\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3645",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Passive Microwave Components and Antennas",title:"Passive Microwave Components and Antennas",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Modelling and computations in electromagnetics is a quite fast-growing research area. The\r\nrecent interest in this field is caused by the increased demand for designing complex microwave\r\ncomponents, modeling electromagnetic materials, and rapid increase in computational power\r\nfor calculation of complex electromagnetic problems. The first part of this book is devoted to\r\nthe advances in the analysis techniques such as method of moments, finite-difference time-\r\ndomain method, boundary perturbation theory, Fourier analysis, mode-matching method,\r\nand analysis based on circuit theory. These techniques are considered with regard to several\r\nchallenging technological applications such as those related to electrically large devices,\r\nscattering in layered structures, photonic crystals, and artificial materials.\r\nThe second part of the book deals with waveguides, transmission lines and transitions. This\r\nincludes microstrip lines (MSL), slot waveguides, substrate integrated waveguides (SIW),\r\nvertical transmission lines in multilayer media as well as MSL to SIW and MSL to slot line\r\ntransitions.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-083-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4551-6",doi:"10.5772/226",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"passive-microwave-components-and-antennas",numberOfPages:566,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:null,bookSignature:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",publishedDate:"April 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3645.jpg",numberOfDownloads:101967,numberOfWosCitations:108,numberOfCrossrefCitations:36,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:81,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:9,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:225,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:null,dateEndSecondStepPublish:null,dateEndThirdStepPublish:null,dateEndFourthStepPublish:null,dateEndFifthStepPublish:null,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"3721",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitaliy",middleName:null,surname:"Zhurbenko",slug:"vitaliy-zhurbenko",fullName:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3721/images/system/3721.jpg",biography:"Vitaliy Zhurbenko obtained the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from the Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics, Kharkiv, Ukraine, in 2000 and 2001, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark, in 2008, all in electrical engineering. From November 2000 to June 2005 he was a Metrology Engineer with the Laboratory of Metrology, Kharkiv, Ukraine. In 2004 he became a Junior Member of the Teaching Staff with the Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics. In 2005 he joined the Technical University of Denmark, where he is currently an Assistant Professor. 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Exogenous insulin is the only substantial treatment option for patients suffering from insulin deficiency since the initial discovery of insulin by Sir Frederick G Banting and its purification by James B. Collip in 1921 [2, 3]. The pancreatic gland is responsible for the regulated secretion of insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis under different physiological conditions [4, 5]. Islets of Langerhans present in the pancreas contain cells that secret specific hormones which help in maintaining glucose levels during feeding and fasting [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Islets of Langerhans are defined as closed areas containing multiple cell types with enormous vascular and nervous innervation [5]. Islets of Langerhans are designated as the endocrine portion of the pancreas. The exocrine part of the pancreas surrounds islets of Langerhans. Different cell types present in the islets secrete different types of hormones. Islets contain four different types of endocrine cells: alpha (α) cells (glucagon), beta (β) cells (insulin), delta (δ) cells (somatostatin) and PP cells (pancreatic polypeptide) [5]. Alpha cells are responsible for the secretion of glucagon hormone to enhance blood glucose levels under fasting conditions while β cells are responsible for insulin secretion which initiates postprandial glucose metabolism and thus controls the rising blood glucose levels [10, 11]. Apart from glucose metabolism, insulin is also involved in lipid and protein metabolism [12, 13, 14]. Blood glucose level acts as the main trigger for the release of insulin from β cells, a phenomenon known as glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) [15, 16, 17]. Glucose at normal physiological levels not only induces insulin gene transcription by recruiting transcription factors (PDX-1, MafA and NeuroD) but also improves the insulin mRNA stability thus acting as a major physiologic regulator of insulin [18, 19, 20]. Glucose enters the β cells via glucose-specific channels present on the cell membrane commonly known as glucose transporters (GLUT) [4, 17]. Numerous types of glucose transporters are present in different tissue of the body [21]. But specifically, GLUT2 is most abundant and functional in the pancreas (β cells) and liver (hepatocytes) whereas GLUT4 is present on skeletal and cardiac muscles and adipocytes [21, 22].
Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for initiating carbohydrate metabolism through phosphorylation of glucose and subsequent formation of glucose-6-phosphate inside the cells [23, 24]. Insulin activates the hexokinase enzymes in non-hepatic tissues and glucokinase (GCK) in β cells and hepatocytes to initiate glucose phosphorylation [25, 26, 27, 28]. The insulin hormone acts by binding to the cell surface insulin receptors which are vastly distributed in different tissues of the body [29]. The binding of insulin to its receptors activates adaptor proteins known as insulin receptor substrates (e.g. IRS1, IRS2) [30]. IRS protein converts the tyrosine phosphorylation signal into the lipid kinase by activating phosphoinositide2-kinase enzyme (PI3K). Activated PI3K further recruits ATP molecules which activates AKT (serine and threonine kinase) [31]. The Discovery of insulin’s primary role in activating AKT proved a landmark in explaining the conversion of tyrosine phosphorylation into serine/threonine phosphorylation signal. AKT activation also explains the insulin induced regulation of key steps in insulin signaling including (a) glucose uptake by glucose transporter (GLUT4), (b) glycogen synthesis by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibition, (c) synthesis of protein and fats via activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), (d) gene expression regulation at the transcriptional levels by forkhead family box O (FOXO) transcription factor proteins. Insulin enhances GLUT4 activity in muscle and adipose tissue thus increasing the rate of glucose transport, glycolysis and subsequent glycogen synthesis in these tissues [32]. Insulin also prevents hepatic glucose synthesis by inhibiting hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis [33, 34, 35].
Apart from glucose metabolism, insulin influences lipid and protein metabolism through multiple means. Insulin lowers the plasma fatty acid levels by decreasing adipocyte lipolysis and enhancing the hepatic formation of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41]. Insulin increases the protein synthesis in skeletal muscles and the liver by enhancing the amino acid transport inside the cells and reducing protein degradation and urea formation [13, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47]. These metabolic effects of insulin on carbohydrates, lipids and proteins highlight the importance of insulin signaling in maintaining a nutritional consistency at the cellular level and ensuring a balanced physiological interplay between multiple tissues under diverse physiological conditions.
Alpha and β cells work together to maintain glucose homeostasis under feeding and fasting conditions through the periodic release of insulin and glucagon respectively [4, 25, 48]. Feeding results in increased plasma glucose levels. Rising plasma glucose levels demand immediate systemic activation of glucose metabolism by insulin. A delayed or deficient activation of glucose metabolism will result in abnormally high plasma and cellular glucose levels, a medical condition known as hyperglycemia. Glucose at higher-than-normal concentrations induces glucotoxic effects inside the cells. Rising postprandial glucose levels will trigger β cells to synthesize and secrete insulin. The postprandial rise in insulin levels activates glucokinase and hexokinase activity resulting in glucose phosphorylation in hepatocytes and muscle cells. Conversion of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate will result in the decline of plasma glucose levels over time. Physiologically because of GSIS the postprandial rise in the insulin secretion from β cells declines over time as the blood glucose level decline [15]. Thus, the rising plasma glucose levels provide positive feedback to enhance insulin secretion and the declining plasma glucose levels act as a negative feedback loop to lower insulin levels. Insulin negatively impacts glucagon secretion [49, 50, 51, 52]. Plasma glucose levels decline under fasting conditions. As glucose is the primary cellular source to generate ATP, a minimum threshold of plasma glucose levels must be maintained to avoid hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia is a serious medical condition characterized by very low plasma glucose levels. Fasting induced a decline in plasma glucose levels and subsequent diminished insulin levels initiate glucagon synthesis and secretion from alpha cells. To avoid hypoglycemia during fasting, glucagon enhances plasma glucose levels by activating hepatic gluconeogenesis/glucogenolysis thus forming glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources [10, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57]. Glucagon secretion from alpha cells and insulin secretion from β cells are also regulated by incretin hormones secreted from the intestines [58]. Incretin hormones are gut peptides secreted from the L and K cells of the small intestine and include glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) [59, 60]. GIP and GLP-1 functional receptors are present on both alpha and β cells. In normal physiological conditions, the GIP induces glucagon secretion from alpha cells during fasting or hypoglycemic state whereas GLP-1 induces insulin secretion from β cells and inhibits glucagon secretion from alpha cells [59, 61].
