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These platforms allow experiments to be easily carried out in the mK regime, where the detection and manipulation of signals in the range
Solid state microwave quantum electronics is founded on a building block that has no analogous in quantum optics: the Josephson junction [2]. This, in fact, is a unique nondissipative and nonlinear component that represents the key element of a large series of quantum experiments.
Furthermore, microwave quantum electronics allows the exploration of the so-called ultrastrong coupling regime [3], hard to be reached in quantum optics, and it is worth mentioning that nonlinear resonator can be exploited to access relativistic quantum effects and quantum vacuum effects. To give an example, the Lamb shift [4] effect has been observed in superconducting artificial atom [5], while the dynamical Casimir effect [6, 7] has been promoted by properly engineered superconducting waveguide [8].
From the very beginning, superconducting electronics has been pushed by the strong interest coming from the quantum computation and information community. However, it has been only recently shown that a new concept of 1D metamaterial with embedded several Josephson junctions enables strong photon-photon on-chip interactions [9], allowing experimentalists to engineer dispersion relations that drive the waves traveling along artificial waveguides [10, 11]. These concepts and technologies allow the control and tunability of the wave mixing process. As an example, a weak signal traveling in a metamaterial can interact with a strong pump tone at a different frequency, activating the so-called parametric amplification [12]. The class of devices where these phenomena are promoted is commonly known as traveling-wave Josephson parametric amplifiers (TWJPA) and represents the solid state analogous to optical
It has been shown that TWJPAs can act as quantum parametric amplifiers by reaching the so-called quantum limit [14]. With the purpose of a comparison to the state-of-the-art commercially available low-noise amplifiers, these latter can operate at
The capability to beat the quantum limit is related to the so-called phase-sensitive amplification process, where the metamaterial can operate in degenerate mode (degenerate parametric amplifier, DPA), acting on two waves (signal and idler) at the same frequency (
It should be evident how superconducting electronics not only has demonstrated to be an ideal platform for microwave quantum parametric amplification but also has pushed forward the research field focusing on the generation of nonclassical radiation with attractive potential applications in metrology and quantum information processing.
The theory of a new concept of microwave amplifier was developed by Cullen [12] in 1959. In his paper, Cullen showed a novel mechanism of periodic transfer of power between a pump tone and a signal traveling in a transmission line composed of a voltage dependent capacitance per unit length. A nonlinear component of an RLC circuit can change periodically the resonance frequency of the whole system, leading to a novel way of making broadband amplification, the so-called parametric amplification. In Figure 1, we report two toy models for parametric amplification in mechanical systems with their electrical counterparts.
(a) Sketch of a swing process. An oscillating system at a frequency
One of the first realizations of Cullen’s idea was made by Mavaddat et al. in 1962 [19]. The signal line was basically a low pass filter, in which the shunt elements were similar varactor diodes. There, the nonlinearity was given by the specific capacitance-voltage relation of the varactor diodes, which is highly nonlinear for relative small voltage values. In this pioneering experiment, a gain of 10 dB and a bandwidth of 3 MHz were shown.
After the theorizing and the subsequent discovery of the Josephson effect [2], it was understood that an easy way to embed a nonlinear component into a transmission line and simultaneously reduce losses was to build a nonlinear inductance made of superconducting material, exploiting a Josephson junction as a source of nonlinearity following the vanguard idea by Sweeny and Mahler [13]. There, the parametric amplifier was modeled by a first-order small-signal theory with the same approach adopted to predict the behavior of GaAsFET transmission line amplifiers. The proposed design consisted of a superconducting thin-film niobium transmission line, composed by a coplanar waveguide integrating a large number of Josephson junctions.
The first realization of a traveling-wave parametric amplifier embedding a series of Josephson junctions was possible due to the PARTS process developed at IBM [9]. Exploiting niobium/aluminum technology, Yurke et al. [20] reported the construction and characterization of a coplanar waveguide, in which the central trace was composed by an array of 1000 Josephson junctions. The experiment was there performed in reflection mode, by terminating one end of the device with a short, leading to a relative high gain of 16 dB but a narrow bandwidth of 125 MHz and a noise temperature of 0.5 ± 0.1 K. The mismatch between the theoretical model and the experimental data has resulted in the understanding of a lack of a complete description of the physics behind this device when working in a small-signal regime. The study of the collective behavior of groups of Josephson junctions forming a transmission line has been an active field of study of several theoretical works [21, 22]. Subsequently, the use of numerical analysis [23] helped in clarifying how wave propagation acts inside this kind of transmission line, giving information on cutoff propagation, dispersive behavior, and shock-wave formation. An analytical model of a Josephson traveling-wave amplifier of greater complexity was developed by Yaakobi et al. [24]. There, a transmission line made of a series of capacitively shunted Josephson junctions was considered.
