are incremental sales due to new channels and devices, higher average sales to existing customers, a higher proportion of consumers making a purchase, promotional synergies across channels, lower inventory costs, reduced shipping costs due to in-store pick-up, and lower product returns.
The beneficial role of Omnichannel in sales and profit is clear, given that sales are also related to PLM and exist in PLM disciplines, and PLM has a vital role in all aspects and phases of the product, but a connection between Omnichannel and PLM is not considered yet. One of the objectives of this chapter is not only to relate these two concepts but also to consider a role for Omnichannel in PLM disciplines. Omnichannel is going to be embedded in the B2B concept.
For connecting PLM and Omnichannel a mediator is needed. Because Omnichannel is more agile and it grows rapidly day by day due to increasing the number of sales channels, increase the use of the internet, marketing strategies, etc. On the other hand, PLM is slower, and it is not like Omnichannel up to date. The relation between these two areas can happen through a mediator to balance the speed between them and also can transfer data.
2. Literature review
2.1 Evolution and definition of Omnichannel strategy
It started with the creation of “Single channel” which is categorized in two formats: B&M (Brick and Mortar) refers to the traditional physical stores in which demands are fulfilled at retail stores [1]. Direct channel refers to a channel which directly connected to the on-hand inventory from the top-level (It happens through the internet). Due to the direct connection between channel and manufacturer, inventory tracking is easy [2, 3].
Then “Dual-channel” or “Multi-channel” is introduced. It is defined as using more than one channel for sale products e.g., B&M and direct channel. Multi-channel comes with the benefits like products are more available for customers by using more than one channel, more profit in comparison with single-channel [4].
Closed-Loop-Supply-Chain (CLSC) is classified in the Multi-channel category which defines as after product is used by the customer, end-product is returned to the manufacturer for remanufacturing and re-distribution and keep cooperation of customers, they receive compensation [5].
Cross-channel conception and cross-channeling are synonymous terms in media marketing to designate the properties of products or services that are marketed via various media, telecommunications, or institutional channels [6]. Communication and sales take place through different channels that are interconnected. A customer can therefore obtain information across all channels. The networking of the channels is noticeable to the customer- behind it, there is a common database [7]. Even though cross-channel helps in many ways but there is still a problem: the system relies on the customer to act as an integrator of the data; Furthermore, in cross-channel strategy, there is a lack of centralized product knowledge base for the supply chain to synchronize whole channels. To reach this level of matureness, the omnichannel concept has been launched to have a holistic view of all channels for both consumer and supply chain members [8].
The first definition of omnichannel retailing is defined as “an integration of sales experience that melds the benefits of physical stores with the information and rich experience of online shopping” [9]. The term “Omni-retailing” for the first time was used in 2012 [10]. In 2013, the phrase ‘Omni-retailing’ as “a coordinated multichannel offering that provides a seamless experience when using all of the retailer’s shopping channels” which indicates consumers use all channels and run into seamless integration is suggested [11]. In [12], is mentioned that the omnichannel idea emerged from the “click and mortar” context.
The concept of omnichannel is come from the evolution of multichannel, in multichannel, there is a gap between online and offline stores while in omnichannel customers can easily move among online stores, mobile devices, and B&M [13]. Even though multichannel retailing concentrates on the interaction among channels, omnichannel retailing goes to the upper level which is concentrated on the community and access to the mass/social media [14].
Omnichannel refers to the cooperative planning, management, and monitoring of the numerous available sales channels and customer touchpoints to optimize the customer experience and the company’s success across the dissimilar sales channels and process steps. Customers can shift among the various channels (stationary, online, mobile, call center, social media, catalogs) at any time. Channels and brands interact with one another. Customer-contact points are the result of direct or indirect contact with a brand or company (together with retailers). Omnichannel management is sometimes referred to as cross-channel management. However, some see cross-channel as an intermediate phase in the integration of the multiple channels of the multi-channel on the way to becoming an Omnichannel. Although the sales channels are connected in the cross-channel, the procedure steps are not all professionalized. Full multi-channel integration will only be attained in the future due to legal, technological, organizational, and operational challenges [15]. The evolution of Omnichannel has been shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Omnichannel evolution.
2.2 Challenges in Omnichannel strategy
The reasons which cause failure in implementing Omnichannel:
Channels cannot communicate
The real-time stock visibility in the e-commerce site cannot be guaranteed
The staff has no way to know what’s available where (have access to real-time inventory in all touchpoints)
Cross-channel orders, returns, and exchanges cannot be offered
Automation and centralization level of data management [16]
Customer Experience in a complex multi-channel environment (provide a seamless shopping experience e.g. fast delivery, data about the availability of products in inventory, etc.) [16]
Connecting the production and sales with the logistics and delivery services [16]
For implementing a successful Omnichannel strategy, the above-mentioned items should take into consideration. Based on the researches [17], the value of omnichannel could appear to increase customer loyalty, business revenue, and business agility.
2.3 Customer touchpoints
Customer touchpoints have many vital effects, e.g. between producers and customers, customers can get information about product/service and make appraisals at various points and have an interaction with retailers through several various channels across a complicated purchase procedure [18].
Secondly, it is playing an important role in attracting customers and it is a direct and indirect intermediary between customer and brand [19].
Due to the importance of touchpoints, ways should be introduced to track (including real-time tracking, discrete vs. relational relationships) and have an effect on them. Touchpoints are where brands and customers interact. Therefore; it is one of the places to enhance engagement and profitability [22]. The results of touchpoints are gathered from pre-purchase, purchase, and post-purchase situations [23].
2.4 Integration in channels
As more channels are initiated, more data are gathered in each touchpoint quickly. These data should be collected and be analyzed. This leads to understanding the importance of data integration among channels, ignoring this integration, leads to customer dissatisfaction and enterprise will be faced with an increase in costs [24]; Furthermore, consumers hope for a uniform, consistent, integrated platform which by this, can seamlessly move through channels (physical store, online and mobile) [25], without seeing any contradictions for example in terms of pricing or availability of the product and this uniformity will generate positive experiences. When channels are working independently from each other, it causes fragmented supply chains and it makes lots of effort to transport a consistent and reliable customer experience [26].
For implementing integration in omnichannel a three dimensions framework can be taken into consideration:
Integration among channel stages helps to provide a smooth customer purchase experience, with the total awareness of product/service provider about the total journey of customer shopping in earlier stages and also the post-shopping stages. This integration can help the consumer to move through channels forward and backward without any perplexity, losing control of order, facing mismatched data about the product/service [27].
Integration among channel types makes synchronization between operations and decisions among various channel types (online, offline), and meanwhile, proper communication should take place among them. This integration makes it possible for the customer to change channel types [28].
Integration among channel agents: This integration makes sure that various channel agents send identical data and supply the same product/service to the customer [29].
These points show that the omnichannel system should access information all over the touchpoints and can notice any change in any channel in real-time and inform the whole system e.g. if a customer cancels the order, it should be detected and send command to different sections for example in terms of packaging, logistics, payment, etc. to apply the change and re-schedule the plan instantly.