Diabetes mellitus is primarily a metabolic dysfunction resulting in a significant reduction in the cellular ability to metabolize glucose because of either the lack of insulin or insulin inactivity (insulin resistance) [62, 63]. Diabetes mellitus is expected to affect 700 million worldwide by 2040 [64]. The compromised ability of the cells to metabolize glucose results in increased cellular and plasma levels of glucose, a condition known as hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia induces tissue damage mainly through the increased influx of glucose through the polyol pathway and increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE
Diabetes mellitus has been categorized in two primary forms: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). T1DM has been characterized by a mutation in the insulin gene or immune cell-mediated destruction of β cell resulting in either the synthesis of abnormal insulin protein that fails to activate insulin receptors or a complete lack of endogenous insulin secretion [63]. T1DM patients are usually diagnosed early in their life. The only possible medical treatment referred to these patients is the multiple daily doses of synthetic insulin. T2DM on the other hand is much more complicated and requires a thorough diagnostic approach [62, 68, 69, 70]. T2DM is considered one of the most common metabolic disorders globally. Major risk factors for T2DM include a sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise, excessive use of a high-carb and high-fat diet, overweight and obesity [71]. Poor lifestyle and dietary habits have been attributed to the global incidence of type 2 diabetes in the last 2 decades. Obesity, visceral fat deposition and increased body mass index (BMI) play a central role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetic patients [62]. Quality, quantity and type of food have been debated to be the primary cause of this global incident. A healthy diet with the appropriate amount of nutrients and fiber and a certain level of physical activity has been advised globally to counter the incidence of T2DM in young adults.
The development of T2DM is mainly caused by the significant decline in insulin secretion from β cells or the inability of insulin-responsive tissues (muscles, fat and liver) to respond to insulin, mainly because of defective insulin signaling resulting in hyperinsulinemia and subsequent insulin resistance [72, 73, 74, 75]. Failure of the insulin hormone to activate insulin receptors at the cellular level has been attributed to be the major cause of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance [76, 77]. Insulin binding to insulin receptors at the plasma membrane activates a signaling cascade that initiates glucose metabolism inside the cells. Insulin-bound insulin receptors or activated insulin receptors go through internalization at the plasma membrane, a phenomenon known as insulin receptor endocytosis [1, 78]. Following the activation, the endocytosis of the insulin receptor is the primary physiological mechanism through which the duration and intensity of insulin signaling are controlled. Hyperinsulinemia accelerates insulin receptor endocytosis and affects the presence of adequate functional insulin receptors at the plasma membrane resulting in insulin resistance [79]. Apart from accelerated insulin receptor endocytosis, insulin-stimulated insulin receptor kinase activity is also decreased in diabetic patients [80]. Compromised insulin signaling fails to activate glucose metabolic enzymes like glucokinase and hexokinase resulting in hyperglycemia. High plasma glucose levels initiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretory (GSIS) response from β cells resulting in the rise of plasma insulin levels. The rising insulin levels should be normalized over time because of the renal insulin clearance mechanism. But compromised renal insulin clearance rate in diabetic subjects results in abnormally high plasma levels of insulin (hyperinsulinemia) [81, 82].
Hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in theory cannot trigger alpha cells to secrete glucagon. But it has been observed that T2DM patients with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia also have abnormally high plasma levels of glucagon [83]. Hinting toward the disturbance in the alpha and β cell interplay through the inability of the insulin to block glucagon gene transcription [84]. T2DM is also characterized by a decrease in GLP-1 secretion from L cells of the small intestine [85, 86]. Indicating a pathophysiological role of the gut in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes [87, 88]. GLP-1 receptor agonists which induce an increase in insulin secretion from β cells and inhibit glucagon secretion are the major treatment option for T2DM patients to combat hyperglycemic conditions [89, 90, 91].
