\r\n\tGlobalization does not represent a pure and generous process for humanity or other species, but rather it implies social exclusion and also provokes situations of vulnerability in groups of people, forced exclusion, and apartheid: poor job opportunities, lack of access to education, worse socio-sanitary conditions. Specifically, it can be said that social segregation entails the apartheid of social groups of different ages, genders, and ethnicities; these groups live a reality manifested through the deepening of poverty, in terms of increased vulnerability of the poor and groups with little economic, social, cultural, labor and health stability.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis book aims to talk about some topics that are neglected in the discourses of academic communities and political elites. The inequality process is deeply rooted among humans and is part of many people's lives in the form of modern apartheid, gender segregation, lack of health access, and cultural gap. All those structural inequality processes are the product of the biopower perpetuated and produced in the macrosystem, exosystem, mesosystem, and microsystem. For many people from the academy, the information-consuming public, and the society in general, it is a problem to talk about these processes, since they have either lost interest or have normalized the structural and social inequity. For this reason, we see it as transcendental to explain how this situation occurs from the most internal fibers to the most evident processes, intending to make it more visible and thus expose the situation for possible solutions.
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1. Introduction
Nowadays, the search for new eco-friendly energy systems is a priority to mitigate the global impact associated with fossil fuel energy consumption [1, 2, 3, 4]. At the same time, novel electronic devices need to be developed to produce more efficient energy storage systems with higher capacity and longer average lifetimes [5]. In this regard, electrical double layer capacitors (EDLC), pseudocapacitors [6] and flexible solid-state supercapacitors (FSSC) [7, 8], are able to cover the above-mentioned demands. Particularly, carbon-based capacitors exhibit significant advantages, such as high-power density, low weight and flexibility, in contrast to conventional graphite-based systems [9]. To achieve a better capacitance, electrodes based in porous carbon materials can be employed, given their interesting morphological features, like high specific surface area (SBET), defined-porosity, and hierarchical arrangement [10]. Recently, the use of biomass as precursor material has allowed the design of carbon-based energy storage systems with outstanding electrochemical and mechanical properties [11, 12].
The energy storage mechanism in these materials consists in the accumulation of electrostatic charges on their surface (Figure 1), [13] implying that, density of stored charges depends on the material morphology (roughness and pores), and the size of the involved electrolyte ions [14]. Figure 1 shows the interplay between electrode porosity and ion-electrolyte size for the electrostatic charge accumulation, in terms of pore accessibility. In this way, activated carbons mainly exhibit three pore sizes [15]: micro (< 2 nm), meso (2–50 nm) and macro (> 50 nm), being the micropores and mesopores the ones that most contribute to the increase of the capacitance [16]. Nevertheless, even though carbon-based materials have high surface areas (1000–2000 m2 g−1), they still have low specific capacitances due to their limited mesoporosity [14].
Figure 1.
Schematic representation of a loaded EDLC supercapacitor and pore accessibility (inset) with respect to the electrolyte. Figure adapted from [13, 14].
The carbons from biomass can be obtained from various natural sources, such as: garlic skin, bamboo, rice husk, eucalyptus-bark, lignin, cellulose, orange peel, etc. [6, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22], making biomass a sustainable source, also available in large quantities from industrial waste [18]. Furthermore, the carbons obtained from biomass present a diversified class of fibrous and porous structures [22], with capacitances ranging from 100 to 430 F g−1 [16, 23]. However, these values vary according to the carbon activation method, which is strongly related to the resulting electrode pore-size. Such processes of carbon activation from biomass can be divided into two categories: i) physical activation and ii) chemical activation.
1.1 Physical activation processes
In this process the biomass undergoes a pyrolysis treatment at temperatures between 600 and 900°C in inert atmosphere. Then, the material is commonly exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere of CO2, carried out at temperatures between 600 and 1200°C. Yu et al. used this method to obtain activated carbon from cattail biomass [24], resulting in an activated carbon with a surface area of 441 m2 g−1 and a specific capacitance of 126 F g−1 (current density of 0.5 A g−1 in KOH 6 mol L−1 electrolyte) [18].
1.2 Chemical activation processes
In this process, the carbon precursor (biomass) is treated (soaked) with chemical activators, such as: KOH, NaOH, H3PO4, ZnCl2, H2SO4, among others. Subsequently, the biomass is carbonized at temperatures between 400 and 900°C [25]. During this activation, redox processes and substitution of large particles take place, leading to the desired high porosity. In addition, physical activation occurs due to the interaction of the reaction products such as: H2, H2O, CO and CO2. Remarkably, these molecules also contribute to the pore formation.
