\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8033",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Seed Dormancy and Germination",title:"Seed Dormancy and Germination",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Seed dormancy and germination are critical processes for the development of plants. Seed dormancy allows seeds to overcome harsh periods of seedling establishment, and is also important for plant agriculture and crop yield. Several processes are involved in the induction of dormancy and in the shift from the dormant to the germinating state, and hormones and regulatory genetic networks are among the critical factors driving these complex processes. Germination can be prevented by different factors leading to seed dormancy, which is highly dependent on environmental cues. During and after germination, early seedling growth is sustained by catabolism of stored reserves (proteins, lipids, or starch) accumulated during seed maturation, supporting cell morphogenesis, chloroplast development, and root growth until photo-auxotrophic growth can be resumed.",isbn:"978-1-78984-861-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-860-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-454-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77864",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"seed-dormancy-and-germination",numberOfPages:158,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8dc6f520dc664e8fd07db7658931dc2d",bookSignature:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",publishedDate:"January 8th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8033.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6847,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:47,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 27th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 12th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 11th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 30th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 28th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33993/images/system/33993.jpg",biography:"Dr. Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez, BS. Biochemistry (1998), BS. Biological Sciences (2001), MS. Agricultural Sciences (2004), University of Granada, Spain; and Ph.D. Plant Cell Biology (2008) at CSIC. He was a Postdoctoral Research Associate at Purdue University, USA (2008-2011), and Marie Curie Research Fellow (EU - FP7) (2012-2015) at the University of Western Australia and CSIC. Currently, he is a Senior Research Fellow (Ramon y Cajal research program, 2016 - present), working in the functionality, health benefits, and molecular allergy aspects of seed proteins from crop species of agro-industrial interest (mainly legumes). He is the author of more than 65 journal articles, 29 book chapters, 2 patents, and more than 130 international congresses. He is an active member of different Scientific Societies and editor of multiple books.",institutionString:"Spanish National Research Council",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:{name:"Spanish National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"375",title:"Plant Physiology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-plant-physiology"}],chapters:[{id:"69762",title:"Analysis of the Effect of Scarification Process on Papaya (Carica papaya Lin.) Seeds Germination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88012",slug:"analysis-of-the-effect-of-scarification-process-on-papaya-em-carica-papaya-em-lin-seeds-germination",totalDownloads:836,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The presence of the aril (sarcotesta) in the papaya causes a slow and low germination, being necessary to break the state of dormancy. Calcium hydroxide that was applied in order to evaluate its scarifying effect was the objective. The sample consisted of 60 randomly selected fruits of hermaphrodite plants in a commercial production batch of approximately 1 ha (2222 plants) showing commercial maturity, of homogeneous size (±2 kg). The treatments were calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 at three doses, dipping the seed for a period of 24 h; the standardized sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 25% with a 15 min immersion time. The highest germination and vigor seeds were obtained applied Ca(OH)2 with highly significant differences respect to the rest treatment, especially for the dose of 60 g l−1 of water for reasons of diminishing expenses. Significant correlations were found, with direct relations (aril and mechanical damage) and inverse relations (abnormal seeds) between the variables evaluated related to the vigor and germination of the seeds. It can be an ecological and not expensive methodology to improve the germination and vigor of papaya seeds in relation to other chemical compounds to scarify.",signatures:"Sergio Rodríguez, Iramis Vargas, Asterio Hijuelo, Frederique Loumeto, Juan J. Silva, Jorge Pérez, Quirino Arias, Yanexis Fonseca, Yarisbel Gómez, Michel Baldoquín and Daliannis Oliva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69762",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69762",authors:[{id:"303942",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Rodríguez Rodríguez",slug:"sergio-rodriguez-rodriguez",fullName:"Sergio Rodríguez Rodríguez"},{id:"305868",title:"MSc.",name:"Iramis",surname:"Vargas Díaz",slug:"iramis-vargas-diaz",fullName:"Iramis Vargas Díaz"},{id:"305870",title:"BSc.",name:"Asterio",surname:"Hijuelo Ramírez",slug:"asterio-hijuelo-ramirez",fullName:"Asterio Hijuelo Ramírez"},{id:"305926",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Frederique",surname:"Loumeto Ipolo",slug:"frederique-loumeto-ipolo",fullName:"Frederique Loumeto Ipolo"},{id:"305927",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Juan José",surname:"Silva Pupo",slug:"juan-jose-silva-pupo",fullName:"Juan José Silva Pupo"},{id:"305928",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Pérez Pérez",slug:"jorge-perez-perez",fullName:"Jorge Pérez Pérez"},{id:"305929",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Yanexis",surname:"Fonseca Carrasco",slug:"yanexis-fonseca-carrasco",fullName:"Yanexis Fonseca Carrasco"},{id:"305930",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Daliannis",surname:"Oliva Domínguez",slug:"daliannis-oliva-dominguez",fullName:"Daliannis Oliva Domínguez"},{id:"305931",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Yarisbel",surname:"Gómez Masjuan",slug:"yarisbel-gomez-masjuan",fullName:"Yarisbel Gómez Masjuan"},{id:"305932",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Michel",surname:"Baldoquín Hernández",slug:"michel-baldoquin-hernandez",fullName:"Michel Baldoquín Hernández"}],corrections:null},{id:"68647",title:"Weed Seed Dormancy: The Ecophysiology and Survival Strategies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88015",slug:"weed-seed-dormancy-the-ecophysiology-and-survival-strategies",totalDownloads:1386,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with seed dormancy of agricultural weeds, its definitions and types from the physiological and ecological point of view, and physiological and ecological factors inducing dormancy in different weed species. The role of different environmental factors, agricultural practices including herbicides application, selection pressure, and seasonal dormancy, weed density and population regulation, seed phenology, polymorphism, and modifications were emphasized. Factors induce or terminate dormancy and enhance seed germination and dormancy breaking have been mentioned and evaluated in addition to the ecological importance of seed dormancy and herbicide resistance, genetic bases of dormancy, and molecular studies were presented. The role of allelochemicals, stresses, and dormancy and their effects on seed longevity and germination regulation were thoroughly discussed. Dormancy breaking under laboratory conditions, role of plant hormones and other chemicals, and dormancy management in the field were reviewed in addition to information on seed dormancy/longevity and germination stimulants. Seed germination stimulants and inhibitors of parasitic weed and seed dormancy as a weed survival strategy were presented and discussed.",signatures:"Jamal R. Qasem",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68647",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68647",authors:[{id:"13565",title:"Prof.",name:"Jamal R.",surname:"Qasem",slug:"jamal-r.-qasem",fullName:"Jamal R. Qasem"}],corrections:null},{id:"70238",title:"Artificial Intelligence Tools to Better Understand Seed Dormancy and Germination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90374",slug:"artificial-intelligence-tools-to-better-understand-seed-dormancy-and-germination",totalDownloads:936,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Despite a large number of publications available, the control mechanisms of seed dormancy and germination are far to be fully understood. Seed dormancy and germination are very complex biological processes and because they involve multiple factors (physiological, mechanical, and environmental) and their nonlinear interactions. This explains why extremely little variations on some of those factors and in the way they interact caused enormous variation in the obtained results. Multifactorial process like these can be modeled using computer-based tools to predict better results. In this chapter, some basic concepts relative to seed dormancy and germination and the main factors (physiological, involved in seed dormancy, particularly dormancy-inducers and dormancy-breakers, and seed germination) are reviewed. In the next two, we describe the use of artificial intelligence computer-based models to better understand the physiological mechanisms of seed dormancy (how dormancy is controlled and how can be released) and seed germination. Finally, some applications of artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms to elucidate critical factors and predict optimal condition for seed dormancy-breaking and germination are given as examples of the utility of this powerful computer-based tools.",signatures:"Manuel Ayuso, Mariana Landín, Pedro Pablo Gallego and Mª Esther Barreal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70238",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70238",authors:[{id:"19226",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Gallego",slug:"pedro-gallego",fullName:"Pedro Gallego"},{id:"23361",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Landín",slug:"mariana-landin",fullName:"Mariana Landín"},{id:"290489",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",surname:"Barreal",slug:"esther-barreal",fullName:"Esther Barreal"},{id:"290490",title:"MSc.