More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
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Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
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“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
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Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
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We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
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Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
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IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
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Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
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\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10076",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Quantum Mechanics",title:"Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Quantum mechanics touches all areas of physics, chemistry, life sciences, and engineering. It has emerged as a tool for researching and developing new technology that has had a deep impact on modern life. An essential ingredient of quantum mechanics is the role of the observer and the duality between particle and wave properties of matter at very small scales. This book covers such topics as complex space forms of quantum mechanics, entropy in quantum mechanics, and equations of relativistic quantum mechanics as well as applications of quantum mechanics to more complicated situations. Written by international experts, the book illustrates the wide scope, influence, and applicability of quantum mechanics.",isbn:"978-1-83968-045-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-044-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-046-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87908",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"quantum-mechanics",numberOfPages:274,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"78f2b316d6bb97464dbbf9b683164aff",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",publishedDate:"October 14th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10076.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6778,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 11th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 23rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 21st 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92883/images/system/92883.jpg",biography:"Professor Paul Bracken is currently a Professor in the Department of Mathematics, at the University of Texas RGV in Edinburg, TX. He obtained his BSc degree from the University of Toronto and holds a Ph.D. from the University of Waterloo in Canada. His research interests include mathematical problems from the area of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, differential geometry, a study of partial differential equations as well as their overlap with other problems in physics. He has published more than 180 papers in journals and books and has given many talks at different levels over the years. This is the seventh volume he has worked on with IntechOpen publishers.",institutionString:"The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:{name:"The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"230",title:"Quantum Mechanics",slug:"quantum-mechanics"}],chapters:[{id:"71547",title:"Dipolar Interactions: Hyperfine Structure Interaction and Fine Structure Interactions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91791",slug:"dipolar-interactions-hyperfine-structure-interaction-and-fine-structure-interactions",totalDownloads:636,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The interaction between the nuclear spin and the electron spin creates a hyperfine structure. Hyperfine structure interaction occurs in paramagnetic structures with unpaired electrons. Therefore, hyperfine structure interaction is the most important of the fundamental parameters investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. For EPR spectroscopy the two effective Hamiltonian terms are the hyperfine structure interaction and the electronic Zeeman interaction. The hyperfine structure interaction has two types as isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine structure interactions. The zero-field splitting term (electronic quadrupole fine structure), the nuclear Zeeman term, and the nuclear quadrupole interaction term are among the Hamiltonian terms used in EPR. However, their effects are not as much as the term of the hyperfine structure interaction. The zero-field splitting term and the nuclear quadrupole interaction term are the fine structure terms. The interaction of two electron spins create a zero-field splitting, the interaction between the two nucleus spins form the nuclear quadrupole interaction. Hyperfine structure interaction, zero-field interaction, and nuclear quadrupole interaction are subclasses of dipolar interaction. Interaction tensors are available for all three interactions.",signatures:"Betül Çalişkan and Ali Cengiz Çalişkan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71547",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71547",authors:[{id:"199110",title:"Dr.",name:"Betül",surname:"Çalişkan",slug:"betul-caliskan",fullName:"Betül Çalişkan"},{id:"208732",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Cengiz",surname:"Çalişkan",slug:"ali-cengiz-caliskan",fullName:"Ali Cengiz Çalişkan"}],corrections:null},{id:"73016",title:"Exactly Solvable Problems in Quantum Mechanics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93317",slug:"exactly-solvable-problems-in-quantum-mechanics",totalDownloads:709,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Some of the problems in quantum mechanics can be exactly solved without any approximation. Some of the exactly solvable problems are discussed in this chapter. Broadly there are two main approaches to solve such problems. They are (i) based on the solution of the Schrödinger equation and (ii) based on operators. The normalized eigen function, eigen values, and the physical significance of some of the selected problems are discussed.",signatures:"Lourdhu Bruno Chandrasekar, Kanagasabapathi Gnanasekar and Marimuthu Karunakaran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73016",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73016",authors:[{id:"239576",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",surname:"Karunakaran",slug:"marimuthu-karunakaran",fullName:"Marimuthu Karunakaran"},{id:"252354",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno Chandrasekar",surname:"L",slug:"bruno-chandrasekar-l",fullName:"Bruno Chandrasekar L"},{id:"325784",title:"Dr.",name:"K",surname:"Gnanasekar",slug:"k-gnanasekar",fullName:"K Gnanasekar"}],corrections:null},{id:"71655",title:"Transitions between Stationary States and the Measurement Problem",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91801",slug:"transitions-between-stationary-states-and-the-measurement-problem",totalDownloads:635,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Accounting for projections during measurements is the traditional measurement problem. Transitions between stationary states require measurements, posing a different measurement problem. Both are compared. Several interpretations of quantum mechanics attempting to solve the traditional measurement problem are summarized. A highly desirable aim is to account for both problems. Not every interpretation of quantum mechanics achieves this goal.",signatures:"María Esther Burgos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71655",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71655",authors:[{id:"96880",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Esther",surname:"Burgos",slug:"maria-esther-burgos",fullName:"Maria Esther Burgos"}],corrections:null},{id:"71964",title:"Uncertainty Relations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92137",slug:"uncertainty-relations",totalDownloads:416,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Uncertainty relations are inequalities representing the impossibility of simultaneous measurement in quantum mechanics. The most well-known uncertainty relations were presented by Heisenberg and Schrödinger. In this chapter, we generalize and extend them to produce several types of uncertainty relations.",signatures:"Kenjiro Yanagi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71964",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71964",authors:[{id:"315022",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenjiro",surname:"Yanagi",slug:"kenjiro-yanagi",fullName:"Kenjiro Yanagi"}],corrections:null},{id:"71370",title:"Complex Space Nature of the Quantum World: Return Causality to Quantum Mechanics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91669",slug:"complex-space-nature-of-the-quantum-world-return-causality-to-quantum-mechanics",totalDownloads:1002,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"As one chapter, we about to begin a journey with exploring the limitation of the causality that rules the whole universe. Quantum mechanics is established on the basis of the phenomenology and the lack of ontology builds the wall which blocks the causality. It is very difficult to reconcile the probability and the causality in such a platform. A higher dimension consideration may leverage this dilemma by expanding the vision. Information may seem to be discontinuous or even so weird if only be viewed from a part of the degree of freedoms. Based on this premise, we reexamined the microscopic world within a complex space. Significantly, some knowledge beyond the empirical findings is revealed and paves the way for a more detailed exploration of the quantum world. The random quantum motion is essential for atomic particle and exhibits a wave-related property with a bulk of trajectories. It seems we can break down the wall which forbids the causality entering the quantum kingdom and connect quantum mechanics with classical mechanics. The causality returns to the quantum world without any assumption in terms of the quantum random motion under the optimal guidance law in complex space. Thereby hangs a tale, we briefly introduce this new formulation from the fundamental theoretical description to the practical technology applications.",signatures:"Ciann-Dong Yang and Shiang-Yi Han",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71370",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71370",authors:[{id:"158670",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciann-Dong",surname:"Yang",slug:"ciann-dong-yang",fullName:"Ciann-Dong Yang"},{id:"315900",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiang-Yi",surname:"Han",slug:"shiang-yi-han",fullName:"Shiang-Yi Han"}],corrections:null},{id:"71814",title:"Entropy in Quantum Mechanics and Applications to Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91831",slug:"entropy-in-quantum-mechanics-and-applications-to-nonequilibrium-thermodynamics",totalDownloads:668,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Classical formulations of the entropy concept and its interpretation are introduced. This is to motivate the definition of the quantum von Neumann entropy. Some general properties of quantum entropy are developed, such as the quantum entropy which always increases. The current state of the area that includes thermodynamics and quantum mechanics is reviewed. This interaction shall be critical for the development of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The Jarzynski inequality is developed in two separate but related ways. The nature of irreversibility and its role in physics are considered as well. Finally, a specific quantum spin model is defined and is studied in such a way as to illustrate many of the subjects that have appeared.",signatures:"Paul Bracken",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71814",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71814",authors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],corrections:null},{id:"73269",title:"Equations of Relativistic and Quantum Mechanics (without