Using KOH as a chemical activator, K0 (metallic) is produced which occupies interstitial positions in the carbon structure, inducing expansion in the material as well as producing a high microporosity. A proposed mechanism of the activation process using KOH is shown in the following redox reactions [26]:
6KOH+2C→2K+3H2+2K2CO3E1
2K2CO3→2K2O+2CO2E2
K2CO3+2C→2K+3COE3
CO2+C→2COE4
C+K2O→2K+COE5
Diverse works have used the chemical activation process from KOH, Barzegar et al. was one of them and produced mesoporous carbon from coconut shell, obtaining a specific surface area of 1416 m2 g−1 and a specific capacity of 186 F g−1 [27]. Zhang et al. used bamboo to obtain mesoporous carbon from KOH as an activator. Zhang obtained a high specific surface area of 2221 m2 g−1 and a specific capacitance of 293 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in KOH 3.0 mol L−1 [18]. Yin et al. produced activated carbon from coconut fibers with KOH as a chemical activator. This product exhibits a surface area of 2898 m2 g−1 (pore volume of 1.59 cm3 g−1, i.e. 30% of mesoporosity) and specific capacitance of 266 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 in KOH 6.0 mol L−1 [28]. Another biomass used to produce activated carbon is the garlic skin activated with KOH, this material presents a surface area of 2818 m2 g−1, exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance and cycle stability at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 (specific capacitance of 427 F g−1 or 162 F cm−3) and a retention capacitance of 94% [17].
Remarkably, the use of H3PO4 as activator leads to a lower surface area in comparison to those obtained using KOH or ZnCl2. It implies a controlled porosity in the mesopore range. The addition of H3PO4 activator also enables to obtain surfaces composed of different functional groups such as quinones and phosphide groups -C-O-P-, which subsequently decompose into CO at ̴ 860°C. In addition, with this activation type, large capacitance values can be obtained, all due to the nature of the phosphorus functional groups in the carbon structure [23].
Another source of biomass as coconut was also activated using NaOH. In this case, Sesuk et al. showed that the carbon material presented a surface area of 2056 m2 g−1 and specific capacitance of 192 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 [29].
Orange peels in copper carbonate (CuCO3) were also used to produce activated carbon. These materials present a surface area of 912 m2 g−1 and specific capacitance of 375 F g−1 (current density of 1.0 A g−1) [22].
Among the great variety of surface functional groups able to be incorporated on the material surface we can mention: OH−, COOH−, CO, as well as adsorbed molecules [25]. These functional groups increase their electron affinity in the aqueous medium, inducing electrochemical reactions [26, 30], which shows that their specific capacitance could be improved by addition of a pseudocapacitive component due to reversible faradaic redox involved in this type of molecules. In Figure 2, the optimized structures of 2,7-dimehtyl-9,10-phenanthrenequinone and its reduced form, adsorbed on a graphene surface obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M06-2X/6-311G(d,p) level of theory, are presented.
Figure 2.
Optimized structures of 2,7-dimehtyl-9,10-phenanthrenequinone (a) and its reduced form (b) adsorbed on a graphene surface, at the M06-2X/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. Distances in Angstroms.
2. Reduced graphene oxide modified carbon Fibers
In the search for a low-cost electrode, with large surface area and optimal charge retention capacity, it has been found that carbon fiber or cotton exhibits adequate surface area properties and mechanical and electrochemical stability, in comparison with other porous carbon-based electrodes [31]. Certainly, different authors have reported that the micro and macro-porosity are formed during the lignite carbonization on cotton, but the tubular structure of the cellulose fibers is not altered in the pyrolysis process [32]. In this way, carbon cotton electrodes present a large surface area related to its micro and macro-porosity [31]. Another advantage linked to the production of these electrodes is the low cost and ease synthesis, e.g. Sheng-Heng et al. have reported commercial cotton carbonization at 900°C under Ar atmosphere for 6 h, with area of 805 m2 g−1 and average micropore size of 1 nm [33]. On the other hand, H. Wang et al. have obtained activated cotton carbons from cotton pieces treated with solution of KOH-H2O or KOH-urea-H2O at 700°C for 2 h under N2 atmosphere. These activated cotton carbons show 1286 m2 g−1 of surface area and high electrochemical stability after several charge–discharge cycles as cathode in Li-S batteries [31].
In previous studies, the influence of reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) on carbon cloths and its capacity to charge store and stability have been studied. The carbonization of cotton fibers impregnated with graphene oxide at 1000°C for 2 h shows a reversible charge–discharge behavior of 160 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles [34]. In contrast, the design of carbon fiber material doped with nitrogen reports an outstanding stability after 200 charge–discharge cycles at 1 A h g−1 [34, 35, 36]. To a better understanding of modified carbon cotton cloths with r-GO on electrochemical performance, carbon cotton cloths were synthetized with r-GO 3 mg mL−1, and the effect of inert atmosphere was evaluated. To achieve this, commercial cotton fibers were impregnated with graphene oxide (GO) during 0, 15, 30 and 45 min, after dried at 60°C the samples were pyrolyzed at 800°C (3°C min−1) for 30 min under N2 or Ar atmosphere to obtain N/CC and N/CC/rGO5-45, or Ar/CC and Ar/CC/rGO5-45 electrodes, respectively (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of the synthesis of rGO-modified carbonized cotton fibers.