2.5 Solutions for Omnichannel challenges with the help of industry 4.0
As mentioned before, there are challenges in Omnichannel strategy that can be solved with the help of technological developments like Industry 4.0 [30]. Based on Literature [31], Industry 4.0 is defined as “a collective term for technologies and concepts of value chain organization”. IoT, Cyber-physical systems, the Internet of services, smart factories are defined as the core of Industry 4.0.
IoT helps in different ways to solve challenges in Omnichannel strategy for example in terms of considering IoT-in-store-environment using RFID, NFC, Beacon to track products and in this regard can prevent theft and provide real-time inventory field [30, 32, 33, 34]. IoT by using sensors can detect customers entering the shop (with their mobile devices) and identify them and with the connection to the Omnichannel’s touchpoints can figure out the customer’s shopping history or recently searched items and offer related products in-store to the customers. By detecting entering customers to the shop, the number of cashiers and staffs which can fulfill their needs can be easily determined and it helps by decreasing waiting time, increase customer satisfaction and provide a good experience for customers and finally the chance of re-visiting the store will be increased [35, 36, 37, 38].
2.6 Product lifecycle management
2.6.1 Definition
The concept of PLM was initiated to describe the evolution of the product which is categorized as, promotion, maturity, and decline phases [39]. In the 1980s, by introducing concurrent engineering, gradually the concept of PLM is entered in the manufacturing engineering field and it causes new categories in PLM processes for example market analysis, product design, process development, product manufacturing, production distribution, product use, post-sale service and recycling [40].
Product lifecycle management is one of the concepts whose focus is on managing whole product data (live data) from the first step (ideation) until the last step (disposal) together with support the local data and information integration in the stage of product design and development, for instance: assisting designer to access information generated from CAD, CAM, CAE, etc.
2.6.2 Phases
Conceive [specification, concept design]
Design [detailed design, validation, and analysis (simulation), tool design]
BOL (beginning of life) includes design and manufacturing
MOL (middle of life) includes product usage, service, and maintenance
EOL (end of life) includes disassembly, remanufacture, recycling, reuse, disposal
2.6.4 Techniques in PLM
These are some techniques used in PLM as shown in Figure 2:
Figure 2.
Product lifecycle management [42].
Concurrent engineering workflow, Industrial design, Bottom-up design, Top-down design, Both-ends-against-the-middle design, Design in context, Modular design, NPD (new product development), DFSS (design for six sigma), Digital simulation engineering, Configuration management.
With the help of the internet and IT, efforts have been made to reduce costs, accelerate product development time and improve quality which are the main factors affecting customer satisfaction and in the same way increase profit, this is the main goal of the omnichannel strategy [43, 44]. PLM is the concept, which covers stages before production and according to omnichannel which has a great focus on post-production stages, the combination of these two concepts can help to develop omnichannel in the first stages of producing a product. The application of Big data in PLM outstandingly falls behind other areas, mainly for electronic commerce. The worse issue is: it becomes usual that manufacturers do not use stored data and they do not know how to use them [45].
2.6.5 New expectations of PLM
Shorten product lifecycle: due to the agile market, for being able to fulfill the needs of customers on time, it is important to decrease the time spent especially in the design and manufacturing phase.
Production based on modularity: Nowadays, customization and personalization have received enormous attention among customers; therefore, production should consider modular products to be more flexible and provides more responsive design to fulfill needs.
Automation and intelligent equipment: There is a competitive atmosphere between retailers to produce low-cost goods but in the same or even better quality and provide short-delivery-time, to satisfy these factors, manufacturing activities should lead to automation.
Remote services: Nowadays customers looking forward to receiving higher quality which makes the company, develop data monitoring, tracking, and also management system to be able to be more responsive in the online platform and solve problems, for instance: remote product repair, maintenance and upgrade.
Then as the above-mentioned factors are discussed, the focus of PLM is changing from product gradually to service and also from informatization to intellectualization, in this case applying AI is a very effective [40, 46].
2.6.6 The role of social media and its impact on PLM
The power of social media cannot be neglected in recent years. With the help of social media, it is possible to reach features for example in terms of rating a product, promoting a product/service, asking a question from others about the product, sharing opinions about the product in real-time, sharing videos, and pictures about products (when it is positively, acts as an advertising and it will be caused more sales), show satisfaction/dissatisfaction about product/service.
Employing customers as brand advocates, involving them at different phases of product design, and use of their capabilities to obtain focus groups to try new products/services and share their opinions on social media. Nowadays, social media is used as an extra sales channel and also has a big role in attracting and in some cases repelling customers, that is the reason why social media is important in the marketing [25]. By analyzing the information on social media, it is possible to implement these data in PLM phases, for example: the design phase.
2.6.7 Challenges in PLM
In some PLM solutions failure is noticed, the reason for this is complexity in integration. These concepts are not considered completely in PLM [47]:
major enterprises solutions for instance: CRM, ERP, logistic based Supply Chain Management
Marketing and sales
Distribution
HRM (Human resource management)
Finance
There is not an efficacious mechanism for knowledge and service exchange and sharing among the stakeholders in the product lifecycle [43].
2.6.8 Risks in implementing PLM
Based on information and communication technology (ICT), different kinds of risks are observed. These risks, in some cases, are related to technology, while in other cases they are related to the data and business processes, and also human-related risks are noticed, knowing them can help to reduce the probability of PLM adoption failure.
Some affected risk factors are listed below, these items should take into account during implementation [48]:
Cultural changes
Improper data migration
Data security
User acceptance
Technology-process alignment
Technology-business alignment
2.6.9 Impacts of industry 4.0 on PLM
PLM is considered as a solution to develop the product and helps to win in a competitive market [49]. Improvement in technologies helps companies to increase their productivity for example Industry 4.0 helps in terms of having a full data integration environment and automated processes related to the product [50, 51]. PLM is now busy with product data and processes, with the advancement of technology PLM should be able to manage and develop smart products and services. One of the important points is the ability to have a communicate in real-time and exchange data. With the help of Industry 4.0., all data through the whole product lifecycle can be collected and stored. As a result, Industry 4.0 developments provide new possibilities to obtain the entire lifecycle incorporation [52].
Maintenance is one of the disciplines in PLM which plays an important role in brand image, customer satisfaction, and profitability. Maintenance is a complicated phase that has a great effect on operating costs, and it is hard to manage. By using Industry 4.0., this phase can be managed easier and remotely (maintenance as a service) by having a real-time data [53].
As a result, Industry 4.0 has many potentials which can be used in PLM to make improvements, decrease costs, decrease production time, decrease waiting time (for customers), increase profitability for example in terms of collecting data in real-time, analyzing data for product design, product monitoring, product maintenance.
3. Perspectives of integrating product lifecycle management and Omnichannel strategy
Omnichannel strategy is a new concept with a sales-oriented attitude by increasing sales channels, with increasing use of the internet and marketing strategies that affect customers mentally and emotionally by analyzing data attracting more attention.