One of the main limitations concerning the maximum achievable gain, common to all the TWJPAs concepts, is represented by the phase mismatch between the different tones into the line. In particular, it has to be noticed that even though the incoming waves can be in phase, photon-photon interactions between different tones (cross-phase modulation) or the same tone (self-phase modulation) lead to a modification of the phase of the traveling tones themselves. Indeed, quantum mechanically speaking, the power transport between the pump and the signal waves takes place through a photon energy conversion between the pump and the signal. This means that for an efficient energy exchange, conservation of both energy and momentum needs to take place. The latter condition is the corpuscular analogous to the phase matching requirement between the different electromagnetic waves. An engineering solution to overcome this problem is represented by the so-called resonant phase matching (RPM) [11]. O’Brien et al. analyzed this method theoretically on a simple transmission line made of a series of Josephson junctions capacitively shunted to ground operating in the so-called 4-wave mixing (4WM) regime. In their model, they shunted the transmission line with several LC resonators with a resonance frequency slightly above the pump tone. Doing this, they were able to show the rise of a stop band in the dispersion relation, which is able to re-phase the pump with the signal tones by changing the pump wave vector, favoring the wave mixing.
O’Brien’s design was realized not long after [10] using Al technology. In their design, the unit cell of the transmission line was composed by three single nonlinear Josephson cells, the shunt capacitor was made using low-loss amorphous silicon dielectric and a resonator was placed after each group of 17 unit cells. The device showed a maximum gain of 12 dB over a 4 GHz bandwidth centered on
A similar design was adopted by Macklin et al. [14] to prove experimentally the capability of a TWJPA combined with the RPM technique to be used as a reliable tool for qubits readout. In this paper, the TWJPA, based on Nb technology and a different RPM periodicity, was first characterized, showing a gain of 20 dB over a 3 GHz bandwidth. Moreover, the quantum efficiency of the amplifier was tested when coupled with a 3D transmon qubit, leading to an efficiency value of
Another option to solve the mismatch problem was suggested by Bell and Samlov [26], who proposed a self-phase matching transmission line embedding a series of asymmetric superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). The remarkable feature of this design is that it does not need any resonant circuit to achieve phase matching. This TWJPA is indeed able to tune the nonlinearity of its SQUIDs just through the use of an external magnetic field. Zhang et al. realized that this design [27] proves the wide tunability on positive and negative values of the Kerr nonlinearity by a magnetic flux and its capability to assist phase matching in the 4WM process. The 4WM process is intrinsically affected by phase mismatch because it takes origin from a cubic (Kerr-like) nonlinearity of the current-phase relation of the SQUIDs composing the TWJPA, getting unwanted effects from self-phase and cross-phase modulations.
Zorin showed [28] that by embedding a chain of rf-SQUIDs into a coplanar waveguide, it is possible to tune both the second and third order nonlinearities of their phase-current relation. This is a totally a novel approach to the TWJPA, since the possibility to use a quadratic term as a source of nonlinearity, allows to work in the 3-Wave Mixing regime (3WM), as theorized by Cullen 57 years before. It is well-known that 3WM has several advantages when compared to 4WM. Firstly, it allows to operate with a minimal phase mismatch. Secondly, it requires a lesser pump power to achieve the same amplification per unit length. Eventually, it separates signal and idler from pump tones, easing the engineering of the experimental setup by removing the requirement of heavy filtering in the middle of the amplification band. A proof of principle based on the Zorin’s layout [29] showed a gain reaching 11 dB over a 3 GHz bandwidth.
A step forward in controlling the metamaterial nonlinearities was attempted by Miano et al. [30] achieving an independent tune of both second and third order terms in the current-phase relation by adjusting the bias current in some inductive circuits surrounding the transmission line. This technology takes the name of symmetric traveling-wave parametric amplifier (STWPA), its peculiarity arising from the symmetric arrangement of the rf-SQUIDs that compose the transmission line. This device concept represents the state-of-the-art in the field, allowing the exploration a wide portion of the control parameters space, leading to a maximum estimated gain of 17 dB and a 4 GHz bandwidth.