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Ayuso",slug:"manuel-ayuso",fullName:"Manuel Ayuso"}],corrections:null},{id:"67647",title:"Programmed Cell Death in Seeds: An Adaptive Mechanism Required for Life",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86833",slug:"programmed-cell-death-in-seeds-an-adaptive-mechanism-required-for-life",totalDownloads:874,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The regeneration of the mother plant through germinative process is the main reason that evolutionarily justifies the existence of a viable seed. Current knowledge indicates that the control of germination is a sophisticated process mainly controlled by hormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS), among other endogenous factors. One of the events that directly participate in the germination is the degradation of storage proteins (SPs). Thus, vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) contribute to SPs’ degradation and mobilization due to direct proteolysis or through the activation of other peptidases. In parallel, the relationship between VPEs and programmed cell death (PCD) is beyond doubt. As an alternative to VPEs, the formation of vesicles called ricinosomes containing papain-like Cys-proteases (PLCPs) and located in the reserve tissues of some germinating seeds also collaborates to protein degradation. Finally, there are increasing evidences linking nucleases to PCD in different tissues of seed. However, its state of the art is still little developed. Together, this current overview illustrates a part of the complexity of PCD in seeds, a puzzle far from being solved.",signatures:"Angel J. Matilla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67647",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67647",authors:[{id:"298031",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",surname:"Matilla",slug:"angel-matilla",fullName:"Angel Matilla"}],corrections:null},{id:"67884",title:"Adaptation of Halophytes to Different Habitats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87056",slug:"adaptation-of-halophytes-to-different-habitats",totalDownloads:1632,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, global climate change has been altering environmental (severe drought, soil salinization, irregular precipitation, etc.), around world, decreasing crop yield and upsetting the balance of ecosystems. Nonetheless, a group of plants known as halophytes have the ability to survive and develop in saline soils (wetlands, deserts or temperate zones), may be used in agriculture as a possible alternative to crops (salt-sensitive), as well as for fodder, energy production, medicinal purposes, and desalination of salt-affected areas (phytoremediation). This chapter provides a comprehensive summary of the adaptive strategies used by the annual and perennial halophytes on ecophysiological perspectives, to survive in diverse habitats. The results show a great diverse strategies, such as heteromorphism, seed banks, dormancy, rapid germination, and recovery capacity, from saline shock, favoring the chances of seed survival, although these mechanisms depend on light, moisture, temperature, and the type of salt, in which seeds germinate. In addition, it has been included some molecular, and biochemical aspects, discovered in last years, that might improve our understanding of physiology of these plants. It can conclude that halophytes may be as a possible alternative to ease pressure on cropping systems, restored lands degraded, or confer stress tolerance trough gene transfer.",signatures:"Milagros Bueno González",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67884",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67884",authors:[{id:"298374",title:"Prof.",name:"Milagros",surname:"Bueno",slug:"milagros-bueno",fullName:"Milagros Bueno"}],corrections:null},{id:"68892",title:"Assessment of Seed Quality and Germination Response in the Species of the Genus Polylepis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88010",slug:"assessment-of-seed-quality-and-germination-response-in-the-species-of-the-genus-em-polylepis-em-",totalDownloads:639,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To contribute to the knowledge of sexual reproduction of endangered native species of the genus Polylepis (P. neglecta, P. incarum and P. pacensis) in Bolivia, different germination studies were performed to obtain saplings for reforestation as a very important measure recommended for the recovery and conservation of this genus. Initially, seed trees were identified in natural populations (P. pacensis and P. incarum) and also in green areas of the Municipality of La Paz (P. neglecta). The characterization of physical and physiological quality (laboratory and greenhouse tests) of the collected seeds was carried out. The physical quality test, showed a high degree of impurities (47%), so it was required to collect a greater amount of plant material. P. incarum, P. pacensis and P. neglecta showed 10, 8 and 6% humidity respectively. A low germination percentage was obtained: 10% (P. neglecta), 8% (P. pacensis) and 2% (P. incarum), issue reported for several Polylepis species. Under greenhouse conditions the highest germination percentage (19%) was displayed in the substrate sand + peat 1:1. On the other hand, P. neglecta showed a higher germination percentage (between 10 and 15%), P. pacensis and P. incarum: 8 and 2%, respectively. Our data suggest feasible alternatives to improve the massive propagation of these species under greenhouse conditions.",signatures:"Cecilia Vega Krstulovic, Jorge Quezada Portugal, Paola Rocabado Koya, Gabriela Villegas Alvarado and Juan Carlos Bermejo Franco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68892",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68892",authors:[{id:"298173",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Vega",slug:"cecilia-vega",fullName:"Cecilia Vega"},{id:"298420",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Quezada",slug:"jorge-quezada",fullName:"Jorge Quezada"}],corrections:null},{id:"68163",title:"Phytotoxicity of Plantago major Extracts on Germination and Seedling Growth of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88129",slug:"phytotoxicity-of-em-plantago-major-em-extracts-on-germination-and-seedling-growth-of-purslane-em-por",totalDownloads:544,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae family) has been used as herbal remedies for centuries in almost all over the world and in the treatment of a number of diseases. This study aims to assess the allelopathic potential of Plantago major extracts on the germination and early seedling growth of purslane. Total phenols, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids were determined in P. major. Furthermore, concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg.ml−1 of both alcoholic and aqueous extracts were prepared to study their phytotoxic effect on the germination and seedling growth of Portulaca oleracea weed. In our study, showing the germination of P. oleracea was completely inhibited (96.30 mg.ml−1) under treatment of P. major methanolic extracts at 40 mg ml−1. Moreover, both radicle and plumule were strongly inhibited (87.20 and 74.29 mg.ml−1, respectively) under the same treatment. This could be attributed to the high content of bioactive constituents. Therefore, this species can be used in the method of biological control of weeds. In addition, further studies are required to identify and characterize the proper allelochemicals and demonstrate their modes of action.",signatures:"Ahmed F. Al-obaidi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68163",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68163",authors:[{id:"302770",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Al-obaidi",slug:"ahmed-al-obaidi",fullName:"Ahmed Al-obaidi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6096",title:"Seed Biology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0929ebc410ef5c25efdf938e3d34b6b2",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",bookSignature:"Jose C. 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Further studies showed that 92% of the population variance is due to genetic factors, and only a fraction of AS genetics can be explained by the influence of HLA-B27. Updated information on the genomic and auto-immune knowledge on AS is an important component of this book, calling attention to markers of disease activity, possible pathways, and the interaction with the gut microbiome, which are a step forward in the knowledge of the pathophysiology of AS, providing markers which are targets for the more recent biologic therapies.
