Mean and standard deviation of scores on all final sensory attributes by PGI, after PCA. Includes relative standard deviation.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9686",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Brassica Breeding and Biotechnology",title:"Brassica Breeding and Biotechnology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The family Brassicaceae constitutes one of the world’s most economically important plant groups. These plants are important sources of vegetable oil, vegetables, and condiments. Most of these crops belong to the genus Brassica, which includes common crops such as oilseeds (oilseed rape, mustard) and vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, cabbage, turnip, Chinese cabbage, etc.). Brassica species play an essential role in horticulture and agriculture as well as contribute to the health of populations around the world. The current global climatic model predicts a significant decrease in growth, yield, and productivity of Brassica due to various biotic and abiotic stress factors. Thus, high-yielding, climate-resilient, and disease-resistant Brassica varieties are required to maintain as well as increase future agricultural production. The development of improved cultivars of these crops may become exhausted and improvement could become stagnant when plant breeding is merely based on a single breeding approach. Therefore, the goal of a breeding program should be to develop genetically superior Brassica cultivars suitable for a wide range of environments. This book examines the introgression of insect and disease resistance and other desirable traits into Brassica crops using inter-and/or intra-specific hybridization as well as biotechnological and molecular techniques, which could be useful for improving Brassica crops to ensure food security.",isbn:"978-1-83968-697-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-696-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-698-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87490",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"brassica-breeding-and-biotechnology",numberOfPages:174,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1afe175ea39b01d4e6e0c9d6427486a6",bookSignature:"A. K. M. Aminul Islam, Mohammad Anwar Hossain and A. K. M. Mominul Islam",publishedDate:"July 7th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9686.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3449,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:27,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 4th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 2nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 1st 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 19th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 20th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"191072",title:"Prof.",name:"A. K. M. Aminul",middleName:null,surname:"Islam",slug:"a.-k.-m.-aminul-islam",fullName:"A. K. M. Aminul Islam",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191072/images/system/191072.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. A. K. M. Aminul Islam is Professor of Genetics and Plant Breeding at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh, where he is also a director of research. He received bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, Bangladesh, and a Ph.D. in Chemical and Process Engineering from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Dr. Islam is the author of 120 articles published in nationally and internationally reputed journals, twenty book chapters, and four books. He is an editorial board member and referee for several national and international journals. He is also the general secretary of the Plant Breeding and Genetics Society of Bangladesh, the seminar and research secretary of JICA Alumni Association of Bangladesh, and a lifetime member of several professional societies. Dr. Islam developed and released nineteen varieties of different crops for commercial cultivation by farmers. He supervised twenty-two MS and two Ph.D. students as major professor and forty MS and two Ph.D. students as a committee member. His major areas of research are the development of hybrid vegetables, canola-grade Brassica napus using a CMS system, and salinity-tolerant rice, as well as renewable energy research with Jatropha curcas.",institutionString:"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"321236",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Anwar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"mohammad-anwar-hossain",fullName:"Mohammad Anwar Hossain",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321236/images/system/321236.png",biography:"Dr. Mohammad Anwar Hossain is a professor in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, Bangladesh. He received his BSc in Agriculture and MS in Genetics and Plant Breeding from BAU. He also received an MSc in Agriculture from Kagawa University, Japan, in 2008, and a Ph.D. in Abiotic Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology from Ehime University, Japan, in 2011 through a Monbukagakusho scholarship. As a JSPS postdoctoral researcher in 2015–2017, he worked on isolating low-phosphorus, stress-tolerant genes from rice at the University of Tokyo, Japan. His current research program focuses on understanding physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants and the generation of stress-tolerant and nutrient-efficient plants through breeding and biotechnology. He has more than sixty peer-reviewed publications to his credit and has edited twelve books, including this one.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"234696",title:"Prof.",name:"A. K. M. Mominul",middleName:null,surname:"Islam",slug:"a.-k.-m.-mominul-islam",fullName:"A. K. M. Mominul Islam",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/234696/images/system/234696.png",biography:"Dr. A. K. M. Mominul Islam is a professor in the Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, Bangladesh. He received both bachelor’s and master’s degrees from BAU. Dr. Islam obtained a second master’s degree in Physical Land Resources from Ghent University, Belgium, and a Ph.D. in Plant Allelopathy from United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Ehime University, Japan, with his dissertation “Allelopathy of five Lamiaceae medicinal plant species.” Dr. Islam also completed his post-doctoral research at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, Indiana, USA. Dr. Islam is the author of seventy-four articles published in nationally and internationally reputed journals, six book chapters, and three books. He is an editorial board and referee for several national and international journals. To date, he has supervised twenty-one MS students. Dr. Islam is currently supervising the research of two MS and six Ph.D. students in the areas of field crop production and management.",institutionString:"Bangladesh Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Bangladesh Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"341",title:"Olericulture",slug:"olericulture"}],chapters:[{id:"74816",title:"Advances in Breeding in Vegetable Brassica rapa Crops",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95769",slug:"advances-in-breeding-in-vegetable-em-brassica-rapa-em-crops",totalDownloads:362,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Brassica rapa includes oil and vegetable crops having a variety of forms, such as oilseeds, leafy vegetables and turnips. Leafy types, which are called turnip greens and turnip tops, are popular crops in NW Spain, and they represent an important part of the diet. However, their cultivation is limited in southern areas or in the Mediterranean basin, probably due to a lack of adaptation. Still, they could occupy a prominent place in the Mediterranean diet, which is based on a high consumption of fruits and vegetables. In this review, we summarize the studies on the agronomical and nutritional value of these crops when grown under Mediterranean climate conditions. Data reported here might be useful for a deeper understanding of these crops for both nutritional quality and bioaccessibility, and for selecting varieties adapted to the two abovementioned Mediterranean conditions, as well as for organic farming systems, thus contributing to the diversification of traditional Brassica vegetable production systems.",signatures:"María Elena Cartea, Fernando Cámara-Martos, Sara Obregón, Francisco Rubén Badenes-Pérez and Antonio De Haro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74816",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74816",authors:[{id:"142197",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Cámara-Martos",slug:"fernando-camara-martos",fullName:"Fernando Cámara-Martos"},{id:"229534",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"De Haro-Bailón",slug:"antonio-de-haro-bailon",fullName:"Antonio De Haro-Bailón"},{id:"334691",title:"Dr.",name:"María Elena",surname:"Cartea",slug:"maria-elena-cartea",fullName:"María Elena Cartea"},{id:"335952",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Obregon-Cano",slug:"sara-obregon-cano",fullName:"Sara Obregon-Cano"},{id:"342339",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Badenes-Pérez",slug:"francisco-badenes-perez",fullName:"Francisco Badenes-Pérez"}],corrections:null},{id:"75542",title:"Rapeseed-Mustard Breeding in India: Scenario, Achievements and Research Needs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96319",slug:"rapeseed-mustard-breeding-in-india-scenario-achievements-and-research-needs",totalDownloads:733,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Brassica spp., commonly known as rapeseed-mustard, plays a significant role in the Indian economy by providing edible oils, vegetables, condiments and animal feed. Globally, India holds second and third position in rapeseed-mustard area under cultivation and production, respectively. However, anthropogenically accelerated climate change thwarts yield potential of rapeseed-mustard by employing abiotic (drought, flood, temperature variation and salinity) and biotic (disease and insects) stresses. Various approaches such as molecular breeding, pre-breeding, −omics and biotechnological interventions have been used to develop varieties for improved yield and oil quality, climate resilient and resistance or tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this context, this chapter highlighted the different cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) sources and their potential use for hybrid development. At the end, this chapter also enlisted salient achievement by the government and non-government institutes and briefly described the future perspective for improvement of rapeseed-mustard in India.",signatures:"Subhash Chand, Om Prakash Patidar, Rajat Chaudhary, Ranjit Saroj, Kailash Chandra, Vijay Kamal Meena, Omkar M. Limbalkar, Manoj Kumar Patel, Priya P. Pardeshi and Prashant Vasisth",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75542",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75542",authors:[{id:"249796",title:"Dr.",name:"Kailash",surname:"Chandra",slug:"kailash-chandra",fullName:"Kailash Chandra"},{id:"326742",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhash",surname:"Chand",slug:"subhash-chand",fullName:"Subhash Chand"},{id:"348860",title:"Dr.",name:"Om Prakash",surname:"Patidar",slug:"om-prakash-patidar",fullName:"Om Prakash Patidar"},{id:"348861",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajat",surname:"Chaudhary",slug:"rajat-chaudhary",fullName:"Rajat Chaudhary"},{id:"348862",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjit",surname:"Saroj",slug:"ranjit-saroj",fullName:"Ranjit Saroj"},{id:"348863",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay Kamal",surname:"Meena",slug:"vijay-kamal-meena",fullName:"Vijay Kamal Meena"},{id:"348865",title:"Dr.",name:"Omkar M.",surname:"Limbalkar",slug:"omkar-m.-limbalkar",fullName:"Omkar M. Limbalkar"},{id:"348867",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj Kumar",surname:"Patel",slug:"manoj-kumar-patel",fullName:"Manoj Kumar Patel"},{id:"348868",title:"Dr.",name:"Priya P.",surname:"Pardeshi",slug:"priya-p.