Foods of daily diet supplying polyphenols (Adapted after Perez-Jumenez et al. [7] and Mustafa et al. [8]).
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8152",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Modern Fruit Industry",title:"Modern Fruit Industry",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Starting in the 1940s, humans have aimed to increase agricultural productivity. However, along with the benefits gained, there have been several criticisms since the 1970s, especially about food security and environmental impacts. Nowadays, the demand for food is increasing while the quantity and quality of agricultural production is declining due to human-induced environmental problems, i.e. climate change and water scarcity. Moreover, our modern fruit industry needs to improve quality and quantity of fruit production while also protecting ecosystems by reducing environmental impacts. Hence, this book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the new and eco-friendly technologies in the modern fruit industry.",isbn:"978-1-78984-731-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-730-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-687-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78101",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"modern-fruit-industry",numberOfPages:180,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4ea4aff1aa2988e552a7a8ff3384c59a",bookSignature:"Ibrahim Kahramanoglu, Nesibe Ebru Kafkas, Ayzin Küden and Songül Çömlekçioğlu",publishedDate:"March 4th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8152.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8317,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 13th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 21st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 23rd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 14th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 13th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"178185",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kahramanoglu",slug:"ibrahim-kahramanoglu",fullName:"Ibrahim Kahramanoglu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178185/images/system/178185.jpg",biography:"Ibrahim Kahramanoglu is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Agriculture, European University of Lefke (Northern Cyprus). He is an expert in horticultural production, postharvest biology and technology, and good agricultural practices. His research includes postharvest physiology and handling of fruits, natural and novel technologies for handling and storage, digital and precision farming (agri 4.0) for sustainability, and value adding to horticultural crops.",institutionString:"European University of Lefke",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"European University of Lefke",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"267714",title:"Prof.",name:"Nesibe Ebru",middleName:"Yaşa",surname:"Kafkas",slug:"nesibe-ebru-kafkas",fullName:"Nesibe Ebru Kafkas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267714/images/system/267714.png",biography:"Nesibe Ebru Kafkas graduated from the University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Turkey and is working in this department since 1996 as a researcher and lecturer. She has experience in fruit breeding and fruit metabolomics, chromatography in vitro techniques. Additionally, she is the author of more than 100 scientific papers (H-index:18; total citations:1600) and has many work experiences as an editor at various scientific journals. She has participated in national and international EU projects (HORIZON 2020, Cost, Prima etc.) as a Turkish Coordinator. She is also a member of the International Society of Horticultural Science.",institutionString:"Çukurova University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"200365",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayzin B.",middleName:"B.",surname:"Küden",slug:"ayzin-b.-kuden",fullName:"Ayzin B. Küden",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200365/images/system/200365.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Ayzin B. Küden is an academic staff member at the Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Çukurova University, Turkey, where she served as vice dean from 1997 to 1999 and dean from 2005 to 2012. She took part in the establishment of the ZIDEK Association with the assignment of the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Deans Council in 2008, and still serves as the association’s vice president. She chaired the TYYÇ Working Group on Agriculture, Forestry, Livestock and Fisheries, which was published in 2011. Her research interests include conservation of genetic resources in fruit growing, physiological studies, stone fruit breeding, almond and fig selection and cultivation, the use of molecular markers in breeding, the physiology of dormancy in temperate climate fruits, and the effects of climate change on fruit growing. She has made short- and long-term visits and training studies in many countries on these issues. Since 1996, she has been the chairperson of the Temperate Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics (TFTS) Working Group of the International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS). She became a country member of ISHS in 2018. \n\n\tDr. Küden has edited and written books and book chapters and published around 200 research articles. She has served as a referee for journals. She has participated in six international symposiums, several workshops, and national meetings. She retired in 2021 but continues to be active in horticultural research and as an executive in two EU Prima projects. Dr. Küden is married and has two children.",institutionString:"Çukurova University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorThree:{id:"200428",title:"Dr.",name:"Songül",middleName:null,surname:"Çömlekçioğlu",slug:"songul-comlekcioglu",fullName:"Songül Çömlekçioğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200428/images/system/200428.png",biography:"Dr. Songul Comlekcioglu is working at the Horticultural Department, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey. She has completed her Ph.D. in 2014, on the “Characterization of Nectarine and Peach Hybrids and the Use of SSR Markers on Early Selection Studies”.