\r\n\tAn update on clinical manifestations, their assessment, monitoring, and imagiology, including peripheral arthritis, enthesopathy, and extra-articular findings, and, the differential diagnosis with other diseases which evolves with axial and peripheral calcifications will be provided.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tAn important component of this book must be dedicated to the more recent treatments namely with biologic therapies but focusing also on new small molecule inhibitors and experimental therapies.
In December 2019, the European Commission (EC) unveiled a plan to become the first climate-neutral organization worldwide by 2050. The so-called European Green Deal [1] is a roadmap for setting the sustainability and well-being of citizens at the center of policymaking and then turning climate and environmental challenges into opportunities across all policy areas. As it was created, the EU Green Deal is a commitment with sustainable development and a fundamental part of the EC strategy to undertake the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [2]. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) involve the three dimensions of sustainability (economic, social, and environmental) and require all the stakeholders to act in a global collaborative partnership. Such goals aim to achieve no poverty and hunger, to grant access to health services, to improve infrastructures, to reduce inequality, to fight climate change, to protect marine ecosystems, or to promote alliances between different actors to improve people’s lives, among others.
Emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D/4D printing, augmented reality/mixed reality/virtual reality (AR/MR/VR), cyber-physical systems (CPSs), robotics, novel human-machine interfaces (HMI), artificial intelligence (AI), big data techniques, machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), 5G/6G connectivity, and new computing paradigms, when oriented toward SDGs, will bring a wide range of disruptive solutions in multiple fields. Nonetheless, the mentioned technologies will create ever-increasing complex systems in terms of heterogeneity, autonomy, interoperability, and scalability that will also come with additional cybersecurity risks and threats of malicious attacks.
Distributed ledger technology (DLT) represents nowadays an evolution toward the so-called Web 3.0, the Internet of Value. This new era of the Internet will include a collaborative economy among peers with crowdsourcing data sharing systems [3, 4]. A blockchain is a specific type of DLT that involves timestamped blocks of transactions linked in a chain by cryptographic hashes. Blockchain presents a decentralized architecture that provides benefits in terms of security, privacy, non-repudiation, integrity, accountability, transparency, robustness, and authentication. Moreover, it provides a high operational efficiency and eliminates the need for centralized parties and/or intermediaries. In fact, the World Economic Forum (WEF) forecasts that, by 2027, 10% of the global gross domestic product (GDP) will likely be stored on DLTs [5].
In this context, blockchain and other DLTs can enable global partnerships for open innovation and cyber-resilient applications compliant with the aims of the EU Green Deal and the UN SDGs. Thus, the contribution of this chapter is to provide a global overview of blockchain as an enabler for sustainability and open innovation. In addition, its aim is also to make the different involved stakeholders to rethink global development challenges to create cyber-resilient, decentralized, and high-impact sustainable developments.
The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 overviews the basic concepts of blockchain. Sections 3 and 4 summarize the main principles of blockchain for sustainability and open innovation. Section 5 presents some relevant use cases of blockchain-based applications toward each of the SDGs. Section 6 summarizes the key main benefits of blockchain for SDGs and their main open challenges. Finally, Section 7 is devoted to conclusions.
A blockchain is a secured distributed ledger whose data are shared among peers [6, 7, 8, 9]. In some blockchains like Bitcoin, decentralized miners validate every transaction (by following a consensus protocol), which allows them to solve the Byzantine Generals Problem (i.e., a situation where different parties must agree on a strategy and some of them may be corrupt, disseminate false information, or have intention to deceive). In the case of cryptocurrencies, the problem to be solved is called the double-spend problem: it must be guaranteed that the exchanged digital cash was not spent previously [6].
There are four main types of blockchains depending on who can access the stored data (private or public blockchains) and who can manage such data (permissionless or permissioned blockchains). Since a blockchain can store any kind of digital information, it could be the future of all secure transactions. Moreover, blockchain enables smart contracts, which consist of self-sufficient decentralized code that is executed autonomously according to a business logic. Furthermore, some blockchain platforms can also run decentralized applications, which are commonly called DApps [10].
Another important concept is the so-called decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), which can operate without requiring management hierarchy or a centralized authority [11]. The first DAO was launched in 2016 and raised $150 million worth of Ether (ETH) in 27 days. Nevertheless, DAOs are still very immature from the legal and security standpoints (e.g., a DAO attack due to code bugs led to a more than $50 million (ETH) theft in June 2016). Since 2016, a number of DAO initiatives have arisen (e.g., Steemit). In addition, the proliferation of DAOs is linked to the concept of decentralized autonomous society (DAS), in which citizens may be able to establish self-enforcing trade agreements without relying on centralized institutions of power and control.
It must be noted that a blockchain is not suited for every SDG-oriented application, which must fulfill the following main requirements:
Trustworthy transactions are needed, but traditional databases do not cover the application needs.
Data need to be updated by more than one stakeholder.
There is a lack of trust among the entities that will update the data.
The updaters are not willing to give the control of the database to a third party, and the involvement of intermediaries wants to be avoided when possible.
A database could be used, but it is likely to be attacked (e.g., denial-of-service (DoS) attacks) or censored.
Data redundancy in multiple distributed computers is needed.
Additional requirements could be involved, so several researchers have proposed more detailed decision frameworks about the use of blockchain [6, 12, 13].
It is worth mentioning that a detailed description of the different blockchain design aspects is out of the scope of this chapter, but the reader can find additional insights on the following recent works [4, 6, 8, 13].
Sustainability is related to the effect that current actions will have upon the future. Such an effect can take many forms that vary depending on their nature, like the utilization of natural resources as a part of production processes, the waste management processes, the effects of competition among corporations in the same market, the enrichment of the community by creating employment, the produced pollution, the outbreak of a pandemic, or the relation with regulators. For example, if natural resources run out, then they may be no longer available (i.e., raw materials). Thus, the way in which economic, social, and environmental resources are efficiently managed is a key issue for long-term sustainability.
Recently, the EU has progressed significantly toward sustainability through the three main approaches [14]:
Corporate social responsibility (CSR)/responsible business conduct (RBC) and new business models
Business and human rights and the protection of human rights in general
Sustainability and the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
The definition of CSR and RBC is related with ethical behavior and particularly with the relationship between a corporation and its stakeholders within a societal context, integrating social, environmental, and economic concerns into its business processes [14]. CSR/RBC can also be seen as actions under SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth).
In 2011, the UN Human Rights Council endorsed 31 Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) [14]. This approach came up as a sort of response to the perceived failure of CSR/RBC in terms of law binding and state oversight.
Recently, given the clear relationship between the three approaches (CSR/RBC, UNGPs, and the SDGs), the EC has adopted a holistic and practical approach toward sustainability irrespective of its name (i.e., CSR, RBC, business and human rights, SDG) while at the same time recognizing the target goal between the different agendas.