According to the EDS analysis, cotton fibers (COT) report a carbon mass percent (% m of C) of 49.1%, which increases to 63.9% after the GO impregnation stage for COT/GO45, presumably due to the presence of GO sheets on the cotton fibers surface. Similarly, after the heat treatment there is a carbon content increment of 95.6% for Ar/CC. This large increase has been associated with the CO bonds breaking during the cellulose fiber polymerization process when it is treated at temperature higher than 400°C [37], but without an apparent alteration of the fibrillary structure. The same behavior is observed for carbonized fibers covered by rGO, with values of 90.7% (N/CC/rGO45) and 92.87% (Ar/CC/rGO45) of carbon mass (% m of C), suggesting that the reduction of oxygenated groups in COT and the GO is higher under Ar atmosphere (Table 1). This implies that the composition, crystallinity, and porosity of carbonaceous electrodes are dependent on the atmosphere used during carbonization. Both N2-made and Ar-made electrodes have a similar fibrillary structure as seen in Figure 4a and c. However, at high magnification, it is observed that samples N/CC/rGO5-45 and Ar/CC/rGO5-45 present a rough surface covered by a porous carbon layer, which would indicate that the rGO sheets were inserted efficiently and independently of the gas used in the heat treatment (Figure 4b and d). There are marked differences between both systems where samples treated under N2 atmosphere present a more compact rough surface with a rather scaly appearance (Figure 4b). On the other hand, those heat treated under Ar atmosphere show layers of rGO with a laminar appearance around the fiber and regions of homogeneous roughness (Figure 4d).
Figure 4.
SEM image of rGO-modified carbonized made fibers made under N2 atmosphere (a, b) N/CC/rGO45, and Ar atmosphere, (c, d) Ar/CC/rGO5-45.
Sample
COT
COT/GO45
N/CC
N/CC/rGO45
Ar/CC
Ar/CC/rGO45
C mass %
49.1
63.9
93.3
90.7
95.6
92.9
O mass %
50.9
36.1
6.7
9.3
4.4
7.1
Table 1.
Carbon and oxygen mass percent obtained from EDX analysis for COT, COT/GO45, N/CC, Ar/CC and Ar/CC/rGO45 samples [38].
IR spectroscopy permits to elucidate the type and degree of GO-COT, and rGO- carbon fibers (CC) interactions. The main vibrational modes corresponding to the characteristic chemical bonds present in COT are reported before and after the impregnation (COT and COT/GO5-45) and the carbonization stage (N/CC/rGO5-45 and Ar/CC/rGO5-45), respectively (Figure 5). After the first stage, it is observed that the chemical groups C=O (1033.8 cm−1), CH2 (1322.2 cm−1), C=O (1639.5 cm−1), C-H (2893.2 cm−1) and O-H (cellulosic, 3325.3 cm−1) present an intensity reduction which could be correlated with GO layer. This reduction can also be associated with the interaction between the functional groups of GO and cellulose fibers. Since the cellulose OH and C=O groups register a decreasing in their intensities, it can be assumed that there exists a direct interaction between these chemical groups by hydrogen bonds [38]. According to IR spectroscopy, the bands at 979.8 and 1512.2 cm−1 are related to C-Cring and C=C bonds, respectively, verifying a certain degree of graphitization. This thermal conversion has been described by M. M. Tang et al. who found that cellulose in cotton fibers undergoes a breakdown of the glycosidic bonds at temperatures above 250°C, allowing the elimination of various CO bonds and the breakdown of several C-C bonds along with a substantial mass loss due to H2O, CO and CO2 removal [39]. When the temperature is greater than 400°C, the remaining fractions of C-H hydrocarbon rings start an aromatization stage with H2 loss and the formation of C=C bonds as part of a carbon polymeric structure [37]. It is observed that the conversion process to a graphitic like structure is similar for N/CC/rGO5-45 and Ar/CC/rGO5-45 (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
Infrared and Raman spectra of (a, b) cotton fibers (COT) and GO-covered cotton fibers (COT/GO5-45) and rGO-modified carbonized cotton fibers made under N2 atm. (N/CC and N/CC/rGO5-45) or Ar atm. (Ar/CC and Ar/CC/rGO5-45). Raman laser source excitation of 532.5 nm.
The analysis of Raman spectra from Figure 5b,d and f show that N/CC/rGO5-45 electrodes present a slight improvement in their crystallinity with respect to the modified cotton fibers, reporting a crystallite size from 19.39 (COT/GO30) to 20.10 nm (N/CC/rGO30), that is, an improvement of 4 to 5% (Figure 6). This behavior is also observed in the variation of the defect density from Ar/CC to Ar/CC/rGO5-45 and from N/CC to N/CC/rGO5-45.
Figure 6.
3D graph of defect density (nD) as function of I(D)/I(G) ratio and crystallite size (La) from Raman spectroscopy analysis.