\nHer specializations are fruit growing and breeding, tissue culture and molecular biology applications. She is also interested in selection studies on temperate and subtropical fruits. She has been involved in several national and international projects and attended several training courses in Turkey and in other countries. \nShe had professional memberships in ISHS. She contributed to the publications of four books as an editor. She is involved in the organization of three international and four national meetings. She published around 34 peer-reviewed papers.",institutionString:"Çukurova University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Cukurova University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"342",title:"Pomology",slug:"pomology"}],chapters:[{id:"66695",title:"Alternative Eco-Friendly Methods in the Control of Post-Harvest Decay of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85682",slug:"alternative-eco-friendly-methods-in-the-control-of-post-harvest-decay-of-tropical-and-subtropical-fr",totalDownloads:1434,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The effectiveness on several fruits by the application of alternative methods against fungi is summarized in the present chapter. Several investigations have reported the efficacy of these technologies for controlling fungal infections. Currently, high post-harvest loses have been reported due to several factors such as inefficient management, lack of training for farmers, and problems with appropriate conditions for storage of fruits and vegetables. Even now, in many countries, post-harvest disease control is led by the application of chemical fungicides. However, in this time, awareness about fungi resistance, environmental, and health issues has led to the research of eco-friendly and effective alternatives for disease management. The pathogen establishment on fruits can be affected by the application of GRAS compounds like chitosan, essential oils, salts, among others; besides, their efficacy can be enhanced by their combination with other technologies like ultrasound. Thus, the applications of these alternatives are suitable approaches for post-harvest management of fruits.",signatures:"Ramsés González-Estrada, Francisco Blancas-Benítez, Rita M. Velázquez-Estrada, Beatriz Montaño-Leyva, Anelsy Ramos-Guerrero, Lizet Aguirre-Güitrón, Cristina Moreno-Hernández, Leonardo Coronado-Partida, Juan A. Herrera-González, Carlos A. Rodríguez-Guzmán, José A. Del Ángel-Cruz, Edson Rayón-Díaz, Hector J. Cortés-Rivera, Miguel A. Santoyo-González and Porfirio Gutierrez-Martinez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66695",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66695",authors:[{id:"224889",title:"Dr.",name:"Porfirio",surname:"Gutierrez-Martinez",slug:"porfirio-gutierrez-martinez",fullName:"Porfirio Gutierrez-Martinez"},{id:"239966",title:"MSc.",name:"Anelsy",surname:"Ramos-Guerrero",slug:"anelsy-ramos-guerrero",fullName:"Anelsy Ramos-Guerrero"},{id:"273560",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramsés",surname:"González-Estrada",slug:"ramses-gonzalez-estrada",fullName:"Ramsés González-Estrada"},{id:"279668",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Blancas-Benítez",slug:"francisco-blancas-benitez",fullName:"Francisco Blancas-Benítez"},{id:"279669",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Moreno-Hernández",slug:"cristina-moreno-hernandez",fullName:"Cristina Moreno-Hernández"},{id:"284038",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",surname:"Montaño-Leyva",slug:"beatriz-montano-leyva",fullName:"Beatriz Montaño-Leyva"},{id:"296224",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",surname:"Velázquez-Estrada",slug:"rita-velazquez-estrada",fullName:"Rita Velázquez-Estrada"},{id:"296225",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos A.",surname:"Rodríguez-Guzmán",slug:"carlos-a.-rodriguez-guzman",fullName:"Carlos A. Rodríguez-Guzmán"},{id:"296226",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan A.",surname:"Herrera-González",slug:"juan-a.-herrera-gonzalez",fullName:"Juan A. Herrera-González"},{id:"296227",title:"MSc.",name:"Leonardo",surname:"Coronado-Partida",slug:"leonardo-coronado-partida",fullName:"Leonardo Coronado-Partida"},{id:"296232",title:"Mr.",name:"Edson",surname:"Rayón-Díaz",slug:"edson-rayon-diaz",fullName:"Edson Rayón-Díaz"},{id:"296233",title:"Mr.",name:"José A.",surname:"Del Ángel-Cruz",slug:"jose-a.-del-angel-cruz",fullName:"José A. Del Ángel-Cruz"},{id:"296235",title:"Mr.",name:"Miguel A.",surname:"Santoyo-González",slug:"miguel-a.-santoyo-gonzalez",fullName:"Miguel A. Santoyo-González"},{id:"296236",title:"Mr.",name:"Hector J.",surname:"Cortés-Rivera",slug:"hector-j.-cortes-rivera",fullName:"Hector J. Cortés-Rivera"},{id:"296693",title:"Dr.",name:"Lizet",surname:"Aguirre-Güitrón",slug:"lizet-aguirre-guitron",fullName:"Lizet Aguirre-Güitrón"}],corrections:null},{id:"68994",title:"Harnessing the Recent Approaches in Postharvest Quality Retention of Fruits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86889",slug:"harnessing-the-recent-approaches-in-postharvest-quality-retention-of-fruits",totalDownloads:863,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fruits are an important component of our diet. Postharvest quality retention during supply chain management is a major concern and has become a priority of today’s world. Owing to this, food security is a big challenge and, to mitigate this nutritional, security is a major task. The existing technologies have brought about several desirable changes in logistics of postharvest handling of fruits. As the trend has been changing, people are moving away from synthetic treatment agents; thus, these have been replaced with eco-friendly products. Since the last few years, introduction of some environmental and consumer friendly approaches like brassinosteroids, methyl jasmonates, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, edible coatings, biocontrol agents, irradiation, and cold plasma techniques has made this line more interesting across the globe. These agents work effectively and better over traditional synthetic chemicals. Application of these formulations has been found to be better to retain the quality and fresh like appearance during storage of fruits during supply chain and storage. Thus, there is urgent need to develop some novel technologies for better establishment of fruit growing industries and their maximum retention of quality. The use of these in an integrated manner could be a better way to minimize this huge loss and maximize the quality.",signatures:"Nirmal Kumar Meena and Kalpana Choudhary",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68994",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68994",authors:[{id:"288345",title:"Mr.",name:"Nirmal Kumar",surname:"Meena",slug:"nirmal-kumar-meena",fullName:"Nirmal Kumar Meena"},{id:"303289",title:"Ms.",name:"Kalpana",surname:"Chaoudhary",slug:"kalpana-chaoudhary",fullName:"Kalpana Chaoudhary"}],corrections:null},{id:"66834",title:"Vineyard and Olive Orchard Management to Maintain Yield and Quality Under Abiotic Stress