Spin)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93336",slug:"equations-of-relativistic-and-quantum-mechanics-without-spin-",totalDownloads:449,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A relativistically invariant representation of the generalized momentum of a particle in an external field is proposed. In this representation, the dependence of the potentials of the interaction of the particle with the field on the particle velocity is taken into account. The exact correspondence of the expressions of energy and potential energy for the classical Hamiltonian is established, which makes identical the solutions to the problems of mechanics with relativistic and nonrelativistic approaches. The invariance of the proposed representation of the generalized momentum makes it possible to equivalently describe a physical system in geometrically conjugate spaces of kinematic and dynamic variables. Relativistic invariant equations are proposed for the action function and the wave function based on the invariance of the representation of the generalized momentum. The equations have solutions for any values of the constant interaction of the particle with the field, for example, in the problem of a hydrogen-like atom, when the atomic number of the nucleus is Z > 137. Based on the parametric representation of the action, the expression for the canonical Lagrangian, the equations of motion, and the expression for the force acting on the charge are derived when moving in an external electromagnetic field. The Dirac equation with the correct inclusion of the interaction for a particle in an external field is presented. In this form, the solutions of the equations are not limited by the value of the interaction constant. The solutions of the problem of charge motion in a constant electric field, the problems for a particle in a potential well and the passage of a particle through a potential barrier, the problems of motion in an exponential field (Morse), and also the problems of a hydrogen atom are given.",signatures:"Vahram Mekhitarian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73269",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73269",authors:[{id:"315832",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahram",surname:"Mekhitarian",slug:"vahram-mekhitarian",fullName:"Vahram Mekhitarian"}],corrections:null},{id:"73120",title:"Nature of Temporal (t > 0) Quantum Theory: Part I",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93561",slug:"nature-of-temporal-t-0-quantum-theory-part-i",totalDownloads:434,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is our science governs the mathematics and it is “not” our mathematics governs our science. One of the very important aspects is that every science has to comply with the boundary condition of our universe; dimensionality and temporal (t > 0) or causality. In which I have shown that time is real and it is not an illusion, since every aspect within our universe is coexisted with time. Since our universe is a temporal (t > 0) subspace, everything within our universe is temporal. Science is mathematics but mathematics is not science, we have shown that any analytic solution has to be temporal (t > 0); otherwise, it cannot be implemented within our universe. Which includes all the laws, principles, and theories have to be temporal? Uncertainty principle is one of the most fascinated principles in quantum mechanics, yet Heisenberg principle was based on diffraction limited observation, it is not due to the nature of time. We have shown it is the temporal (t > 0) uncertainty that changes with time. We have introduced a certainty principle as in contrast with uncertainty principle. Of which certainty subspace can be created within our universe; which can be exploited for application. Overall of this chapter is to show that; it is not how rigorous the mathematics is, it is the physical realizable paradigm that we embrace.",signatures:"Francis T.S. Yu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73120",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73120",authors:[{id:"300154",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Francis",surname:"Yu",slug:"francis-yu",fullName:"Francis Yu"}],corrections:null},{id:"73158",title:"Nature of Temporal (t > 0) Quantum Theory: Part II",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93562",slug:"nature-of-temporal-t-0-quantum-theory-part-ii",totalDownloads:424,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Since Schrödinger’s quantum mechanics developed from Hamiltonian, I will show that his quantum machine is a timeless (t = 0) mechanics, which includes his fundamental principle of superposition. Since one of the most controversial paradoxes in science must be Schrödinger’s cat. We will show that the myth of his hypothesis is “not” a physical realizable postulation. The most important aspect in quantum theory must be the probabilistic implication of science, a set of most elegant and simple laws and principles, which will be discussed. Since information and entropy have a profound connection, we will show that information is one of very important science in quantum theory, for which several significant aspects of information transmission will be stressed. Nevertheless, the myth of quantum theory turns out to be not Schrodinger’s cat but the nature of a section of time Δt. Since time is a quantity that we cannot physically manipulate, we could change the section Δt but not the speed of time. Although we can squeeze a section of Δt, but we cannot squeeze Δt to zero. And this is the ultimate quantum limit of “instantaneous” response we can never be able to obtain. Since time traveling is one of the very interesting topics in science, I will show that time traveling is impossible even at the speed of light. Nevertheless, I will show quantum mechanics is a temporal (t > 0) physical realizable mechanics, and it should “not” be as virtual and timeless (t = 0) as mathematic does.",signatures:"Francis T.S. Yu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73158",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73158",authors:[{id:"300154",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Francis",surname:"Yu",slug:"francis-yu",fullName:"Francis Yu"}],corrections:null},{id:"72922",title:"Analysis of Quantum Confinement and Carrier Transport of Nano-Transistor in Quantum Mechanics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93258",slug:"analysis-of-quantum-confinement-and-carrier-transport-of-nano-transistor-in-quantum-mechanics",totalDownloads:623,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that consists of laws explaining the physical properties of the nature of nano-particles and their characteristics on an atomic scale. The study of nano-particles significantly challenges our current perception of the universe and the fabric of reality itself. Quantum particles have both wave-like and particle-like characteristics. The fundamental equation that predicts the physical behaviour of a quantum system is the Schrödinger equation and the Poisson equation using Monte Carlo simulations. This gives rise to the wavefunction, electron and hole densities, energy levels and band structure of the system which contains all the measurable information about the particle such as time and position, where position is represented using probabilities. This is because particles do not have one definite position during the time before measurement. In fact, they exist as a fuzzy distribution of all possible states where the likelihood of finding the particle in some states is more probable than others. This is known as being in a superposition of all states. When the quantum system is observed, however, its wavefunction collapses so it consequently falls into one specific position. Moreover, in this chapter we present the simulation results of conduction band profile, electron density (classical and quantum mechanical), eigenstate and eigenfunctions for Si, SOI and III-V MOSFET structures at bias voltage 1.0 V using 1D Poisson-Schrödinger solver.",signatures:"Aynul Islam and Anika Tasnim Aynul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72922",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72922",authors:[{id:"316001",title:"Dr.",name:"Islam",surname:"Aynul",slug:"islam-aynul",fullName:"Islam Aynul"},{id:"325161",title:"BSc.",name:"Anika Tasnim",surname:"Aynul",slug:"anika-tasnim-aynul",fullName:"Anika Tasnim Aynul"}],corrections:null},{id:"72779",title:"Development of Supersymmetric Background/Local Gauge Field Theory of Nucleon Based on Coupling of Electromagnetism with the Nucleon’s Background Space-Time Frame: The Physics beyond the Standard Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93087",slug:"development-of-supersymmetric-background-local-gauge-field-theory-of-nucleon-based-on-coupling-of-el",totalDownloads:376,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A new reformulated gauge field theory comprising discrete super symmetry matrixes U (1) = SU (2) + SO (3) has been developed which explains why all the elementary particles appear in three families with very similar structures. The three families’ performance is the product of discrete conservation of energy—momentum eigenvalue Es = 1/2Ea within space–time frame which appears to be the genetic code of new physics. A new supersymmetric gauge field theory of photon was developed, which describes fundamental conservation laws through invariant translation of the discrete symmetries of nature. A new gauge theory describes all the fundamental laws through isomorphism of the discrete space–time SU (2) frame and energy-momentum SO (3) symmetry group. Coupling of space and time phases of energy conservation generates the background gauge field, which in conjugation with the local gauge field mediates discrete performance of three fractional proton-neutron families of baryon structure. The presented theory requires to have a new look to our understanding of symmetry and conservation laws.",signatures:"Aghaddin Mamedov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72779",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72779",authors:[{id:"219617",title:"Dr.",name:"Aghaddin",surname:"Mamedov",slug:"aghaddin-mamedov",fullName:"Aghaddin Mamedov"}],corrections:null},{id:"72806",title:"Realization of the Quantum Confinement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93112",slug:"realization-of-the-quantum-confinement",totalDownloads:406,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter the three main technologies are described, which allows for the implementation of quantum structures (QS)—quantum wells (QWs) and hetero-structures. These are liquid phase epitaxy (LPE), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The most important properties, including the quantum Hall effect (QHE), of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) arising in a heterojunction on the boundary of two phases—the so-called interface—are also presented. The 2DEG properties in different kinds of QW are described. Double quantum wells as interesting example of quantum structure is considered also including such a spectacular quantum-mechanical phenomenon as splitting into symmetrical and anti-symmetrical states.",signatures:"Eugen M. 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1. Introduction
Participants in the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) recognize the calibration or test results obtained by each other’s accredited calibration and testing laboratories [1, 2, 3, 4]. ILAC Policy and Procedural publications are for the operation of the ILAC MRA. ILAC has a special policy for participation in proficiency testing activities, on metrological traceability of measurement results, for measurement uncertainty in calibration [5, 6, 7]. The policy for measurement uncertainty to base on the Guide to Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) [8, 9, 10, 11] and retains the common understanding of the term calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) from the joint declaration issued by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and ILAC [12]. ILAC has a special guideline for measurement uncertainty in testing [13]. This document provides guidance for the evaluation and reporting of measurement uncertainty in testing accordance with the requirements of the International Standard ISO/IEC 17025 [14].