In the last decade, different theoretical models have been developed to predict the behavior of an electric transmission line containing an array of Josephson junctions, employed as nonlinear elements. In this section, we will focus on those models developed to predict the behavior of a TWJPA in the particular case of a 4WM process, under undepleted degenerate pump approximation (i.e., assuming that the power held by the pump wave is at first approximation constant and larger than the one owned by the signal and the idler). We will firstly focus on the classical theory proposed by Yaakobi et al. in 2013 [24] and O’Brien et al. in 2014 [11], in which the behavior of the transmission line is derived imposing the current conservation in the system. This starting assumption leads to the definition of a partial differential nonlinear equation that can be turned into a system of coupled mode equations, providing the expression of the amplitude of the pump, signal, and idler tones along the transmission line. Subsequently, we will discuss two different quantum approaches for the description of the parametric amplifier dynamics. The first one, proposed by Grimsmo and Blais in 2017 [31], exploits a Hamiltonian based on continuous-mode operators to derive, in an interaction picture frame, a device’s output field. The second one instead, proposed by van der Reep in 2019 [32], derives a system of coupled mode equations for the creation and annihilation quantum operators starting from a Hamiltonian based on discrete-mode operators.
The theories presented in this chapter will be based on a series of simplifying assumptions, whose experimental realization could be difficult to be obtained. For instance, in a real device, the undepleted pump approximation is hardly respected along the entire extension of the device because, along the line, the pump tone transfers a non-negligible amount of energy to the signal and idler one. The depletion effects, resulting in a reduction of the gain and of the dynamics-range of the amplifier, have been studied both in a classical and quantum frame [28, 33].
In all of these models, a lossless electrical circuit composed by the repetition of an elementary cell, whose structure is shown in Figure 2, is taken into account. In order to standardize the notations, we assume that the Josephson junctions embedded in the transmission line are identical (i.e., they have the same critical current
Electrical equivalent representation of a repetition of Josephson junctions embedded in a transmission line. The junctions are modeled as an LC resonant circuit. The length of the unitary cell length is represented by a.
where
where
Furthermore, we define
where
The energy stored in the
under the assumption that
where
Finally, we assume identical coupling capacitances
In this subsection, we will present the main steps for the derivation of the classical model presented in [11, 24]. Under proper assumption, this model allows to determine analytically the amplitude of the signal’s and idler’s waves along the transmission line.
Expressing the current flowing through each branch of the circuit presented in Figure 2 in terms of absolute phases
where the last term derives from the first-order approximation of the nonlinear behavior of the Josephson’s inductance.
Assuming the length
In this way, it is possible to define a nonlinear differential equation for the continuous absolute phase
In the case of a weakly nonlinear medium, the dispersion law can be derived from Eq. (9), considering the left-hand side being equal to zero and imposing a plane-wave solution
The solutions of Eq. (9) can be expressed, as shown by O’Brien et al. [11], in the form of a superposition of three waves (pump, signal, and idler) whose amplitudes are complex functions of the position along the line:
The case of a 4WM process with a degenerate pump can be taken into account by imposing the frequency matching condition
where
while the coupling constants
Expressing the complex amplitudes
it can be demonstrated that, working under the undepleted pump approximation
where
The total gain of an amplifier, composed by the repetition of
A standard method to treat quantum superconducting circuits is represented by the lumped element approach [34]. In this latter, the Hamiltonian of the quantum circuit is straightforwardly derived from its classical counterpart by promoting fields to operators and properly imposing commutating relations. In this view, one can proceed by deriving the Lagrangian of a TWJPA composed by the repetition of N unitary cells, under first nonlinear order approximation, as
where
where
where
From Eq. (21), one can easily derive the Euler-Lagrange equation whose form, for
The Hamiltonian of the system can be derived from the Lagrangian by taking into account
where the term
This Hamiltonian can be converted to its quantum form promoting the field
In direct analogy with Eq. (11), one can express the flux operator in terms of continuous-mode functions [34], such as
where the subscript
(where the zero-point energy, which does not influence the dynamics of the amplifier, has been omitted).
Using the expansion of
In the expressions of these contributions, the fast rotating terms and the highly phase mismatched left-moving field have been neglected:
describes the cross-phase modulation,
describes the broadband squeezing, and
describes the self-phase modulation.