Conditions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85954",slug:"vineyard-and-olive-orchard-management-to-maintain-yield-and-quality-under-abiotic-stress-conditions",totalDownloads:720,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Yield and quality of fruits are multifaceted traits involving various plant and fruit processes that, for a given genetic makeup, depend on environmental factors and agronomic practices. Crop yield has to meet the demand of a growing population, but crop quality is a challenging issue affected by consumer’s behavior and increasingly associated with food security. The projected climate scenario for South Mediterranean Europe predicts lower precipitation and higher temperatures that will negatively affect agricultural activity. A warmer and drier climate is expected to cause changes in crop yield and its quality. Higher temperatures affect photosynthesis, causing alterations in sugars, organic acids, flavonoid contents, firmness, and antioxidant activity. Reduced soil water availability will impact on the capacity of plants to accumulate biomass and when conjugated with warmer weather, it can trigger disorders like fruit sunburn further depressing crop yields. New cultivation techniques are necessary to produce sufficient food supplies to meet the basic nutrient requirements of the growing human population and support the agriculture economy. We focus on the production of olives and wine grapes, two of the most cultivated fruit crops of Southern Europe, which is certainly strongly affected by changing weather conditions. We review the recent developments on agronomic practices to counter or minimize the projected environmental changes, and we will report on our own experiences.",signatures:"Manuel Oliveira and Anabela Fernandes-Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66834",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66834",authors:[{id:"81075",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",surname:"Fernandes-Silva",slug:"anabela-fernandes-silva",fullName:"Anabela Fernandes-Silva"},{id:"181227",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"manuel-oliveira",fullName:"Manuel Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"69082",title:"Soil Preparation, Running Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Plantation and Biological Properties of Fruits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89071",slug:"soil-preparation-running-highbush-blueberry-em-vaccinium-corymbosum-em-l-plantation-and-biological-p",totalDownloads:831,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Due to the pro-health properties of highbush blueberry fruit, the interest in cultivation of this species has been growing significantly, which is evidenced by the current increase in world fruit production. Therefore, the aim of our review study is to present the impact of soil and climatic conditions and cultivation methods of Vaccinium corymbosum L. on fruit yield and quality in Central and Eastern Europe. In this region, one of the most important abiotic factors determining the yield level is the minimum temperature of the winter period and short-term increases in temperature, which are conducive to the damage to flower buds. Another factor determining the success of cultivation is soil. In addition, highbush blueberry has specific soil requirements, which result from its characteristic root structure. The adverse impact of soil factors can be mitigated to a certain extent by the use of mycorrhizal fungi. In this chapter, besides the cultivation conditions of V. corymbosum, the pro-health properties of fruits resulting from the presence of bioactive compounds such as polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, especially anthocyanins, will be presented. Besides, factors, such as environmental conditions, degree of ripeness and variety, affect the content of bioactive substances.",signatures:"Zofia Zydlik, Szymon Cieśliński, Van Chung Mai, Nesibe Ebru Kafkas and Iwona Morkunas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69082",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69082",authors:[{id:"267714",title:"Prof.",name:"Nesibe Ebru",surname:"Kafkas",slug:"nesibe-ebru-kafkas",fullName:"Nesibe Ebru Kafkas"},{id:"298800",title:"Prof.",name:"Iwona",surname:"Morkunas",slug:"iwona-morkunas",fullName:"Iwona Morkunas"},{id:"298801",title:"Dr.",name:"Zofia",surname:"Zydlik",slug:"zofia-zydlik",fullName:"Zofia Zydlik"},{id:"307747",title:"MSc.",name:"Szymon",surname:"Cieśliński",slug:"szymon-cieslinski",fullName:"Szymon Cieśliński"},{id:"307748",title:"Dr.",name:"Van Chung",surname:"Mai",slug:"van-chung-mai",fullName:"Van Chung Mai"}],corrections:null},{id:"69783",title:"The Developing Blueberry Industry in China",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88225",slug:"the-developing-blueberry-industry-in-china",totalDownloads:806,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present situation of blueberry industry in China was summarized. The six main blueberry cultivation areas in China were reviewed and practical suggestions were made. Reference and guidance for water management of rabbiteye blueberry in Yangtze river basin was provided, and water physiological characteristics and water requirement of blueberry were also clarified so as to provide scientific management of blueberry. Effects of vinegar residue on soil physical and chemical properties, enzymatic activities, growth of blueberry, nutrient uptake, and fruit quality were studied. The effect of vinegar residue on the growth of blueberry and the mechanism revealed from the perspective of soil amelioration were also discussed from the results.",signatures:"Jiang Jiafeng, Wei Jiguang, Yu Hong and He Shan’an",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69783",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69783",authors:[{id:"297839",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong",surname:"Yu",slug:"hong-yu",fullName:"Hong Yu"},{id:"303897",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiafeng",surname:"Jiang",slug:"jiafeng-jiang",fullName:"Jiafeng Jiang"},{id:"303898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiguang",surname:"Wei",slug:"jiguang-wei",fullName:"Jiguang Wei"},{id:"303899",title:"Prof.",name:"Shan'An",surname:"He",slug:"shan'an-he",fullName:"Shan'An He"}],corrections:null},{id:"67866",title:"Fig Production and Germplasm in Turkey",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86997",slug:"fig-production-and-germplasm-in-turkey",totalDownloads:864,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Turkey is one of the most important genetic origins of fig (Ficus carica L.) in the world, and it extended to the Mediterranean countries (Spain, Italy, France, Greece, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Portugal.), USA, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, South