National accreditation agencies in different countries have set quite strict requirements for accreditation of testing and calibration laboratories. Laboratory accreditation criteria in most accreditation systems include three main groups: laboratory technical equipment, personnel competence, and the effectiveness of the quality system. Interlaboratory comparisons (ILCs) are a form of experimental verification of laboratory activities to determine technical competence in a particular activity. Successful results of conducting ILCs for the laboratory are a confirmation of competence in carrying out certain types of measurements by a specific specialist on specific equipment.
To obtain reliable results of ILC accredited laboratories, it is necessary to improve the methods of processing these results. These methods are based on various data processing algorithms as required by international and regional guidelines and standards. To conduct ILC for CLs, it is necessary to take into account the relevant requirements of the international standards ISO/IEC 17025 [14] and ISO/IEC 17043 [15]. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the most optimal method of processing the obtained data, which would have a minimum number of restrictions on the application and allow to obtain reliable results. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the calibration laboratories (CLs) when evaluating the results of ILС. Such features are related to the need to provide calibration of measuring instruments for testing laboratories.
ILCs for CLs are held nationally in different countries. Such ILCs are carried out to establish the competence of the CLs in calibrating various measuring instruments and working standards for various measured quantities [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. For their implementation, various calibration objects are used. To evaluate the ILC data, various methods of their data processing are used [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30], and to estimate the measurement uncertainty, the regional guidance EA-04/02 М [31] is additionally used, in addition to the ILAC documents [8, 13]. However, in addition to the method of data evaluation, it is necessary to take into account other influencing factors on the CL result of ILC. In particular, unsatisfactory ILC results for all participating CLs may be associated with a large time drift of the calibrated measuring instrument.
The growing practical need of ILCs for CLs to ensure recognition of the obtained results at both national and international levels underscores the relevance of this research.
2. The national interlaboratory comparisons for calibration laboratories
The main purpose of accredited CLs is to calibrate working standards and measuring instruments for accredited testing laboratories. Significantly more testing laboratories are accredited by national accreditation bodies than CLs. For example, at the middle of 2021, 837 testing and 35 calibration laboratories were accredited in Ukraine. This represents only 4% of accredited CLs of the total number of all accredited laboratories. Therefore, the number of ILCs for testing laboratories is objectively much larger than for CLs.
The State Enterprise “Ukrmetrteststandard” (Ukraine) as a referent laboratory (RL) organized and carry out seven ILCs for accredited CLs from 2016 to 2019 [32, 33, 34, 35, etc]. The list of these ILCs is shown in Table 1. The calibration objects for these ILCs were working standards and measuring instruments for electrical quantities, and time and frequency. When carrying out comparisons, CLs calibrated objects in accordance with the requirements of the international standard ISO/IEC 17025 [14]. The total number of calibration object parameters ranged from 3 to 12. The total number of CLs with RL that took part in these comparisons ranged from 5 to 10.
ILC
Calibration object
Number of parameters
Number of participants
Period of carrying out
ILC1
Precision measuring thermocouple
AC voltage at 5 frequencies
5 labs
2016–2018
ILC2
Measures of electrical resistance (1th round)
3 nominations of resistance
8 labs
2016
ILC3
Measures of electrical resistance (2th round)
3 nominations of resistance
5 labs
2018–2019
ILC4
Precision measure of electric power
6 power factors at 2 frequencies
8 labs
2016–2018
ILC5
Low frequency signal generator
AC voltage at one frequency, total harmonic factor at 4 frequencies, 5 frequencies
4 labs
2016
ILC6
Electronic stopwatch
3 time intervals
9 labs
2016
ILC7
High-frequency signal generator
3 frequencies
10 labs
2018
Table 1.
The list of national ILCs for CLs.
In all presented ILCs, the assigned value (AV) with its uncertainty was taken as the value with its uncertainty of the RL. This was done because the RL had the best measurement capabilities among all CLs that took part in the comparisons. For many years RL has taken part in international comparisons of national measurement standards of electrical quantities within the framework of Regional Metrological Organizations (COOMET, EURAMET, and GULFMET) and had positive results. RL also had published CMCs for some electrical quantities in the BIPM Key Comparison Database [36].
A program for all ILCs was implemented in accordance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17043 [15]. CLs that participated in the ILCs performed calibration of the measuring instruments (calibration object) provided to the RL in accordance with their own methods according to the radial scheme [4]. RL sent the calibration object to the participating laboratory, and this laboratory returned this object back to RL. In this case, the RL constantly monitored the stability of the calibration object [35, 37]. The RL determined the characteristics of the instability of the calibration object before and after its research in the CLs participating in the ILC.
In accordance with the adopted ILC programs, RL analyzed the calibration data provided by the CLs [38], in particular, analyzed the declared measurement uncertainty. The data obtained from CLs were necessarily checked by RL for their consistency. Indicators for assessing of consistency were En and z indexes set and defined in [4, 15]. The general algorithm of processing of the received primary data of ILCs given in [34] was used. In case of inconsistent data, RL reported this appropriate CL and analyzed the responses received from this laboratory. RL prepared a report on the comparisons, evaluating the data of all CLs. In the event that the laboratory or laboratories received inconsistent results of comparisons, RL suggested that they take the necessary corrective action.
3. The traditional data evaluation of interlaboratory comparisons
The traditional assessment of ILC data for CLs is carried out in accordance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17043 [15]. During of the evaluation of primary data from the participating CLs, the interlaboratory deviation of the measurement results or degree of equivalences (DoE) was calculated based on the ILCs results.
The DoE for j-th CLs participant of ILC is calculated using Equation [4, 34, 38].
Dlabj=xlabj−XAV,E1
where xlabj is measured value for i-th CL; XAV is AV for ILC.