For instance, Ar/CC/rGO30 register 21.9 × 1010 defects cm−2 compared to N/CC/rGO30, whose value was 21.1× 1010 defects cm−2 (Figure 6). According to Yo-Rhin Rhim et al. the peaks centered at 1620 cm−1, between 1500 to 1550 cm−1 and about 1100 cm−1, are associated with ordered π bonds, sp2 amorphous systems, and sp3 bonds, respectively. Additionally, the systems under study were treated at 800°C, the restoration of the C=C bonds in the RGO is guaranteed and remains stable inside of the carbon fiber matrix [32]. Similarly, Ar/CC and Ar/CC/rGO5-45 electrodes show a slight increase in crystallite size, for example, Ar/CC/rGO30 registered a value of 19.5 nm in contrast to that reported for its precursor COT/GO30, i.e., 19.39 nm (Figure 6). Although this variation is small, the effect of the carbonization stage is better appreciated when defect density is compared, e.g., Ar/CC/rGO30 shows 21.8× 1010 defects cm−2 while COT/GO30 was 21.9× 1010 defects cm−2. This result means that the GO sheets supported on the cotton fibers present an excess of 0.1× 1010 defects cm−2 compared to Ar/CC/rGO30 sample. It can thus be suggested that the nature of the inert atmosphere influences the degree of graphitization of the obtained products. Under N2 atmosphere, a higher crystallinity is observed in N/CC/rGO5 with a value equal to 20.3 nm and a defect density of 20.9 × 1010 defects cm−2. In the case of cotton fibers modified with GO treated under Ar atmosphere, the optimal registered support is Ar/CC/rGO15 with a crystallite size of 19.6 nm and a defect density of 21.6 × 1010 defects cm−2.
According to IR and Raman analysis, it is confirmed that GO sheets are intimately impregnated on cotton fibers through O-H or C=O interactions, and this interaction intensifies after the carbonization stage [38]. This effect is corroborated as an increase in crystallinity and a decrease in the density of defects (Figure 6). Therefore, through Raman spectroscopy it is possible to elucidate those carbonaceous materials that present a higher degree of crystallinity, lower defect density and higher density of sp2 carbons which providing a high electrical conductivity. The evidence from these results suggests that samples such as N/CC/rGO5, N/CC/rGO30, Ar/CC/rGO5 and Ar/CC/rGO30 are shown as promising matrices in the design of supercapacitors.
On the other hand, N2 adsorption–desorption experiments were used to investigate the surface characteristics of the synthesized samples. It was possible to determine the specific surface area (SBET), the degree and porosity type of the designed materials. In the case of N/CC presents a SBET of 453.3 m2 g−1, shaped of a microporous area (Smicro) of 265.9 m2 g−1 and with a size pore of 1.99 nm (Table 2). Furthermore, N/CC/rGO15 and N/CC/rGO30 exhibit SBET values of 1221.3 and 1804.8 m2 g−1, respectively. These values suggest the presence of a highly porous rGO layer on carbonized cotton fibers prepared under N2 atmosphere. Specifically, a high microporosity of 882.4 and 1350.2 m2 g−1 is reported for the N/CC/rGO15 and N/CC/rGO30, respectively, as a consequence of a large volume of micropores with diameters close to 1.88 nm (N/CC/rGO15) and 1.80 nm (N/CC/rGO30). Similarly, there was an increase in the SBET from 1073.6 to 1457.5 m2 g−1, but with a substantial increase in mesoporosity from 298.6 to 729.8 m2 g−1 for the Ar/CC and Ar/CC/rGO15, respectively (Figure 7c). Additionally, it was observed that the Ar/CC/rGO15 presents a balance between micro and mesoporosity with a ratio of 1: 1, in contrast to Ar/CC (2.6: 1) and Ar/CC/rGO30 (1.9: 1). It can therefore be asserted that the electrochemical properties could be modified in the same way and correlated with the aforementioned texture properties [10].
Samples
SBET/m2 g−1
Smicro/m2 g−1
Smeso/m2 g−1
Smicro/Smeso
Pore/nm
N2-made electrodes
N/CC
453
266
187
1.4
2.0
N/CC/rGO15
1221
882
339
2.6
1.9
N/CC/rGO30
1805
1350
455
2.9
1.8
Ar-made electrodes
Ar/CC
1074
775
299
2.6
2.1
Ar/CC/rGO15
1458
728
730
1.0
2.0
Ar/CC/rGO30
1207
784
423
1.9
2.0
Table 2.
Surface properties registered by N2 adsorption–desorption experiment [38].
Figure 7.
N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and pore size distribution of carbonized cotton fibers made under (a, b) N2 atmosphere. (N/CC and N/CC/rGO5-45) and (c, d) Ar atmosphere. (Ar/CC and Ar/CC/rGO5-45).