Within this context, blockchain is able to bring advantages toward sustainability in four main aspects: cybersecurity, accountability, transparency, and traceability:
The importance of external traceability has been enhanced by globalization, the free movement of people and the global expansion of complex supply chain structures, combining networks of actors from multiple sectors (business, public, non-profit, and informal) in multiple locations.
Open innovation, where innovative knowledge and ideas flow freely internally and externally to an organization, has become an important factor to enable sustainability [20]. To address SDGs, the EU recognizes the need for strengthening the impact of research and innovation and the use of coordinated approaches to ensure knowledge exchanges at an EU level [15]. These coordinated approaches will involve stakeholders with inter- and transdisciplinary points of view and the ability to manage jointly these development processes (SDG 17, partnerships for the goals) [21]. Although the current literature in open innovation details theoretical frameworks to guide solution development [20, 22], this development implies novel governance models that create thriving and diverse ecosystems where solutions are conceived, designed, experimented, implemented, supplied to the market, scaled up, and adopted. In that sense, one of the latest paradigms is called Open Innovation 2.0 (OI2) [23], a quadruple helix model where science, policy, industry, and society collaborate to achieve greater aims than a single entity.
Open innovation is uncertain and involves a high risk [20]. However, the lack of trust is today a major concern that withholds the cooperation and involvement of stakeholders in open innovation processes [24], especially for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This need for orchestrating multiple stakeholders in a trusted and reliable way matches perfectly with the distributed nature of blockchain [20], which also provides the following main benefits:
Stronger intellectual property (IP) protection. It includes responsible open-source licensing, processes of idea claiming [25], IP registries (e.g., trade secrets, patents, and trademarks), record keeping, licensing, and non-disclosure agreements (NDAs). In addition, profits (e.g., patent royalties and revenue on creative work) can be paid automatically according to predetermined agreements.
Accurate collaboration between stakeholders modeled through smart contracts. Content can be shared among the stakeholders using smart contracts. Such smart contracts may deal with timestamping any IP disclosure or creation and automate corrective actions when unauthorized IP usage, IP infringements, and disclosure happen, acting as signed NDAs [25]. Furthermore, incentivized and rewarding mechanisms can be established (e.g., GlucoCoins to promote a global knowledge of diabetes [26]).
Open data. It means the availability of data to all the stakeholders with a high degree of privacy (i.e., sovereignty and data ownership) and data protection.
Regulatory compliance. It involves back-office processes mostly burdensome and inefficient to report to regulatory bodies. It also enables new open governance models.
Currently there are few examples of academic research on the use of blockchain for SDGs. For instance, the authors of [16] review recent academic and commercial “blockchain for good” applications in supply chain, innovations in governance, sharing economy, and financial inclusion. This section provides some relevant use cases of blockchain-based applications toward each of the SDGs. Such use cases are summarized in Figure 1.
Blockchain4SDGs: main blockchain use cases for SDGs.
Access to credit and financial services (e.g., microfinance) is one of the most commonly known mechanisms to reduce poverty. For instance, crowdsourcing and crowdlending platforms can also ease financial inclusion. Blockchain can help to increase the efficiency, traceability, and transparency of these financial processes [27]. Moreover, micro-transactions and automatic funding through forecast-based financing [28] can be implemented jointly with smart contracts and big data analytics. Such models can provide more efficient funding, since no additional intermediaries are required and some procedures can be substantially simplified.
According to [29], 206.4 million people of 81 countries needed humanitarian assistance in 2018. For instance, only 6 of such countries represent 80.6 million people in need. Such a humanitarian assistance from governments and private donors reached US $28.9 billion in 2018. Nevertheless, a substantial percentage of the assistance was and is today lost due to fraud and corruption. Blockchain can be applied to provide tracking of the funds and to reduce cyberattacks. The authors of [28] highlight the need for ethical guidelines (i.e., privacy, intentional design choices, and humanitarian principles) and a common evaluation framework of the solutions, especially as DLT developments are still in their early stages.
In 2017, the World Food Programme (WFP) [30] developed a proof of concept (PoC) in Sindh (Pakistan) named Building Blocks to evaluate blockchain for authentication and registration of transactions without financial intermediaries. Refugees have restrictions to open bank accounts and limited choices regarding the access and spending of their cash assistance. Building Blocks was also deployed with the aid of a biometric authentication system (i.e., iris scanning identification at checkout) in two refugee camps in Jordan to improve security and to ease cash transfers and the purchase of goods.
Sustainable food production systems along their life cycle can be guaranteed with the traceability properties of blockchain (e.g., avoid malpractice and guarantee food security).
In Yue et al. [31], the authors propose a decentralized solution that enables healthcare intelligence that allows patients to control their data without compromising privacy or security.
In addition, blockchain can be used for managing data more efficiently during public health diseases. For instance, with the current rapid spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, a blockchain-based monitoring and traceability system can help to automatically identify unsafe areas by using geographic information and provide real-time information about patients (e.g., temperature, symptoms, and social distancing) for further analysis. As a result, it may keep communities from further infections and ensure (or even certify) that some locations (e.g., workplaces) are safe areas. For the implementation of such an application, cybersecurity and privacy (i.e., pseudo-anonymization) will be key issues for a successful deployment. Disease control may also depend on the ability of organizations (e.g., centers of disease control, state and local agencies, journalists, governments, hospitals, scientists) to collaborate in an effective and efficient manner. It must also be noted that richer countries are better prepared than poorer countries to identify a virus outbreak, to face infection with public health contingency plans, and to minimize the socioeconomical impact.
The authors of [32] have thoroughly reviewed the utilization of emerging technologies like blockchain, IoT, and fog and edge computing for improving education. Examples of applications include record verification [33], the management of digital copyright information [34], or the design and evaluation of novel learning approaches [35, 36, 37].
For instance, Sony Global Education [38] is an educational platform that uses Hyperledger Fabric to guarantee the authenticity of the student transcripts. Another commercial example is Learning Machine [39], a company that has created an open peer-to-peer infrastructure to issue digital records that can be easily shared and verified. The system is not only devoted to educational institutions: governments and companies can also issue blockchain-based records at scale, rooted in any blockchain they select.
Easier access to financial services (e.g., even informal financial networks) promotes women empowerment as well as their independence. For example, hiveonline [40] is helping women through the CARE Village Savings and Loan Association (VSLA) program to get access to credits and markets with a fact-based reputation supported by blockchain. Such a financial infrastructure reduces the cost of cross-border payments and the risk of lending.
It must be noted that blockchain implies the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), which can contribute to increase access to literacy. Furthermore, the inner characteristics of blockchain remove trust issues and enable the creation of new types of governance that may create equal opportunities for women leadership.
Sustainable and efficient water management systems involve the use of sophisticated IoT architectures that optimize consumption and availability. Such architectures may be subject to security attacks (e.g., physical attacks on sensors, device cloning, data theft, DoS, jamming, or eavesdropping). Therefore, it is important to cyber-secure these systems and minimize the reliance on cloud-centered architectures that, when the server is down, may derive in the unavailability of the service. In addition, the communication between IoT devices within a decentralized architecture allows for avoiding single points of failure and enables the use of autonomous IoT transactions in a secure manner, thus guarantying tamper-proof data, visibility, and transparency in water trading [41].