Expanded uncertainty of the result of each participant Uxlabj and expanded uncertainty of AV UXAV were used to check the consistency of the primary ILC data and to calculate En index (En number) using equation
On Figures 1–3 show the traditional graphical interpretation of the results of three ILCs at one of the calibration points (ILC 2–1, Figure 1, ILC 4–2, Figure 2 and ILC 6–1, Figure 3 respectively). The evaluation of primary data of all ILCs is carried out by means of the specially developed software “Interlaboratory comparisons” (Ukraine) which implements the algorithm presented in [34]. To prepare reports on ILCs, RL used specified software that allowed calculating the En and z indexes and constructing a graphical display of the results. The figures show the DoE with expanded uncertainty for all participating CLs in ILCs. The green dashed line shows the measurement uncertainty limits of the AV of ILC.
Figure 1.
DoE of CLs for ILC 2–1.
Figure 2.
DoE of CLs for ILC 4–2.
Figure 3.
DoE of CLs for ILC 6–1.
Only two laboratories (lab 4 and lab 6 for ILC 2–1) have an unsatisfactory result for two ILCs using the En index. En index more characterizes the reliability of measurement results of laboratories participating in the ILC, but is not always sufficient to determine the accuracy of measurement results.
4. The additional data evaluation of interlaboratory comparisons
The consistency evaluation of data using En and z indicators is important not only to confirm the technical competence of laboratories participating in the ILC. This will also help to increase the accuracy of calibration by the laboratory participating in the ILC with a corresponding reduction in measurement uncertainty.
The z index compares the measurement results of all laboratories with each other and gives better information about the accuracy of measurements in laboratory. The measurement accuracy is an important characteristic for CL, therefore this index is more suitable for evaluating ILC data for CLs.
z index (z score) is calculated by the equation
z=Dlabj/σ,E3
where σ is the standard deviation for qualification assessment (ILC).
|z| ≤ 2.0 indicates a satisfactory performance characteristic and does not require adjustment or response measures, 2.0 < |z| < 3.0 indicates a dubious performance characteristic and requires precautionary measures, and |z| ≥ 3.0 indicates an unsatisfactory performance characteristic and requires adjustment or response measures.
In Tables 2–8 shows the calculated results of En and z indexes at all points of the calibration for all ILCs. En and z indexes are zero for RL. Cells with unsatisfactory results are highlighted in grey in the tables. An unsatisfactory result is the excess for En index of the value 1, and for the z index of 2 (does not require adjustment or response measures) or 3 (requires adjustment or response measures) [4, 15].
ILC data
Index
Lab 1
Lab 2
Lab 3
Lab 4
ILC1–1
En
−0.854
0.444
0.438
−0.312
z
−0.584
0.114
0.224
−2.462
ILC1–2
En
−0.451
0.818
1.522
−0.064
z
−1.146
0.266
0.605
−2.090
ILC1–3
En
−0.645
0.882
0.987
0.022
z
−1.167
0.483
0.781
1.895
ILC1–4
En
−0.147
0.238
0.129
0.452
z
−0.025
0.019
0.018
2.503
ILC1–5
En
—
0.753
0.382
—
z
—
2.265
1.939
—
Table 2.
Results of ILCs for calibration of precision measuring thermocouple.
ILC data
Index
Lab 1
Lab 2
Lab 3
Lab 4
Lab 5
Lab 6
Lab 7
ILC2–1
En
0.249
−0.245
−0.008
−4.631
−0.100
2.352
−0.021
z
2.677
−0.027
−0.996
−0.208
−0.005
0.188
−0.169
ILC2–2
En
−1.955
6.066
−0.018
−0.814
0.256
−0.646
−0.032
z
−2.404
0.880
−1.460
−0.197
0.056
−0.253
−1.460
ILC2–3
En
−0.899
4.179
−0.086
0.171
−0.470
0.975
−0.058
z
−2.251
1.318
−0.969
0.051
−0.127
0.367
−0.969
Table 3.
Results of ILCs for calibration of measures of electrical resistance (1-th round).
ILC data
Index
Lab 1
Lab 2
Lab 3
Lab 4
ILC3–1
En
0.301
0.133
0.367
0.322
z
0.117
2.658
0.152
0.961
ILC3–2
En
0.194
0.065
0.042
0.051
z
0.012
2.579
0.004
0.457
ILC3–3
En
0.301
0.133
0.367
0.322
z
0.117
2.658
0.152
0.961
Table 4.
Results of ILCs for calibration of measures of electrical resistance (2-th round).
ILC data
Index
Lab 1
Lab 2
Lab 3
Lab 4
Lab 5
Lab 6
ILC4–1
En
0.000
0.004
0.001
−0.013
0.000
0.000
z
0.002
0.215
0.029
−2.804
0.018
0.018
ILC4–2
En
0.000
0.002
0.002
0.034
0.000
0.000
z
0.001
0.046
0.046
2.875
0.004
0.006
ILC4–3
En
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
z
0.157
2.683
0.679
−0.192
−0.105
0.157
ILC4–4
En
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
z
0.207
2.657
1.055
−0.170
−0.075
0.207
ILC4–5
En
0.000
0.002
−0.001
0.119
0.000
0.000
z
0.001
0.013
−0.009
2.859
0.000
0.001
ILC4–6
En
0.000
0.002
0.002
0.137
0.000
0.000
z
0.000
0.012
0.012
2.862
0.000
0.001
ILC4–7
En
0.000
0.003
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.000
z
−0.043
2.260
1.919
−0.043
0.000
−0.043
ILC4–8
En
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
z
0.176
2.439
2.187
0.176
0.553
0.176
ILC4–9
En
0.001
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
z
0.532
2.787
0.622
−0.009
−0.099
0.532
ILC4–10
En
0.000
0.002
0.000
0.000
−0.001
0.000
z
0.108
2.570
0.569
−0.277
−0.354
0.108
ILC4–11
En
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.001
z
0.331
2.462
2.068
0.095
0.253
0.331
ILC4–12
En
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.001
z
0.498
2.989
1.329
0.406
0.406
0.498
Table 5.
Results of ILCs for calibration of precision measure of electric power.
ILC data
Index
Lab 1
Lab 2
Lab 3
ILC5–1
En
−0.235
−0.014
−0.305
z
−2.479
−0.077
−1.044
ILC5–2
En
−0.050
−0.056
0.036
z
−1.095
−1.461
1.095
ILC5–3
En
0.040
0.000
0.035
z
1.206
0.000
2.412
ILC5–4
En
0.074
0.033
0.068
z
1.414
1.414
2.828
ILC5–5
En
0.737
0.397
0.139
z
2.399
2.181
0.727
ILC5–6
En
−0.087
−0.055
−0.016
z
−2.557
−1.627
−0.465
ILC5–7
En
0.289
0.278
0.122
z
2.448
2.292
1.011
ILC5–8
En
−0.086
0.016
−3.258
z
−0.063
0.012
−2.326
ILC5–9
En
−0.284
−0.061
0.029
z
−2.315
−0.489
0.233
ILC5–10
En
−0.947
−1.024
0.692
z
−1.335
−1.442
0.975
Table 6.
Results of ILCs for calibration of low frequency signal generator.
ILC data
Index
Lab 1
Lab 2
Lab 3
Lab 4
Lab 5
Lab 6
Lab 7
Lab 8
Lab 9
ILC6–1
En
0.713
−0.212
0.992
0.379
0.894
0.328
0.897
−0.290
0.982
z
1.811
−0.075
0.503
0.302
0.503
0.365
3.245
−0.176
0.415
ILC6–2
En
0.998
−0.943
0.733
0.218
0.676
0.161
0.192
−0.379
0.914
z
3.160
−0.334
0.486
0.729
0.790
0.501
1.686
−0.273
1.413
ILC6–3
En
0.711
−0.587
0.459
0.157
0.296
0.065
0.804
−0.273
0.754
z
2.008
−0.193
0.468
0.908
0.468
0.289
3.012
−0.165
1.582
Table 7.