-pardeshi",fullName:"Priya P. Pardeshi"},{id:"348869",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashant",surname:"Vasisth",slug:"prashant-vasisth",fullName:"Prashant Vasisth"}],corrections:null},{id:"75023",title:"Innovative Strategies to Develop Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance in Mustard (Brassicaceae)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95973",slug:"innovative-strategies-to-develop-abiotic-and-biotic-stress-tolerance-in-mustard-brassicaceae-",totalDownloads:356,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mustard crop is the third important source of vegetable oil randomly below soybean L. and palm, all over the world. Brassica crop is extremely susceptible to some biotic and abiotic stresses and they significantly influence the quality and quantity of the crop. In the past generally breeding techniques are used to develop resistance in mustard to avoid diseases though various pathogens are soon able to overcome that resistance by modifying their metabolic cycles. To bear the challenge there is an urgent need to develop abiotic as well as biotic stress tolerant plants using advanced techniques by understanding metabolic and biochemical pathways of plants and pathogens. Several techniques such selection of stress tolerance microbes, metabolite, enzymes, and genes are very important to avoid stresses. Whereas several techniques such as deployment of molecular markers for breeding, identification of Quantitative trait loci (QTL), in vitro tissue culture etc. can be more useful to improve biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in mustard. To develop healthy and high yield varieties, the mix of these techniques is needs to be implemented.",signatures:"Bahaderjeet Singh, Amanpreet Singh Sran and Gagandeep Singh Sohi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75023",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75023",authors:[{id:"331114",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Bahaderjeet",surname:"Singh",slug:"bahaderjeet-singh",fullName:"Bahaderjeet Singh"}],corrections:null},{id:"75263",title:"Embryo Culture and Embryo Rescue in Brassica",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96058",slug:"embryo-culture-and-embryo-rescue-in-em-brassica-em-",totalDownloads:359,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Somatic embryogenesis is the best demonstration of totipotency in higher plants in which somatic cell produce whole plant like zygotic embryo. It is also demonstrated that immature, weak, hybrid or sometimes inviable embryos can be saved through in vitro culture to prevents its degradation. It may help to cross the reproductive barriers when interspecific hybrids developed. Brasssica is an economically valuable oil yielding and vegetable crop and India is the largest producer of oil seed rape in the world. Various factors affect the embryo rescue in Brassica like growth stage of the embryos, types and composition of the rescue medium etc. The embryo regeneration potential can improve through the modification of culture conditions in both zygotic as well as somatic embryo. Except the embryo culture other parts like ovule, ovary culture can also be done to developed interspecific hybrids. This chapter is focused on the embryo rescue techniques in the genus Brassica and summarizes possible ways of improving the technique used.",signatures:"Mohammad Akmal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75263",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75263",authors:[{id:"181036",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Akmal",slug:"mohammad-akmal",fullName:"Mohammad Akmal"}],corrections:null},{id:"74043",title:"Breeding Mustard (Brassica juncea) for Salt Tolerance: Problems and Prospects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94551",slug:"breeding-mustard-em-brassica-juncea-em-for-salt-tolerance-problems-and-prospects",totalDownloads:297,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Salt stress is currently one of the most critical factors, reducing agricultural production. Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) is a major oilseed crop in these areas. However, salt affects as much as 50–90% worldwide yield reduction. Salt tolerance is a very complex factor controlled by a number of independent and/or interdependent mechanisms and genetic modification that lead to many changes in physiology and biochemistry at the cellular level. The classical methods of plant breeding for salt tolerance involves the widespread use of inter and intraspecific variations in the available germplasm which is essential for any crop development program. This large germplasm is then tested under various salt levels in microplots, which is a quick, reliable, reproducible and inexpensive method of salt tolerance. Genotypes that have shown better indications of stress tolerance without significant yield reduction are considered to be tolerant and are also used as potential donor in the breeding programs. In this way, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (ICAR-CSSRI), Karnal developed and produced five varieties of Indian mustard that tolerate high salt namely, CS 52, CS 54, CS 56, CS 58 and CS 60 in the country, and many other high-quality pipeline lines exploration and development. These salt-tolerant species work better under conditions of salt stress due to various manipulations (physiology, genes and molecular level) to fight salt stress has led to detrimental effects. Recent molecular tools to add classical breeding systems to improve saline-tolerant mustard varieties in a short span of time, including the Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) and backcrossing, that have helped using simple sequence repeats (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control the polygenic traits like tolerance of salt and seed yield.",signatures:"Jogendra Singh, Parbodh Chander Sharma and Vijayata Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74043",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74043",authors:[{id:"245615",title:"Dr.",name:"Jogendra",surname:"Singh",slug:"jogendra-singh",fullName:"Jogendra Singh"}],corrections:null},{id:"75554",title:"Salinity Tolerance in Canola: Insights from Proteomic Studies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96649",slug:"salinity-tolerance-in-canola-insights-from-proteomic-studies",totalDownloads:348,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Salinity considerably lowers crop yield worldwide. Production of salt stress-tolerant species will be essential to maintain the food supply in the coming decades. Brassicas, including various members of the family Brassicaceae, are very necessary sources of human food. Importantly, the key crop species that are members of the Brassicaceae family are genetically diverse and therefore their response reaction and adaptation to salinity varies greatly. Canola (Brassica napus L.) is commonly grown for edible oils and other uses such as biodiesel fuel production. Although most types of canola are identified as salt-resistant, plant yield and development are reduced significantly by rising salinity levels. In saline situations, the plant’s genome supports a range of physiological changes in some plant characteristics. Since the function of genes cannot indicate the exact condition of cells, proteomic approaches are emerged as methods to investigate the plant’s responses to stresses in the molecular levels. Exploring the proteome complements research at the genome and transcriptome level and helps elucidate the mechanism of salt tolerance in plants. Proteins are reliable indicators of salinity responses, as they are directly involved in forming the new phenotype providing adaptation to salinity. In this chapter, we review the response of the rapeseed proteome to salinity stress.",signatures:"Ali Bandehagh, Zahra Dehghanian, Robert Henry and Mohammad Anwar Hossain",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75554",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75554",authors:[{id:"321236",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Anwar",surname:"Hossain",slug:"mohammad-anwar-hossain",fullName:"Mohammad Anwar Hossain"},{id:"333759",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Bandehagh",slug:"ali-bandehagh",fullName:"Ali Bandehagh"},{id:"333782",title:"BSc.",name:"Zahra",surname:"Dehghanian",slug:"zahra-dehghanian",fullName:"Zahra Dehghanian"},{id:"349347",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Henry",slug:"robert-henry",fullName:"Robert Henry"}],corrections:null},{id:"75610",title:"Epidemiology, Genetics and Resistance of Alternaria Blight in Oilseed Brassica",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96454",slug:"epidemiology-genetics-and-resistance-of-em-alternaria-em-blight-in-oilseed-em-brassica-em-",totalDownloads:298,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Alternaria blight is one of the most deadly diseases of oilseed Brassica. This recalcitrant disease causes up to 50% yield loss across the globe. The disease is mainly caused by Alternaria brassicae and Alternaria brassicicola. These pathogens lack sexual stages and survive as conidia or condiospores on the debris of previous crops and susceptible weeds. Developing resistant oilseed Brassica cultivars to this disease has become a prime concern for researchers over the years. In absence of resistant oilseed Brassica cultivar, identification and introgression of resistance related genes can be a potential source for Alternaria blight resistance. As resistance toward Alternaria blight is governed by polygenes, intercrossing between the tolerant genotypes and subsequent selection will be the most appropriate way to transfer the quantitative resistance. For that reason, future breeding goal should focus on screening of germplasms for selecting genotypes containing resistance genes and structural features that favors resistance, like thick epicuticular wax, biochemical components such as phenols, phytoalexins and lower soluble sugars, reducing sugars and soluble nitrogen. Selected genotypes should be brought under appropriate breeding programs for attaining Alternaria blight resistance.",signatures:"Subroto Das Jyoti, Naima Sultana, Lutful Hassan and Arif Hasan Khan Robin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75610",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75610",authors:[{id:"322667",title:"Prof.",name:"Arif Hasan Khan",surname:"Robin",slug:"arif-hasan-khan-robin",fullName:"Arif Hasan Khan Robin"},{id:"329291",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutful",surname:"Hassan",slug:"lutful-hassan",fullName:"Lutful Hassan"},{id:"330722",title:"Mr.",name:"Subroto Das",surname:"Jyoti",slug:"subroto-das-jyoti",fullName:"Subroto Das Jyoti"},{id:"342026",title:"Ms.",name:"Naima",surname:"Sultana",slug:"naima-sultana",fullName:"Naima Sultana"}],corrections:null},{id:"75379",title:"Breeding for Disease Resistance in Brassica Vegetables Using DNA Marker Selection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96263",slug:"breeding-for-disease-resistance-in-brassica-vegetables-using-dna-marker-selection",totalDownloads:378,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Brassica genus comprises of agro-economically important vegetables. Disease causes great yield loss of Brassica vegetables worldwide. Different traditional methods such as crop rotation and chemical control have limited effect on different diseases of Brassica vegetables and cannot completely eradicate the pathogens by these methods. Development of disease resistant cultivars is one of the most effective, ecofriendly, and cheapest measure to control Brassica diseases. With the development of genomics, molecular biology techniques, and biological methods, it is possible to discover and introduce resistance (R) genes to efficiently control the plant diseases caused by pathogens. Some R genes of major diseases such as Fusarium wilt and clubroot in Brassica vegetables have been already identified. Therefore, we will focus to review the Fusarium wilt and clubroot resistance in Brassica vegetables and the methodologies for identification, mapping, and pyramiding of R genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to develop disease resistant cultivars. These techniques will be helpful for sustainable crop production and to maintain global food security and contribute to ensure protection of food supply in the Asian country as well as throughout the world.",signatures:"Mst Arjina Akter, Hasan Mehraj, Takeru Itabashi, Tomoe Shindo, Masaaki Osaka, Ayasha Akter, Naomi Miyaji, Naoki Chiba, Junji Miyazaki and Ryo