The authors of [42] study blockchain-based smart grid sustainable local energy markets. These systems enable cost-efficient micro-transactions, avoid central intermediaries, and promote reliability and equality among the different involved agents.
Blockchain has the ability to promote economic growth by enabling free trade. For instance, it also has the potential to optimize global financial infrastructure in terms of asset transfer and operative costs.
In addition, it may ease new types of economic organization and governance (e.g., innovation-centered and governance-centered [43]). In Davidson et al. [43] the authors present an example of a self-governing organization for evaluating the contributions to projects on a network. When evaluating such an example, they introduce a wide range of perspectives to be considered, such as the problem of contractual enforcement, efficient institutions, governance, or even the constitutional characteristics of a nation.
The Industry 4.0 paradigm is expected to represent the next phase in the digitalization of all the sectors in the economy [8]. Supply chain traceability has been traditionally performed by wireless technologies like radio-frequency identification (RFID) [44], which can be enhanced with additional security capabilities [45]. The next step forward is the so-called smart label [46], which adds novel features like event detection, interaction, and IoT capabilities. Such IoT solutions link cyber and physical worlds while enabling tracking and monitoring of assets and processes. Thus, blockchain goes one step further, making feasible end-to-end transparency in global supply chains. Business data can be shared rapidly between the different stakeholders across a trusted network [13]. In addition, smart contracts provide lower transaction costs by avoiding the intervention of intermediaries and third parties.
Ultimately, the ambition is to achieve Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM), aiming to reduce the social and environmental impacts in global supply chains [47]. It is worth mentioning that, although research suggests that the combined use of blockchain and IoT devices will add significant value in supply chain, it will also impose some additional constraints in terms of computing power and power efficiency [6].
There are a number of supply chain projects deployed worldwide. For instance, Walmart, together with IBM, has developed a blockchain-based traceability system with Hyperledger Fabric [48]. In October 2016, they started with a PoC that tracked two items that were shipped to multiple stores. Before that, when a product had an issue (e.g., a customer became ill), it could take days to identify the batch, shipment, and vendor, and it may require to throw away a lot of the product. Through blockchain, it is possible to obtain specific data and details on the “how, where, and when” of the item within its supply chain. The shared database is able to capture attributes at the level of an individual package to take informed decisions. This functionality enables Walmart today to track a product in seconds (instead of days or sometimes weeks).
Following this approach, in August 2017, IBM announced a consortium with the food sector that included Walmart, Driscoll’s, Dole, McCormick, Nestlé, Kroger, Tyson Foods, and Unilever. This consortium, named IBM Food Trust, will further explore the potential of blockchain to boost traceability along global supply chains with more products [48].
The shipping industry can also benefit greatly from blockchain. Ocean freight and maritime transport account for over 90% of the goods shipped globally [49]. The main characteristics are high number of involved stakeholders, complex transactions (e.g., letters of credit), burdensome paperwork, and lack of transparency, traceability, and information sharing. For instance, Maersk and IBM created TradeLens, a blockchain-based solution to create a more secure and efficient global logistics and spur industry-wide innovation [50].
Additionally, several blockchain startups are also innovating in traceability. For instance, the startup Provenance [51] has created an application to engage customers in the point of sale by providing mechanisms to verify sustainability claims (i.e., no greenwashing).
As it was previously mentioned, blockchain is also able to reduce transaction costs by reducing intermediaries and thus allowing more direct payment flows. For instance, DocuSign [52] is a company that offers several applications (e.g., electronic signature, contract lifecycle management). In 2015, DocuSign collaborated with Visa in a PoC project that used a smart contract to enhance car leasing processes. In 2018, DocuSign integrated an Ethereum blockchain in their signing services. As a result, the signers of an agreement can check anytime the integrity of the contract. DocuSign is also part of the Accord Project [53], a non-profit initiative that aims to develop a technology-agnostic ecosystem with open-source tools for smart contracts.
Accurate transaction records enable the use of tools for forecasting. For instance, Augur [54] is a decentralized platform built with Ethereum smart contracts that allows users to create their own prediction markets (i.e., oracle).
Another relevant commercial solution is Storj.io [55], which is a blockchain-enabled cloud storage network where users can rent the storage space that do not use and get paid in Storj tokens or store their information on a globally distributed network.
Some startups focus on removing intermediaries from trading like OpenBazaar [56], while other companies focus on providing visibility and transparency to philanthropy [57]. Such a global foundation leverages Bitcoin and blockchain to perform and track transactions while providing an immutable record of charitable financial transactions.
In 2018, IBM was awarded a patent for its Autonomous Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Telemetry (ADEPT) environment [58]. In 2016, IBM developed jointly with Samsung a PoC using different elements of Bitcoin to create a distributed network of IoT devices. For instance, to secure transactions, it uses a mix of proof of work (PoW) and proof of stake (PoS) as consensus protocols, BitTorrent for file sharing, Telehash for messaging, and Ethereum to support smart contracts.
It is also worth mentioning that other authors focused on smart grids and supply chain management systems as substantial areas of sustainable innovation [59].
Theoretically, blockchain capabilities make the technology a catalyst for enabling a sharing economy with a democratic ownership structure (e.g., fractionally own goods by every community member) while avoiding unnecessary intermediaries. Nevertheless, authors like Novak [60] evaluate the implications of blockchain for income inequality and consider that, although it has potential to have a positive impact, it may also exacerbate current wealth concentration.
The authors of [61] propose a systematic literature review on specific blockchain use cases proposed by the research community. They remark the great concern about the infancy stage of blockchain.
Production patterns can be monitored by using supply chain traceability techniques.
Blockchain will likely play an important role on the urgent actions for improving the accountability and transparency of policies to limit global fossil fuel consumption and foster decarbonization. Hyperledger, as part of the Linux Foundation, has recently announced a new Special Interest Group (SIG) that will explore how blockchain can help to address the climate goals set out in the Paris Agreement [62].
The company Possible Future oriented one of its projects to the sustainable use of the oceans, preserving their life and restoring damaged coral reefs [63]. They created a game, named CryptoCorals, in which for each purchase of a virtual coral, another coral is planted. The project is developed, thanks to the collaboration of a non-governmental organization (NGO) partner, and blockchain is used to guarantee transparency, as it is one of the major concerns of potential users.
Blockchain can be used to register trustworthy data about the different terrestrial ecosystems.
Blockchain can help to reduce paper-based processes, minimize fraud, create inclusive institutions, and increase accountability in public services.
A good example is Delaware Blockchain Initiative [64], which was born with the aim of creating a legal framework for DLT sharing in corporations and governments. A more ambitious approach is Aragon [65], which is a startup that aims to create worldwide decentralized organizations, including employees and contractors from developing countries.
Other initiatives focus on increasing the transparency of democratic processes and on avoiding potential frauds. An example is Follow My Vote [66], which is a cost-effective online voting platform that audits ballots in real time.
To strengthen the means of collaboration between stakeholders is the key for enabling open innovation and for achieving SDGs.
The following paragraphs summarize the key main benefits that blockchain will bring to SDGs and their main open challenges.
Blockchain may provide significant operational benefits, since current information systems rely on centralized databases that operate in silos. By having a single, timestamped, immutable, and unique version of the truth, transparency and simplified audits can be guaranteed.