Caucasia, and Crimea. Fig germplasm in Turkey is located mainly at the Big Meander Valley and Small Meander Valley in the Aegean Region but also widely seen in the Southeast Anatolia, the Marmara, and the Mediterranean regions. Siirt, Bottan, Diyarbakir, Elazig, Gaziantep, Besni, Kahramanmaras, Ceyhan, and Ahir Mountain are the main fig germplasm locations at the Southeast Anatolia and the Mediterranean regions. These germplasm (285 fig cultivars and genotypes) are mainly collected at the orchards of Erbeyli Fig Research Institute in Aydın Province. Fig production of Turkey is about 305.689 tons in 1.152.799 tons of world fig production. Turkey is the biggest fig-producing country and is followed by Greece, the USA, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Dried figs (mainly Sarilop cultivar) are obtained from Aydin Province in the Aegean region, while fresh figs are obtained from the Marmara and Mediterranean regions.",signatures:"Emine Tanriver",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67866",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67866",authors:[{id:"295982",title:"Dr.",name:"Emine",surname:"Tanrıver",slug:"emine-tanriver",fullName:"Emine Tanrıver"}],corrections:null},{id:"67457",title:"Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Ficus carica L. Fruits, Leaves, and Derivatives (Wine, Spirit, and Liqueur)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86660",slug:"chemical-and-biological-characteristics-of-em-ficus-carica-em-l-fruits-leaves-and-derivatives-wine-s",totalDownloads:1309,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Ficus carica L. is a native plant to Southwest Asia and widely spread from ancient times in the Mediterranean region. Its fruits (figs) and leaves present important nutritional components (vitamins, minerals, sugars, amino acids, etc.) and health-related effects due to their phytochemical composition. Numerous bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds (phenolic acids), flavonoids (flavonols, flavones, and anthocyanins), coumarins, sterols, and volatiles (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, norisoprenoids, ketones, alcohols, esters, etc.), among others, have been isolated from fruits and leaves of F. carica that are the main ingredients used in the production of different alcoholic beverages such as wine, liqueur, and spirit. This chapter aims to review the different chemical and biological characteristics found both in raw materials (fruits and leaves) and in the final product (wine, liqueur, and spirit) that have been consumed and known throughout human history.",signatures:"Raquel Rodríguez Solana and Anabela Romano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67457",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67457",authors:[{id:"193464",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",surname:"Romano",slug:"anabela-romano",fullName:"Anabela Romano"},{id:"232009",title:"Dr.",name:"Raquel",surname:"Rodríguez-Solana",slug:"raquel-rodriguez-solana",fullName:"Raquel Rodríguez-Solana"}],corrections:null},{id:"67329",title:"Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential, and Medicinal Significance of Ficus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86562",slug:"phytochemical-composition-antioxidant-potential-and-medicinal-significance-of-em-ficus-em-",totalDownloads:910,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ficus, a genus of plant family Moraceae, includes about 850 species. Most of the species of Ficus are used as a source of nutrition for humans. The roots, aerial roots, stem, bark, leaves, latex, fruit, and pulp of the Ficus plants are medicinally important due to the presence of a variety of bioactive phytochemical compounds, such as polyphenols, phenolic acids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, flavonols, anthocyanins, carotenoids, glycosides, polysaccharides, reducing compounds, and vitamins K, E, and C. Most of these phytochemical compounds possess strong antioxidant potential in terms of metal chelating, metal reducing, lipid reducing, and free radical scavenging capacities, which may be helpful in reducing the oxidative stress in the biological systems. On account of their high phytochemical content and strong antioxidant potential, these plants show several biological activities including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and renal-protective, and anticancer activities. These plants have been found to be effective in the treatment of diabetes, stomachache, piles, skin diseases, inflammation, and cancer.",signatures:"Haq Nawaz, Rashem Waheed and Mubashir Nawaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67329",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67329",authors:[{id:"230900",title:"Mr.",name:"Haq",surname:"Nawaz",slug:"haq-nawaz",fullName:"Haq Nawaz"},{id:"301871",title:"Ms.",name:"Rashem",surname:"Waheed",slug:"rashem-waheed",fullName:"Rashem Waheed"},{id:"301872",title:"Mr.",name:"Mubashir",surname:"Nawaz",slug:"mubashir-nawaz",fullName:"Mubashir Nawaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"69288",title:"A Threatened Introduced Species (Ficus benghalensis L.) in Ismailia, Egypt",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88164",slug:"a-threatened-introduced-species-em-ficus-benghalensis-em-l-in-ismailia-egypt",totalDownloads:581,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The genus Ficus belongs to Moraceae (Mulberry family). 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Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. 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Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10",title:"Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Emission",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1bd25a76712d1cb8792820acf2ff001",slug:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission",bookSignature:"F. J. 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Plants are valuable reservoir of novel antimicrobials and their secondary metabolites as polyphenols demonstrate strong antimicrobial activity at extremely low concentrations. Precursor of polyphenols is phenol which consist of one aromatic ring and a hydroxyl group. Polyphenols as more complex substances are polyaromatic and contain a few hydroxyl groups. They are divided into four main groups: Flavonoids, Lignans, Phenolic acids, and Stilbenes. Among them, flavonoids are the most numerous. All polyphenols play an important role in the defense of plants against bacteria, viruses, fungi, insects and herbivores. Polyphenol synthesis derives from two aromatic amino acids – tyrosine and phenylalanine. As secondary plant metabolites, their amount is estimated at only around 10% of plant metabolites [1].