Results of ILCs for calibration of electronic stopwatch.
ILC data
Index
Lab 1
Lab 2
Lab 3
Lab 4
Lab 5
Lab 6
Lab 7
Lab 8
Lab 9
Lab 10
ILC7–1
En
0.050
0.662
−0.072
−0.025
0.643
−0.164
−0.384
−0.039
−0.012
−0.124
z
1.243
2.666
−0.687
−0.634
0.857
−0.124
−0.588
−0.631
−0.118
−0.433
ILC7–2
En
0.067
0.912
−0.076
−0.034
0.775
−0.253
−0.475
−0.068
0.005
−0.052
z
1.261
2.533
−0.695
−0.629
0.761
−0.182
−0.725
−1.040
0.034
−0.145
ILC7–3
En
0.062
1.134
−0.072
−0.053
0.164
−0.160
−0.648
−0.042
−0.014
−0.104
z
1.045
2.847
−0.746
−0.834
0.164
−0.131
−0.574
−0.427
−0.09
−0.276
Table 8.
Results of ILCs for calibration of high-frequency signal generator.
Оn Figure 4 shows the graphical interpretation of the results of estimation of En (a) and z (b) indexes for ILC 2–1, on Figure 5 – for ILC 4–2, and in Figure 6 – for ILC 6–1, respectively.
Figure 4.
Values of En and z indexes for ILC 2–1: a is En index, b is z index.
Figure 5.
Values of En and z indexes for ILC 4–2: a is En index, b is z index.
Figure 6.
Values of En and z indexes for ILC 6–1: a is En index, b is z index.
5. The summarized results of interlaboratory comparisons
The summarized results of estimation of En and z indexes for all ILCs are shown in Table 9 and Figure 7. The percentage of discrepancies two assessments for ILCs 1, 3, 4 and 6 estimates are 100, for ILCs 2, 5 and 7 estimates are from 95 to 97. This suggests that the conclusions that can be drawn about the technical competence of the laboratories participating in these ILCs are completely inconsistent.
The summarized results of estimation of En and z indexes for all ILCs.
Without RL.
Figure 7.
The summarized results of estimation of En and z indexes for all ILCs: a is absolute value, b is percentage value (%).
Only one result of ILC1 according to En index have inconsistency (lab 3). At the same time, 4 results of ILC1 according to z indexes have inconsistencies (lab 2 and lab 4).
5 results of ILC2 according to En indexes have inconsistencies (for labs 1, 2, 4 and 6). At the same time, 3 results of ILC2 according to z indexes have inconsistencies (only for lab 1).
ILC3, ILC4, and ILC6 according to En index have no inconsistencies. At the same time, 3 results of ILC3 according to z indexes have inconsistencies (only for lab 2), 14 results of ILC4 according to z indexes have inconsistencies (for labs 2, 3 and 4), and 4 results of the ILC6 according to z indexes have inconsistencies (for labs 2, 3, and 4), including 3 from 4 are very large (z > 3.0).
Only one ILC7 result according to En index have inconsistency (for lab 2). At the same time, 3 results of the ILC7 according to z indexes have inconsistencies (for lab 2 also).
The results of the data consistency analysis show that all ILCs, taking into account both indexes, have measurement points with unsatisfactory results. Analysis of the data taking into account the En index shows that only three ILCs (ILC3, ILC4, and ILC6) have satisfactory results. At the same time, analysis of the data taking into account the z index (z > 2) shows that all ILCs have measurement points with unsatisfactory results. ILС6 has measurement points with significantly unsatisfactory results, taking into account the z index (z > 3).
If we return to the analysis of Figures 1–3, it can be seen that lab 4 for ILCs 2–1 and lab 1 and lab 7 for ILC6–1 have very large declared measurement uncertainties with large DoEs. This led to unsatisfactory results, taking into account the z index. The main reason for the unsatisfactory result of lab 3 for ILCs 1–2, taking into account En index, is, on the contrary, a very small declared measurement uncertainty.
The general recommendation for lab 3 and lab 4 for ILC1–2, as well as for lab 4 for ILC4–2, and lab 1 and lab 7 for ILC6–1 is to revise the estimate of the measurement uncertainty, taking into account guides [8, 31]. This measurement uncertainty can be influenced by both the calibration results of the laboratory working standards and the level of competence of the laboratory personnel. Taking these recommendations into account can improve the results of that laboratories participation in other rounds of ILCs or new ILCs.
6. The influence of travelling standards instability
The travelling standards instability can affect the results of ILCs for CLs. Some works are devoted to assessing its influence, in particular compensation for its instability. The repeatability of a good measuring instrument is below 10% of its maximum error as shown in [39]. The travelling standard with 0,2% shows variations of random errors below x˜±0.02% where x˜ is the average of the readings during calibration. This a small Type A uncertainty in relation to other components is show.
Typically, RL already takes into account the travelling standards instability in the ILC assigned value XAV and its expanded uncertainty [4].
UXAV=2⋅u2xref+u2xinst,E4
where uxref is the standard measurement uncertainty obtained by calibrating of travelling standard with a RL; uxinst is the standard measurement uncertainty from the travelling standard instability of during ILC period
uxinst=ΔXmax/3,E5
ΔXmax is the maximum change in nominal value of travelling standard during ILC period.
The absence of a significant effect of the travelling standards instability on the evaluation of the CL result in the ILC can be at its maximum instability, which is determined by the expression [39].
xinst≤U2xlabj+U2XAV.E6
The value of the travelling standards instability can be obtained for several cases: measurements of the RL of the travelling standard in the process of carry out of ILC; from the technical specification for the travelling standard, measurements of the RL of the travelling standard for a long time, and etc. Results of calculating the En index for various options for accounting for travelling standards instability are shows in [39].
In any case, from expression (4) it follows that with an increase in the value of the measurement uncertainty associated with instability, the value of the En index only decreases. In this case, it can be stated that the use of a more unstable travelling standard can improve the consistency of the ILC data, which is not acceptable for CL. To carry out ILСs for CLs, it is more preferable to use working standards as calibration objects. Typically, a working standard has less instability than a measuring instrument. The use of a measuring instrument as a travelling standard can lead to somewhat distorted results of such ILCs.
An analysis RL of the travelling standard instability for all calibration points of the ILC7 is given in [33]. The drift of travelling standard for ILC7 at all frequencies is presented on Figure 8. The uncertainty of travelling standards instability for ILC7 is presented in Table 10. The contribution of the uncertainty from the long-term drift of the travelling standard to the standard uncertainty of AV for the entire duration of ILC7 is from 5.3 to 8.3% for all calibration points. Such a drift of the measuring instrument used as a calibration object is acceptable for the ILC. It does not distort the ILC results for the participating CLs.
Figure 8.
The drift of travelling standard for ILC7: a is frequency 130 MHz, b is frequency 168 MHz, c is frequency 223 MHz.
ILC7 point
Frequency (MHz)
uXAV (Hz)
uxinst (Hz)
Drift contribution to uncertainty AV (%)
ILC7–1
130
0.12
0.01
8.3
ILC7–2
168
0.17
0.01
5.9
ILC7–3
223
0.19
0.01
5.3
Table 10.
The uncertainty of travelling standards instability for ILC7.
The list of travelling standard for all ILCs and values of En and z indexes are shown in Table 11.