Fujimoto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75379",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75379",authors:[{id:"233726",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryo",surname:"Fujimoto",slug:"ryo-fujimoto",fullName:"Ryo Fujimoto"},{id:"233727",title:"Ms.",name:"Ayasha",surname:"Akter",slug:"ayasha-akter",fullName:"Ayasha Akter"},{id:"345922",title:"Ms.",name:"Mst Arjina",surname:"Akter",slug:"mst-arjina-akter",fullName:"Mst Arjina Akter"},{id:"345923",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Mehraj",slug:"hasan-mehraj",fullName:"Hasan Mehraj"},{id:"345924",title:"Mr.",name:"Takeru",surname:"Itabashi",slug:"takeru-itabashi",fullName:"Takeru Itabashi"},{id:"345925",title:"Ms.",name:"Tomoe",surname:"Shindo",slug:"tomoe-shindo",fullName:"Tomoe Shindo"},{id:"345926",title:"Mr.",name:"Naoki",surname:"Chiba",slug:"naoki-chiba",fullName:"Naoki Chiba"},{id:"345927",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaaki",surname:"Osaka",slug:"masaaki-osaka",fullName:"Masaaki Osaka"},{id:"345928",title:"Ms.",name:"Naomi",surname:"Miyaji",slug:"naomi-miyaji",fullName:"Naomi Miyaji"},{id:"345929",title:"Dr.",name:"Junji",surname:"Miyazaki",slug:"junji-miyazaki",fullName:"Junji Miyazaki"}],corrections:null},{id:"75968",title:"Brassica-Aphid Interaction: Modulated Challenges and Sustainable Approach for Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96903",slug:"brassica-aphid-interaction-modulated-challenges-and-sustainable-approach-for-management",totalDownloads:322,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Insect pests act as main barrier in enhancing yield potential of Brassica crops. Lipaphis erysimi is considered as one of the most destructive insect species in mustard production due to its voracious type feeding and multiplication. Therefore application of insecticide is inevitable for cultivation of cruciferous crops, although systemic insecticides has been found to be suitable for management of aphid, despite of high cost, residual effect and ecological ramification have necessitated the application of bio and botanical insecticides as novel approach and are recorded significant in research. Aphids having exclusively viviparous parthenogenesis type reproduction from January to March month with the completion of eight generations are helpful in quick mass multiplication. Natural enemies Coccinella spp., Syrphid larvae and bio-pesticide found effective in suppress aphid numbers. Manipulation in sowing dates of mustard crop provides good yield and less incidence of aphid which is proved through research. Lack of environmental resistant varieties has dispensed toward non feasibility of conventional breeding approaches for developing aphid-resistant Brassica. Although application of genetic engineering plan has resulted in moderate success in development of aphid resistance, so far commercialization of such genetically modified crops has not conceivable, intimate the necessity of further insights in to host plant and aphid communication to form effective approach against aphid resistance. Therefore in this chapter the components involved in Brassica aphid communication are highlighted and present statuses and problem in aphid management are discussed.",signatures:"S.A. Dwivedi, Lelika Nameirakpam and Ajay Tomer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75968",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75968",authors:[{id:"330948",title:"Dr.",name:"S.A.",surname:"Dwivedi",slug:"s.a.-dwivedi",fullName:"S.A. 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\r\n\tThe importance and significance of aquifers are growing day by day as the world's population is becoming large. Many areas of the developing countries are since dependent on aquifers for their water needs; it is important to look at them holistically, whether mapping their future potential or monitoring. New tools and methods are now available, dictating the proper, judicious, and best use of our water resources that are available in the aquifers beneath the ground surface. The scientific approach to the various aspects of aquifers, including their management, will be the principal topic of focus in this book. Through case studies and technical contributions from several experienced authors all over the globe, the topic of aquifers has been covered. Most of the relevant aquifer sub-areas of significance will be described in this open access book, if not all. Hence, this publication will be a valuable one for avid book readers, particularly academicians, scientists, field personnel, researchers, and students in different countries.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-394-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-393-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-395-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",bookSignature:"Dr. Abhay Soni and Dr. Prabhat Jain",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",keywords:"Aquifers Types, Aquifers Characteristics, Aquifers Importance, Aquifers Groundwater Movement, Field Study, Aquifer Monitoring, Merits and Demerits, Conventional Mapping, Digital Mapping, Modeling and Aquifer, Unconfined Aquifers Management, Control of Pollution",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 14th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 10th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 28th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Abhay Soni is a professional engineer with more than 30 years of experience in industry, R&D, and academia. He is a Chief Scientist at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research at Nagpur Research Centre, a Professor of AcSIR (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research), and an avid writer. He is actively associated with professional societies in India, including the Mining Engineers Association of India (MEAI), Institution of Engineers (India), and Indian Society for Rock Mechanics.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Prabhat Jain worked as Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Applied Geology, University of Sagar, before joining Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) through UPSC Batch 1985. Since then, he served in various capacities on Central Ground Water Board in different parts of India. He has also received a prestigious “Jal Seva” Award of IWWA for the year 2016-17, “Best lecture” Award in 2018-19, and Linga Raja Das Memorial Trophy 2019-20, IWWA.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/271093/images/system/271093.jpg",biography:"Dr. A.K. Soni, Ph.D., graduated with a degree in Mining Engineering from Ravishankar University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, in 1983. He completed his post-graduate studies at the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Rajasthan, India, and obtained a Ph.D. in Environmental Science and Engineering from the Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines (ISM), Dhanbad, India, in 1998. \n\n\n\nDr. Soni is currently working as Chief Scientist at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR-CIMFR) at Nagpur Research Centre and engaged in research work on 'mine environment and allied areas.” His area of research interest is 'geo-hydrological problems related to mines.” He has more than 33 years of experience working in the Indian mining industry. As part of his research work, he has visited the United States and the United Kingdom and traveled widely across India. As a research scientist and technical administrator, he has more than 115 technical publications on mining and environmental topics to his credit. Dr. Soni has authored one book, Mining in the Himalayas: An Integrated Strategy. 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Wine is a product in which the concept of typicality is prevalent, especially in Europe [1]. Protected geographical indications (PGI) and protected designation of origin (PDO) products are the base of European artisan production, maintaining sensory characteristics, assuring consumer confidence, and preserving market position [2].
A large number of sensory methodologies are based on the use of professional tasters to show the sensory properties of a wine category (wine variety or PDO). Scientists have tested different sensory approaches, but the perceptual sample-tasting methods may be considered the most commonly used. These approaches work correctly, if the samples are grouped in well-separated regions; however, in more complex distributions, their classification power becomes poor [3]. Concerns regarding the scarcity and representation of samples that are assessed have always undermined typicality research. A recent study stated that a sample-tasting panel did not discriminate among the wines for astringency and bitterness, probably because the samples were inexpensive wines with very similar phenolic contents [4].
The role of expertise, as well as the importance of experience and long-term memory (LTM) for extraordinary performance, is widely documented. Wine professionals (wine-makers, wine journalists, etc.) are often nonavailable for testing [5]; hence, our experts were not formally trained, as usually done in quantitative descriptive analysis (DA). Due to their high level of long-term professional expertise, we hypothesized that the abstraction of sensory prototypes is memorized and could be considered as a synthesis of all previous wine tasting experiences from the category. Descriptions stored in LTM can be used to generate images of objects and scenes [6]. Recognition of meaningful stimuli such as words or objects rapidly activates conceptual information and leads to the retrieval of additional relevant information from LTM [7]. Neuroscience research stated that new information can come from different sources, including sensory stimuli (SS) or LTM; however, no (brain) regions were found to be more active during updating from SS than updating from LTM [8]. In the case of sensory analysis, flavor may be processed by tasters as a psychological construct, the data being more consistent with a perceptual/cognitive process rather than a consequence of rating strategies [9].
Our nationwide study, a novel macroscale approach on wine sensory typicality, was built on the case that senior experts have common mental representations of typical wines from each PGI, resulting in a feasible assessment of predetermined attributes and respective lexicon [10] which can be used to describe the sensory characteristics of a typical exemplar of the category or prototype. Clear agreement between experts concerning typicality scores [11] and existence of shared cognitive constructs of typicality [12] has been demonstrated. The literature does not always clearly delineate what constitutes training and what is experience. Experience relates to a familiarity with a product class resulting from long-term exposure to a wide variety of members representing that class [13]. Qualitative methods can be used to enhance quantitative studies, and with time, labor or financial limitations, may be considered a valid substitute for quantitative methods with heavy training/calibration requirements. Sensory methods are constantly evolving, becoming simpler, faster, and highly reviewed [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. If neuroscience and sensory science results suggest that expertise may be more a cognitive skill rather than a perceptual one, and if all of the perceptually based techniques have a persistent low wine sampling hazard due to the logistical and/or time-consuming factors, then why are conceptual techniques, based on the long-term memory from professional wine experts and
Currently, there are 12 Protected Geographical Wine Indications (PGI) in mainland Portugal (Figure 1). For such a small country, does the actual range of 12 PGI’s offer 12 single and typical wine sensory profiles, so different from one another that typicality governs consumers on their purchasing decisions?
Protected geographical indications (and respective inner protected designations of origin) in mainland Portugal.
This study builds on the suggestion, which is commonly expressed in Portuguese and Anglophone wine press, that typicality assessment of PGI-certified still red wines of mainland Portugal does not match 12 exclusive sensory profiles, 1 for each Geographical Indication [21]. The supporting evidence of typicality similitude among certain PGIs can be found in bioclimatic [22, 23, 24] and biogeographical zoning studies [25]. Moreover, the phenolic composition [26, 27] and aroma [28] exhibited zonal differences.