Among the 300,000 plant species that exist in the world only 15% have been investigated for their pharmacological potential, the rest of them are a potential source of novel natural antimicrobial products [2]. According to the WHO, the global market of plant products is estimated at the huge amount of US $83 billion and currently continues to grow. Usually, the daily polyphenol human intake varies between 20 and 500 mg, taken
Currently, more than 9000 polyphenols have been identified. Some major representatives of polyphenols are shown in Figure 1.
Structure and molecular formula of main polyphenols: (1) phenol (C6H5OH); (2) 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) (HOC6H4COOH); (3) 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid (Gallic acid) (C6H2(OH)3COOH); (4) 4-Hydroxycinnamic (p-Coumaric acid) (C9H8O3); (5) 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid (Caffeic acid) (C9H8O4); (6) 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (Ferulic acid) (C10H10O)4; (7) 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)chromen-2-one, Warfarine (Coumarins) (C19H16O4); (8) 1,4- benzoquinone (p-benzoquinone) (Quinone)(C6H4O2); (9) 2,3-Dihydroflavone (flavone) (C15H12O2); (10) 2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one (flavone) (C15H10O2); (11) 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one (Flavonol) (C15H10O3); (12) 7-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,2-dimethylpyrano[3,2-g]chromen-8-one (Robustin) (Isoflavonoid) (C22H18O7); (13) 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)chromenylium-3,5,7-triol (Pelargonidine) (Anthocianidine) (C15H11O5+); (14) Anthocianins; (15) 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (Gallotannin) (C27H24O18); and (16) Elagitannin (C44H32O27) (source of figures and short description of substances below [
1,4
3
Another derivative of flavone is
Generally, flavonoids are main contributors to the flavor of fruits and the bitterness of citruses. Naringin, tangeritin, quercetin and neohesperidin impart the bitter taste in citruses, while the bitterness of wine is due to catechins and epicatechins [6].
Vegetables | Fruits | Grains | Beans | Herbs&Spices | Beverages |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Artichoke | Apples | Oat | Black beans | Basilicum | Black tea |
Asparagus | Apricots | Rye | Soy meat | Black tea | Coffee |
Broccoli | Black chockeberry | Whole grains | Soy milk | Celery | Dark chocolate |
Capers | Black currant | Wheat | Sprout | Cinnamon | Ginger |
Carrots | Black elderberry | White beans | Cummin | Green tea | |
Cayenne pepper | Black grapes | Curry | Olive oil | ||
Garlic | Blackberry | Ginger | Rapeseed oil | ||
Olives | Blueberry | Green tea | Red wine | ||
Potatoes | Cherry sour | Majoran | Vinegar | ||
Red lettuce | Cherry sweet | Oregano | |||
Onion | Grapefruit | Parsley | |||
Spinach | Nectarines | Peppermint | |||
Peaches | Rosemary | ||||
Pears | Sage | ||||
Pomegranate | Spearmint | ||||
Plum | Star anise | ||||
Raspberry | |||||
Strawberry |
Isolation of polyphenols is a challenging procedure due to the instability and complex structure of these compounds. Most often polyphenols are harbored in plant leaves and gymnosperm, and within the cell in the cell wall and vacuoles associated with the nuclei. The covalent bonding of polyphenols with the plant structures is a limiting factor for their liberation [9]. Additionally, other factors influence the recovery of phenolic compounds from plant samples: location in plant tissues, extraction method, sample size, storage conditions and possible subsequent chemical conversions. A wide spectrum of plant secondary metabolites, including polyphenols can be obtained using water or organic solvents.