ILC
Calibration object
Working standard
Measuring instrument
En index
z index
Unsatisfactory (%)
ILC1
Precision measuring thermocouple
Yes
No
5
20
ILC2
Measures of electrical resistance (1th round)
Yes
No
24
14
ILC3
Measures of electrical resistance (2th round)
Yes
No
0
25
ILC4
Precision measure of electric power
Yes
No
0
19
ILC5
Low frequency signal generator
No
Yes
7
33
ILC6
Electronic stopwatch
No
Yes
0
45
ILC7
High-frequency signal generator
No
Yes
3
13
Table 11.
The list of travelling standard for ILCs and values of En and z indexes.
The use of a measuring instrument as a calibration object leads to a slight increase in the values of the z index and practically does not affect the En index, as can be seen from Table 11.
7. The improvement of the evaluation of interlaboratory comparison results
Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by ILCs are presented in [26, 27]. The aim of creating alternative statistics in order to improve the analysis and evaluation of ILC measurement results is research work [40]. The improvement of statistical indicators is proposed by addressing two specific issues: robustness and reliability. The proposed methodology is not traditional for ILC, but it can be used as an additional methodology for checking the results of ILC.
The following conditions are provided for data evaluation of international comparison of national standards: the travelling measurement standard is stable, the measurement results presented by laboratories are reciprocally independent, and the Gaussian distribution is assigned to a measurand in each laboratory [41, 42, 43, 44]. The same conditions can be extended for data evaluation of ILCs for CLs. Frequently the measurement procedures for supplementary comparisons of national standards [44] are the calibration procedures of these laboratories. Such calibration procedures can also be extended to ILCs for CLs. In such a case, the calibration capabilities of the laboratory can be confirmed.
The application of z index for evaluation of CL results recommended instead of En index since this number is not applicable due to the difficulty in determining the AV [16]. Of course, for accredited test laboratories, it is preferable to use the services of a CL with the best calibration capabilities. Better calibration capabilities of laboratories are characterized by lower calibration uncertainties of working standards and measuring instruments. CLs with a satisfactory value of the En index in the ILC, but having large calibration uncertainties become uncompetitive. If we return to the analysis of Figures 1–3, it can be seen that lab 1, 3 and 7 for ILCs 1–2, lab 4 for ILC4–2, and lab 1 and lab 7 for ILC6–1 have very large declared measurement uncertainties.
The declared measurement uncertainties of CL for ILC are judged as confirmed if the following equation is satisfied [4, 43].
Dlabj<2uDlabj.E7
In case the declared uncertainties CL don’t confirmed during the ILC and for their confirmation it is necessary to participate in other similar ILCs.
Often, a national metrological institute or an accredited CL, which is an RL in ILC, performs high-precision calibration of working standards and measuring instruments for CLs participating in this ILC. In this case, a correlation of the obtained CL results is formed, which must be taken into account when evaluating the data of such an ILC. Covariance’s are estimated by careful analysis of the uncertainty budget of CLs by the RL
covxlabjXAV=u02,E8
where u02 is common input to the uncertainty budgets of both results [43].
In this case, the value of the En index is calculated by the formula:
En=Dlabj/U2xlabj+U2XAV−2covxlabjXAV.E9
If the value of the En index meets the specified requirement (≤ 1.0), then the minimum standard measurement uncertainty, that can be claimed as calibration capability of CL participating in ILC, is:
uCCxlabj=uILCxlabj.E10
If the value of the En index not meets the specified requirement (> 1.0), then the minimum standard measurement uncertainty, that can be claimed as calibration capability of CL participating in ILC, is:
uCCxlabj=Dlabj24+u2XAV,E11
where uXAV is the standard measurement uncertainty of AV.
Correspondingly, the extended uncertainty is U0.95xlabj=2uILCxlabj .
The same requirements can be extended for compliance (≤ 2.0) or inconsistency (> 2.0) of the value of the z index with the established requirements. In this case, the minimum standard measurement uncertainty, that can be claimed as calibration capability of CL participating in ILC, will be determined by formulas (10) and (11), respectively.
If the standard uncertainty uXAV of the AV is too large in comparison with the standard deviation σ for ILC, then there is a risk that some laboratories will receive action and warning signals because of inaccuracy in the determination of the AV, not because of any cause within the laboratories. If
uXAV≤0.3σE12
then the uncertainty of the AV is negligible and need not be included in the interpretation of the ILC results. Further, all CLs participating in ILC shall carry out the same number of replicate measurements. This approach assumes that CLs have generally similar repeatability [26].
To evaluate the ILC data, can use z′ index also [26] which calculated by the equation
z′=Dlabj/σ2+u2XAVE13
This equation may be used when the AV is not calculated using the results reported by CLs participating in ILC. z′ index shall be interpreted in the same way as z index and using the same critical values of 2.0 and 3.0.
Comparison of the equations for z and z′ indexes shows that z′ index for ILC will all be smaller than the corresponding z index by a constant factor of σ/σ2+u2XAV .
When the inequality established by expression (12) is satisfied, then this factor will fall in the range: 0.96≤σ/σ2+u2XAV≤1.00. In this case, z′ index will be nearly identical to z index, and it may be concluded that the uncertainty of the AV is negligible. When the inequality established by expression (12) is not satisfied, the difference in magnitude of the z′ and z indexes may be such that some z index exceeds the critical values of 2.0 or 3.0.
8. Conclusions
To perform an ILC for CLs, RL must provide a stable working standard or measuring instrument as a calibration object and monitor its drift throughout the ILC. The use of a measuring instrument as a calibration object leads to a slight increase in the values of the z index and practically does not affect the En index. The application of z index for evaluation of CL results recommended instead of En index.
The analysis of the results of the ILC for CLs for consistency should include not only the analysis of the values of the En index, but also the z index. If we restrict ourselves to only the En index, then it is possible to get unreliable results of the ILC and not identify problems in the CL-participants of the ILC. In 3 from 7 ILCs examined, the En index showed completely satisfactory results, while the z index in all of these 3 ILCs revealed problematic results from the participating laboratories.
The stable travelling standard, the independent measurement results of laboratories with Gaussian distribution are main conditions for data evaluation of ILC for CLs. To participate in the ILC when declaring its measurement uncertainty, CLs must conduct a thorough analysis of the components of this uncertainty. It is necessary to take into account the correlation of the laboratory data of the participants of the ILC when evaluating its results. Covariance is estimated by carefully analyzing the CL uncertainty budget using RL.
The minimum standard measurement uncertainty that can be claimed as the calibration capability of a CL participating in an ILC can be determined in different ways depending on the value of the obtained En index or z index. If the standard uncertainty of AV is too large compared to the standard deviation for the ILC, there is a risk of unreliable results for some CLs.