Based on Literature, Omnichannel strategy is working especially on sales, which is one of the disciplines in PLM. From the other sideshow studies, outcomes of data analytics in Omnichannel strategy are usually promoted to be used in PLM, however, the mutual interactions and relations of these concepts together are not observed yet [40, 54, 55, 56, 57].
PLM has a great effect on the product, from the other side Omnichannel strategy has also affected the product, but these two concepts are not completely connected. The reason why there should be a connection between PLM and channels of Omnichannel is the important data that is generated in those channels. Before IoT, there wasn’t so much data to create added value. The data of the channel’s side (Omnichannel’s channel) is related to customers and competitors; therefore, it is valuable. Another reason for this connection is that the Omnichannel strategy can solve problems in PLM disciplines.
For developing a framework for merging Omnichannel strategy and PLM literature, these points should be considered.
To deal with the topic we have started from four steps:
The mechanism for embedding Omnichannel strategy in the sales part of PLM
Find the category of problems in different disciplines of PLM which can be solved by Omnichannel strategy
Create a bi-directional framework between Omnichannel strategy and PLM
The way of solving problems in PLM with the help of Omnichannel strategy
3.1 The mechanism for embedding Omnichannel strategy in the sales through PLM
As mentioned before, Omnichannel strategy is working mainly on sales, and on the other hand, there are sales in one of the PLM disciplines; therefore, if Omnichannel strategy as an active agent be placed in the PLM sales department and be engaged from the first stage of producing a product it will come with improvements for example in terms of saving time, in this case in the first place, the way of selling, advertising, the place of selling (online, offline) and target group be considered from the beginning.
3.2 Find the category of problems in different disciplines of PLM which can be solved by Omnichannel strategy
The omnichannel strategy has many potentials which PLM can get the benefit of them to solve complications that happen among disciplines. For example, if a company has a problem selling products in a physical store, an Omnichannel strategy can help in terms of introducing other online channels. Or even it can reach new customers with the help of online services this can help increase sales and as a result, reduce costs for generating new channels [58, 59]. In the first place, the category of problems which Omnichannel strategy can find a solution for them should be prepared.
3.3 Create a bi-directional framework between Omnichannel strategy and PLM
Currently, there is a trend in which with the help of data analytics, data from the Omnichannel side (channels) is transferred to PLM and creates value. Just in the one-directional way. It means that data Analytics with analyzing data from the PLM side does not make a change on the Omnichannel side. If always one-side relations (from Omnichannel to PLM) are analyzed the result will be almost in a positive way but this is not lead to success every time, because the negative effects are neglected which can be realized through bi-directional relation it means that from omnichannel to PLM and also from PLM to Omnichannel side.
3.4 The way of solving problems in PLM with the help of Omnichannel strategy
After finding a category of problems that can be solved by Omnichannel strategy, it is time to figure out for each category of problems, which potentials of Omnichannel strategy can be matched. Instead of solving problems inside PLM disciplines through traditional ways which take more time and cost more for business, Omnichannel can recommend solutions that are more cost and time saving and therefore prevent lost sales and delays which lead to dissatisfaction and negatively affects profitability.
3.5 Sample loops of integrating Omnichannel strategy and PLM
This study aims to increase profit, customer satisfaction, convenience, see the cause and effect of modifications on customers before applying them, make use of Omnichannel whole abilities in PLM disciplines, investigate which problems can be solved by Omnichannel strategy and what is the effect of it, solve PLM’s problems in Omnichannel environment. Some of the elements which are affected by both PLM and Omnichannel are discussed below, and cause and effect loops are explained.
Sales: sales are one of the important factors due to having a direct effect on profit which is one of the important factors for enterprises. Omnichannel strategy is sales-oriented, and in PLM, sales are defined in the third stage of it. If sales increase under the condition of good quality, positive reviews from the customers will be increased and then these reviews act as a marketing agent and result in increasing the sales. In case of bad quality, two options can be considered: 1. refer to PLM and increase the quality by purchasing higher quality raw material, the problem here is, it takes time, and this delay causes lost sales then besides the lost sales, the budget is required for purchasing raw materials. 2. The suggestion can be as shown in Figure 3 to use less budget in comparison with the first solution to increase perceptive quality instead of actual quality by using the potential of Omnichannel strategy through generating a positive trend (using an influencer in social media for advertising the product) about the product and create a positive mindset about the product which leads to increase sales but in the same time, the first solution should take into consideration because increasing perceptive quality is a fast solution which works for a short time but it helps to prevent lost sales and buy more time to deal with the quality. For applying this, the Omnichannel strategy should be embedded among PLM disciplines to be able to face problems on time and recommend a solution.
Price: the price is the most important decision factor for purchasing a product or using a service. It is set by the PLM side and has a great impact on customers which is related to the Omnichannel side. Price has a range, which is influenced by costs coming from the PLM side like quality, raw material; therefore, it cannot be placed under lower bound in Omnichannel side just for attracting more customers. If the price from Omnichannel side is decided to approach to lower bound, in PLM side some changes should take place like finding cheaper suppliers and cheaper suppliers decrease reputation then it results in decreasing the demand more.
In this case, the cost of production will be increased (because of lower demand) then the price will be set more than before and it results in decreasing demand again and therefore decreasing profit and the cost will be increased again, it will be a reinforcing loop as shown in Figure 4. For balancing, the cost of production should be decreased for example by selecting a cheaper supplier. For keeping the brand reputation, by using the potential of Omnichannel, through setting the mindset that the selected supplier has still quality (even though for example: if the supplier is recognized as a low-quality brand image).
Design: this item should be mostly based on customer needs and should meet the functionality of the product. From the Omnichannel side, data should be collected and after analyzing entered into PLM (especially design phase) phases. The problem of re-designing in PLM is, with considering customer needs modifications on design are applied and then expectations of customers will be increased and more re-designing is needed, and it is a negative reinforcing loop. With the help of Omnichannel expectations of customers can be changed or replaced with companies’ expectations as shown in Figure 5. It can be aligned then with decreasing expectations the former loop will be balanced.
Quality: quality is essential because it has a direct effect on customer satisfaction which is one of the most important factors of Omnichannel strategy and it is determined by the PLM part. If the quality is lower than the desired level, more defects are expected, and more maintenance are applied then cost will be increased, and the result will be decreasing the profit. For decreasing maintenance costs, some costs should be reduced. For example, instead of normal workers using refugees with lower income, but for justification by using Omnichannel strategy, a wave-based on “this company is using refugees to engage them more in the society“in this case, if there would a problem in maintenance it can be neglected by the consumer because they know the story behind it. By using the Omnichannel strategy, the cost will be decreased then the profit will be increased, and it will be used to enhance the quality as shown in Figure 6. Without considering the Omnichannel loop, occurring complications from maintenance workers, lead to dissatisfaction, and it affects brand image then results in decreasing sales.
Figure 3.
A sample of the cause-and-effect loop of sales in Omnichannel strategy and PLM.
Figure 4.
A sample of the cause-and-effect loop for Price in PLM and Omnichannel strategy point of view.