These methods are widely used. Washed or dried plant material is finely ground and subjected to solvent extraction. The most commonly used solvents are water, hexane, ether, chloroform, acetone, benzene, ethanol and methanol. All these solvents are effective in taking out bioactive compounds i.e. polyphenols from the cell.
According to the paper of Alothman et al. [10], who studied pineapple, banana and guava, the percentage of different solvents strongly influence the polyphenol yield. Investigating polyphenol extraction with methanol, ethanol and acetone at concentration 90, 70, and 50%, authors found the highest yield at 70% of ethanol and methanol, and at 90% of acetone. Among the three fruits, guava showed to be the most abundant in polyphenols.
The main steps of polyphenol extraction are: (1) Sample grinding, (2) Extraction, (3) Filtration, (4) Concentration, and (5) Drying.
The conventional methods of extraction are maceration, infusion, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, and water-alcoholic extraction
The best way to determine polyphenols remains HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection). Many phenolic compounds, such as epicatechin, vanillic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, epigallocatechin, rutin, and myricetin were analyzed using this method. Structure elucidation of polyphenols can be implemented using gas chromatography-Gassmass spectrometry [13].
Longevity of the community inhabiting Mediterranean area is due to their polyphenols rich diet. Most of Mediterranean herbs containing polyphenols were described to possess antibacterial activity against both Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria. Shehadi et al. [14] reported growth inhibition of
Alamri and Moustafa [15] reported action against different bacteria of
Data about the influence of different solvents for polyphenol extraction on the antibacterial activity were published by Harfouch et al. [16], Rizwana et al. [17]. Studying the effectiveness of methanolic and ethanolic extract of
Besides the herbs, various medicinal plants demonstrate high polyphenol concentrations [18].
Bactericidal effect of
Another plant used as medicinal plant, spice and herb – the sanogenous parsley also showed antibacterial properties. Several classes of polyphenols persist in parsley mostly flavonoids like kaempferol, apigenin and luteolin. Average content of flavonoids is approximately 100 mg/100 g fresh weight [20]. According to Tomov et al. [21] the green minced parsley leaves demonstrated weak antibacterial effect against
No. | Vegetable/plant vegetative organ | Inhibition zone d on | Inhibition zone d on |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Parsley (leaves) | 2 | 0 |
2. | Tomato (seeds) | 5 | 0 |
3. | Cayenne pepper (tissue discs) | 24 | 25 |
4. | Cayenne pepper (seeds) | 7 | 11 |
5. | Onion brown skin (mature bulbs) | 27 | 3 |
6. | Onion red skin (mature bulbs) | 25 | 3 |
7. | Onion young (fresh bulbs) | 0 | 0 |
8. | Garlic (mature bulbs) | 7 | 30 |
9. | Garlic young (fresh bulbs) | 2 | 0 |
Antibacterial activity of polyphenol containing vegetables (inhibition zones d in mm) against
The antimicrobial activity of lavandula against
Mihajlova et al. [25] studied the phenolic profile and the antibacterial activity of mallow (
Green tea is also excessive in polyphenols and demonstratie robust antimicrobial action [26]. Green tea polyphenols consist mainly of flavonoids. Catechins are in the highest concentration of 30–40%. Four main catechins were isolated from tea: epicatechin (EC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), as reported by Raygaert [27]. In green tea, EGCG is the most abundant, representing approximately 59% of the total catechins. It is important to note that during the initial steaming process of tea production the enzyme polyphenol oxidase is destroyed and thus the polyphenol content is protected. Catechins of green tea damage the bacterial cell membrane, inhibit the fatty acid synthesis of bacteria and DNA-gyrase during bacterial replication. In the same paper the inhibitory effect of green tea catechins on the binding of
Polyphenol abundant fruits also exhibit antibacterial action. In pomegranate juice (
Noticeable Mediterranean fruits wealthy in polyphenols are olives (
The antimicrobial activity of fruit extracts was reported by Marinova et al. [32], who examined more than 20 fruits for their polyphenolic content. The analysis included
Tannins, a common polyphenolic substances in all types of red wines were reported as natural antibacterial substances as well [33].
Polyphenols from tobacco leaves extracted with 80% ethanol manifest antibacterial activity against
Polyphenols play synergistic effect when applied in combinations with antibiotics [35, 36]. Their mode of action is straight inhibition of the pathogenic microorganisms’ virulence factors.