The function
Assuming the nonlinear Hamiltonian
where
Working in the monochromatic degenerate pump limit
and
where
Similar to the previous classical treatment, one can introduce the co-rotating framework by replacing the field operators with
In this framework, one can derive the following differential equation
and
where
where
If a state moves inside a TWJPA of length
An alternative approach for the derivation of the quantum dynamics of a TWJPA is the one proposed in [32]. In this model, the quantum Hamiltonian for a 4WM parametric amplifier is expressed as the integral, along an arbitrary quantization length
under the assumption that
Therefore, the quantum Hamiltonian of the system can be expressed, with an approximation to the first nonlinear order, as
where
(here
Before defining the flux operator, it is necessary to define an effective inductance
Using the telegrapher’s equation [37], the discrete-mode current operator, under slowly varying amplitude approximation (
Therefore, the flux operator can be expressed as
The recursive relation deriving from Eq. (49) can be solved iteratively. Exploiting a power series expansion of the sine function and considering just the first order of interaction, it results that
where
Substituting Eqs. (46) and (50) in Eq. (45), and limiting the expression to the first nonlinear order, the Hamiltonian for a 4WM amplifiers turns up
where
Neglecting the constant zero-point energy and assuming a strong degenerate classical pump (as shown in [36])
it is possible to approximate the Hamiltonian in Eq. (52) to the second order in
where
represents the quantum self-phase modulation (when
Starting from the Hamiltonian
In [32], the hypothesis under which the classical coupled mode equations Eqs. (12) and (13) can be obtained from Eqs. (57) and (58) is described in detail.
Moving to a co-rotating frame (
where
whose solutions are
where the exponential complex gain factor is defined as
If a state spends a time
To make the results of this last treatment, in which the operators are expressed as a function of the time, comparable with the previous ones, in which the operators are expressed as a function of the space coordinate, we need to take into account the phase velocity of the tones. It turns out that:
where
The three exponential complex gain factors (
Comparison of total phase mismatches (
It is important to observe that in Eqs. (17), (41), and (61), the last term is always equal to zero in the case of a zero initial idler amplitude. In such a case, and under the hypothesis of a perfect phase matching (
In the present chapter, we have presented the state-of-the-art of the experimental evidences in the field of Josephson junctions-based traveling-wave metamaterials through a historical review in Section 2. Moreover, in Section 3, we have reported three different theoretical approaches for the prediction of a TJWPA dynamics, in the particular case of a 4WM process. Assuming similar simplifying hypothesis, like the use of a classical undepleted degenerate pump, the presence of slowly varying fields along the transmission line and approximating the nonlinearities of the system up to the first order, a similar expression for the signal amplitude (or field annihilation/creation operators in the case of quantum theories) expressed in a co-rotating frame, is derived in the three treatments. Although the results of the quantum theories are similar to the classical ones, the description of the system dynamics with a quantum theory grants the possibility to evaluate photon-number distributions, squeezing effects and averages, standard deviations or higher-order moments of the measurements operators, taking into account the commutation relations between operators explicitly. For instance, detailed calculations of the output state of a TWJPA in the case of a single-photon input state and in the case of a coherent input state are presented in [32].
The author would like to thank Luca Callegaro for the stimulating discussion. This work was partially funded by the Joint Research Project PARAWAVE of the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR). This project has received funding from the EMPIR program co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Unions’ Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.