Figure 5.
A sample of the cause-and-effect loop of design from PLM and Omnichannel strategy point of view.
Figure 6.
A sample of the cause-and-effect loop of quality in perspective of PLM and Omnichannel strategy.
4. Conclusions
The main reason for the recent attention to customer satisfaction is competitiveness between companies, which leads to more concentration on the performance of processes for product/service’s value which last in customer satisfaction. If customer satisfaction is not fulfilled, it makes lost sales.
One of the ways to reach customer satisfaction is customer experience, which is extremely important because, it starts a long time earlier than the time of shopping and it is a plus point to gain in competitive market [60], therefore; if this journey goes well it leads to purchase and one of customer satisfaction phase will be accomplished.
The omnichannel strategy should be integrated into three different stages: physical, business and application. At the first level, stock-keeping points and flows among channels should be connected and harmonized. At the second level, different channel processes and business models should cooperate. At the third level, information flows and databases should be in contact correctly [61]. With the increasing variety of products and increasing channels, the generation of data getting more than before; therefore, it is important to analyze data and extract vital information (customer’s behavior, feedback, customer’s needs, about competitors, etc.) to use in related phases to make improvement and increase profit. Omnichannel strategy is also playing an important role in marketing and can make a big difference in profit for producers, by implementing Omnichannel strategy in a brand, more customers are attracted to the brand, and it leads to more profit, but this strategy has many potentials which are not used yet, some aspects of it are discussed in this chapter. For instance, if there is an issue in the production part instead of changing whole disciplines (e.g., in the design phase, manufacturing, etc.), the problem can be solved through Omnichannel channels, by changing the idea of customers by inducing the band’s idea with smart advertisement.
\n',keywords:"Omnichannel, PLM, channel integration, industry 4.0",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82025.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82025.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82025",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82025",totalDownloads:9,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"February 27th 2022",dateReviewed:"March 9th 2022",datePrePublished:"May 30th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"May 30th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The Importance of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is inevitable in fulfilling the collaboration and integration of different disciplines engaged in product development processes. However, PLM has faced with challenges in the context of Industry 4.0; especially in alignment with the Omnichannel strategy. The integration of the processes related to product promotion and digital marketing is recognized as one of those dominant challenges. There is an essential requirement for improving the interaction of PLM disciplines and Omnichannel processes. This chapter is investigating the challenges and restrictions raised by the Omnichannel strategy for PLM and the capabilities of the Omnichannel strategy to increase the effectiveness of PLM frameworks. Considering the Omnichannel strategy capabilities which are highly active in sales and promotions, the characteristics of bidirectional relation with PLM disciplines have been focused. For creating this bidirectional and synergic relation among Omnichannel strategy and PLM disciplines, the following perspectives are essential. Firstly, the configuration of Omnichannel strategy as an active agent among PLM disciplines. Secondly, the Omnichannel strategy’s capabilities to solve challenges and problems in PLM. Moreover, the consequences of decisions and interactions when integrating Omnichannel strategy in the PLM framework will be worthy to be analyzed.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82025",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82025",signatures:"Noushin Mohammadian and Omid Fatahi Valilai",book:{id:"11738",type:"book",title:"Production Engineering",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Production Engineering",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Majid Tolouei-Rad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11738.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-084-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-083-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-085-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"110340",title:"Dr.",name:"Majid",middleName:null,surname:"Tolouei-Rad",slug:"majid-tolouei-rad",fullName:"Majid Tolouei-Rad"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Literature review",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Evolution and definition of Omnichannel strategy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Challenges in Omnichannel strategy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Customer touchpoints",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Integration in channels",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Solutions for Omnichannel challenges with the help of industry 4.0",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.6 Product lifecycle management",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.6.1 Definition",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"2.6.2 Phases",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"2.6.3 Stages",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"2.6.4 Techniques in PLM",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"2.6.5 New expectations of PLM",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"2.6.6 The role of social media and its impact on PLM",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"2.6.7 Challenges in PLM",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"2.6.8 Risks in implementing PLM",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"2.6.9 Impacts of industry 4.0 on PLM",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18",title:"3. Perspectives of integrating product lifecycle management and Omnichannel strategy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"3.1 The mechanism for embedding Omnichannel strategy in the sales through PLM",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"3.2 Find the category of problems in different disciplines of PLM which can be solved by Omnichannel strategy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"3.3 Create a bi-directional framework between Omnichannel strategy and PLM",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"3.4 The way of solving problems in PLM with the help of Omnichannel strategy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"3.5 Sample loops of integrating Omnichannel strategy and PLM",level:"2"},{id:"sec_24",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Swami S, Shah J. Channel coordination in green supply chain management. The Journal of the Operational Research Society. 2013;64(3):336-351. DOI: 10.1057/jors.2012.44'},{id:"B2",body:'Rahman Z. Internet-based supply chain management: Using the internet to revolutionize your business. International Journal of Information Management. 2003;23:493-505'},{id:"B3",body:'Tetteh A. Supply chain distribution networks: Single-, dual- and Omni-channel. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business. 2014;3:63-73'},{id:"B4",body:'Kevin Chiang W, Monahan GE. Managing inventories in a two-echelon dual-channel supply chain. European Journal of Operational Research. 2005;162(2):325-341'},{id:"B5",body:'Huang M, Song M, Lee LH, Ching WK. Analysis for the strategy of closed-loop supply chain with dual recycling channel. International Journal of Production Economics. 2013;144(2):510-520'},{id:"B6",body:'Shankar V, Kushwaha T. Omnichannel marketing: Are cross-channel effects symmetric? International Journal of Research in Marketing [Internet]. 2021;38(2):290-310. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2020.09.001'},{id:"B7",body:'Alonso J, Federico G, Estela Nunez-Barriopedro P-M. Omnichannel management in B2B. Complexity-based model. Empirical evidence from a panel of experts based on fuzzy cognitive maps. Industrial Marketing Management. 