\n',keywords:"interlaboratory comparison, data evaluation, referent laboratory, calibration laboratory, calibration, measurement uncertainty",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78194.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78194.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78194",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78194",totalDownloads:143,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 24th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 16th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 21st 2021",datePublished:"May 11th 2022",dateFinished:"August 21st 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"National accreditation agencies in different countries have set quite strict requirements for accreditation of testing and calibration laboratories. Interlaboratory comparisons (ILCs) are a form of experimental verification of laboratory activities to determine technical competence in a particular activity. Successful results of conducting ILCs for the laboratory are a confirmation of competence in carrying out certain types of measurements by a specific specialist on specific equipment. To obtain reliable results of ILC accredited laboratories, it is necessary to improve the methods of processing these results. These methods are based on various data processing algorithms. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the most optimal method of processing the obtained data, which would allow to obtain reliable results. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the calibration laboratories (CLs) when evaluating the results of ILС. Such features are related to the need to provide calibration of measuring instruments for testing laboratories. The evaluation results for ILCs for CLs are presented. The results for all participants of ILCs were evaluated using the En and z indexes. The obtained results showed that for the such ILCs it is also necessary to evaluate the data using the z index also.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78194",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78194",signatures:"Oleh Velychko and Tetyana Gordiyenko",book:{id:"10968",type:"book",title:"Applied Aspects of Modern Metrology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applied Aspects of Modern Metrology",slug:"applied-aspects-of-modern-metrology",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",bookSignature:"Oleh Velychko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10968.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-80355-049-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-048-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-050-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"223340",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleh",middleName:null,surname:"Velychko",slug:"oleh-velychko",fullName:"Oleh Velychko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"94982",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetyana",middleName:null,surname:"Gordiyenko",fullName:"Tetyana Gordiyenko",slug:"tetyana-gordiyenko",email:"T_Gord@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94982/images/279_n.jpg",institution:null},{id:"223340",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleh",middleName:null,surname:"Velychko",fullName:"Oleh Velychko",slug:"oleh-velychko",email:"velychko@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223340/images/system/223340.jpg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. The national interlaboratory comparisons for calibration laboratories",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. The traditional data evaluation of interlaboratory comparisons",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. The additional data evaluation of interlaboratory comparisons",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. The summarized results of interlaboratory comparisons",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. The influence of travelling standards instability",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. The improvement of the evaluation of interlaboratory comparison results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'ILAC B7:10/2015. The ILAC Mutual Recognition Arrangement, ILAC, 2015; 8 p.'},{id:"B2",body:'ILAC P4:05/2019. 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Procedia Engineering. 2014;69, 263–272.'},{id:"B31",body:'EA-04/02 М. Evaluation of the Uncertainty of Measurement in Calibration. EA; 2013. 75 p.'},{id:"B32",body:'Velychko O., Gordiyenko T., Boriak K. Linking the Results of Inter-laboratory Comparisons for DC Electrical Resistance Measures. Ukrainian Metrological Journal. 2020;1:4–11. DOI: 10.24027/2306-7039.1.2020. 204155.'},{id:"B33",body:'Velychko O., Shevkun S., Mescheriak O., Gordiyenko T., Kursini S. Interlaboratory comparisons of the calibration results of signal generator. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. 2019;3/9(99):14–20. DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2019.166504.'},{id:"B34",body:'Velychko O., Shevkun S., Gordiyenko T., Mescheriak O. Interlaboratory comparisons of the calibration results of time meters. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. 2018;1/9(91):4–11. DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2018.121089.'},{id:"B35",body:'Velychko O., Isaiev V. Interlaboratory comparison in context of inappropriate results of voltage thermal converter calibration. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies. 2018;3;1–2:5–12.'},{id:"B36",body:'The BIPM key comparison database (KCDB) [Internet]. Available from: http://kcdb.bipm.org/ [Accessed: 2021-06-25].'},{id:"B37",body:'Velychko O., Isaiev V. A comparative analysis of AC/DC transfer standards for comparison of national standards. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. Applied physics. 2018;6/5(96):14–24. DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2018.150459.'},{id:"B38",body:'Velychko O., Gordiyenko T. Features of the processing of results and estimation of measurement uncertainty of inter-laboratory comparison for calibration laboratories. Information Processing Systems. 2018;4(155):77–83. DOI: 10.30748/soi.2018.155.10.'},{id:"B39",body:'Sousa J. J. L., Leitão L. T. S., Costa M. M., Faria M. C. Considerations on the influence of travelling standards instability in an interlaboratory comparison program. In: Proceedings of the XX IMEKO World Congress “Metrology for Green Growth”; 2012; Busan, Republic of Korea. IMEKO; 2012. 4 p.'},{id:"B40",body:'Berni R., Carobbi C. Alternative statistical analysis of interlaboratory comparison measurement results. In: Proceedings of the XXI IMEKO World Congress “Measurement in Research and Industry”; 2015; Prague, Czech Republic. IMEKO; 2015. 5 p.'},{id:"B41",body:'Cox M. G. The evaluation of key comparison data: determining the largest consistent subset. Metrologia. 2007;44:187–200.'},{id:"B42",body:'Cox M. G. The evaluation of key comparison data. Metrologia. 2002;39:589–595. DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/39/6/10.'},{id:"B43",body:'CООМЕТ R/GM/14:2016. Guidelines for data evaluation of COOMET key comparison, COOMET; 2016, 6 p.'},{id:"B44",body:'CООМЕТ R/GM/19:2016. Guideline on COOMET supplementary comparison evaluation, COOMET; 2016, 5 p.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Oleh Velychko",address:"velychko@ukrcsm.kiev.ua",affiliation:'
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IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
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Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
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Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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Ciurean, Dagmar Schröter and Thomas Glade",authors:[{id:"163703",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Glade",slug:"thomas-glade",fullName:"Thomas Glade"},{id:"164141",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Roxana",middleName:"Liliana",surname:"Ciurean",slug:"roxana-ciurean",fullName:"Roxana Ciurean"},{id:"164142",title:"Dr.",name:"Dagmar",middleName:null,surname:"Schroeter",slug:"dagmar-schroeter",fullName:"Dagmar Schroeter"}]},{id:"58010",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72304",title:"Fourth Industrial Revolution: Current Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities",slug:"fourth-industrial-revolution-current-practices-challenges-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:6371,totalCrossrefCites:42,totalDimensionsCites:68,abstract:"The globalization and the competitiveness are forcing companies to rethink and to innovate their production processes following the so-called Industry 4.0 paradigm. It represents the integration of tools already used in the past (big data, cloud, robot, 3D printing, simulation, etc.) that are now connected into a global network by transmitting digital data. The implementation of this new paradigm represents a huge change for companies, which are faced with big investments. In order to benefit from the opportunities offered by the smart revolution, companies must have the prerequisites needed to withstand changes generated by “smart” system. In addition, new workers who face the world of work 4.0 must have new skills in automation, digitization, and information technology, without forgetting soft skills. This chapter aims to present the main good practices, challenges, and opportunities related to Industry 4.0 paradigm.",book:{id:"6291",slug:"digital-transformation-in-smart-manufacturing",title:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing"},signatures:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Raffaele Cioffi and Federico\nZomparelli",authors:[{id:"161682",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice"},{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"},{id:"205141",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Zomparelli",slug:"federico-zomparelli",fullName:"Federico Zomparelli"},{id:"208748",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaele",middleName:null,surname:"Cioffi",slug:"raffaele-cioffi",fullName:"Raffaele Cioffi"}]},{id:"40977",doi:"10.5772/53885",title:"The Emergence of Scientific Reasoning",slug:"the-emergence-of-scientific-reasoning",totalDownloads:4520,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:58,abstract:null,book:{id:"654",slug:"current-topics-in-children-s-learning-and-cognition",title:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition"},signatures:"Bradley J. 