Following our recently published white wine nationwide study [29], encompassing a novel memory-based DA, each member of our panel of professional experts was asked to mentally retrieve and assess his prototypical sensory profile of each of the 12 mainland Portugal PGI-certified young red wines. To our knowledge, this is the first macroscale sensory study covering a whole wine-producing country.
Finally, the outcome of our sample-free and uncalibrated DA methodology was compared with the results of a classic sampling DA single PGI study [30] assessed by a calibrated panel of PGI Beira Atlântico local experts, both studies sharing the same sensory questionnaire.
When compared with previous studies [31], rigorous selection criteria were applied, as the definition of a wine expert considered the following categories:
Renowned wine-makers with tasting activity of >4 times per week in more than one Portuguese wine region;
Oenology researchers and scholars who were regularly involved in wine-making and/or wine evaluation;
Wine professionals (e.g.,
Wine experts with an extensive (more than 15 years) history of wine involvement.
As this method is mostly dependent on indisputable knowledge brought by well-known senior Portuguese professionals, graduate wine students, wine consumers and enthusiasts, even with a long-term wine involvement, were not eligible for group of wine experts. The sensory raw data of this work was generated by 20 renowned wine-makers, referenced scholars and professional opinion leaders, wine buyers, and distributors from the Portuguese wine industry. Recent literature showed that the number of panelists is well above average to ensure a statistically robust outcome [4].
The questionnaire was designed according to the classical three-tier sensory method of assessment: visual, aromatic, and gustatory/tactile descriptors (full questionnaire in supporting information). With the exception of hue, the questionnaire used an 11-integer point rating scale. On the left was written: “no trace of the attribute” (score 0) and on the right was written: “extreme intensity of the attribute” (score 10).
The color was assessed in its intensity and hue. Results from this last descriptor were standardized to match the same scale because the previously reported research justified the use of a 4-integer point scale with 1—Violet-Purple, 2—Purple-Ruby, 3—Ruby-Garnet, and 4—Garnet-Brick [32]. The aroma was evaluated with 1 overall intensity measure and 18 aromatic categories that summarize a significant amount of scientific research [33], much of which has already been used in the form of aroma wheels [34]. The taste of red wines was evaluated using 14 measures, including essential tastes (sour, sweet, salty, and bitter), mouthfeel categories resulting from the various types of astringency [35], prickling, weight, persistence, and mouthcoat sensation [10].
Respondents were invited and briefed by the same experimenter. They received oral instructions on how to fill the questionnaire. The experts were told to quantify their prototypical memory activated by the following question: “How would you sensory assess a typical young commercial red wine (released during the first year following harvest) from this particular PGI?” Despite some reasonable doubts on similar cognitive construct within the panel, no training phase or leveling pre-stage was performed. No wine samples were assessed. All experts independently completed individual self-reported questionnaires by scoring several sensory attributes that characterized their own expert construct for what is a typical PGI young red wine of each of the 12 Portuguese wine regions.
Descriptive statistics (central tendency and dispersion) were computed for each sensory attribute, using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0. Using the same software, bivariate statistics such as one-way ANOVA were performed in order to analyze the relation between the sensory attributes and 12 PGIs. Moreover, this tool reveals whether or not significant differences are found and also the strength of the association. This was followed by the completion of principal components analysis (PCA) with a Varimax rotation which sought to explore the possibility of reducing the initial amount of sensory variables into fewer dimensions—the principal components (PC). PCA of sensory data permitted the differentiation among geographic areas [28]. The number of retained components was based on the Kaiser criterion—according to which the components with an eigenvalue greater than or equal to 1 are retained—and occasionally, the next principal component was also retained. Latent variables encompassing different initial variables found to be highly correlated on each PC were estimated, named accordingly, and new descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were computed on the basis of such aggregate variables (three initial variables were kept isolated: color intensity, color tonality (hue), and aromatic intensity).
Given that the central hypothesis of this study anchored on similarity of several PGIs typical wine sensory profiles, global research of this proximity was assessed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), which is an exploratory data analysis tool that aims at sorting different objects (the 12 PGIs) into groups in a way that the similarity between two objects is maximal if they belong to the same group and minimal otherwise. The squared Euclidean distance was used as measure of proximity, and the complete linkage method algorithm was applied to group the PGIs. Raw data from the above-mentioned three initial sensory variables excluded from the PCA, as well the means of the latent sensory variables that emerged from the PCA outcome, were lined up as the HCA input.
Twelve Protected Geographical Indications, memory assessed by the typicality of their respective young commercial red wines, were sensory validated, since all PGIs showed differences with significant statistical meaning (at least in 1 attribute) which was verified by the ANOVA method, considering one fixed factor: the Geographical Indication. Relative standard deviation, also known as coefficient of variation [36], showed a lower percentage for the majority of the sensory attributes, which indicates low variability in the data set means (Table 1).
Except for the aromatic intensity assessment, the 18 initial aroma attributes were grouped into 5 principal components (Table 2) that were named according to the previously reported literature on aromatic series:
Hue | Color intensity | Aroma intensity | (PC1) Aredfruitwoody | (PC2) Aripefruit | (PC3) Agreenchemical | (PC4) Aoverripeness | (PC5) Aflor citrusmineral | (PC1) Tdryastringent | (PC2) T sweetviscous | (PC3) T bittersalty | (PC4) T fullpersistent | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algarve | Mean | 3.00 | 6.19 | 6.13 | 4.50 | 5.77 | 2.80 | 2.84 | 2.77 | 3.31 | 6.48 | 1.54 | 5.38 |
SD | 0.37 | 0.98 | 1.02 | 1.69 | 1.52 | 1.18 | 1.61 | 1.35 | 1.58 | 0.56 | 0.98 | 0.85 | |
Alentejano | Mean | 2.70 | 7.30 | 7.15 | 4.79 | 6.95 | 3.48 | 3.85 | 2.87 | 3.43 | 6.68 | 1.57 | 6.00 |
SD | 0.47 | 0.73 | 0.88 | 1.45 | 1.10 | 1.31 | 1.90 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 0.72 | 0.97 | 1.04 | |
Beira Atlântico | Mean | 2.00 | 5.65 | 5.30 | 4.07 | 3.28 | 4.93 | 3.33 | 3.80 | 5.73 | 3.24 | 3.12 | 5.60 |
SD | 0.46 | 1.39 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.22 | 1.51 | 1.40 | 1.25 | 1.34 | 0.63 | 1.43 | 0.95 | |
Duriense | Mean | 1.65 | 7.55 | 6.95 | 4.71 | 6.04 | 3.81 | 3.48 | 4.77 | 4.61 | 5.66 | 1.58 | 7.05 |
SD | 0.59 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 1.34 | 1.15 | 1.48 | 1.35 | 1.63 | 1.26 | 0.81 | 1.09 | 0.81 | |
Lisboa | Mean | 1.82 | 6.35 | 5.35 | 4.25 | 4.13 | 4.31 | 2.91 | 3.61 | 5.18 | 4.18 | 2.63 | 5.35 |
SD | 0.64 | 1.46 | 0.79 | 1.36 | 1.17 | 1.25 | 1.28 | 1.58 | 1.12 | 0.89 | 1.05 | 0.70 | |
Minho | Mean | 1.11 | 8.58 | 5.84 | 2.93 | 3.24 | 5.26 | 1.89 | 3.35 | 6.43 | 2.43 | 3.79 | 5.03 |
SD | 0.32 | 1.64 | 1.71 | 1.19 | 1.39 | 1.73 | 1.14 | 1.81 | 1.43 | 0.87 | 1.45 | 1.52 | |
Península Setúbal | Mean | 2.76 | 6.24 | 6.12 | 4.84 | 5.46 | 3.87 | 3.56 | 3.47 | 3.66 | 5.93 | 2.31 | 5.50 |
SD | 0.44 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 1.38 | 1.44 | 1.53 | 1.69 | 1.73 | 1.33 | 0.69 | 1.49 | 0.85 | |
Tejo | Mean | 2.84 | 6.32 | 6.05 | 4.73 | 5.09 | 3.95 | 2.95 | 3.32 | 4.26 | 5.37 | 1.79 | 5.47 |
SD | 0.37 | 0.58 | 0.91 | 1.35 | 0.92 | 1.48 | 1.61 | 1.68 | 1.64 | 0.62 | 1.25 | 0.75 | |
Terras da Beira | Mean | 2.32 | 6.16 | 5.74 | 4.13 | 4.21 | 3.96 | 3.08 | 4.39 | 5.07 | 4.52 | 1.95 | 6.08 |
SD | 0.67 | 1.17 | 0.93 | 1.22 | 1.13 | 1.57 | 1.56 | 1.42 | 1.28 | 0.76 | 1.22 | 0.69 | |
Terras de Cister | Mean | 2.60 | 5.10 | 5.20 | 3.74 | 3.45 | 3.73 | 2.70 | 3.77 | 5.03 | 3.94 | 2.20 | 5.55 |
SD | 0.52 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 1.19 | 1.14 | 1.08 | 0.98 | 1.24 | 1.42 | 0.67 | 1.04 | 0.76 | |
Terras do Dão | Mean | 2.00 | 6.60 | 6.90 | 4.57 | 4.19 | 3.94 | 3.63 | 5.23 | 5.03 | 4.52 | 1.92 | 6.70 |
SD | 0.46 | 1.10 | 1.02 | 1.47 | 1.56 | 1.30 | 1.64 | 1.62 | 1.11 | 0.73 | 1.18 | 0.83 | |
Transmontano | Mean | 2.38 | 6.25 | 5.38 | 3.98 | 4.91 | 3.91 | 3.66 | 3.83 | 4.63 | 4.71 | 1.88 | 6.00 |
SD | 0.50 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 1.45 | 1.19 | 1.42 | 1.71 | 1.50 | 1.20 | 0.77 | 1.06 | 0.89 | |
Total | Mean | 2.23 | 6.60 | 6.07 | 4.29 | 4.77 | 4.02 | 3.18 | 3.79 | 4.71 | 4.82 | 2.19 | 5.84 |
SD | 0.73 | 1.38 | 1.20 | 1.43 | 1.68 | 1.52 | 1.58 | 1.64 | 1.57 | 1.44 | 1.36 | 1.07 | |
% RSD | 33% | 21% | 20% | 33% | 35% | 38% | 50% | 43% | 33% | 30% | 62% | 18% |
Mean and standard deviation of scores on all final sensory attributes by PGI, after PCA. Includes relative standard deviation.