2021;95:99-113'},{id:"B8",body:'Saghiri S, Wilding R, Mena C, Bourlakis M. Toward a three-dimensional framework for omni-channel. Journal of Business Research [Internet]. 2017;77(June 2016):53-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.025'},{id:"B9",body:'Rodriguez M. The future of shopping. Planning. 2018;84(9):10'},{id:"B10",body:'Bodhani A. Shops offer the e-tail experience. Engineering and Technology. 2012;7(5):46-49'},{id:"B11",body:'Levy M, Weitz BA, Grewal Professor D. Retailing Management. 9th ed. Vol. 2013. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2013'},{id:"B12",body:'Huang W. Literature review on Omnichannel retailing. Expert Journal of Marketing. 2021;9(1):1-7'},{id:"B13",body:'Rosenblum P, Kilcourse B. Omnichannel 2013: The long road to adaption. In: Benchmark Report. Miami: RSR Research; 2013'},{id:"B14",body:'Verhoef PC, Kannan PK, Inman JJ. From Multi-Channel retailing to Omni-Channel retailing. Introduction to the special issue on Multi-Channel retailing. Journal of Retailing. 2015;91(2):174-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.jretai.2015.02.005'},{id:"B15",body:'Oeser PDG. No Title. In'},{id:"B16",body:'Mirzabeiki V, Saghiri SS. From ambition to action: How to achieve integration in omni-channel? Journal of Business Research. 2020;110:1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.12.028'},{id:"B17",body:'Fay DL. “Sistem Aplikasi Pesan Antar Makanan Berbasis web Di Omah Pawon” Angew. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 1967;6(11):951-952'},{id:"B18",body:'Dorman AJ. Omni-Channel retail and the new age consumer: An empirical analysis of direct-to-Consumer Channel interaction in the retail industry. Chapter 2. CMC Senior Theses. 2013:1-38'},{id:"B19",body:'Baxendale S, Macdonald EK, Wilson HN. The impact of different touchpoints on brand consideration. Journal of Retailing. 2015;91(2):235-253'},{id:"B20",body:'Kushwaha T, Shankar V. More valuable? The moderating role. Journal of Marketing. 2013;77:67-85'},{id:"B21",body:'Verhoef PC, Neslin SA, Vroomen B. Multichannel customer management: Understanding the research-shopper phenomenon. International Journal of Research in Marketing. 2007;24(2):129-148'},{id:"B22",body:'Manser Payne E, Peltier JW, Barger VA. Omni-channel marketing, integrated marketing communications and consumer engagement. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing. 2017;11(2):185-197'},{id:"B23",body:'Lemon KN, Verhoef PC. Understanding customer experience throughout the customer journey. Journal of Marketing. 2016;80(6):69-96'},{id:"B24",body:'Taufique Hossain TM, Akter S, Kattiyapornpong U, Wamba SF. The impact of integration quality on customer equity in data driven Omnichannel services marketing. Procedia Computer Science. 2017;121:784-790. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.101'},{id:"B25",body:'Piotrowicz W, Cuthbertson R. Introduction to the special issue information technology in retail: Toward omnichannel retailing. International Journal of Electronic Commerce. 2014;18(4):5-16'},{id:"B26",body:'Saghiri S, Wilding R, Mena C, Bourlakis M. Toward a three-dimensional framework for omni-channel. Journal of Business Research. 2017;77:53-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.025. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31232-3_43'},{id:"B27",body:'Emrich O, Paul M, Rudolph T. Shopping benefits of multichannel assortment integration and the moderating role of retailer type. Journal of Retailing. 2015;91(2):326-342. DOI: 10.1016/j.jretai.2014.12.003'},{id:"B28",body:'Neslin SA, Shankar V. Key issues in multichannel customer management: Current knowledge and future directions. Journal of Interactive Marketing. 2009;23(1):70-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.intmar.2008.10.005'},{id:"B29",body:'Herhausen D, Binder J, Schoegel M, Herrmann A. Integrating bricks with clicks: Retailer-level and channel-level outcomes of online-Offline Channel integration. Journal of Retailing. 2015;91(2):309-325. DOI: 10.1016/j.jretai.2014.12.009'},{id:"B30",body:'Janhofer D, Barann B, Cordes AK, Becker J. Mastering omni-channel retailing challenges with industry 4.0 concepts. Vols. 2020-Janua. In: Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 2020. pp. 5389-5398'},{id:"B31",body:'Hermann M, Pentek T, Otto B, Pentek T. Design principles for industries 4.0 scenarios: A literature review competence Center corporate data quality (CC CDQ) view project industrial data space view project design principles for Industrie 4.0 scenarios: A literature review. In: 49th Hawaii Int Conf Syst Sci. Vol. 16. 2016'},{id:"B32",body:'Bandyopadhyay D, Sen J. Internet of things: Applications and challenges in technology and standardization. Wireless Personal Communications. 2011;58(1):49-69'},{id:"B33",body:'Burmester M, Munilla J, Ortiz A, Caballero-Gil P. An RFID-based smart structure for the supply chain: Resilient scanning proofs and ownership transfer with positive secrecy capacity channels. Sensors. 2017;17:1562'},{id:"B34",body:'Ping L, Liu Q , Zhou Z, Wang H. Agile supply chain management over the internet of things. International Conference on Management and Service Science. 2011;2011:16-19'},{id:"B35",body:'Lazaris C, Vrechopoulos A, Doukidis G, Fraidaki K. Mobile apps for Omnichannel retailing: Revealing the emerging showrooming phenomenon. In: MCIS. 2015'},{id:"B36",body:'Demirkan H, Spohrer J. Developing a framework to improve virtual shopping in digital malls with intelligent self-service systems. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 2014;21(5):860-868'},{id:"B37",body:'Wahlster W, Kröner A, Schneider M, Baus J. Sharing memories of smart products and their consumers in instrumented environments. Information Technology. 2008;50(1):45-50'},{id:"B38",body:'Leukert B, Gläß R. Herausforderungen und Chancen für die Digitalisierung von Handelsunternehmen. In: Gläß R, Leukert B, editors. BT - Handel 4.0: Die Digitalisierung Des Handels – Strategien, Technologien, Transformation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2017. pp. 193-211'},{id:"B39",body:'Levitt T. EXPLOIT the Product Life Cycle. Harv Bus Rev [Internet]. 1965;43(6):81-94. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=3866434&lang=es&site=ehost-live'},{id:"B40",body:'Wang L, Liu Z, Liu A, Tao F. Artificial intelligence in product lifecycle management. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2021;114(3-4):771-796'},{id:"B41",body:'Terzi S, Bouras A, Dutta D, Garetti M, Kiritsis D. Product lifecycle management - from its history to its new role. International Journal of Product Lifecycle Management. 2010;4(4):360-389'},{id:"B42",body:'Liu XL, Wang WM, Guo H, Barenji AV, Li Z, Huang GQ. Industrial blockchain based framework for product lifecycle management in industry 4.0. Robot Comput Integr Manuf [Internet]. 2020;63(January 2019):101897. DOI: 10.1016/j.rcim.2019.101897'},{id:"B43",body:'Liu XL, Wang WM, Guo H, Barenji AV, Li Z, Huang GQ. Industrial blockchain based framework for product lifecycle management in industry 4.0. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 2020;63:101897. DOI: 10.1016/j.rcim.2019.101897'},{id:"B44",body:'Sudarsan R, Fenves SJ, Sriram RD, Wang F. A product information modeling framework for product lifecycle management. Computer-Aided Design. 2005;37(13):1399-1411'},{id:"B45",body:'Crawford K. BigData-SubmissionA - Six_Provocations_for_Big_Data.pdf. 2011:1-17. Available from: http://softwarestudies.com/cultural_analytics/Six_Provocations_for_Big_Data.pdf'},{id:"B46",body:'Tao F, Zhang L, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Wang L, Xu X. Manufacturing Service Management in Cloud Manufacturing: Overview and future research directions. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Transactions of the ASME. 2015;137(4):040912-1'},{id:"B47",body:'Osman N, Sahraoui A-E-K. From PLM to ERP: A software systems engineering integration. International Journal of Software Engineering & Applications. 2018;9(1):11-27'},{id:"B48",body:'Singh S, Chandra Misra S, Kumar S. Identification and ranking of the risk factors involved in PLM implementation. International Journal of Production Economics. 2020;222:107496. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.09.017'},{id:"B49",body:'d’Avolio E, Bandinelli R, Rinaldi R. Improving new product development in the fashion industry through product lifecycle management: A descriptive analysis. International Journal of Technology and Design Education. 