The gut microbiome was first defined scientifically in 2001 as “an ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that collectively share our body space” [92]. Approximately 100 trillion microbes are found in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and strongly influence the health status of individuals either directly or indirectly [93, 94, 95, 96, 97]. The primary reason for the pathophysiological effect of the gut microbiome on human physiology has been attributed to the disruption of the stable communities of gut microbes through medication, diet and lifestyle. A normal, healthy gut microbiome profile is termed eubiosis and abnormal gut microbiome composition is called dysbiosis [98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106]. Eubiosis typically refers to an ideal bacterial population comprising 95% of Bacteroidetes and 5% Firmicutes producing abundant microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and impacting lipid metabolism. SCFAs like butyrate, acetate and propionate are produced by the anaerobic fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber
Substantial data from human studies support the possibility that dysbiosis triggers obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance and T2DM [108, 109, 110, 111]. Association of dysbiosis is also attributed to the pathogenesis of intestinal tissue. Intestinal disorders attributed to dysbiosis include inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBD) and coeliac disease [102, 111, 112]. Whereas metabolic syndrome, obesity, and cardiovascular complications are attributed as extra-intestinal effects of dysbiosis. Dysbiosis has also been attributed not only to the initiation of the T2DM in humans (a condition known as prediabetes) but also during the progression and subsequent secondary complications of T2DM with several lines of evidence suggesting that manipulation of the gut microbiome helps to minimize or alleviate the T2DM conditions [98, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121].
The role of gut microbiota in health and disease and specifically the pathogenesis of T2DM has been experimentally investigated mainly by using rodent models as a limited amount of experimental data can be generated through human studies. Keeping in mind that the rodents and human physiology are not exactly similar and certain physiological differences exist. The non-human primates seem to be a much more appropriate animal model to study different aspects of primate physiology including the gut microbiome and its interaction with metabolic dysregulation [122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127]. Nonetheless, the current understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in the context of metabolic syndrome or pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus has primarily originated from the data on rodent and human studies [94, 97, 116, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133]. Interestingly efforts have been made in the past to characterize the gut microbiome in normal and diabetic individuals as well as some therapeutic approaches have been adopted [95, 98, 113, 116, 117, 120, 121, 134].
The attempts to characterize the normal human gut microbiome revealed four primary phyla which are responsible for the physiological role of gut in metabolic modulation [128, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141]. These four specific phyla/families of microbes present in the gut include Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidota), Firmicutes (Bacillota), Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota) and actinobacteria (Actinomycetota) [95, 142]. The specific proportion for each of these phyla in normal physiological and homeostatic conditions indicates that the largest group of microbes is the Firmicutes which make up to 64% of the total gut microbiota. Followed by the Bacteroidetes, which make up the second-largest group, contributing up to 23% of the total gut microbiota. Proteobacteria and actinobacteria contribute the rest with 8% and 3% respectively. These specific percentage contributions of each phylum are extremely important physiologically. Increased prevalence of pro-inflammatory conditions such as obesity, T2DM, arthritis and even cancer have been attributed to the disruption of these specific percentage contributions of each phylum [132, 143]. Human and animal data have highlighted the unique compositional changes in the microbiota profiles at the phylum level in T2DM conditions [113, 128]. T2DM patients exhibit increased membrane transport of sugars, BCAA transportation, methane metabolism and sulfate reduction [128]. These patients also have reduced butyrate biosynthesis and cofactors/vitamins metabolism.