Some authors report antibacterial activity of tomato. Tomato ranks second in world consumption among all vegetables [37]. Our previous research [21] showed no significant difference in the effect of raw or cooked tomato products against bacteria. The antibacterial effect was not a strong one (up to 7 mm zone). Seeds of two out of six tomato varieties slightly inhibited the growth of
Onions are vegetables with strong antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activity of garlic (
Ramos [41] described
An interesting finding is that the synthesis of antibacterial substances in
Anthocyanins and flavonols are two flavonoids found out in
Cayenne pepper is remarkable with its lofty phenol content [42]. The authors supplied data that the ripening and cooking processes lead to an increase in the polyphenol concentration in 16 out of 18 studied cultivars. Chili peppers lead the ranking of antimicrobial activity, as shown by Omolo et al. [43]. Our experiments [21] on cayenne pepper fruits and seeds showed growth inhibition of
Selected herbs, spices, fruits and vegetables contain high polyphenol concentrations. They show pronounced antibacterial activity acting against a plethora of pathogenic Gram(−) and Gram(+) bacteria as
This work was funded by The Central Fund for Strategic Development, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria - Grant № 1593/21.12 2021.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"56460",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69501",title:"Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes",slug:"application-of-taguchi-based-design-of-experiments-for-industrial-chemical-processes",totalDownloads:3223,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:54,abstract:"Design of experiment is the method, which is used at a very large scale to study the experimentations of industrial processes. It is a statically approach where we develop the mathematical models through experimental trial runs to predict the possible output on the basis of the given input data or parameters. The aim of this chapter is to stimulate the engineering community to apply Taguchi technique to experimentation, the design of experiments, and to tackle quality problems in industrial chemical processes that they deal with. Based on years of research and applications, Dr. G. Taguchi has standardized the methods for each of these DOE application steps. Thus, DOE using Taguchi approach has become a much more attractive tool to practicing engineers and scientists. And since the last four decades, there were limitations when conventional experimental design techniques were applied to industrial experimentation. And Taguchi, also known as orthogonal array design, adds a new dimension to conventional experimental design. Taguchi method is a broadly accepted method of DOE, which has proven in producing high-quality products at subsequently low cost.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"14634",doi:"10.5772/15998",title:"The Application of FT-IR Spectroscopy in Waste Management",slug:"the-application-of-ft-ir-spectroscopy-in-waste-management",totalDownloads:6651,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"1574",slug:"fourier-transforms-new-analytical-approaches-and-ftir-strategies",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - New Analytical Approaches and FTIR Strategies"},signatures:"Ena Smidt, Katharina Böhm and Manfred Schwanninger",authors:[{id:"20376",title:"Dr.",name:"Katharina",middleName:null,surname:"Böhm",slug:"katharina-bohm",fullName:"Katharina Böhm"},{id:"22840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ena",middleName:null,surname:"Smidt",slug:"ena-smidt",fullName:"Ena Smidt"},{id:"22915",title:"Dr.",name:"Manfred",middleName:null,surname:"Schwanninger",slug:"manfred-schwanninger",fullName:"Manfred Schwanninger"}]},{id:"15157",doi:"10.5772/15959",title:"Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry for the Molecular Level Characterization of Natural Organic Matter: Instrument Capabilities, Applications, and Limitations",slug:"fourier-transform-mass-spectrometry-for-the-molecular-level-characterization-of-natural-organic-matt",totalDownloads:4347,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"122",slug:"fourier-transforms-approach-to-scientific-principles",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - Approach to Scientific Principles"},signatures:"Rachel L. 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In this paper, the basic concepts of robust optimization are developed, the different types of robustness are defined in detail, the main areas in which it has been applied are described and finally, the future lines of research that appear in this area are included.",book:{id:"6587",slug:"nature-inspired-methods-for-stochastic-robust-and-dynamic-optimization",title:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization",fullTitle:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization"},signatures:"José García and Alvaro Peña",authors:[{id:"227809",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"jose-garcia",fullName:"Jose Garcia"},{id:"240407",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Peña",slug:"alvaro-pena",fullName:"Alvaro Peña"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59209",title:"Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials",slug:"utilization-of-response-surface-methodology-in-optimization-of-extraction-of-plant-materials",totalDownloads:5469,totalCrossrefCites:64,totalDimensionsCites:97,abstract:"Experimental design plays an important role in several areas of science and industry. Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"74096",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:1283,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Signal processing has long been dominated by the Fourier transform. However, there is an alternate transform that has gained popularity recently and that is the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform has a long history starting in 1910 when Alfred Haar created it as an alternative to the Fourier transform. In 1940 Norman Ricker created the first continuous wavelet and proposed the term wavelet. Work in the field has proceeded in fits and starts across many different disciplines, until the 1990’s when the discrete wavelet transform was developed by Ingrid Daubechies. 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In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"54366",title:"Solution of Differential Equations with Applications to Engineering Problems",slug:"solution-of-differential-equations-with-applications-to-engineering-problems",totalDownloads:6866,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Over the last hundred years, many techniques have been developed for the solution of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. While quite a major portion of the techniques is only useful for academic purposes, there are some which are important in the solution of real problems arising from science and engineering. In this chapter, only very limited techniques for solving ordinary differential and partial differential equations are discussed, as it is impossible to cover all the available techniques even in a book form. The readers are then suggested to pursue further studies on this issue if necessary. After that, the readers are introduced to two major numerical methods commonly used by the engineers for the solution of real engineering problems.