AROMA | Principal component (PC) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | PC5 | |
Woody | 0.054 | 0.085 | 0.151 | 0.111 | |
Spicy | 0.02 | 0.236 | 0.154 | 0.206 | |
Red fruit | 0.139 | 0.088 | −0.253 | 0.346 | |
Bread and pastry | 0.185 | 0.012 | 0.426 | 0.04 | |
Caramelized | 0.442 | 0.083 | 0.433 | −0.219 | |
Black fruit | 0.058 | −0.131 | −0.14 | 0.249 | |
Stone fruit | −0.027 | 0.054 | 0.167 | 0.048 | |
Dried fruit | 0.251 | −0.092 | 0.351 | −0.23 | |
Jam and jelly fruit | 0.513 | −0.2 | 0.203 | −0.086 | |
Chemical | −0.036 | 0.064 | −0.026 | −0.095 | |
Vegetable | 0.292 | −0.192 | −0.157 | 0.177 | |
Animal | −0.012 | −0.024 | 0.307 | 0.109 | |
Herbal | 0.231 | −0.16 | 0.094 | 0.243 | |
Dry flowers | 0.157 | 0.058 | 0.189 | 0.234 | |
Nut fruit | 0.118 | 0.206 | −0.009 | 0.216 | |
Floral | 0.304 | 0.046 | −0.079 | 0.077 | |
Mineral | 0.11 | −0.091 | 0.218 | 0.208 | |
Citrus fruit | −0.001 | 0.177 | 0.381 | 0.29 | |
Loadings of 18 aromatic attributes in the first 5 principal components named PC1
Major loadings on each PC are highlighted in bold.
It was possible to find an aggregate sensory measurement that explained 66.7% of the total variance. The simplification procedure that was based on the expert panel assessments may be optimal for macroscale area profiling purposes in contrast to the previously reported use of highly specific, isolated, and less obvious sensory descriptors.
The application of PCA to all tactile/textural and mouthfeel categories simplified the characterization of the taste of the PGI young red wines.
The 14 initial taste attributes were grouped into 4 principal components (Table 3) that were named according to the classical tastes and contributing research on mouthfeel perceptions, reported above:
Taste | Principal component (PC) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | |
Grain (Mouthfeel) | −0.073 | 0.071 | 0.122 | |
Rough (Mouthfeel) | −0.216 | 0.154 | 0.075 | |
Astringent (Global) | −0.341 | 0.186 | 0.165 | |
Dry (Mouthfeel) | −0.045 | 0.247 | −0.186 | |
Sweet | −0.071 | 0.071 | −0.092 | |
Alcohol | −0.299 | −0.113 | 0.168 | |
Smooth (Mouthfeel) | −0.163 | −0.045 | 0.206 | |
Oily (Mouthcoat) | 0.044 | −0.166 | 0.583 | |
Acid (Sour) | 0.492 | 0.363 | 0.187 | |
Salty | 0.084 | 0.025 | 0.009 | |
Bitter | 0.393 | −0.011 | 0.053 | |
Bubbly | 0.167 | −0.395 | −0.209 | |
Length | 0.188 | −0.107 | 0.077 | |
Full body | −0.078 | 0.466 | −0.1 | |
Loadings of 14 tactile/textural and mouthfeel descriptors in the first 4 principal components named PC1
Major loadings on each PC are highlighted in bold.
We found an aggregate sensory measurement that explained 75% of the total variance, again supporting the role of the simplified procedure on the tannins tactile range of descriptors [35]. Wine phenolic compounds may either taste astringent, bitter or both [37]. Furthermore, mutual suppression is a fundamental property among all tastes. However, this does not occur with astringency [38] because this tactile sensation plays a strong role as a key sensory profiler. Despite the close relationship between bitterness and astringent [39], our panel of professional experts placed major factor loadings for each one in different principal components, hence endorsing the greater sensitivity and lingual acuity of our super tasters [40]. Although the significant grouping of the originally segmented terms may lead to doubt about their usefulness for providing quality data regarding the astringency of the wines [35], our results suggest that the variation in the PC1
Multivariate statistical methods showed that evidence of sensory aggregations between PGIs and extended geographical clusters or macroscale areas with similar sensory profile was proposed. The experts’ typicality construct for the PGI red wines from mainland Portugal led to a sensory aggregation around four clusters (Figures 2 and 3) that were named according to their respective geography and a combination of geomorphological and bioclimatic characteristics [22]:
Dendogram showing the distance between PGIs (PS, peninsula de Setubal; T, Tejo; AG, Algarve; AL, Alentejano; D, Duriense; TD, Terras do Dão; BA, Beira Atlântico; L, Lisboa; TB, Terras da Beira; TM, Transmontano; TC, Terras de Cister; M, Minho).
Four large-scale clusters in mainland Portugal originated from experimental design on sensory typicality.
Clustered groups were, finally, sensory described on the basis of mean scores comparison as the ANOVA results confirmed the statistical robustness of our design (Table 4). A radar chart of such means is presented, such representation being straightforward and relatively effortless to analyze (Figure 4).
Final clustered zonings vs. final sensory attributes | Hue* | Color intensity | Aroma intensity | (PC1) Aredfruitwoody | (PC2) Aripefruit | (PC3) Agreenchemical | (PC4) Aoverripeness | (PC5) Aflor citrusmineral | (PC1) Tdryastringent | (PC2) Tsweetviscous | (PC3) Tbittersalty | (PC4) Tfullpersistent | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Southern | Mean | 6.51 | 6.36 | 3.30 | 1.80 | 5.59 | |||||||
CENTRAL VALLEYS | Mean | 2.75 | 7.08 | 4.64 | 5.11 | 3.88 | 4.82 | 5.09 | |||||
Central coast and peripheral valleys | Mean | 4.08 | 4.03 | 3.99 | 4.17 | 3.13 | 3.88 | 5.12 | 4.12 | 2.35 | 5.72 | ||
PGI MINHO | Mean | 5.84 | 3.35 | ||||||||||
Univariate ANOVA results (By Attribute) | Sigma | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.031 | 0.049 | 0.047 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.016 | 0.002 |
Eta Squared | 0.806 | 0.641 | 0.730 | 0.910 | 0.518 | 0.459 | 0.466 | 0.810 | 0.818 | 0.770 | 0.599 | 0.754 |
Mean scores of final sensory attributes regarding the four clustered zonings of mainland Portugal.
Hue was standardized to encompass the 0–10 points integer scale.
Minimal scores in italic; maximal scores in bold.
Summary of ANOVA results.
Radar chart of the red wine sensory aggregate attribute means per immediate cluster.
The final sensory attributes reveal some characteristics that sustain the fast clustering dynamics that encompass the four SOUTHERN PGIs (PGI Peninsula de Setubal, PGI Tejo, PGI Alentejano and PGI Algarve), thus enabling the creation of a typical sensory profile for this macroscale area (Figure 4). In agreement with our results, similar geoviticultural (temperate hot climate, temperate warm nights and a moderately strong drought) and sensory analysis (high alcohol content and intense aromatic ripe fruity wines) groupings were reported for these same four PGIs [41].
The color hue got the highest assessment (Table 4 and Figure 4), indicating a Ruby-Garnet hue, and color intensity rated second lowest. Temperatures of 30°C and higher might lead to lower anthocyanin synthesis [42]. Lower acidity levels are usually correlated with higher grape pH, although the relation is affected by potassium accumulation, which is itself temperature dependent. At a higher pH, the chalcone form (slightly yellow) increases progressively over the hemiketal (colorless), the quinoidal (blue) and the flavylium cation (red) anthocyanin structures [43, 44]. One study showed that raisining decreased the lightness and increased the color saturation and hue [45]. These findings may explain the ruby-garnet dominant hue and the low color intensity of typical young red wines from the SOUTHERN macroscale area.
For the aroma, the lowest assessments were given to PC3
The aroma profile showed an intense raisiny and jammy character with dominant black and stone fruit; however, the experts noted that the aromas were also woody, spicy, and of young yeasty red fruits. Red wine fruitiness may correlate directly with the ethanol enhancement because studies on red wine aroma have confirmed that when ethanol is enhanced, the intensity of the fruity odor increases [47]. Additionally, the existence of inodorous constituents in red grape skins, which are extractible by ethanol and transformed by yeasts, produced a specific aroma of red-berry and black-berry fruit in the finished wines [48]. The SOUTHERN macroscale area ranked second on the aromatic intensity scale and received the lowest scores for mineral, floral, and citrus fruit. Chemical and vegetable notes were almost nonexistent.
For the taste, the lowest assessment was given to PC1
A portion of inner center-northern Portugal was sensory-zoned. PGI Terras do Dão and PGI Terras do Douro were immediately clustered and named CENTRAL VALLEYS because of their centered geography on the mountainous continental plateau (Figure 4).