Regarding to cyclic voltammetry test, a layer capacitive profile for N/CC (Figure 8a), Ar/CC, Ar/CC/rGO15 and Ar/CC/rGO30 (Figure 8b) is observed, while an increment of resistivity for N/CC/rGO15 and N/CC/rGO30 is registered (Figure 8a) [10]. This fact represents a reduction of N2-made electrodes specific capacitance (Cs) from 70.3 (N/CC) to 45.3 F g−1 (N/CC/rGO15), revealing a growing capacitive current for Ar-made electrodes at same potential range from 69.6 (Ar/CC) to 197.8 F g−1 (Ar/CC/rGO15), as maximum. Both tendencies can be associated to the micro/mesoporosity ratio (Smicro/Smeso) showed in Table 2, owing to the high pore free energy that restricts the ionic charge transfer in the electrode-electrolyte interface [34, 40]. Thus, a high microporosity implies a limited ionic polarization at non-faradaic conditions, and a low capacitive charge retention [41]. In addition, capacitive current can be increased if the mesoporous surface area is extended, as it has been seen for Ar-made electrodes.
Figure 8.
Cyclic voltammetry of (a) N/CC, N/CC/rGO15 and (b) Ar/CC, Ar/CC/rGO15 and Ar/CC/rGO30 at 1.0 mV s−1 in H2SO4 1.0 Mol L−1. Charge–discharge test of (c) N/CC, (d) Ar/CC, (e) N/CC/rGO15 and (f) Ar/CC/rGO15 at 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 12.0 mA for 120 s.
According to galvanostatic charge–discharge test (GCD) [42, 43], specific capacitance (CGCD) of N/CC tends to decrease while the impregnation time increases (Figure 8c). This fact can be associated to the microporous surface area (Smicro) increase, as shown in Figure 8c and e. This can also be attributed to the presence of series-resistance in the pores (IRS) [34, 40]. Particularly, CGCD decreases from 178 to 162 F g−1 at 0.4 A g−1 of applied current density for N/CC and N/CC/rGO45, respectively (Table 3). On the other hand, if the inert atmosphere is replaced by Ar flux at the same thermal treatment conditions, Ar/CC shows a capacitive current increment with the impregnation time (Figure 8d and f). For instance, Ar/CC shows a CGCD of 129 F g−1, while its rGO-modified electrode, Ar/CC/rGO15, reports a value of 219 F g−1 at 0.4 A g−1 (Table 3).
N2-made samples
CGCD/F g−1
IRdrop/V
Ar-made samples
CGCD/F g−1
IRdrop/V
N/CC
178
0.1
Ar/CC
129
0.5
N/CC/rGO5
157
0.1
Ar/CC/rGO5
185
0.3
N/CC/rGO15
136
0.3
Ar/CC/rGO15
219
0.2
N/CC/rGO30
163
0.8
Ar/CC/rGO30
202
0.1
N/CC/rGO45
162
0.4
Ar/CC/rGO45
165
0.4
Table 3.
Double layer electrochemical capacitance by galvanostatic charge–discharge test (CGCD) for N2- and Ar-made electrodes [38].
A detailed analysis of the electrochemical behavior by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments and non-linear complex fitting (NLCF) of their equivalent circuits has been conducted. Nyquist diagrams show an electrolyte resistance (RS) of 2 Ω approximately, as well as, non-ideal impedance loop for both N2-made and Ar-made electrodes suggesting a non-ideal charge storage process at the electrochemical interface [44, 45].
Regarding to N2-made electrodes, charge transport resistance (R1) increases with the GO impregnation time at high frequencies range (104–102 Hz) (Figure 9a). NLCF shows that R1value varies from 5.6 (N/CC) to 100.3 Ω (N/CC/rGO30), as maximum. Moreover, at medium frequencies range (102 – 10−1 Hz) N/CC electrode shows an IRS of 6.3 Ω, whereas N/CC/rGO15 reports values of 33.6 Ω and N/CC/rGO30 present an IRS conformed by two circuit elements, R2 and R3 whose values are 125.8Ω and 149.3Ω, respectively. These results suggest that ionic transport resistance in the inner porous surface is increased from N/CC/rGO15 to N/CC/rGO30 as their microporosity becomes higher [46, 47, 48].
Figure 9.
Nyquist diagram of N2-made electrodes (a) N/CC, N/CC/rGO15 and N/CC/rGO30 and Ar-made electrodes (b) Ar/CC, Ar/CC/rGO15 and Ar/CC/rGO30. Experimental (empty dots) and theoretical spectra (solid lines).
For the Nyquist diagram (Figure 9) the equivalent circuit was calculated, resulting in ideal capacitive element C1 of 4.8 x 10−5 for N/CC/rGO30. This result can be associated to the presence of the rGO layer on the fiber surface [49]. According to the transmission line model, N/CC/rGO30 internal capacitances are represented by constant phase elements (Q2,Q3), where their behavior is related to a non-ideal capacitor [44, 46]. Interestingly, the internal capacitance shows a minimum value of 0.2 Ω−1sα2 (α2, 0,90) for N/CC/rGO30 (Figure 10a) [50]. Furthermore, N/CC/rGO5 and N/CC/rGO45 show a similar correlation with the impregnation time.