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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1592.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35182",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos M.",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",slug:"carlos-m.-contreras",fullName:"Carlos M. Contreras"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"54565",doi:"10.5772/67828",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Regulating the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-regulating-the-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis",totalDownloads:3573,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"We investigated the regulatory role of the amygdala upon the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as measured by median eminence corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) content and serum levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. Our findings showed that (1) lesions of the central amygdala inhibited the HPA axis responses to a variety of stressful stimuli. (2) Depletion of norepinephrine or serotonin in the amygdala and hypothalamus and local injections of norepinephrine and serotonin receptor antagonists into the central amygdala inhibited the HPA axis responses to neural stress. Norepinephrine and serotonin agonists injected into the amygdala caused an increase in HPA axis activity. The activation of the amygdala facilitated the in vivo release of serotonin from the paraventricular nucleus following electrical stimulation of the brainstem raphe nuclei. (3) Electrical stimulation of the amygdala impaired the glucocorticoid negative feedback action following neural stressful stimuli probably via a decrease in hippocampal corticosteroid receptors.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Joseph Weidenfeld and Haim Ovadia",authors:[{id:"190851",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Haim",middleName:null,surname:"Ovadia",slug:"haim-ovadia",fullName:"Haim Ovadia"},{id:"192823",title:"Prof.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Weidenfeld",slug:"joseph-weidenfeld",fullName:"Joseph Weidenfeld"}]},{id:"32399",doi:"10.5772/36092",title:"Brain Energy Metabolism in Health and Disease",slug:"brain-energy-metabolism-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:9165,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"Felipe A. Beltrán, Aníbal I. Acuña, María Paz Miró and Maite A. Castro",authors:[{id:"107041",title:"Dr.",name:"Maite A",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"maite-a-castro",fullName:"Maite A Castro"},{id:"109692",title:"Mr.",name:"Felipe A",middleName:null,surname:"Beltran",slug:"felipe-a-beltran",fullName:"Felipe A Beltran"},{id:"109695",title:"Mr.",name:"Aníbal",middleName:"I.",surname:"Acuña",slug:"anibal-acuna",fullName:"Aníbal Acuña"},{id:"109696",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria Paz",middleName:null,surname:"Miro",slug:"maria-paz-miro",fullName:"Maria Paz Miro"}]},{id:"32393",doi:"10.5772/34852",title:"The Neurochemical Anatomy of Trigeminal Primary Afferent Neurons",slug:"the-neurochemical-anatomy-of-trigeminal-primary-afferent-neurons",totalDownloads:4742,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"Nikolai E. Lazarov",authors:[{id:"101891",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Lazarov",slug:"nikolai-lazarov",fullName:"Nikolai Lazarov"}]},{id:"55211",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68618",title:"The Amygdala and Anxiety",slug:"the-amygdala-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:3017,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The amygdala has a central role in anxiety responses to stressful and arousing situations. Pharmacological and lesion studies of the basolateral, central, and medial subdivisions of the amygdala have shown that their activation induces anxiogenic effects, while their inactivation produces anxiolytic effects. Many neurotransmitters and stress mediators acting at these amygdalar nuclei can modulate the behavioral expression of anxiety. These mediators may be released from different brain regions in response to different types of stressors. The amygdala is in close relationship with several brain regions within the brain circuitry that orchestrates the expression of anxiety. Recent developments in optogenetics have begun to unveil details on how these areas interact.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Sergio Linsambarth, Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro, Daisy Quintana-\nDonoso, Sebastian Rojas and Jimmy Stehberg",authors:[{id:"144923",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Stehberg",slug:"jimmy-stehberg",fullName:"Jimmy Stehberg"},{id:"194182",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga-Amaro",slug:"rodrigo-moraga-amaro",fullName:"Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro"},{id:"194183",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Linsambarth",slug:"sergio-linsambarth",fullName:"Sergio Linsambarth"}]},{id:"54301",doi:"10.5772/67585",title:"Revisiting the Role of the Amygdala in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder",slug:"revisiting-the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-posttraumatic-stress-disorder",totalDownloads:2193,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Over the past 20 years, the reactivity of amygdala to emotive stimuli has been explored by emerging neuroimaging techniques in an effort to understand the role of amygdala in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A fear neurocircuitry model, whereby the amygdala is hyperactive due to poor top-down control from the anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, has been supported by numerous experimental studies and meta-analyses. However, this model has not always been upheld by experimental data and clinical observations. In particular, many neuroimaging studies find that the amygdala fails to activate in response to negative stimuli in individuals with PTSD. Several technical and design issues may explain disparate results regarding amygdala reactivity in PTSD. However, biological and symptom-based factors emerge as possible mediators of amygdala function in PTSD, leading to the conclusion that symptoms of emotional disengagement and dissociation are associated with amygdala hyporeactivity, and symptoms of hypervigilance/hyperarousal and problems with fear conditioning and extinction are reflected by amygdala hyperactivity. Therefore, treatment of PTSD should take into account the nature of amygdala dysfunction in the individual to optimize treatment outcomes.