Furthermore, re-balancing the degree of information symmetry between stakeholders will help to achieve SDGs and will enable new forms of corporate governance and decentralized corporations. A collaborative mindset (the so-called coopetition) will be necessary to find additional ways to create value.
In terms of the maturity of the technology, there are a number of open challenges related to scalability, interoperability, standardization, or even energy consumption. The process of mining public networks, especially in the case of Bitcoin [67], requires enormous amounts of electricity. Therefore, although the underlying networks can provide sustainable applications, their footprint cannot be neglected [68].
From the cybersecurity standpoint, it is essential to provide secure applications with no single point of failure that comply with the expected degree of privacy. Nonetheless, it must be noted that blockchain can be also subject to cyberattacks [6]. The evolution of quantum computers will affect the security of public-key cryptosystems and hash functions. For instance, the authors of [9] analyze how to evolve blockchain cryptography to resist attacks based on Grover’s and Shor’s algorithms.
Blockchain can be used to develop secure peer-to-peer platforms for exchanging assets without intermediaries and in a trustworthy, sustainable, accountable, and transparent way to fulfill UN SDGs and the objectives of the EU Green Deal. Although research into blockchain has significantly increased in the last few years, there are not many academic or commercial solutions with sustainability and open innovation in mind. Moreover, most of them present solutions at very early stages of development.
Blockchain has the potential to radically change many societal sectors and to foster open innovation in all types of organizations, including supply chains, or the enforcement of governance in a completely innovative way. This overview has inherent methodological limitations due to its length and high level, so only a sample selection of some of the recent solutions is presented to give an idea of the potential of blockchain. The solutions described are not meant to be representative or generalizable. Such cases are the basics for further research, having in mind how blockchain can solve many of the current cybersecurity issues. Furthermore, open challenges were mentioned as a guidance for researchers and companies for future developments.
IoT | Internet of Things |
CPS | cyber-physical system |
CSR | corporate social responsibility |
DLT | distributed ledger technology |
DoS | denial of service |
PKI | public-key cryptography |
NGO | non-governmental organization |
PoC | proof of concept |
P2P | peer-to-peer |
PoS | proof of stake |
PoW | proof of work |
SSCM | sustainable supply chain management |
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\n\nFor Editorial Policies for journals please consult individual journal pages.
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\\n\\n\\n\\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
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All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
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\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
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\n\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\n\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\n\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
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In Bayesian regularized ANN (BRANN), the regularization techniques involve imposing certain prior distributions on the model parameters and penalizes large weights in anticipation of achieving smoother mapping.",book:{id:"5191",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-models-and-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Models and Applications"},signatures:"Hayrettin Okut",authors:[{id:"179217",title:"Prof.",name:"Hayrettin",middleName:null,surname:"Okut",slug:"hayrettin-okut",fullName:"Hayrettin Okut"}]},{id:"51330",doi:"10.5772/64026",title:"Advanced Methods in Neural Networks-Based Sensitivity Analysis with their Applications in Civil Engineering",slug:"advanced-methods-in-neural-networks-based-sensitivity-analysis-with-their-applications-in-civil-engi",totalDownloads:2421,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are powerful tools that are used in various engineering fields. Their characteristics enable them to solve prediction, regression, and classification problems. Nevertheless, the ANN is usually thought of as a black box, in which it is difficult to determine the effect of each explicative variable (input) on the dependent variables (outputs) in any problem. To investigate such effects, sensitivity analysis is usually applied on the optimal pre-trained ANN. Existing sensitivity analysis techniques suffer from drawbacks. Their basis on a single optimal pre-trained ANN model produces instability in parameter sensitivity analysis because of the uncertainty in neural network modeling. To overcome this deficiency, two successful sensitivity analysis paradigms, the neural network committee (NNC)-based sensitivity analysis and the neural network ensemble (NNE)-based parameter sensitivity analysis, are illustrated in this chapter. An NNC is applied in a case study of geotechnical engineering involving strata movement. An NNE is implemented for sensitivity analysis of two classic problems in civil engineering: (i) the fracture failure of notched concrete beams and (ii) the lateral deformation of deep-foundation pits. Results demonstrate good ability to analyze the sensitivity of the most influential parameters, illustrating the underlying mechanisms of such engineering systems.",book:{id:"5191",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-models-and-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Models and Applications"},signatures:"Maosen Cao, Nizar F. Alkayem, Lixia Pan and Drahomír Novák",authors:[{id:"180549",title:"Prof.",name:"Maosen",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"maosen-cao",fullName:"Maosen Cao"},{id:"180560",title:"Dr.",name:"Lixia",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lixia-pan",fullName:"Lixia Pan"},{id:"180562",title:"Dr.",name:"Nizar Faisal",middleName:null,surname:"Alkayem",slug:"nizar-faisal-alkayem",fullName:"Nizar Faisal Alkayem"}]},{id:"51466",doi:"10.5772/64047",title:"Generalized Regression Neural Networks with Application in Neutron Spectrometry",slug:"generalized-regression-neural-networks-with-application-in-neutron-spectrometry",totalDownloads:2454,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The aim of this research was to apply a generalized regression neural network (GRNN) to predict neutron spectrum using the rates count coming from a Bonner spheres system as the only piece of information. In the training and testing stages, a data set of 251 different types of neutron spectra, taken from the International Atomic Energy Agency compilation, were used. Fifty-one predicted spectra were analyzed at testing stage. Training and testing of GRNN were carried out in the MATLAB environment by means of a scientific and technological tool designed based on GRNN technology, which is capable of solving the neutron spectrometry problem with high performance and generalization capability. This computational tool automates the pre-processing of information, the training and testing stages, the statistical analysis, and the post-processing of the information. In this work, the performance of feed-forward backpropagation neural networks (FFBPNN) and GRNN was compared in the solution of the neutron spectrometry problem. From the results obtained, it can be observed that despite very similar results, GRNN performs better than FFBPNN because the former could be used as an alternative procedure in neutron spectrum unfolding methodologies with high performance and accuracy.",book:{id:"5191",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-models-and-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Models and Applications"},signatures:"Ma. del Rosario Martinez-Blanco, Víctor Hugo Castañeda-Miranda,\nGerardo Ornelas-Vargas, Héctor Alonso Guerrero-Osuna, Luis\nOctavio Solis-Sanchez, Rodrigo Castañeda-Miranda, José María\nCelaya-Padilla, Carlos Eric Galvan-Tejada, Jorge Isaac Galvan-Tejada,\nHéctor René Vega-Carrillo, Margarita Martínez-Fierro, Idalia Garza-\nVeloz and Jose Manuel Ortiz-Rodriguez",authors:[{id:"19773",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Rodriguez",slug:"jose-manuel-ortiz-rodriguez",fullName:"Jose Manuel Ortiz-Rodriguez"},{id:"22531",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Blanco",slug:"maria-del-rosario-martinez-blanco",fullName:"Maria Del Rosario Martinez-Blanco"},{id:"82380",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Vega-Carrillo",slug:"hector-rene-vega-carrillo",fullName:"Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo"},{id:"183473",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Solis-Sanchez",slug:"luis-octavio-solis-sanchez",fullName:"Luis Octavio Solis-Sanchez"},{id:"189184",title:"MSc.",name:"Victor Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Castañeda-Miranda",slug:"victor-hugo-castaneda-miranda",fullName:"Victor Hugo Castañeda-Miranda"},{id:"189185",title:"MSc.