Figure 10.
Equivalent circuit of (a) N/CC/rGO30, (b)Ar/CC/rGO30. The inserted values are calculated from non-linear complex fitting of the EIS measurements.
Besides, Ar-made samples report lower charge transport resistance (R1) than N2-made electrodes. For instance, Ar/CC shows a R1 of 5.8 Ω, while Ar/CC/rGO15 reports a value of 2.1 and Ar/CC/rGO30 registers a R1 of 2.8 Ω. As well, IRS is represented by a unique circuit element (R2) of 12.8 and 7.3 Ω for Ar/CC/rGO15 and Ar/CC/rGO30, respectively. Remarkably, Ar-made samples report a laminar mesoporosity, suggesting that ionic diffusion is controlled by the pore characteristics. Hence, a finite diffusion element (M) is used to describe the capacitive behavior at low frequencies (Figure 10b) [46, 47, 50]. In this sense, Ar/CC/rGO15 presents a constant phase element (Q3) of 0.6 Ω−1sα3 (α3, 0.99), and a Warburg impedance (W) of 0.3 Ω−1s0.5. On the other hand, Ar/CC/rGO30 presents a non-ideal capacitance of Q3 of 0.7 Ω−1sα3 (α3, 0.99) together to diffusion impedance W of 0.3 Ω−1s0.5 (Figure 10b). In contrast, Ar/CC only shows an ideal capacitive behavior of 3.0 x 10−5 F (Cdl) and internal one of 0.2 F.
Accordingly, the total capacity (CEIS) from the internal capacitive element (QEISα) is reported where the non-ideal constant (α) tends to one. For the estimation of the electrochemically accessible surface (SEIS), a double layer charge density (Qdlo) of glassy carbon electrode of 3.0 x 10−5 F cm−2 is considered [51, 52],
SEISm2g−1=QEISα≈1.0/mxQdloE6
Additionally, the electrochemically accessible surface ratio (RESA) registers the fraction of interface surfaces available in the total physical surface area (SBET) [52].
RESA=SEIS/SBETE7
The difference between CEIS and CGCD values show the total charge related to the electrochemical double layer, whereas the GCD test also registers the faradaic charge caused by the surface carbon and oxygen groups [52, 53]. As we can observe in Table 4, N2-made samples present a decrease of the RESA (from 0.6 to 0.2) which can be related to the increment of the free energy adsorption promoted by their microporosity. The opposite occurs in Ar-made electrodes where RESA increases (from 0.2 to 0.4) and it can be related to their laminar mesoporous surface which results in a controlled ionic diffusion. Based on the RESA results, Ar/CC/rGO15 and Ar/CC/rGO30 electrodes emerge as promising candidates for the design of supercapacitors.
Samples
CGCD/F g−1
QEISα≈1.0/F
CEIS/F g−1
SEIS/m2 g−1
SBET/m2 g−1
RESA
N2-made electrodes
N/CC
178
0.3
85
285
453
0.6
N/CC/rGO5
157
0.2
60
198
—
—
N/CC/rGO15
136
1.0
112
373
1221
0.3
N/CC/rGO30
163
0.2
94
315
1805
0.2
N/CC/rGO45
162
0.3
57
191
—
—
Ar-made electrodes
Ar/CC
129
0.2
64
212
1074
0.2
Ar/CC/rGO5
185
0.4
108
359
—
—
Ar/CC/rGO15
219
0.6
172
573
1458
0.4
Ar/CC/rGO30
202
0.7
149
497
1207
0.4
Ar/CC/rGO45
165
0.3
111
369
—
—
Table 4.
Comparative chart between double layer electrochemical performance and superficial characteristics for N2- and Ar-made carbon-based electrodes [38].
The aforementioned results enable us to conclude that the inert atmosphere has a strong influence on the surface and electrochemical characteristics of the synthetized carbon-based electrodes. Under N2 atmosphere, N/CC and N/CC/rGO5-45 show a remarkable microporous surface area. Unfortunately, this high microporosity affects the ionic diffusion, capacitive behavior and resistive character. Otherwise, under Ar atmosphere, an increase of the mesoporous surface is reported, based on a laminar pore distribution, associated with controlled ionic diffusion in the electrochemical cell, resulting in an increase of the capacitance. Remarkably, both Ar/CC/rGO15 and Ar/CC/rGO30 exhibit a promising capacitive behavior, as well as an optimal electrochemical accessible surface.
In this sense, the design of carbon-based electrodes from biomass-derived materials represents an outstanding way to obtain several energy-store electrochemical systems [54, 55, 56]. In addition, a remarkable capacity retention depending on pore size distribution looks like a constant effect on the constitution of double layer interface (DLI).