The CENTRAL VALLEYS macroscale area was presented as an immediate clustering output. According to the cluster analysis method and based on the related isolated and aggregate means, the sensory profile has the following characterization:
The color got the second lowest assessment for its hue, indicating a Purple-Ruby hue, and the second highest assessment was for
For the aroma, there was a strong typicality with the three highest assessments for
For the taste, the lowest assessment was for PC3
For the remaining continental PGIs, which are listed under the PERIPHERAL VALLEYS cluster, they were sensory assessed as similar to the CENTRAL COAST PGIs, and the data were combined (Figure 3). Interestingly, the late PGI Beiras, which encompass the administrative merging of coastal and inner wine regions (PGI Terras da Beira (TB), PGI Terras de Cister (TC), and PGI Beira Atlântico (BA)), was officially extinct after the harvest of 2011.
The hue of the red wines was rated from Purple/Ruby to Ruby/Garnet halfway between typical fresh and warm region hues. Indeed, this peripheral setting includes a vast macroscale area border that may explain the wider values observed in our results. The color intensity received the lowest score (Table 4 and Figure 4).
The aromatic intensity of PERIPHERAL VALLEYS and CENTRAL COAST red wines was the lowest among all of the macroscale areas (Table 4 and Figure 4), which is another difference with the neighboring Central Valleys and is a similarity with the Northern-coastal PGI Minho.
The taste characterization showed long mouthfeel persistence, and it ranked second highest for the assessment of full bodied taste, a feature that is similar to the neighboring Central Valleys. The levels of salty, bitter, and tactile bubbly were slightly increased, suggesting a similarity with the Northern-coastal PGI Minho and some typicality in the acidic-fresh sensory profile (Table 4 and Figure 4).
The northern-coastal PGI MINHO is a wine region, where the world-renowned PDO Vinho Verde is located. This region presented the highest primary typicality assessments according to the stand-alone cluster analysis results (Figure 2). This result was strongly supported by 10 of the 12 analyzed attributes that had extreme scores (Table 4 and Figure 4). Similar observations were previously reported by other authors [41], which were based on their geoviticultural multicriteria climatic classification system [61]. The sensory attributes revealed characteristics that allowed clustering dynamics and helped establish a typical sensory profile:
For the color, the highest assessment was for
The aroma was considered to be typical as the experts scored one highest assessment for PC3
The aromatic profile is built on several extreme assessments. The high levels of green and chemical notes and the low levels of ripe fruit may relate to the cool climate and the low ripening conditions [64]. An average intensity was found for the PGI MINHO red wines with an extremely low presence of woody, spicy, and young yeasty red fruit notes.
The taste was considered to be typical as the experts scored the highest assessment for PC1
Located on the extreme northwest corner of mainland Portugal, the PGI MINHO sensory profile exhibited typical gustatory characteristics, such as the highest intensity of dryness, astringency, roughness, and grain tannin mouthfeel, which are related to the greener ripeness [26]. Polyphenols are recognized as substances that provide astringency sensation. However, other substances such as organic acids, sugars, and ethanol can also influence this sensation [65]. The fresh profile was amplified to its peak by the highest presence of salty, bitter, and bubbly sensations. The bubbly sensations were due to typical carbonic gas addition. Inversely, these red wines were assessed as light bodied with a fair persistence, low alcohol-driven tactile sensations, and reduced tannin smoothness. The lowest assessments were for sweet and oily textures. The highest assessment of astringency occurred for the low alcoholic wines [66]. The maximal rate of fresh acidic taste was found for the PC2
The fact that four PCs—
Correlations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
(PC1) Tdryastringent | (PC2) Tsweetviscous | (PC3) Tbittersalty | (PC4) Tfullpersistent | |
(PC1) Tdryastringent | 1 | −0.957** | 0.434 | 0.154 |
(PC2) Tsweetviscous | 1 | −0.592* | −0.017 | |
(PC3) Tbittersalty | 0.434 | 1 | −0.502 | |
(PC4) Tfullpersistent | 0.154 | −0.017 | −0.502 | 1 |
N | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
Pearson correlation matrix of four aggregate tactile attributes.
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.
The coefficient of −0.957 (close to maximum −1) between PC1
Standardized score bi-plots of the four aggregate tactile descriptors over 12 PGIs (PS, peninsula de Setubal; T, Tejo; AG, Algarve; AL, Alentejano; D, Duriense; TD, Terras do Dão; BA, Beira Atlântico; L, Lisboa; TB, Terras da Beira; TM, Transmontano; TC, Terras de Cister; M, Minho).
Astringency was assessed as drier and rougher in the north and smoother in the South. The bi-plot in Figure 5a also showed a clear northward decrease in alcohol content. Conversely, acidity was enhanced northward. The sensory measure PC3
Mean differences between long term memory (LTM) and wine sampling (WS) methods. ABS scores represent absolute differences between both methods.
Among the scientific community, our novel, nationwide, sample-free, noncalibrated, expert memory-based method was accepted [29, 71], as it was challenged on the basis that the data relied on respondents’ perceptions rather than direct experience. In this new research, we compare the results mentioned before in this study—signaled as Experiment 1 (LTM)—with the completion of the same questionnaire (Supporting Information) by 19 local experts from the single PGI Beira Atlântico—Experiment 2 (WS)—as a result of a blind tasting of 15 young red wine samples, representing the leading supermarket brands of this wine region.
Results of the wine tasting assessment by local PGI Beira Atlântico wine experts were organized in order to fully compare with extracted results of experiment 1 regarding the same PGI (Figure 6). The panel is widely calibrated, as these professionals belong to the certification panel which must approve typicality and quality of all submitted PGI Beira Atlântico wines. This panel complies with an annual program of inner and inter-laboratorial calibration on aromatic thresholds, triangular tests, and tastant solutions (control standards of sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, quinine, and others).
The assessment of the same sensory questionnaire by the nationwide professional uncalibrated panel and the local professional PGI Atlântico calibrated panel showed a significant Pearson positive correlation of 0.669, this to be considered promising and a green flag for newcoming comparative studies regarding other PGIs.
Focusing on the major mean differences, results show that the local experts tend to evaluate with higher appreciation their local wines, regarding negative sensory descriptors such as
There is an ongoing line of research focusing on cost-benefit of calibration stages [72]. Our findings emphasize uneven calibration needs. In Table 6, we have highlighted the initial sensory descriptors which could gain accuracy with a calibration stage, such as
Primary | Aggregate | (PD Means) | (PD Means) | ABS () |
---|---|---|---|---|
Descriptor (PD) | Descriptor | Long-term memory | Wine sampling | ∆ (LTM-WS) |
Experiment 1 | Experiment 2 | |||
Aroma vegetable | Aroma-greenchemical | 6.25 | 2.36 | 3.89 |
Taste grain astringency | Taste-dryastringent | 5.00 | 2.19 | 2.81 |
Aroma herbal | Aroma-greenchemical | 5.95 | 3.21 | 2.74 |
Aroma red fruit | Aroma-redfruitwoody | 5.55 | 2.85 | 2.70 |
Taste acid | Taste-sweetviscous (inverted) | 7.00 | 4.46 | 2.54 |
Aroma mineral | Aroma-citrusmineral | 5.15 | 2.66 | 2.49 |
Taste salty | Taste-bittersalty | 3.65 | 1.27 | 2.38 |
Taste rough astringency | Taste-dryastringent | 5.60 | 3.24 | 2.36 |
Aroma animal | Aroma-greenchemical | 4.25 | 1.91 | 2.34 |
Taste bitter | Taste-bittersalty | 4.60 | 2.30 | 2.30 |
Top 10 underperfoming primary descriptors.
In this sensory study on wine typicality, four large-scale areas were identified. PGI MINHO was found to be the most typical of all PGIs, with several extreme rates for the Color, Aroma and Taste. Encompassed by the four Mediterranean PGIs (PGI Peninsula de Setubal, PGI Tejo, PGI Alentejano and PGI Algarve), the SOUTHERN cluster presented several extreme sensory assessments that were essentially opposed to the single-clustered PGI MINHO’s profile. Alcohol, acidity, bitterness and astringency were cross-linked; the respective variations were correlated with published literature and expressed as key factors for the regional macroscale differentiation. Bitterness and astringency were found to be sensory different and related on a geographical scale, as bitterness was primarily affected by inland/coastal influence, while astringency confirmed its customary north/south dependence, this finding to be considered new. Moreover, with the proposed methodology, it was possible to achieve a novel nationwide sensory characterization of PGIs, overcoming present day limitations on macroscale sensory research and sample representativeness.
Results by memory of (1 out of 12) extracted PGI Beira Atlântico were compared with the outcome of wine sampling assessment by local experts, using the same sensory questionnaire, and were found significantly correlated. Major differences between results by memory and by sampling were found mostly on unpleasant (negative-prone) sensory descriptors, the local experts showing greater sympathy for local wines. The need for a calibration stage was found uneven regarding the overall group of scrutinized wine descriptors, envisaging potential accuracy on final results only with a selective calibration phase on fewer descriptors.
These findings may lead to condensed information on typicality, which may contribute to a feasible macroscale regulation of small-sized wine regions and allow Portuguese red wines to be readily understood and sorted by a larger group of consumers.