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ornelas-Vargas",slug:"gerardo-ornelas-vargas",fullName:"Gerardo Ornelas-Vargas"},{id:"189186",title:"MSc.",name:"Hector Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Osuna",slug:"hector-alonso-guerrero-osuna",fullName:"Hector Alonso Guerrero-Osuna"},{id:"189187",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Celaya-Padilla",slug:"jose-maria-celaya-padilla",fullName:"Jose Maria Celaya-Padilla"},{id:"189189",title:"Dr.",name:"Idalia",middleName:null,surname:"Garza-Veloz",slug:"idalia-garza-veloz",fullName:"Idalia Garza-Veloz"},{id:"189191",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Castañeda-Miranda",slug:"rodrigo-castaneda-miranda",fullName:"Rodrigo Castañeda-Miranda"},{id:"189792",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Galvan-Tejada",slug:"jorge-isaac-galvan-tejada",fullName:"Jorge Isaac Galvan-Tejada"},{id:"189793",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Galvan-Tejada",slug:"carlos-eric-galvan-tejada",fullName:"Carlos Eric Galvan-Tejada"},{id:"190887",title:"MSc.",name:"Celina Lizeth",middleName:null,surname:"Castañeda-Miranda",slug:"celina-lizeth-castaneda-miranda",fullName:"Celina Lizeth Castañeda-Miranda"},{id:"211746",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita de la Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Fierro",slug:"margarita-de-la-luz-martinez-fierro",fullName:"Margarita de la Luz Martinez-Fierro"}]},{id:"50486",doi:"10.5772/63109",title:"Analyzing the Impact of Airborne Particulate Matter on Urban Contamination with the Help of Hybrid Neural Networks",slug:"analyzing-the-impact-of-airborne-particulate-matter-on-urban-contamination-with-the-help-of-hybrid-n",totalDownloads:1913,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"In this study, particulate matter (PM), total suspended particulate (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 fractions) concentrations were recorded in various cities from south of Romania to build the corresponding time series for various intervals. First, the time series of each pollutant were used as inputs in various configurations of feed-forward neural networks (FANN) to find the most suitable network architecture to the PM specificity. The outputs were evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between observed series and output series. Second, each time series was decomposed using Daubechies wavelets of third order into its corresponding components. Each decomposed component of a PM time series was used as input in the optimal feed-forward neural networks (FANN) architecture established in the first step. The output of each component was re-included to form the modeled series of the original pollutant time series.",book:{id:"5191",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-models-and-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Models and Applications"},signatures:"Daniel Dunea and Stefania Iordache",authors:[{id:"82418",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefania Felicia",middleName:null,surname:"Iordache",slug:"stefania-felicia-iordache",fullName:"Stefania Felicia Iordache"},{id:"180202",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Dunea",slug:"daniel-dunea",fullName:"Daniel Dunea"}]},{id:"50680",doi:"10.5772/63332",title:"From Fuzzy Expert System to Artificial Neural Network: Application to Assisted Speech Therapy",slug:"from-fuzzy-expert-system-to-artificial-neural-network-application-to-assisted-speech-therapy",totalDownloads:2205,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter addresses the following question: What are the advantages of extending a fuzzy expert system (FES) to an artificial neural network (ANN), within a computer‐based speech therapy system (CBST)? We briefly describe the key concepts underlying the principles behind the FES and ANN and their applications in assisted speech therapy. We explain the importance of an intelligent system in order to design an appropriate model for real‐life situations. We present data from 1‐year application of these concepts in the field of assisted speech therapy. Using an artificial intelligent system for improving speech would allow designing a training program for pronunciation, which can be individualized based on specialty needs, previous experiences, and the child's prior therapeutical progress. Neural networks add a great plus value when dealing with data that do not normally match our previous designed pattern. Using an integrated approach that combines FES and ANN allows our system to accomplish three main objectives: (1) develop a personalized therapy program; (2) gradually replace some human expert duties; (3) use “self‐learning” capabilities, a component traditionally reserved for humans. The results demonstrate the viability of the hybrid approach in the context of speech therapy that can be extended when designing similar applications.",book:{id:"5191",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-models-and-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Models and Applications"},signatures:"Ovidiu Schipor, Oana Geman, Iuliana Chiuchisan and Mihai Covasa",authors:[{id:"180248",title:"Dr.",name:"Oana",middleName:null,surname:"Geman",slug:"oana-geman",fullName:"Oana Geman"},{id:"181060",title:"Prof.",name:"Ovidiu-Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Schipor",slug:"ovidiu-andrei-schipor",fullName:"Ovidiu-Andrei Schipor"},{id:"181064",title:"Dr.",name:"Iuliana",middleName:null,surname:"Chiuchisan",slug:"iuliana-chiuchisan",fullName:"Iuliana Chiuchisan"},{id:"185161",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Covasa",slug:"mihai-covasa",fullName:"Mihai Covasa"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50570",title:"Bayesian Regularized Neural Networks for Small n Big p Data",slug:"bayesian-regularized-neural-networks-for-small-n-big-p-data",totalDownloads:3113,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:"Artificial neural networks (ANN) mimic the function of the human brain and they have the capability to implement massively parallel computations for mapping, function approximation, classification, and pattern recognition processing. ANN can capture the highly nonlinear associations between inputs (predictors) and target (responses) variables and can adaptively learn the complex functional forms. Like other parametric and nonparametric methods, such as kernel regression and smoothing splines, ANNs can introduce overfitting (in particular with highly-dimensional data, such as genome wide association -GWAS-, microarray data etc.) and resulting predictions can be outside the range of the training data. Regularization (shrinkage) in ANN allows bias of parameter estimates towards what are considered to be probable. Most common techniques of regularizations techniques in ANN are the Bayesian regularization (BR) and the early stopping methods. Early stopping is effectively limiting the used weights in the network and thus imposes regularization, effectively lowering the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension. In Bayesian regularized ANN (BRANN), the regularization techniques involve imposing certain prior distributions on the model parameters and penalizes large weights in anticipation of achieving smoother mapping.",book:{id:"5191",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-models-and-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Models and Applications"},signatures:"Hayrettin Okut",authors:[{id:"179217",title:"Prof.",name:"Hayrettin",middleName:null,surname:"Okut",slug:"hayrettin-okut",fullName:"Hayrettin Okut"}]},{id:"51466",title:"Generalized Regression Neural Networks with Application in Neutron Spectrometry",slug:"generalized-regression-neural-networks-with-application-in-neutron-spectrometry",totalDownloads:2454,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The aim of this research was to apply a generalized regression neural network (GRNN) to predict neutron spectrum using the rates count coming from a Bonner spheres system as the only piece of information. In the training and testing stages, a data set of 251 different