For instance, L. Jiang et al., reported a high performance of cellulose-derived microporous electrodes of 115 F g−1 and > 87% of capacity retention [54]. As well, Y. Zou et al., described rGO-intercalated carbon cloth fibers electrodes with a meso/micro-porous distribution and 64.5 mF cm−2 of specific capacitance [55]. Sheng-Heng C. et al. show that macro/micro-porosity to carbonized cotton fibers produce carbons with notable surface area [56]. On the other hand, Hui Shao et al., have paid special attention to nanoscale pores on carbon materials obtained by templates and double layer capacitance behavior at inside of this nanoscale pores [57]. Therefore, this fact is still discussed, owing to non-clear description is achieved by a cylindrical pore model in overall cases. Other parameters as the kind of inert atmosphere are considered in this work. Herein, a brief explanation of porosity-electrochemical performance is described, and inert atmosphere influence has been exposed as a significant parameter, as well as gas flux and temperature, certainly [38, 39].
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Vice-Rectorate of Research of National University of Engineering (UNI), Contract P-CC-2021-000546, and the Peruvian government agencies CONCYTEC and FONDECYT /World Bank (ref. 026-2019 FONDECYT-BM-INC.INV).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no ‘conflict of interest’.
\n',keywords:"Biomass-based carbon electrodes, Energy storage device, Surface properties, Electrochemical performance, Supercapacitors",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76661.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/76661.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76661",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76661",totalDownloads:215,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"April 3rd 2021",dateReviewed:"April 9th 2021",datePrePublished:"May 13th 2021",datePublished:"March 9th 2022",dateFinished:"May 7th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The urgent demand of sustainable long-lasting batteries has fostered the improvement of extended-use technologies e.g., Li-ion batteries, as well as the development of alternative energy storage strategies like supercapacitors. In this context, new carbon-based materials were developed to attain higher electrochemical performances, even though several of these materials are not obtained by eco-friendly methods and/or in a considerable amount for practical purposes. However, up-to-date reports stand out the scopes achieved by biomass-based carbon materials as energy storage electrodes combining outstanding physicochemical and electrochemical properties with low-pollutant and low-cost production. On this basis, this chapter will expose several aspects of the synthesis of carbon-based electrodes from biomass, focusing on the influence of their surface properties: porosity, crystallinity, and morphology on their electrochemical performance in supercapacitors.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76661",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76661",signatures:"Antony Bazan-Aguilar, Elvis O. López, Miguel Ponce-Vargas and Angélica M. Baena-Moncada",book:{id:"10769",type:"book",title:"Supercapacitors for the Next Generation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Supercapacitors for the Next Generation",slug:"supercapacitors-for-the-next-generation",publishedDate:"March 9th 2022",bookSignature:"Daisuke Tashima and Aneeya Kumar Samantara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10769.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-323-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-322-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-569-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"254915",title:"Prof.",name:"Daisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Tashima",slug:"daisuke-tashima",fullName:"Daisuke Tashima"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"234948",title:"Dr.",name:"Elvis",middleName:null,surname:"O. López",fullName:"Elvis O. 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Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Physical activation processes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Chemical activation processes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"2. Reduced graphene oxide modified carbon Fibers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Nejat P, Jomehzadeh F, Taheri MM, Gohari M, Abd. Majid MZ. A global review of energy consumption, CO2 emissions and policy in the residential sector (with an overview of the top ten CO2 emitting countries). Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015;43:843–62.'},{id:"B2",body:'Oncel SS. Green energy engineering: Opening a green way for the future. J Clean Prod. 2017;142:3095–100.'},{id:"B3",body:'Viviescas C, Lima L, Diuana FA, Vasquez E, Ludovique C, Silva GN, et al. Contribution of Variable Renewable Energy to increase energy security in Latin America: Complementarity and climate change impacts on wind and solar resources. 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ChemistryOpen 2015, 4, 586–589. DOI: 10.1002/open.201500150.'},{id:"B55",body:'Yuqin Zou, Shuangyin Wang. Interconnecting Carbon Fibers with the In-situ Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene as Advanced Binder-free Electrode Materials for Flexible Supercapacitor. Scientific RepoRts. 5:11792. DOi: 10.1038/srep11792.'},{id:"B56",body:'Sheng-Heng Chung, Chi-Hao Chang, Arumugam Manthiram. A Carbon-Cotton Cathode with Ultrahigh Loading Capability for Statically and Dynamically Stable Lithium−Sulfur Batteries. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 11, 10462–10470'},{id:"B57",body:'Hui Shao, Yih-Chyng Wu, Zifeng Lin, Pierre-Louis Taberna, Patrice Simon. Nanoporous carbon for electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2020, 49, 3005. DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00059k'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Antony Bazan-Aguilar",address:null,affiliation:'
Research Laboratory in Applied Electrochemical, National University of Engineering (UNI), Peru
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Elvis O. López",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Experimental Low Energy Physics, Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF), Brazil
Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims UMR CNRS 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Angélica M. Baena-Moncada",address:"abaenam@uni.edu.pe",affiliation:'
Research Laboratory in Applied Electrochemical, National University of Engineering (UNI), Peru