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He has written 96 scientific papers with more than 550 citations and editor/co-editor of 8 books and 37 book chapters an H index of 15.",institutionString:"Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7891",title:"Meniere's Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dda64b6335a1f85313b965777842c80a",slug:"meniere-s-disease",bookSignature:"Fayez Bahmad Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7891.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77351",title:"Prof.",name:"Fayez",middleName:null,surname:"Bahmad Jr",slug:"fayez-bahmad-jr",fullName:"Fayez Bahmad Jr"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8680",title:"Advances in Rehabilitation of Hearing Loss",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"068c9f4790e4843b9cbb8dcf86002bea",slug:"advances-in-rehabilitation-of-hearing-loss",bookSignature:"Diego Zanetti and Federica Di Berardino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8680.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219687",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Zanetti",slug:"diego-zanetti",fullName:"Diego Zanetti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7844",title:"Voice and Swallowing Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a81e27eb29c12553e9524f20a93b57d",slug:"voice-and-swallowing-disorders",bookSignature:"Monjur Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7844.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206355",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monjur",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"monjur-ahmed",fullName:"Monjur Ahmed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7894",title:"The Human Auditory System",subtitle:"Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7c43fdbbbca096fea1c40c0a1928343",slug:"the-human-auditory-system-basic-features-and-updates-on-audiological-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba and Piotr H. Skarzynski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7894.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",middleName:null,surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7461",title:"Management of Tinnitus",subtitle:"The Enriching Views of Treatment Options",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9626e5a89247b934de503a3d08752e14",slug:"management-of-tinnitus-the-enriching-views-of-treatment-options",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7461.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7131",title:"Selected Topics in Facial Nerve Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0c16c1a947ded4fae51c047243593fbf",slug:"selected-topics-in-facial-nerve-disorders",bookSignature:"Isam Al-Zwaini and Mohammed Jalal Hussein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7131.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7245",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"67a331ebb2dd2b8f73228fa4daa7382f",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7245.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:22,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"33875",doi:"10.5772/32762",title:"Cochlear Implants in Children: A Review",slug:"cochlear-implants-in-children-a-review",totalDownloads:4967,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"1393",slug:"hearing-loss",title:"Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Julia Sarant",authors:[{id:"92583",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Sarant",slug:"julia-sarant",fullName:"Julia Sarant"}]},{id:"49574",doi:"10.5772/61835",title:"Classification of Hearing Loss",slug:"classification-of-hearing-loss",totalDownloads:5395,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Hearing loss is the partial or total inability to hear sound in one or both ears. People with hearing loss make up a significant 5.3% of the world’s population. The audiogram is an important tool used to determine the degree and type of hearing loss. This chapter presents hearing loss classification, which can aid in clinical diagnosis and help in finding appropriate therapeutic management. Hearing loss is classified based on ear anatomy, type of hearing loss, degree of the disease, and configuration of the audiogram. When the hearing loss is fully characterized, appropriate medical intervention can be assigned.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Waleed B. Alshuaib, Jasem M. Al-Kandari and Sonia M. Hasan",authors:[{id:"174550",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Alshuaib",slug:"waleed-alshuaib",fullName:"Waleed Alshuaib"},{id:"174551",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasim",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Kandari",slug:"jasim-al-kandari",fullName:"Jasim Al-Kandari"},{id:"174552",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"sonia-hasan",fullName:"Sonia Hasan"}]},{id:"49108",doi:"10.5772/61217",title:"Hearing Loss and the Voice",slug:"hearing-loss-and-the-voice",totalDownloads:3357,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The voice varies according to the context of speech and to the physical and psychological conditions of the human being, and there is always a normal standard for the vocal output. Hearing loss can impair voce production, causing social, educational, and speech limitations, with specific deviation of the communication related to speech and voice. Usually, the voice is not the main focus of the speech-language pathology therapy with individuals with hearing loss, but its deviations can represent such a negative impact on this population that it can interfere on speech intelligibility and crucially compromise the social integration of the individual. The literature vastly explores acoustic and perceptual characteristics of children and adults with hearing loss. Voice problems in individuals with this impairment are directly related to its type and severity, age, gender, and type of hearing device used. While individuals with mild and moderate hearing loss can only present problems with resonance, severely impaired individuals may lack intensity and frequency control, among other alterations. The commonly found vocal deviations include strain, breathiness, roughness, monotone, absence of rhythm, unpleasant quality, hoarseness, vocal fatigue, high pitch, reduced volume, loudness with excessive variation, unbalanced resonance, altered breathing pattern, brusque vocal attack, and imprecise articulation. These characteristics are justified by the incapability of the deaf to control their vocal performance due to the lack of auditory monitoring of their own voice, caused by the hearing loss. Hence, the development of an intelligible speech with a good quality of voice on the hearing impaired is a challenge, despite the sophisticated technological advances of hearing aids, cochlear implants and other implantable devices. The purpose of this chapter is therefore to present an extensive review of the literature and describe our experience regarding the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of voice disorders in individuals with hearing loss.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Coelho, Daniela Malta Medved and Alcione Ghedini\nBrasolotto",authors:[{id:"174260",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",slug:"ana-cristina-coelho",fullName:"Ana Cristina Coelho"},{id:"174643",title:"Dr.",name:"Alcione",middleName:null,surname:"Brasolotto",slug:"alcione-brasolotto",fullName:"Alcione Brasolotto"},{id:"174644",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Medved",slug:"daniela-medved",fullName:"Daniela Medved"}]},{id:"33864",doi:"10.5772/33569",title:"The Mongolian Gerbil as a Model for the Analysis of Peripheral and Central Age-Dependent Hearing Loss",slug:"the-mongolian-gerbil-as-a-model-for-the-analysis-of-peripheral-and-central-age-dependent-hearing-los",totalDownloads:2370,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1393",slug:"hearing-loss",title:"Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Gleich Otto and Strutz Jürgen",authors:[{id:"96191",title:"Dr.",name:"Otto",middleName:null,surname:"Gleich",slug:"otto-gleich",fullName:"Otto Gleich"},{id:"96195",title:"Prof.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Strutz",slug:"jurgen-strutz",fullName:"Jürgen Strutz"}]},{id:"55472",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69089",title:"Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: What the Surgeon Needs to Know",slug:"paranasal-sinus-anatomy-what-the-surgeon-needs-to-know",totalDownloads:5713,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Performing a smooth and clean sinus surgery goes hand in hand with a perfect understanding of the nasal and paranasal anatomy. Within this chapter, the paranasal and related structures surgical anatomy will be extensively reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomical landmarks and the normal anatomical variations, which have a significant impact on the function, pathology, and surgical procedures of the paranasal sinuses.",book:{id:"5911",slug:"paranasal-sinuses",title:"Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Abdulmalik S. Alsaied",authors:[{id:"199716",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulmalik",middleName:"Saad",surname:"Alsaied",slug:"abdulmalik-alsaied",fullName:"Abdulmalik Alsaied"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63699",title:"Management of the Complications of Maxillary Sinus Augmentation",slug:"management-of-the-complications-of-maxillary-sinus-augmentation",totalDownloads:7815,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Dental implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxillary region has always been a challenging issue due to both alveolar ridge atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Maxillary sinus augmentation is a well-known and predictable procedure in vertical deficiencies of the posterior maxilla. To date, various techniques have been described based on the physiology of intrasinus bone repair to obtain better outcomes. Nevertheless, these procedures could also be associated with several intra- and postoperative complications such as perforation of the sinus membrane, hemorrhage, infection, graft resorption, and loss of the graft or implants. The aim of this chapter is to review the contemporary methods for maxillary sinus augmentation and to present both recommendations for prevention and management of the associated complications.",book:{id:"7245",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Alper Sindel, Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan and Öznur Özalp",authors:[{id:"244837",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",middleName:null,surname:"Sindel",slug:"alper-sindel",fullName:"Alper Sindel"},{id:"244918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Özarslan",slug:"mehmet-mustafa-ozarslan",fullName:"Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan"},{id:"244919",title:"Ms.",name:"Öznur",middleName:null,surname:"Özalp",slug:"oznur-ozalp",fullName:"Öznur Özalp"}]},{id:"55472",title:"Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: What the Surgeon Needs to Know",slug:"paranasal-sinus-anatomy-what-the-surgeon-needs-to-know",totalDownloads:5708,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Performing a smooth and clean sinus surgery goes hand in hand with a perfect understanding of the nasal and paranasal anatomy. Within this chapter, the paranasal and related structures surgical anatomy will be extensively reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomical landmarks and the normal anatomical variations, which have a significant impact on the function, pathology, and surgical procedures of the paranasal sinuses.",book:{id:"5911",slug:"paranasal-sinuses",title:"Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Abdulmalik S. Alsaied",authors:[{id:"199716",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulmalik",middleName:"Saad",surname:"Alsaied",slug:"abdulmalik-alsaied",fullName:"Abdulmalik Alsaied"}]},{id:"69430",title:"Concurrent Rhinoplasty and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery",slug:"concurrent-rhinoplasty-and-endoscopic-sinus-surgery",totalDownloads:1201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was first reported in 1991 by Sheman and Matarasso. Since then, many authors have documented a large series showing the overall efficacy of combining the two procedures. The focus of this manuscript is to document the author’s recent experience with combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery and highlight the changes that have occurred during the author’s 2-years experience. A retrospective data review was performed on 53 (31 females and 22 men, age range 16–55 years) patients who underwent combined rhinoplasty and ESS between January 2016 and December 2018 at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur by the same surgeon. The mean age was 31.8 years. All patients had severe nasal obstruction with chronic rhinosinusitis and were followed up for a minimum of 6 months post-surgery and underwent ENT workup, which included history, office rigid endoscopy, CT scans of paranasal sinuses and preoperative photography. Initially, the ESS was performed followed by the open rhinoplasty with or without osteotomy. The ESS consisted of middle turbinate reduction [15/53 (28.3%)], maxillary antrostomy [36/53 (67.9%)], ethmoidectomy [38/53 (71.6%)], frontal sinusotomy [7/53 (13.2%)], and sphenoidotomy [9/53 (16.9%)]. Most of the sinus symptoms resolved postoperatively with 47 (88.6%) of 53 patients describing their improvement as significant. Fifty (94.3%) of 53 patients stated that they would recommend the concurrent procedure. The benefits of these advances are illustrated by a review of the literature with good results (functional and cosmetic) and minimal complications.",book:{id:"7062",slug:"rhinosinusitis",title:"Rhinosinusitis",fullTitle:"Rhinosinusitis"},signatures:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",authors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}]},{id:"49574",title:"Classification of Hearing Loss",slug:"classification-of-hearing-loss",totalDownloads:5388,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Hearing loss is the partial or total inability to hear sound in one or both ears. People with hearing loss make up a significant 5.3% of the world’s population. The audiogram is an important tool used to determine the degree and type of hearing loss. This chapter presents hearing loss classification, which can aid in clinical diagnosis and help in finding appropriate therapeutic management. Hearing loss is classified based on ear anatomy, type of hearing loss, degree of the disease, and configuration of the audiogram. When the hearing loss is fully characterized, appropriate medical intervention can be assigned.