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Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2204,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:null,title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:null},{id:"58969",title:"Corruption, Causes and Consequences",slug:"corruption-causes-and-consequences",totalDownloads:27589,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Corruption is a constant in the society and occurs in all civilizations; however, it has only been in the past 20 years that this phenomenon has begun being seriously explored. It has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy and the society at large. Among the most common causes of corruption are the political and economic environment, professional ethics and morality and, of course, habits, customs, tradition and demography. Its effects on the economy (and also on the wider society) are well researched, yet still not completely. Corruption thus inhibits economic growth and affects business operations, employment and investments. It also reduces tax revenue and the effectiveness of various financial assistance programs. The wider society is influenced by a high degree of corruption in terms of lowering of trust in the law and the rule of law, education and consequently the quality of life (access to infrastructure, health care). There also does not exist an unambiguous answer as to how to deal with corruption. Something that works in one country or in one region will not necessarily be successful in another. This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.",book:{id:"6487",slug:"trade-and-global-market",title:"Trade and Global Market",fullTitle:"Trade and Global Market"},signatures:"Štefan Šumah",authors:[{id:"228073",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Sumah",slug:"stefan-sumah",fullName:"Stefan Sumah"}]},{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2294,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"59152",title:"Marketing Strategies for the Social Good",slug:"marketing-strategies-for-the-social-good",totalDownloads:1594,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Social network sites (SNS) have proven to be a good environment to promote and sell goods and services, but marketing is more than creating commercial strategies. Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82382",title:"A Cultural Approach in the Synchronous Class in English Teaching and Learning",slug:"a-cultural-approach-in-the-synchronous-class-in-english-teaching-and-learning",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105553",abstract:"If culture is defined as a way of training to obtain knowledge through educational channels, the concept is associated with educability. Therefore, teaching cognitive, attitudinal, and procedural knowledge directly indicates teaching and learning culture to acquire norms and patterns of sociocultural behavior. The purpose of this study was: to debate about the way interaction among students and teachers in synchronous classes based on life’s materials, topics, and methods, and critical or reflective thinking can be adapted by the teacher to the students’ closest environment to communicate in English as an international language. If a language is taught, spoken, and learned in the country, culture surrounding the context is taught. If this language is not spoken in the place, the knowledge system also transmits norms and values, different from those of the language. So, the students get, culturally and socially, modes of action, principles, and knowledge through international language learning. Thus, teaching and learning English as an international language means the way possible interaction has opportunities for every student’s growth and the way their personality formation gets integral results. English taught and learned as an international language denotes reaching the students’ world and needs to communicate in English as a meaningful international language.",book:{id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy - Challenges, Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg"},signatures:"Ned Vito Quevedo Arnaiz, Nemis García Arias and Fredy Pablo Cañizares Galarza"},{id:"82470",title:"The Effect of COVID-19 on the Quality of Life of Care Workers: Challenges for Social Services Leaders",slug:"the-effect-of-covid-19-on-the-quality-of-life-of-care-workers-challenges-for-social-services-leaders",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105603",abstract:"Stressful situations are likely to impact health and social care workers’ quality of life negatively. Indeed, mental, physical, and emotional health problems have been reported in relation to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life of health care workers. Instead of health care workers’ reality, and despite the care sector’s relevance, studies of the effects of COVID-19 on the quality of life of care workers have not been sufficiently explored. Recognizing the effect of COVID on the quality of life of care workers will collaborate with leaders of organizations, social work practitioners, and academics in the design of policies that promote better working conditions. Therefore, during 2021, a study was carried out in Chile where 150 social services and care workers were surveyed in Chile using a version of COV19-QoL in Spanish. The impact of COVID on quality of life is described, and the challenges that this reality implies to social service leaders are presented.",book:{id:"11095",title:"Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11095.jpg"},signatures:"Magdalena Calderón-Orellana, Alejandra Inostroza and Paula Miranda Sánchez"},{id:"82448",title:"Virus World Vulnerability: A Critical Reading of Gender and Performance in Bo Burnham’s “Inside” (2021)",slug:"virus-world-vulnerability-a-critical-reading-of-gender-and-performance-in-bo-burnham-s-inside-2021",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105182",abstract:"Through an engagement with the seminal work of Raewyn Connell on masculinities and hegemonic masculinity, this chapter argues for the hegemonic norm as producing behaviour among men that can be traced in multiple male subjectivities. The argument is that men respond to the prevailing masculine norm by enacting self-protective disavowal—a complex psychological process that involves the reordering of reality in the interests of the maintenance of power, and one that is seen in cases of both legitimate and imagined threats to the self and the body. Self-protective disavowal is at the core of the Same Shit phenomenon—the idea that while the experience of masculinity varies across culture and position in the gender order, self-protective disavowal is a constant that leads to predicable patterns among men. The discussion then explores deliberate vulnerability as a kind of anti-protective disavowal in Bo Burnham’s INSIDE, a complex, undefinable ‘special’ released on Netflix in 2021. The chapter considers Burnham’s work as a departure from self-protective disavowal and Same Shit masculinity through deliberate vulnerability and critically evaluates the value of this alternative, especially given the nihilism that reigns over the work and calls into question the validity of uncritically romanticization of alternatives.",book:{id:"10540",title:"Masculinity Studies - An Interdisciplinary Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10540.jpg"},signatures:"Chris McWade"},{id:"82454",title:"Prospects and Pitfalls Experienced by Social Workers Working in a Confounding Environment in a South African Setting",slug:"prospects-and-pitfalls-experienced-by-social-workers-working-in-a-confounding-environment-in-a-south",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105604",abstract:"While social workers are professionally and aptly placed to facilitate a turn-around environment rife with a conglomeration of challenges such as poverty, ignorance, and diseases, the chapter discusses the developmental prospects and pitfalls that confound their practice in South Africa. Opportunely, social work interventions continue to gain developmental mileage through increased training of social workers, their increased deployment in various versatile domains of social and economic development and increased widening of the scope of social work research, especially current research in fields such as HIV/AIDS and coronavirus. On the other side of the coin, the chapter discusses social work pitfalls attributed to professional curricular gaps as social work continue to follow a western-centric curriculum; the presence of various metaphysical beliefs and myths that weaken or derail social work interventions and a weaker research environment to offer a plausible and timely solution to the prevalent problems. The chapter concludes by calling for a paradigm shift in the social work curriculum as well as its indigenization to productively respond to the South African socio-cultural and geographical milieu.",book:{id:"11095",title:"Social Work - Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11095.jpg"},signatures:"Simon Murote Kang’ethe"},{id:"82425",title:"Financial Reporting and Analysis of Tesla Green Technology in the United States Market",slug:"financial-reporting-and-analysis-of-tesla-green-technology-in-the-united-states-market",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105065",abstract:"This study aims to discuss and analyze the financial position and performance of the US Tesla green technology company in the United States. This study uses a case study approach, financial data, and website methodologies to collect and analyze the research data. The case study is Tesla, Inc., which is a US electric vehicle and clean energy company based in Austin, Texas. Tesla is a green technology company that produces and designs electric cars, battery energy storage from home to grid-scale, solar roof tiles and solar panels, and related products and services. Tesla is growing fastly by introducing new green products, and it is now one of the world’s most valuable enterprises. It has a high market capitalization of almost US$1 trillion to become the world’s most valuable automaker. This study concludes that Tesla has changed their strategy to become the most worldwide sales of purely battery electric vehicles, capturing 23% of the market and 16% of the plug-in electric battery in the market for 2020. It has also developed a significant installer of photovoltaic systems through its subsidiary Tesla Energy in the United States. One of the largest global battery energy-storage systems suppliers is Tesla Energy, with 3.99 gigawatt-hours installed in 2021.",book:{id:"11251",title:"Banking and Accounting",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11251.jpg"},signatures:"Nizar Mohammad Alsharari"},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",abstract:"In the last decades, the never-ending and unlimited expanding of both international economies and operations became globalization. Among its main features, one could recall the enormous increase of world macro-economic quantities (Gross World Product, Inter-continental Trade, FDI), as well as financial values (public debts and currency printing). The chapter tries to quantify them, by a statistical analysis of historical data (Section 1). Section 2 is dedicated to the strategic problems of firms, in particular the threats and opportunities for (inter) national firms willing to become global, and obstacles are included in Section 3. This given, it deals with the behavior of countries from the political and juridical points of view, and those ones passed form initial perplexities, distaste, or even hostility to a favorable behavior. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? 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