Although a certain level of discrepancy does exist in terms of phyla composition data between different T2DM patients which has been attributed to the specific geographical location, culture-specific diet and medication use [144]. Numerous independent research groups have reported widely contrasting microbiota findings in the context of phyla composition in T2DM patients [113, 114, 117, 119, 128, 145, 146]. It seems highly unlikely that a single microbe species can play a significant or dominant role in determining the risk of T2DM. The conflicting data from several independent groups also have some interesting similarities. Specifically, it was a common observation among T2DM patients that butyrate-producing microbes were particularly depleted [117, 128]. As human microbiome is comprised mainly of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes with a specific ratio (B/F > 1) and obesity has been shown to impact this ratio and result in the increased prevalence of Firmicutes to that of Bacteroidetes [109, 147, 148, 149]. Implicating that a disrupted B/F ratio can contribute to obesity in humans. Similarly increased concentration of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria with a significant decline in Firmicutes has been reported in T2DM patients [113] T2DM also demonstrates an increase in pathogenic microbial species like
Insulin resistance has also been attributed to disrupted Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes (B/F) ratio. An altered B/F ratio impacts intestinal permeability and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from proteobacteria are translocated from inside the gut. LPS translocation activates immune response through interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and IkB kinase (IKK). LPS-induced activation of JNK and IKK results in the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) which fails to activate downstream effector molecules like PI3K and AKT thus rendering the insulin signaling cascade ineffective [150, 151]. IKK also activates the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). NF-kB, a transcription factor, induces the expression of several genes involved in inflammatory and apoptotic responses [152, 153, 154, 155]. The inflammatory state also called metabolic endotoxemia is accompanied by insulin resistance and obesity.
Gut microbiota has been shown to impact the pancreas directly. Gut microbiota has been proposed to modulate glucose homeostasis through multiple mechanisms [115, 116, 118, 156, 157]. Experimental data support four specific mechanisms through which the gut microbiome influences glucose homeostasis; (1) the β cell modulating effects of metabolites that are formed due to gut anaerobic microbial fermentation [157, 158, 159], (2) induction of cytokine activity in the islets of Langerhans via inflammatory cascades [160, 161, 162, 163, 164], (3) direct islets signaling affecting insulin and glucagon secretion through incretins modulation [87, 165], (4) alteration in the gut permeability, thus permitting the influx of toxins through intestinal mucosal barrier [166]. Mechanisms 1 and 3 are mainly considered for increased T2DM susceptibility and whereas mechanisms 2 and 4 are particularly implicated in the development of T1DM in early life. As T1DM is characterized by a significant reduction in the number of functional β cells. Cytokine and toxin-induced β cell apoptosis or dedifferentiation are considered major risk factors for T1DM.
Abnormal gut microbiome composition alters the intestinal barrier which favors absorption and increased circulating levels of LPS and BCAA. LPS induces low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance while BCAA is associated with an increased risk of T2DM development. An altered intestinal barrier also reduces the absorption of beneficial SCFAs and secondary bile acids. Metabolically SCFAs are mainly produced as an energy source for the gut epithelium. Butyrate is used by colonic epithelial cells for energy, acetate is used as a fatty acid precursor like cholesterol and propionate is a precursor for the process of hepatic gluconeogenesis [167, 168, 169]. Animal data have shown the beneficial impact of acetate supplementation on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance in animals fed with a high-fat diet [170]. Acetate at high intravenous (
Functional modulation of β cells through secondary metabolites is highly important in maintaining homeostatic glucose levels. SCFA has been highlighted as an important signaling molecule as the recent findings of the presence of functional SCFA cell surface receptors on different tissues including gut and peripheral tissues [172, 173, 174, 175]. Gut microbial modulation of the host’s metabolism modulated by SCFA production has been demonstrated by the activation of G-protein coupled cell surface receptors (
Prebiotics are food ingredients that are non-digestible but fermentable oligosaccharides. The primary role of prebiotics in food is to stimulate the fermenting activity of gut microbes and eventually trigger the growth of beneficial gut microbes [182, 183, 184, 185]. Probiotics on the other hand are special foods that contain a certain amount of alive non-pathogenic bacteria which help to improve gut health and confer eubiosis [186, 187]. Bifidobacteria, lactobacilli streptococci and
Impact of the use of probiotics and prebiotics on the gut microbiome in terms of its functionality and improving the glycemic control through manipulation of multiple factors like improved incretin secretions, increase in the production of SCFAs, improved bile acid metabolism and the decrease in the LPs induced low grade inflammatory response.