2015;8(2):108-121'},{id:"B50",body:'Wang L, Törngren M, Onori M. Current status and advancement of cyber-physical systems in manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 2015;37:517-527'},{id:"B51",body:'Xu X. Robotics and computer-integrated manufacturing from cloud computing to cloud manufacturing ubiquitous product life cycle support. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 2012;28(1):75-86'},{id:"B52",body:'Ferreira F, Marques AL, Faria J, Azevedo A. Large Project Management in the automotive industry: A flexible and knowledge based approach. In: New Advances in Information Systems and Technologies. Cham: Springer; 2016. pp. 455-464. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31232-3_43'},{id:"B53",body:'Aizad T, Maganga O, Sumislawska M, Burnham KJ. Virtual enterprise process monitoring: An approach towards predictive industrial maintenance. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 2015;1089:285-293'},{id:"B54",body:'Romero D, Wuest T, Harik R, Thoben KD. Towards a cyber-physical PLM environment: The role of digital product models, intelligent products, digital twins, product avatars and digital shadows. IFAC. 2020;53(2):10911-10916. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.2829'},{id:"B55",body:'Pereira MM, Frazzon EM. A data-driven approach to adaptive synchronization of demand and supply in omni-channel retail supply chains. International Journal of Information Management. 2021;57:102165. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102165'},{id:"B56",body:'Giddaluru MP, Gao J. A data preparation and migration framework for implementing modular product structures in PLM. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. 2019;565:201-210'},{id:"B57",body:'Ali MM, Doumbouya MB, Louge T, Rai R, Karray MH. Ontology-based approach to extract product’s design features from online customers’ reviews. Computers in Industry. 2020;116:103175. DOI: 10.1016/j.compind.2019.103175'},{id:"B58",body:'Soegoto ES, Delvi J, Sunaryo A. Usage of E-commerce in Increasing Company Power and Sales. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018;407(1)'},{id:"B59",body:'Brynjolfsson E, Hu YJ, Rahman MS. Competing in the age of omnichannel retailing. MIT Sloan Management Review. 2013;54(4):1-7'},{id:"B60",body:'Huovila H. Action Plan for Improving Omnichannel Customer Experience and Digital Lead Management. Tampere University of technology. 2017'},{id:"B61",body:'Chen X, Wang X, Jiang X. The impact of power structure on the retail service supply chain with an O2O mixed channel. The Journal of the Operational Research Society. 2016;67(2):294-301. DOI: 10.1057/jors.2015.6'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Noushin Mohammadian",address:null,affiliation:'
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11660},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"20"},books:[{type:"book",id:"12014",title:"Aerodynamics of Sports",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a15f5d35a75d3dfee7d27e19238306b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rakhab Mehta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12014.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"56358",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakhab",surname:"Mehta",slug:"rakhab-mehta",fullName:"Rakhab Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11861",title:"Redefining Standard Model Particle Physics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"085d4f6e00016fdad598675f825d6775",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Brian Albert Robson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11861.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"102886",title:"Prof.",name:"Brian Albert",surname:"Robson",slug:"brian-albert-robson",fullName:"Brian Albert Robson"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12013",title:"Plasma Science - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0261ac62d10563bf93735982748e3a2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sukhmander Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12013.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"282807",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhmander",surname:"Singh",slug:"sukhmander-singh",fullName:"Sukhmander Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12270",title:"Laser Ablation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"998af2dd3ea1e28f4db7451a65010272",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Masoud Harooni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12270.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"184282",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoud",surname:"Harooni",slug:"masoud-harooni",fullName:"Masoud Harooni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11857",title:"Updates on Excitons",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8a2fd9bbbbae283bf115881d9d5cc47a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11857.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"277477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashim-dutta",fullName:"Ashim Dutta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11499",title:"Nonlinear Systems - Recent Developments and Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"22a4fb880337aaa9899a7bddcdde52eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Bo Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11499.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"234525",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",surname:"Yang",slug:"bo-yang",fullName:"Bo Yang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11858",title:"Terahertz Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f08ee0bf20cd8b5fa772b4752081f2fe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11858.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:7},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4798},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"288",title:"Food Engineering",slug:"technology-food-engineering",parent:{id:"24",title:"Technology",slug:"technology"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:56,numberOfWosCitations:146,numberOfCrossrefCitations:47,numberOfDimensionsCitations:123,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"288",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"302",title:"Microwave Heating",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e011fc63e3c1b8711382b37c30a1b008",slug:"microwave-heating",bookSignature:"Usha Chandra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/302.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48789",title:"Dr.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Chandra",slug:"usha-chandra",fullName:"Usha Chandra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"17006",doi:"10.5772/22888",title:"Microwave Synthesis: a Physical Concept",slug:"microwave-synthesis-a-physical-concept",totalDownloads:8134,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:null,book:{id:"302",slug:"microwave-heating",title:"Microwave Heating",fullTitle:"Microwave Heating"},signatures:"V.K. Saxena and Usha Chandra",authors:[{id:"49671",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Chandra",slug:"usha-chandra",fullName:"Usha Chandra"},{id:"52457",title:"Dr.",name:"V.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"v.k.-saxena",fullName:"V.K. Saxena"}]},{id:"17015",doi:"10.5772/24008",title:"Microwave pyrolysis of polymeric materials",slug:"microwave-pyrolysis-of-polymeric-materials",totalDownloads:6716,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"302",slug:"microwave-heating",title:"Microwave Heating",fullTitle:"Microwave Heating"},signatures:"Andrea Undri, Luca Rosi, Marco Frediani and Piero Frediani",authors:[{id:"53209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Frediani",slug:"marco-frediani",fullName:"Marco Frediani"},{id:"54899",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Rosi",slug:"luca-rosi",fullName:"Luca Rosi"},{id:"54917",title:"Prof.",name:"Piero",middleName:null,surname:"Frediani",slug:"piero-frediani",fullName:"Piero Frediani"},{id:"54918",title:"Dr",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Undri",slug:"andrea-undri",fullName:"Andrea Undri"}]},{id:"17012",doi:"10.5772/19952",title:"Reproducibility and Scalability of Microwave-Assisted Reactions",slug:"reproducibility-and-scalability-of-microwave-assisted-reactions",totalDownloads:6911,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"302",slug:"microwave-heating",title:"Microwave Heating",fullTitle:"Microwave Heating"},signatures:"Antonio De La Hoz, Jesús Alcázar, José Carrillo, María A. Herrero, Juan De M. Muñoz, Pilar Prieto, Abel De Cózar and Angel Diaz-Ortiz",authors:[{id:"36898",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Diaz-Ortiz",slug:"angel-diaz-ortiz",fullName:"Angel Diaz-Ortiz"},{id:"44909",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"de la Hoz",slug:"antonio-de-la-hoz",fullName:"Antonio de la Hoz"},{id:"44910",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Alcázar",slug:"jesus-alcazar",fullName:"Jesús Alcázar"},{id:"44911",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:"Ramon",surname:"Carrillo",slug:"jose-carrillo",fullName:"José Carrillo"},{id:"44912",title:"Dr.",name:"María A.",middleName:null,surname:"Herrero",slug:"maria-a.