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Raluca M. Simons and Lee A. Baugh",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"195109",title:"Dr.",name:"Raluca",middleName:null,surname:"Simons",slug:"raluca-simons",fullName:"Raluca Simons"},{id:"195110",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Baugh",slug:"lee-baugh",fullName:"Lee Baugh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54675",title:"The Key Role of the Amygdala in Stress",slug:"the-key-role-of-the-amygdala-in-stress",totalDownloads:2965,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Several data highlighted that stress exposure is strongly associated with several psychiatric disorders. The amygdala, an area of the brain that contributes to emotional processing, has a pivotal role in psychiatric disorders and it has been demonstrated to be highly responsive to stressful events. Here we will review evidences indicating how the amygdala changes its functionality following exposure to stress and how this contributes to the onset of anxiety disorders.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Diego Andolina and Antonella Borreca",authors:[{id:"190318",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Andolina",slug:"diego-andolina",fullName:"Diego Andolina"},{id:"192832",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Borreca",slug:"antonella-borreca",fullName:"Antonella Borreca"}]},{id:"55211",title:"The Amygdala and Anxiety",slug:"the-amygdala-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:3025,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The amygdala has a central role in anxiety responses to stressful and arousing situations. Pharmacological and lesion studies of the basolateral, central, and medial subdivisions of the amygdala have shown that their activation induces anxiogenic effects, while their inactivation produces anxiolytic effects. Many neurotransmitters and stress mediators acting at these amygdalar nuclei can modulate the behavioral expression of anxiety. These mediators may be released from different brain regions in response to different types of stressors. The amygdala is in close relationship with several brain regions within the brain circuitry that orchestrates the expression of anxiety. Recent developments in optogenetics have begun to unveil details on how these areas interact.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Sergio Linsambarth, Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro, Daisy Quintana-\nDonoso, Sebastian Rojas and Jimmy Stehberg",authors:[{id:"144923",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Stehberg",slug:"jimmy-stehberg",fullName:"Jimmy Stehberg"},{id:"194182",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga-Amaro",slug:"rodrigo-moraga-amaro",fullName:"Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro"},{id:"194183",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Linsambarth",slug:"sergio-linsambarth",fullName:"Sergio Linsambarth"}]},{id:"32387",title:"The Mystery of P2X7 Ionotropic Receptor: From a Small Conductance Channel to a Large Conductance Channel",slug:"the-mystery-of-p2x7-receptor-from-a-small-channel-to-a-big-pore",totalDownloads:2441,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"R.X. Faria, L.G.B. Ferreira and L.A. Alves",authors:[{id:"76663",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz A.",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",slug:"luiz-a.-alves",fullName:"Luiz A. Alves"},{id:"76674",title:"Mr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Braga",slug:"leonardo-braga",fullName:"Leonardo Braga"},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria"}]},{id:"32399",title:"Brain Energy Metabolism in Health and Disease",slug:"brain-energy-metabolism-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:9168,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"Felipe A. Beltrán, Aníbal I. Acuña, María Paz Miró and Maite A. Castro",authors:[{id:"107041",title:"Dr.",name:"Maite A",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"maite-a-castro",fullName:"Maite A Castro"},{id:"109692",title:"Mr.",name:"Felipe A",middleName:null,surname:"Beltran",slug:"felipe-a-beltran",fullName:"Felipe A Beltran"},{id:"109695",title:"Mr.",name:"Aníbal",middleName:"I.",surname:"Acuña",slug:"anibal-acuna",fullName:"Aníbal Acuña"},{id:"109696",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria Paz",middleName:null,surname:"Miro",slug:"maria-paz-miro",fullName:"Maria Paz Miro"}]},{id:"54509",title:"The Contribution of the Amygdala to Reward-Related Learning and Extinction",slug:"the-contribution-of-the-amygdala-to-reward-related-learning-and-extinction",totalDownloads:1761,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"There has been substantial research into the role of the amygdala in fear conditioning and extinction of conditioned fear. The role of the amygdala in appetitive conditioning is relatively less explored. Here, we will review research into the role of the amygdala in reward‐related learning. Research to date suggests that the basolateral and central amygdala are responsible for learning about distinct aspects of a reinforcing event. For example, the basolateral amygdala is essential for distinguishing and choosing between specific rewards based on the specific‐sensory properties of those rewards as well as updating the relative value of specific rewarding events. In contrast, the central amygdala is involved in encoding reinforcement more generally and for regulating motivational influences on responding. We will also review what is known about the role of the amygdala in extinction of reward‐related behaviours and highlight areas for future research.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Rose Chesworth and Laura Corbit",authors:[{id:"193670",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Corbit",slug:"laura-corbit",fullName:"Laura Corbit"},{id:"194020",title:"Dr.",name:"Rose",middleName:null,surname:"Chesworth",slug:"rose-chesworth",fullName:"Rose Chesworth"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"214",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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