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(2) How does a mutation or loss of BRCA1 lead to the basal-like phenotype of breast cancer? This review focuses on recent studies in BRCA1-related pathways that lead to specific characteristics of the hereditary cancer syndrome and discusses the current translational evidence for exploiting these pathways in new therapeutic strategies. Mounting evidence suggests that estrogen signaling and metabolism, oxidative stress, specific secondary mutations, and regulation of specific progenitor cells and transcriptional programs are critical in BRCA1-associated breast cancer. Strategies geared toward estrogen reduction may play a role in treatment and prevention. Therapies aimed at mitigating oxidative stress may be a strategy for risk reduction, while cancer-cell-specific sensitivity to oxidative stress may also be an opportunity for specific targeting. BRCA1-related transcriptional regulation and signaling provide a number of therapeutic targets, including the PI3-AKT and Notch pathways. Thus, significant opportunities exist in translational and clinical research for developing the treatment strategies for the management of BRCA1-related breast cancer.",signatures:"Jeffrey Johnson, William Audeh, Hisashi Tanaka, Farin Amersi,\nArmando E. Giuliano and Xiaojiang Cui",authors:[{id:"188836",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaojiang",surname:"Cui",fullName:"Xiaojiang Cui",slug:"xiaojiang-cui",email:"xiaojiang.cui@cshs.org"},{id:"194416",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",surname:"Johnson",fullName:"Jeffrey Johnson",slug:"jeffrey-johnson",email:"jeffrey.johnson@cshs.org"},{id:"194417",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Audeh",fullName:"William Audeh",slug:"william-audeh",email:"m.william.audeh@cshs.org"},{id:"194418",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisashi",surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Hisashi Tanaka",slug:"hisashi-tanaka",email:"Hisashi.Tanaka@cshs.org"},{id:"194419",title:"Dr.",name:"Farin",surname:"Amersi",fullName:"Farin Amersi",slug:"farin-amersi",email:"Farin.Amersi@cshs.org"},{id:"194420",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando",surname:"Giuliano",fullName:"Armando Giuliano",slug:"armando-giuliano",email:"armando.giuliano@cshs.org"}],book:{id:"5431",title:"Breast Cancer",slug:"breast-cancer-from-biology-to-medicine",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"108913",title:"Dr.",name:"Francois",surname:"Claret",slug:"francois-claret",fullName:"Francois Claret",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/108913/images/5387_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"190065",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Silva",slug:"marcelo-silva",fullName:"Marcelo Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"190214",title:"MSc.",name:"Felipe",surname:"Da Luz",slug:"felipe-da-luz",fullName:"Felipe Da Luz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"190215",title:"Prof.",name:"Rogério",surname:"De Araújo",slug:"rogerio-de-araujo",fullName:"Rogério De Araújo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"190216",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Moraes",slug:"alberto-moraes",fullName:"Alberto Moraes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"190726",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunbao",surname:"Pan",slug:"yunbao-pan",fullName:"Yunbao Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190726/images/4698_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wuhan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"194416",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",surname:"Johnson",slug:"jeffrey-johnson",fullName:"Jeffrey Johnson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"194417",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Audeh",slug:"william-audeh",fullName:"William Audeh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"194418",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisashi",surname:"Tanaka",slug:"hisashi-tanaka",fullName:"Hisashi Tanaka",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"194419",title:"Dr.",name:"Farin",surname:"Amersi",slug:"farin-amersi",fullName:"Farin Amersi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding-funders-list",title:"List of Funders by Country",intro:"
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
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IMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
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Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as Hydrology, Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, and Hydro Science & Marine Engineering, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"82362",title:"Studies on the Short-Term Effects of the Cease of Pesticides Use on Vineyard Microbiome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105706",signatures:"Simona Ghiță, Mihaela Hnatiuc, Aurora Ranca, Victoria Artem and Mădălina-Andreea Ciocan",slug:"studies-on-the-short-term-effects-of-the-cease-of-pesticides-use-on-vineyard-microbiome",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"82297",title:"The Climate Change-Agriculture Nexus in Drylands of Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103905",signatures:"Zenebe Mekonnen",slug:"the-climate-change-agriculture-nexus-in-drylands-of-ethiopia",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}},{id:"81999",title:"Climate Change, Rural Livelihoods, and Human Well-Being: Experiences from Kenya",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104965",signatures:"André J. 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He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. 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Heshmati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313921/images/system/313921.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hassan Massoud Heshmati is an endocrinologist with 46 years of experience in clinical research in academia (university-affiliated hospitals, Paris, France; Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA) and pharmaceutical companies (Sanofi, Malvern, PA, USA; Essentialis, Carlsbad, CA, USA; Gelesis, Boston, MA, USA). His research activity focuses on pituitary tumors, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancers, osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity. He has extensive knowledge in the development of anti-obesity products. Dr. Heshmati is the author of 299 abstracts, chapters, and articles related to endocrinology and metabolism. He is currently a consultant at Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC, Anthem, AZ, USA.",institutionString:"Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC",institution:null},{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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