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Cheng Yung Ming",authors:[{id:"191017",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Y.M.",slug:"cheng-y.m.",fullName:"Cheng Y.M."}]},{id:"56538",title:"Stochastic Resonance and Related Topics",slug:"stochastic-resonance-and-related-topics",totalDownloads:1718,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The stochastic resonance (SR) is the phenomenon which can emerge in nonlinear dynamic systems. In general, it is related with a bistable nonlinear system of Duffing type under additive excitation combining deterministic periodic force and Gaussian white noise. It manifests as a stable quasiperiodic interwell hopping between both stable states with a small random perturbation. Classical definition and basic features of SR are regarded. The most important methods of investigation outlined are: analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical procedures of governing physical systems or relevant Fokker-Planck equation. Stochastic simulation is mentioned and experimental way of results verification is recommended. Some areas in Engineering Dynamics related with SR are presented together with a particular demonstration observed in the aeroelastic stability. Interaction of stationary and quasiperiodic parts of the response is discussed. Some nonconventional definitions are outlined concerning alternative operators and driving processes are highlighted. The chapter shows a large potential of specific basic, applied and industrial research in SR. This strategy enables to formulate new ideas for both development of nonconventional measures for vibration damping and employment of SR in branches, where it represents an operating mode of the system itself. Weaknesses and empty areas where the research effort of SR should be oriented are indicated.",book:{id:"6128",slug:"resonance",title:"Resonance",fullTitle:"Resonance"},signatures:"Jiří Náprstek and Cyril Fischer",authors:[{id:"207472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Naprstek",slug:"jiri-naprstek",fullName:"Jiri Naprstek"},{id:"213311",title:"Dr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"cyril-fischer",fullName:"Cyril Fischer"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"15",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83034",title:"Optimal N-of-1 Clinical Trials for Individualized Patient Care and Aggregated N-of-1 Designs",slug:"optimal-n-of-1-clinical-trials-for-individualized-patient-care-and-aggregated-n-of-1-designs",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106352",abstract:"Precision medicine typically refers to the use of genomic signatures of patients to assign more effective therapies to treat patients, or, for improved diagnosis of the early onset of a disease so that interventions can be delivered to prevent or delay the disease progression. Because the aim is to provide individualized patient treatment, such single-person trials are called N-of-1 trials. This chapter reviews fundamental ideas, models, and construction of optimal designs for N-of-1 trials, which are invariably constructed from crossover trials, where each patient receives a random sequence of trial treatments over time. 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Then, it is investigated that quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifolds are of quasi constant curvature, recurrent and semi-symmetric under which conditions after obtaining the expression of the curvature tensor of the quasi conformally flat quasi Einstein-Weyl manifold. 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In this sense, the chapter shows a methodology to estimate the probability to be involved in a road accident, considering the road education and the socioeconomic characteristics of the population of a specific region, taking the Santiago de Querétaro city (in México) as a study case. Through a logit model estimation and a survey applied to pedestrian, cyclist, motorcyclist, car driver, and freight driver allow us to determine which socioeconomic variables and road education are significant to determine the probability of being involved in a road accident.",book:{id:"12021",title:"Applied Probability Theory - New Perspectives, Recent Advances and Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12021.jpg"},signatures:"Saúl Antonio, Obregón Biosca, José Luis Reyes Araiza and Miguel Angel Pérez Lara y Hernández"},{id:"82947",title:"Some Tauberian Theorems under Triple Statistically Nörlund-Cesáro Summability Method",slug:"some-tauberian-theorems-under-triple-statistically-n-rlund-ces-ro-summability-method",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106141",abstract:"In this paper, we extend the notion presented by Braha (2020) in a higher dimension, we introduce the notion of Np,qn,m,gCn,m,g1,1,1-statistically convergence and show necessity and sufficiency conditions under which the existence of the limit st-limn,m,g→∞xn,m,g=L follows from that st-limn,m,g→∞Np,qn,m,gCn,m,g1,1,1=L. These conditions are one-sided or two-sided if xn,m,g is a sequence of real or complex numbers, respectively.",book:{id:"11503",title:"Functional Calculus - Recent Advances and Development",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11503.jpg"},signatures:"Carlos Granados"},{id:"82847",title:"A Chaos Auto-Associative Model with Chebyshev Activation Function",slug:"a-chaos-auto-associative-model-with-chebyshev-activation-function",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106147",abstract:"In this work, we shall put forward a novel chaos memory retrieval model with a Chebyshev-type activation function as an artificial chaos neuron. According to certain numerical analyses of the present association model with autocorrelation connection matrix between neurons, the dependence of memory retrieval properties on the initial Hamming distance between the input pattern and a target pattern to be retrieved among the embedded patterns will be presented to examine the retrieval abilities, i.e. the memory capacity of the associative memory.",book:{id:"12019",title:"Chaos Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12019.jpg"},signatures:"Masahiro Nakagawa"},{id:"82826",title:"A Brief Look at the Calderón and Hilbert Operators",slug:"a-brief-look-at-the-calder-n-and-hilbert-operators",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106027",abstract:"The Calderón operator is the sum of the Hardy averaging operator and its adjoint, and plays an important role in the theory of real interpolation. On the other hand, the Hilbert operator arises from the continuous version of Hilbert’s inequality. Both operators appear in different contexts and have numerous applications within harmonic analysis. In this chapter we will briefly review the Calderón and Hilbert operators, showing some of the most relevant results within functional analysis and finally we will present recent results on these operators within Fourier analysis.",book:{id:"11503",title:"Functional Calculus - Recent Advances and Development",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11503.jpg"},signatures:"Guillermo J. 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Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. 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