types of neutron spectra, taken from the International Atomic Energy Agency compilation, were used. Fifty-one predicted spectra were analyzed at testing stage. Training and testing of GRNN were carried out in the MATLAB environment by means of a scientific and technological tool designed based on GRNN technology, which is capable of solving the neutron spectrometry problem with high performance and generalization capability. This computational tool automates the pre-processing of information, the training and testing stages, the statistical analysis, and the post-processing of the information. In this work, the performance of feed-forward backpropagation neural networks (FFBPNN) and GRNN was compared in the solution of the neutron spectrometry problem. From the results obtained, it can be observed that despite very similar results, GRNN performs better than FFBPNN because the former could be used as an alternative procedure in neutron spectrum unfolding methodologies with high performance and accuracy.",book:{id:"5191",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-models-and-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Models and Applications"},signatures:"Ma. del Rosario Martinez-Blanco, Víctor Hugo Castañeda-Miranda,\nGerardo Ornelas-Vargas, Héctor Alonso Guerrero-Osuna, Luis\nOctavio Solis-Sanchez, Rodrigo Castañeda-Miranda, José María\nCelaya-Padilla, Carlos Eric Galvan-Tejada, Jorge Isaac Galvan-Tejada,\nHéctor René Vega-Carrillo, Margarita Martínez-Fierro, Idalia Garza-\nVeloz and Jose Manuel Ortiz-Rodriguez",authors:[{id:"19773",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Rodriguez",slug:"jose-manuel-ortiz-rodriguez",fullName:"Jose Manuel Ortiz-Rodriguez"},{id:"22531",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Blanco",slug:"maria-del-rosario-martinez-blanco",fullName:"Maria Del Rosario Martinez-Blanco"},{id:"82380",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Vega-Carrillo",slug:"hector-rene-vega-carrillo",fullName:"Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo"},{id:"183473",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Solis-Sanchez",slug:"luis-octavio-solis-sanchez",fullName:"Luis Octavio Solis-Sanchez"},{id:"189184",title:"MSc.",name:"Victor Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Castañeda-Miranda",slug:"victor-hugo-castaneda-miranda",fullName:"Victor Hugo Castañeda-Miranda"},{id:"189185",title:"MSc.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ornelas-Vargas",slug:"gerardo-ornelas-vargas",fullName:"Gerardo Ornelas-Vargas"},{id:"189186",title:"MSc.",name:"Hector Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero-Osuna",slug:"hector-alonso-guerrero-osuna",fullName:"Hector Alonso Guerrero-Osuna"},{id:"189187",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Celaya-Padilla",slug:"jose-maria-celaya-padilla",fullName:"Jose Maria Celaya-Padilla"},{id:"189189",title:"Dr.",name:"Idalia",middleName:null,surname:"Garza-Veloz",slug:"idalia-garza-veloz",fullName:"Idalia Garza-Veloz"},{id:"189191",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Castañeda-Miranda",slug:"rodrigo-castaneda-miranda",fullName:"Rodrigo Castañeda-Miranda"},{id:"189792",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Galvan-Tejada",slug:"jorge-isaac-galvan-tejada",fullName:"Jorge Isaac Galvan-Tejada"},{id:"189793",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Galvan-Tejada",slug:"carlos-eric-galvan-tejada",fullName:"Carlos Eric Galvan-Tejada"},{id:"190887",title:"MSc.",name:"Celina Lizeth",middleName:null,surname:"Castañeda-Miranda",slug:"celina-lizeth-castaneda-miranda",fullName:"Celina Lizeth Castañeda-Miranda"},{id:"211746",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita de la Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Fierro",slug:"margarita-de-la-luz-martinez-fierro",fullName:"Margarita de la Luz Martinez-Fierro"}]},{id:"50519",title:"Neural Networks for Gas Turbine Diagnosis",slug:"neural-networks-for-gas-turbine-diagnosis",totalDownloads:2233,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The present chapter addresses the problems of gas turbine gas path diagnostics solved using artificial neural networks. As a very complex and expensive mechanical system, a gas turbine should be effectively monitored and diagnosed. Being universal and powerful approximation and classification techniques, neural networks have become widespread in gas turbine health monitoring over the past few years. Applications of such networks as a multilayer perceptron, radial basis network, probabilistic neural network, and support vector network were reported. However, there is a lack of manuals that summarize neural network applications for gas turbine diagnosis.",book:{id:"5191",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-models-and-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Models and Applications"},signatures:"Igor Loboda",authors:[{id:"179551",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Loboda",slug:"igor-loboda",fullName:"Igor Loboda"}]},{id:"51130",title:"Application of Neural Networks (NNs) for Fabric Defect Classification",slug:"application-of-neural-networks-nns-for-fabric-defect-classification",totalDownloads:1905,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The defect classification is as important as the defect detection in fabric inspection process. The detected defects are classified according to their types and recorded with their names during manual fabric inspection process. The material is selected as “undyed raw denim” fabric in this study. Four commonly occurring defect types, hole, warp lacking, weft lacking and soiled yarn, were classified by using artificial neural network (ANN) method. The defects were automatically classified according to their texture features. Texture feature extraction algorithm was developed to acquire the required values from the defective fabric samples. The texture features were assessed as the network input values and the defect classification is obtained as the output. The defective images were classified with an average accuracy rate of 96.3%. As the hole defect was recognized with 100% accuracy rate, the others were recognized with a rate of 95%.",book:{id:"5191",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-models-and-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Models and Applications"},signatures:"H. İbrahim Çelik, L. Canan Dülger and Mehmet Topalbekiroğlu",authors:[{id:"89349",title:"Prof.",name:"Lale Canan",middleName:null,surname:"Dülger",slug:"lale-canan-dulger",fullName:"Lale Canan Dülger"},{id:"178353",title:"Dr.",name:"Halil",middleName:"İbrahim",surname:"Çelik",slug:"halil-celik",fullName:"Halil Çelik"},{id:"185835",title:"Prof.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Topalbekiroğlu",slug:"mehmet-topalbekiroglu",fullName:"Mehmet Topalbekiroğlu"}]},{id:"51444",title:"Neural Network Inverse Modeling for Optimization",slug:"neural-network-inverse-modeling-for-optimization",totalDownloads:2280,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In this chapter, artificial neural networks (ANNs) inverse model is applied for estimating the thermal performance () in parabolic trough concentrator (PTC). A recurrent neural network architecture is trained using the Kalman Filter learning from experimental database obtained from PTCs operations. Rim angle (φr), inlet (Tin), outlet (Tout) fluid temperatures, ambient temperature (Ta), water flow (Fw), direct solar radiation (Gb) and the wind velocity (Vw) were used as main input variables within the neural network model in order to estimate the thermal performance with an excellent agreement (R2=0.999) between the experimental and simulated values. The optimal operation conditions of parabolic trough concentrator are established using artificial neural network inverse modeling. The results, using experimental data, showed that the recurrent neural network (RNN) is an excellent tool for modeling and optimization of PTCs.",book:{id:"5191",slug:"artificial-neural-networks-models-and-applications",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Artificial Neural Networks - Models and Applications"},signatures:"Oscar May, Luis J. Ricalde, Bassam Ali, Eduardo Ordoñez López,\nEduardo Venegas-Reyes and Oscar A. Jaramillo",authors:[{id:"181162",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Josue",middleName:null,surname:"Ricalde Castellanos",slug:"luis-josue-ricalde-castellanos",fullName:"Luis Josue Ricalde Castellanos"},{id:"185657",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"May",slug:"oscar-may",fullName:"Oscar May"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"605",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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