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Waleed B. Alshuaib, Jasem M. Al-Kandari and Sonia M. Hasan",authors:[{id:"174550",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Alshuaib",slug:"waleed-alshuaib",fullName:"Waleed Alshuaib"},{id:"174551",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasim",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Kandari",slug:"jasim-al-kandari",fullName:"Jasim Al-Kandari"},{id:"174552",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"sonia-hasan",fullName:"Sonia Hasan"}]},{id:"56237",title:"Caffeine and Meniere’s Disease",slug:"caffeine-and-meniere-s-disease",totalDownloads:1765,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Meniere’s disease is characterized by recurrent vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and persistent tinnitus. Caffeine consumption in modern society is a widespread and culturally accepted habit; however, there is no consensus about its mechanism of action in various organs and systems, including the auditory and vestibular. The few clinical studies have shown that abstention from caffeine has little effect in patients with Meniere’s disease, both in relation to vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss.",book:{id:"5454",slug:"up-to-date-on-meniere-s-disease",title:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease",fullTitle:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease"},signatures:"Alleluia Lima Losno Ledesma, Monique Antunes de Souza\nChelminski Barreto and Carlos Augusto Costa Pires de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"68849",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Augusto C. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"carlos-augusto-c.-p.-oliveira",fullName:"Carlos Augusto C. P. Oliveira"},{id:"175482",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Barreto",slug:"monique-barreto",fullName:"Monique Barreto"},{id:"194400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alleluia",middleName:"Lima",surname:"Losno Ledesma",slug:"alleluia-losno-ledesma",fullName:"Alleluia Losno Ledesma"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"192",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82305",title:"Nonreceptor Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Necessary for Auditory Function",slug:"nonreceptor-protein-kinases-and-phosphatases-necessary-for-auditory-function",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105425",abstract:"Phosphorylation is one of the most common posttranslational protein modifications. It has multiple roles in cell signaling during development as well as for maintenance of diverse functions of an organism. Protein kinases and phosphatases control phosphorylation and play critical roles in cellular processes from cell birth to cell death. Discovery of hearing-loss-associated gene variants in humans and the study of animal models have identified a crucial role of a plethora of protein phosphatases and kinases in the inner ear. In this review, those nonreceptor kinases or phosphatases are discussed, which are encoded by genes implicated in causing inherited hearing loss in humans or in mouse mutants. These studies have served to highlight the essential roles of protein kinases and phosphatases pathways to the function of the auditory system. However, the inner-ear-specific substrates for most of these enzymes remain to be discovered, as do the mechanisms of disease due to the variants in the genes that encode these proteins.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Sadaf Naz"},{id:"82266",title:"Structure and Physiology of Human Ear Involved in Hearing",slug:"structure-and-physiology-of-human-ear-involved-in-hearing",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105466",abstract:"Hearing is the fundamental sense based on the normal functioning of the hearing organ “the ear,” which plays a vital role in social interaction and the ability of learning. The human ear is divided into three parts: the outer, middle, and inner ear. Defects in outer and middle ear can cause conductive hearing loss, while the defective inner ear may lead to sensorineural hearing loss. So, it is important to study the structure and physiology of the human ear. When a sound of particular frequency enters the outer ear, it passes through the auditory canal and strikes the tympanic membrane. It vibrates and passes these vibrations to three ossicles present in the middle ear. The ossicles amplify the vibrations of sound and send them to the cochlea in the inner ear. Cochlea contains organ of Corti, which converts these vibrations into electrical signals by its hair cells. The neural signals in turn are interpreted by the brain, which one can hear and understand. The aim of this chapter is to review the basic structure and physiology of different parts of the human ear that are involved in the hearing process.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Alishbah Sheikh, Bint-e-Zainab, Kanwal Shabbir and Ayesha Imtiaz"},{id:"82244",title:"A Short Overview on Hearing Loss and Related Auditory Defects",slug:"a-short-overview-on-hearing-loss-and-related-auditory-defects",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105222",abstract:"Hearing is the ability of a person to recognize sound in the surroundings and it makes communication possible. Ear is the human organ serving as a transducer that perceives signals from the environment and converts it into detectable forms for interpretation by the brain. The auditory system is among one of the most highly studied systems. Researchers have described the physiological function of the system in detail but due to its complexity, the genetic mechanisms and genes implicated in auditory function are still being revealed. Numerous studies on the genetics of hearing indicate hearing loss as one of the most common and prevalent disorders as it affects approximately five million people worldwide. Besides hearing loss, there are several other pathologies of auditory system which are common and have an established genetic basis. In this chapter, we will introduce the genetics of some common auditory pathologies including syndromic and non-syndromic hearing loss, auditory neuropathy, age-related hearing loss, and tinnitus. These understandings will 1 day lead to better diagnosis, management, and cures.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Hina Khan, Hafiza Idrees, Zunaira Munir and Memoona Ramzan"},{id:"81485",title:"Hearing Restoration through Optical Wireless Cochlear Implants",slug:"hearing-restoration-through-optical-wireless-cochlear-implants",totalDownloads:25,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104622",abstract:"In this chapter, we present two novel optical wireless-based cochlear implant architectures: (i) optical wireless cochlear implant (OWCI) and (ii) all-optical cochlear implant (AOCI). Both the architectures aim to decisively improve the reliability and energy efficiency of hearing restoration devices. To provide design and development guidelines, we document their main components, discuss the particularities of the transdermal optical channel, and provide the analytical framework for their accurate modeling. Building upon this framework, we extract closed-form formulas that quantify the communication, the stimulation, and the overall performance. An overall comparison of OWCI and AOCI, as well as conventional cochlear implants, accompanied by future research directions summarizes this chapter. Our findings reveal that both the OWCI and the AOCI outperform conventional cochlear implant approaches; thus, they are identified as promising architectures for the next generation of cochlear implants.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Stylianos E. Trevlakis, Alexandros-Apostolos A. Boulogeorgos and George K. Karagiannidis"},{id:"80337",title:"Short-Latency Evoked Potentials of the Human Auditory System",slug:"short-latency-evoked-potentials-of-the-human-auditory-system",totalDownloads:55,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102039",abstract:"Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR) are short-latency electric potentials from the auditory nervous system that can be evoked by presenting transient acoustic stimuli to the ear. Sources of the ABR are the auditory nerve and brainstem auditory nuclei. Clinical application of ABRs includes identification of the site of lesion in retrocochlear hearing loss, establishing functional integrity of the auditory nerve, and objective audiometry. Recording of ABR requires a measurement setup with a high-quality amplifier with adequate filtering and low skin-electrode impedance to reduce non-physiological interference. Furthermore, signal averaging and artifact rejection are essential tools for obtaining a good signal-to-noise ratio. Comparing latencies for different peaks at different stimulus intensities allows the determination of hearing threshold, location of the site of lesion, and establishment of neural integrity. Audiological assessment of infants who are referred after failing hearing screening relies on accurate estimation of hearing thresholds. Frequency-specific ABR using tone-burst stimuli is a clinically feasible method for this. Appropriate correction factors should be applied to estimate the hearing threshold from the ABR threshold. Whenever possible, obtained thresholds should be confirmed with behavioral testing. The Binaural Interaction Component of the ABR provides important information regarding binaural processing in the brainstem.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Gijsbert van Zanten, Huib Versnel, Nathan van der Stoep, Wiepke Koopmans and Alex Hoetink"},{id:"80409",title:"Precocious Auditory Evoked Potential Recording with Free-Field Stimulus",slug:"precocious-auditory-evoked-potential-recording-with-free-field-stimulus",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102569",abstract:"The aim of this study is to determine the thresholds of normality in the recording of precocious auditory evoked potentials with free-field stimulation and to compare them with conventional stimulation with insertion headphones. For this purpose, we have carried out a case series study of children with normal hearing stimulated with insertion headphones, who underwent Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) and Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) with free-field stimuli. Fifty-four ears with normal criteria of children between 6 months and 24 months of age were assessed. The latencies found with free-field stimulation in ABR were significantly longer than the latencies with insert earphone stimulation (p<0.05), and no differences were found in the inter-latencies. No significant differences were found in the thresholds of the ASSR response. We conclude that the ABR thresholds obtained in the free-field correspond to the delay due to the distance of the sound source to the eardrum and, therefore, are superimposable, being applicable to patients where it is not possible to stimulate with insert phones.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Juan Bautista Calero del Castillo, Alberto Guillén Martínez and Francisco García Purriños"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. 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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83073",title:"Dental and Orofacial Trauma Impacts on Oral-Health-Related—Quality of Life in Children: Low- and Middle-Income Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105845",signatures:"Yolanda Malele-Kolisa, Nazia Khan, Mpho P. Molete, Maphefo D. 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She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. 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Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. 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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. 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She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"6",type:"subseries",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. 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He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",slug:"lynn-zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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