-herrero",fullName:"María A. Herrero"},{id:"44913",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan de M.",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz",slug:"juan-de-m.-munoz",fullName:"Juan de M. Muñoz"},{id:"44914",title:"Dr.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Prieto",slug:"pilar-prieto",fullName:"Pilar Prieto"},{id:"44915",title:"Dr.",name:"Abel",middleName:null,surname:"de Cózar",slug:"abel-de-cozar",fullName:"Abel de Cózar"}]},{id:"17014",doi:"10.5772/23692",title:"Synthesis and processing of biodegradable and bio-based polymers by microwave irradiation",slug:"synthesis-and-processing-of-biodegradable-and-bio-based-polymers-by-microwave-irradiation",totalDownloads:5294,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"302",slug:"microwave-heating",title:"Microwave Heating",fullTitle:"Microwave Heating"},signatures:"Marco Frediani, Guido Giachi, Luca Rosi and Piero Frediani",authors:[{id:"53209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Frediani",slug:"marco-frediani",fullName:"Marco Frediani"},{id:"53214",title:"Mr.",name:"Guido",middleName:null,surname:"Giachi",slug:"guido-giachi",fullName:"Guido Giachi"},{id:"53215",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Rosi",slug:"luca-rosi",fullName:"Luca Rosi"},{id:"54801",title:"Prof.",name:"Piero",middleName:null,surname:"Frediani",slug:"piero-frediani",fullName:"Piero Frediani"}]},{id:"17018",doi:"10.5772/20089",title:"Synthesis of carbon-based materials by microwave-assisted hydrothermal process",slug:"synthesis-of-carbon-based-materials-by-microwave-assisted-hydrothermal-process",totalDownloads:8407,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"302",slug:"microwave-heating",title:"Microwave Heating",fullTitle:"Microwave Heating"},signatures:"Marcela Guiotoku, Carlos Rambo, Claudia Maia and Dachamir Hotza",authors:[{id:"25552",title:"Prof.",name:"Dachamir",middleName:null,surname:"Hotza",slug:"dachamir-hotza",fullName:"Dachamir Hotza"},{id:"37376",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Guiotoku",slug:"marcela-guiotoku",fullName:"Marcela Guiotoku"},{id:"60407",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Renato",surname:"Rambo",slug:"carlos-rambo",fullName:"Carlos Rambo"},{id:"60408",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:"Maria Branco De Freitas",surname:"Maia",slug:"claudia-maia",fullName:"Claudia Maia"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"17012",title:"Reproducibility and Scalability of Microwave-Assisted Reactions",slug:"reproducibility-and-scalability-of-microwave-assisted-reactions",totalDownloads:6908,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"302",slug:"microwave-heating",title:"Microwave Heating",fullTitle:"Microwave Heating"},signatures:"Antonio De La Hoz, Jesús Alcázar, José Carrillo, María A. Herrero, Juan De M. Muñoz, Pilar Prieto, Abel De Cózar and Angel Diaz-Ortiz",authors:[{id:"36898",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Diaz-Ortiz",slug:"angel-diaz-ortiz",fullName:"Angel Diaz-Ortiz"},{id:"44909",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"de la Hoz",slug:"antonio-de-la-hoz",fullName:"Antonio de la Hoz"},{id:"44910",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Alcázar",slug:"jesus-alcazar",fullName:"Jesús Alcázar"},{id:"44911",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:"Ramon",surname:"Carrillo",slug:"jose-carrillo",fullName:"José Carrillo"},{id:"44912",title:"Dr.",name:"María A.",middleName:null,surname:"Herrero",slug:"maria-a.-herrero",fullName:"María A. Herrero"},{id:"44913",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan de M.",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz",slug:"juan-de-m.-munoz",fullName:"Juan de M. Muñoz"},{id:"44914",title:"Dr.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Prieto",slug:"pilar-prieto",fullName:"Pilar Prieto"},{id:"44915",title:"Dr.",name:"Abel",middleName:null,surname:"de Cózar",slug:"abel-de-cozar",fullName:"Abel de Cózar"}]},{id:"17009",title:"Microwave assisted disinfection method in dentistry",slug:"microwave-assisted-disinfection-method-in-dentistry",totalDownloads:5353,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"302",slug:"microwave-heating",title:"Microwave Heating",fullTitle:"Microwave Heating"},signatures:"Carlos Vergani, Daniela Garcia Ribeiro, Livia Nordi Dovigo, Paula Volpato Sanita and Ana Claudia Pavarina",authors:[{id:"55717",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Eduardo",surname:"Vergani",slug:"carlos-vergani",fullName:"Carlos Vergani"},{id:"55793",title:"Mrs.",name:"Daniela Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"daniela-garcia-ribeiro",fullName:"Daniela Garcia Ribeiro"},{id:"55794",title:"Dr.",name:"Livia Nordi",middleName:null,surname:"Dovigo",slug:"livia-nordi-dovigo",fullName:"Livia Nordi Dovigo"},{id:"55795",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula Volpato",middleName:null,surname:"Sanita",slug:"paula-volpato-sanita",fullName:"Paula Volpato Sanita"},{id:"55796",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ana Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Pavarina",slug:"ana-claudia-pavarina",fullName:"Ana Claudia Pavarina"}]},{id:"17008",title:"Role of microwave heating in antigen retrieval in cryosections of the formalin-fixed mammalian tissues",slug:"role-of-microwave-heating-in-antigen-retrieval-in-cryosections-of-the-formalin-fixed-mammalian-tissu",totalDownloads:7833,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"302",slug:"microwave-heating",title:"Microwave Heating",fullTitle:"Microwave Heating"},signatures:"Hrvoje Brzica, Davorka Breljak, Ivana Vrhovac and Ivan Sabolic",authors:[{id:"38409",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Sabolic",slug:"ivan-sabolic",fullName:"Ivan Sabolic"},{id:"38423",title:"Dr.",name:"Hrvoje",middleName:null,surname:"Brzica",slug:"hrvoje-brzica",fullName:"Hrvoje Brzica"},{id:"38424",title:"Dr.",name:"Davorka",middleName:null,surname:"Breljak",slug:"davorka-breljak",fullName:"Davorka Breljak"},{id:"38425",title:"BSc.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Vrhovac",slug:"ivana-vrhovac",fullName:"Ivana Vrhovac"}]},{id:"17006",title:"Microwave Synthesis: a Physical Concept",slug:"microwave-synthesis-a-physical-concept",totalDownloads:8133,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:null,book:{id:"302",slug:"microwave-heating",title:"Microwave Heating",fullTitle:"Microwave Heating"},signatures:"V.K. Saxena and Usha Chandra",authors:[{id:"49671",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Chandra",slug:"usha-chandra",fullName:"Usha Chandra"},{id:"52457",title:"Dr.",name:"V.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"v.k.