Diabetes mellitus has emerged as the major metabolic disorder in the last two decades. A sedentary urban lifestyle, increased consumption of processed and fried foods and diets high in fat and protein have been indicated as the main reason for unhealthy weight gain causing obesity and disrupting the normal physiological pathways responsible for metabolic homeostasis. The role of the gut microbiome in ensuring a healthy metabolic and immune system is paramount. The remarkable research efforts made in the last two decades highlight gut microbial imbalance or dysbiosis as a common finding in diabetic patients. The direct and indirect regulatory influence of the gut microbial activity on the islet’s functionality has been experimentally characterized in rodent models. The experimental findings highlight the importance of a healthy gut microbial community and the use of the appropriate amount of dietary fiber to support fermentation and production of beneficial SCFAs which not only impact the intestinal permeability but also influence β cell activity directly as well as indirectly. The use of pre or probiotics along with a healthy diet comprising enough dietary fiber is a prerequisite for communities and individuals suffering from obesity and diabetes.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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Furthermore, bioactive compounds such as polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of edible mushrooms, as well as the application of these edible mushrooms as potential therapeutic agents, were covered. This chapter also endeavoured to review the recent progress on the potential utilisation of edible mushrooms in the development of functional food products and its effects on the nutritional, physical, and organoleptic properties of the developed food products. Based on the recent socioeconomic trends, the substitution of edible mushroom as an essential source of functional ingredients in food products could become a natural adjuvant for the prevention and alleviation of several lifestyle-related diseases. 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Most of the research has focused on Candida albicans since it is the most prominent etiological agent. There are numerous publications that describe the biology, virulence factors, morphology, immunity, genomics, diseases, and laboratory aspects of Candida albicans. In this chapter we offer a historic perspective of C. albicans and focus on other non-albicans candida (NAC) that cause serious disease. We review the current knowledge of emerging NAC pathogens with useful graphics and current references. This chapter is laid out as an overview and is geared for students seeking basic information and may be superficial for an infectious diseases clinician.",book:{id:"6923",slug:"candida-albicans",title:"Candida Albicans",fullTitle:"Candida Albicans"},signatures:"Bo Yang and Reeta Rao",authors:[{id:"261208",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Reeta",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"reeta-rao",fullName:"Reeta Rao"},{id:"268249",title:"Ms.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"bo-yang",fullName:"Bo Yang"}]},{id:"12734",title:"Introduction and Toxicology of Fungicides",slug:"introduction-and-toxicology-of-fungicides",totalDownloads:19626,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"22",slug:"fungicides",title:"Fungicides",fullTitle:"Fungicides"},signatures:"Rachid Rouabhi",authors:[{id:"13583",title:"Dr.",name:"Rachid",middleName:null,surname:"Rouabhi",slug:"rachid-rouabhi",fullName:"Rachid Rouabhi"}]},{id:"65709",title:"A Review Report on the Mechanism of Trichoderma spp. as Biological Control Agent of the Basal Stem Rot (BSR) Disease of Elaeis guineensis",slug:"a-review-report-on-the-mechanism-of-em-trichoderma-em-spp-as-biological-control-agent-of-the-basal-s",totalDownloads:1733,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Trichoderma spp. have been the most common fungi applied as biological control agents (BCA) as an effort to combat a wide range of plant diseases. Its uses have recorded good success rate in controlling major plant diseases. Knowledge on the mechanisms employed by Trichoderma spp. could be further studied to improve its ability as an efficient biocontrol agent. The Trichoderma ability to curb plant diseases were mainly based on the activation of single or multiple control mechanisms. It is known that the Trichoderma-based biocontrol mechanisms mainly rely on mycoparasitism, production of antibiotic and/or hydrolytic enzymes, competition for nutrients, as well as induced plant resistance; numerous secondary metabolites produced by Trichoderma species could directly inhibit the growth of several plant pathogens. These mechanisms may act directly or indirectly against the targeted plant pathogen. This chapter reviews the recent updates on published research findings on mechanisms used by Trichoderma as biological control of plant diseases particularly on basal stem rot disease of oil palm caused by Ganoderma spp.",book:{id:"8081",slug:"trichoderma-the-most-widely-used-fungicide",title:"Trichoderma",fullTitle:"Trichoderma - The Most Widely Used Fungicide"},signatures:"Syed Ali Nusaibah and Habu Musa",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"366",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. 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