\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5721",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanoplasmonics - Fundamentals and Applications",title:"Nanoplasmonics",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nanoplasmonics is a young topic of research, which is part of nanophotonics and nano-optics. Nanoplasmonics concerns to the investigation of electron oscillations in metallic nanostructures and nanoparticles. Surface plasmons have optical properties, which are very interesting. For instance, surface plasmons have the unique capacity to confine light at the nanoscale. Moreover, surface plasmons are very sensitive to the surrounding medium and the properties of the materials on which they propagate. In addition to the above, the surface plasmon resonances can be controlled by adjusting the size, shape, periodicity, and materials' nature. All these optical properties can enable a great number of applications, such as biosensors, optical modulators, photodetectors, and photovoltaic devices. This book is intended for a broad audience and provides an overview of some of the fundamental knowledges and applications of nanoplasmonics.",isbn:"978-953-51-3278-3",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3277-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4780-0",doi:"10.5772/65150",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"nanoplasmonics-fundamentals-and-applications",numberOfPages:494,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"970b0405067c750bbc4503553712e55e",bookSignature:"Gregory Barbillon",publishedDate:"June 21st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5721.jpg",numberOfDownloads:30836,numberOfWosCitations:52,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:32,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:9,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:101,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 6th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 27th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 24th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 24th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 23rd 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"39563",title:"Prof.",name:"Grégory",middleName:null,surname:"Barbillon",slug:"gregory-barbillon",fullName:"Grégory Barbillon",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39563/images/5751_n.jpg",biography:"Grégory Barbillon completed his PhD in Physics (2007) with greatest distinction at the University of Technology of Troyes (France). Then, he obtained his Habilitation (HDR) in Physics (2013) at the University of Paris Sud (Orsay, France). From September 2017, he is Professor of Physics at the faculty of Engineering: EPF - Ecole d Ingénieurs (Sceaux, France). His research interests are focused on Plasmonics, Nano-Optics, Non-Linear Optics, Nanophotonics, Condensed Matter Physics, Optical Sensing, Biosensing, Nanotechnology, Surface Enhanced Spectroscopies, Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy, Materials Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Fluorescence.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1169",title:"Condensed Matter Physics",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-condensed-matter-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"54822",title:"Graphene and Active Metamaterials: Theoretical Methods and Physical Properties",doi:"10.5772/67900",slug:"graphene-and-active-metamaterials-theoretical-methods-and-physical-properties",totalDownloads:1587,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The interaction of light with matter has triggered the interest of scientists for a long time. The area of plasmonics emerges in this context through the interaction of light with valence electrons in metals. The random phase approximation in the long wavelength limit is used for analytical investigation of plasmons in three‐dimensional metals, in a two‐dimensional electron gas, and finally in the most famous two‐dimensional semi‐metal, namely graphene. We show that plasmons in bulk metals as well as in a two‐dimensional electron gas originate from classical laws, whereas quantum effects appear as non‐local corrections. On the other hand, graphene plasmons are purely quantum modes, and thus, they would not exist in a “classical world.” Furthermore, under certain circumstances, light is able to couple with plasmons on metallic surfaces, forming a surface plasmon polariton, which is very important in nanoplasmonics due to its subwavelength nature. In addition, we outline two applications that complete our theoretical investigation. First, we examine how the presence of gain (active) dielectrics affects surface plasmon polariton properties and we find that there is a gain value for which the metallic losses are completely eliminated resulting in lossless plasmon propagation. Second, we combine monolayers of graphene in a periodic order and construct a plasmonic metamaterial that provides tunable wave propagation properties, such as epsilon‐near‐zero behavior, normal, and negative refraction.",signatures:"Marios Mattheakis, Giorgos P. Tsironis and Efthimios Kaxiras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54822",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54822",authors:[{id:"196265",title:"Dr.",name:"Marios",surname:"Mattheakis",slug:"marios-mattheakis",fullName:"Marios Mattheakis"},{id:"205355",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Tsironis",slug:"george-tsironis",fullName:"George Tsironis"},{id:"205356",title:"Prof.",name:"Efthimios",surname:"Kaxiras",slug:"efthimios-kaxiras",fullName:"Efthimios Kaxiras"}],corrections:null},{id:"54221",title:"Magneto‐Plasmonics and Optical Activity in Graphene‐Based Nanowires",doi:"10.5772/67417",slug:"magneto-plasmonics-and-optical-activity-in-graphene-based-nanowires",totalDownloads:1509,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, graphene plasmonics shows a great number of features unusual for traditional (metal‐based) plasmonics from high localization and large propagation distance of surface plasmon‐polaritons (SPPs) through the existence of both TE‐ and TM‐polarized SPPs to the possibility of controlled SPPs by graphene chemical potential (or, equivalently, by gate voltage or chemical doping). Cylindrical graphene‐based plasmonic structures have some advantages in contrast to planar geometry: absence of edge losses, existence of high‐order azimuthal modes, etc. In this work, we discuss some ways to obtain an optical activity in cylindrical graphene‐based plasmonic structures and its possible applications to SPPs manipulation.",signatures:"Dmitry A. Kuzmin, Igor V. Bychkov, Vladimir G. Shavrov and Vasily V.