-saxena",fullName:"V.K. Saxena"}]},{id:"17011",title:"Microwave processing of meat",slug:"microwave-processing-of-meat",totalDownloads:7126,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"302",slug:"microwave-heating",title:"Microwave Heating",fullTitle:"Microwave Heating"},signatures:"Mohammad Yarmand and Aziz Homayouni Rad",authors:[{id:"40782",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:"Saied",surname:"Yarmand",slug:"mohammad-yarmand",fullName:"Mohammad Yarmand"},{id:"53877",title:"Dr.",name:"Aziz",middleName:null,surname:"Homayouni Rad",slug:"aziz-homayouni-rad",fullName:"Aziz Homayouni Rad"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"288",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. Aldrich",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",biography:"Naceur M’HAMDI is Associate Professor at the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage. He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. He worked as assistant Professor of Genetic, biostatistics and animal biotechnology at INAT since 2013.",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases - Molecular and Biochemical Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",hash:"afdbf57e32d996556a94528c06623cf3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. Aldrich",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. Alsafy, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland",slug:"anatomical-guide-to-the-paranasal-sinuses-of-domestic-animals",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:17,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:35,paginationItems:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio",middleName:null,surname:"Lousada",slug:"sergio-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio Lousada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248645/images/system/248645.jpg",biography:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada has an international Ph.D. in Civil Engineering (Hydraulics). He teaches Hydraulics, Environment, and Water Resources and Construction at the University of Madeira, Portugal. He has published articles and books and participated in events mainly in the areas of hydraulics, urban planning, and land management. Furthermore, he collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx); VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; CITUR - Madeira - Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation, Madeira, Portugal; and Institute of Research on Territorial Governance and Inter-Organizational Cooperation, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland. Moreover, he holds an International master\\'s degree in Ports and Coasts Engineering.",institutionString:"University of Madeira",institution:{name:"University of Madeira",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"424419",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:"Ayorinde",surname:"Ayorinde Adebayo",slug:"matthew-ayorinde-adebayo",fullName:"Matthew Ayorinde Adebayo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/424419/images/17356_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"215342",title:"Prof.",name:"José Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Naranjo Gómez",slug:"jose-manuel-naranjo-gomez",fullName:"José Manuel Naranjo Gómez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"354033",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Nasri",slug:"ahmed-nasri",fullName:"Ahmed Nasri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435702",title:"Dr.",name:"Amel",middleName:null,surname:"Hannachi",slug:"amel-hannachi",fullName:"Amel Hannachi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420857",title:"Prof.",name:"Ezzeddine",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"ezzeddine-mahmoudi",fullName:"Ezzeddine Mahmoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420856",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamouda",middleName:null,surname:"Beyrem",slug:"hamouda-beyrem",fullName:"Hamouda Beyrem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435703",title:"Dr.",name:"Hary",middleName:null,surname:"Demey",slug:"hary-demey",fullName:"Hary Demey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Cartagena",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"425026",title:"Mr.",name:"Kholofelo",middleName:null,surname:"Clifford Malematja",slug:"kholofelo-clifford-malematja",fullName:"Kholofelo Clifford Malematja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tshwane University of Technology",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435701",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Allouche",slug:"mohamed-allouche",fullName:"Mohamed Allouche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"420855",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Aïssa",slug:"patricia-aissa",fullName:"Patricia Aïssa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"435699",title:"Dr.",name:"Takoua",middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"takoua-mhadhbi",fullName:"Takoua Mhadhbi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Carthage",country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"442300",title:"Prof.",name:"Véronique",middleName:null,surname:"Perrier",slug:"veronique-perrier",fullName:"Véronique Perrier",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Montpellier",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"445179",title:"Mr.",name:"Aman",middleName:null,surname:"Jaiswal",slug:"aman-jaiswal",fullName:"Aman Jaiswal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445178",title:"Mr.",name:"Dhiraj",middleName:null,surname:"Dutta",slug:"dhiraj-dutta",fullName:"Dhiraj Dutta",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"445180",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"rama-dubey",fullName:"Rama Dubey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Defence Research Laboratory",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424992",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Helal",slug:"mohamed-helal",fullName:"Mohamed Helal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"426808",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yesim",middleName:null,surname:"Gucbilmez",slug:"yesim-gucbilmez",fullName:"Yesim Gucbilmez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Eskisehir Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"428329",title:"Mr.",name:"Collet",middleName:null,surname:"Maswanganyi",slug:"collet-maswanganyi",fullName:"Collet Maswanganyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428546",title:"MSc.",name:"Ndivhuwo",middleName:null,surname:"Shumbula",slug:"ndivhuwo-shumbula",fullName:"Ndivhuwo Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"352155",title:"Dr.",name:"Poslet",middleName:"Morgan",surname:"Shumbula",slug:"poslet-shumbula",fullName:"Poslet Shumbula",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Limpopo",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"435064",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammadtaghi",middleName:null,surname:"Vakili",slug:"mohammadtaghi-vakili",fullName:"Mohammadtaghi Vakili",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yangtze Normal University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"437268",title:"Dr.",name:"Linda Lunga",middleName:null,surname:"Sibali",slug:"linda-lunga-sibali",fullName:"Linda Lunga Sibali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437269",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter P.",middleName:null,surname:"Ndibewu",slug:"peter-p.-ndibewu",fullName:"Peter P. Ndibewu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424106",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Siyabonga",middleName:null,surname:"Aubrey Mhlongo",slug:"siyabonga-aubrey-mhlongo",fullName:"Siyabonga Aubrey Mhlongo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"424233",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"ifeoluwa-oluwafunmilayo-daramola",fullName:"Ifeoluwa Oluwafunmilayo Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446429",title:"Dr.",name:"Dev Vrat",middleName:null,surname:"Kamboj",slug:"dev-vrat-kamboj",fullName:"Dev Vrat Kamboj",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"425585",title:"Dr.",name:"NISHA",middleName:null,surname:"GAUR",slug:"nisha-gaur",fullName:"NISHA GAUR",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"226635",title:"Prof.",name:"Amany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Sikaily",slug:"amany-el-sikaily",fullName:"Amany El-Sikaily",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"435668",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ghanem",slug:"sara-ghanem",fullName:"Sara Ghanem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:69,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:56,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:195,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-em-streptococcus-mutans-em-virulence-targets-a-proteomic",totalDownloads:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79515",title:"White Spot Lesions and Remineralization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101372",signatures:"Monisha Khatri, Shreya Kishore, S. Nagarathinam, Suvetha Siva and Vanita Barai",slug:"white-spot-lesions-and-remineralization",totalDownloads:80,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/15184",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"15184"},fullPath:"/chapters/15184",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()