\nTemnov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54221",authors:[{id:"178503",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Bychkov",slug:"igor-bychkov",fullName:"Igor Bychkov"},{id:"179169",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Shavrov",slug:"vladimir-shavrov",fullName:"Vladimir Shavrov"},{id:"195716",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Kuzmin",slug:"dmitry-kuzmin",fullName:"Dmitry Kuzmin"},{id:"196537",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasily",surname:"Temnov",slug:"vasily-temnov",fullName:"Vasily Temnov"}],corrections:null},{id:"55339",title:"Nanoplasmonics in Metallic Nanostructures and Dirac Systems",doi:"10.5772/67689",slug:"nanoplasmonics-in-metallic-nanostructures-and-dirac-systems",totalDownloads:2047,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this book chapter, we review some of the progress made in nanoplasmonics and related optoelectronics phenomena in the field of two-dimensional (2D) materials and the recent 3D Weyl semimetals. We give a brief overview of plasmonics for three-dimensional (3DEG) and two-dimensional electron gases and draw comparisons with graphene, 3D topological insulators, 3D Weyl semimetals, and nanoplasmonics in nanogeometries. We discuss the decay of plasmons into electron-hole pairs and the subsequent thermalization and cooling of the hot carriers. We present our recent results in the fields of plasmonics in different nanostructures made of noble metals, such as Silver, and plasmonics in Dirac systems such as graphene and 3D topological insulators. We show a possibility of dynamically shifting the plasmon resonances in hybrid metal-semiconductor nanostructures. Plasmonics in 3D topological insulator and 3D Weyl semimetals have been least explored in nanoplasmonics although it can provide a variety of interesting physical phenomena involving spin plasmonics and chirality. Due to the inherent large spin-orbit coupling, locked spin-momentum oscillations can exist under special conditions and in the presence of an external laser field. We explore symmetric and antisymmetric modes in a slab of 3D TIs and present their dependences on the thickness of the slab.",signatures:"Hari P. Paudel, Alireza Safaei and Michael N. Leuenberger",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55339",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55339",authors:[{id:"113939",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Leuenberger",slug:"michael-leuenberger",fullName:"Michael Leuenberger"},{id:"198507",title:"Dr.",name:"Hari",surname:"Paudel",slug:"hari-paudel",fullName:"Hari Paudel"},{id:"198509",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad Waqas",surname:"Shabbir",slug:"muhammad-waqas-shabbir",fullName:"Muhammad Waqas Shabbir"}],corrections:null},{id:"54303",title:"Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Effects of Metal Nanoparticles Composites",doi:"10.5772/67412",slug:"ultrafast-nonlinear-optical-effects-of-metal-nanoparticles-composites",totalDownloads:1437,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We present a theoretical method for the calculation of the transient nonlinearity in dielectric composites doped with metal nanoparticles and demonstrate some applications of this approach. First, we describe the theoretical basis of the linear and nonlinear properties of metal nanoparticles by using the time-domain discrete-dipole approximation. By using the two-temperature model for the description of the electron-electron and electron-lattice interaction, we derive an equation for the transient third-order nonlinear susceptibility. Based on this method and the effective medium approximation, we present numerical results for the nonlinear optical susceptibility for different nanocomposites media consisting of noble metal nanoparticles surrounded by a dielectric host. With increasing pump intensities, the plasmon resonance is shifted which leads to a saturation of the absorption. We present a theory of mode-locking of solid-state and semiconductor disk lasers using metal nanocomposites as saturable absorbers. Finally, we consider a novel slow-light device based on metal nanocomposites.",signatures:"Kwang-Hyon Kim, Anton Husakou and Joachim Herrmann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54303",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54303",authors:[{id:"196211",title:"Dr.",name:"Joachim",surname:"Herrmann",slug:"joachim-herrmann",fullName:"Joachim Herrmann"},{id:"204703",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Husakou",slug:"anton-husakou",fullName:"Anton Husakou"}],corrections:null},{id:"55888",title:"Understanding the Physical Behavior of Plasmonic Antennas Through Computational Electromagnetics",doi:"10.5772/67589",slug:"understanding-the-physical-behavior-of-plasmonic-antennas-through-computational-electromagnetics",totalDownloads:1444,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter focuses on understanding the electromagnetic response of nanoscopic metallic antennas through a classical computational electromagnetic algorithm: volumetric method of moments (V‐MoMs). Under the assumption that metals only respond to external electromagnetic disturbance locally, we rigorously formulate the light‐nanoantenna interaction in terms of a volume integral equation (VIE) and solve the equation by using the method of moments algorithm. Modes of a nanoantenna, as the excitation independent solution to the volume integral equation (VIE), are introduced to resolve the antenna’s complex optical spectrum. Group representation theory is then employed to reveal how the symmetry of a nanoantenna defines the modes’ properties and determines the antenna’s optical response. Through such a treatment, a set of tools that can systematically treat the interaction of light with a nanoantenna is developed, paving the road for future nanoantenna design.",signatures:"Xuezhi Zheng, Guy A.E. Vandenbosch and Victor V. Moshchalkov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55888",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55888",authors:[{id:"20908",title:"Prof.",name:"Guy A. E.",surname:"Vandenbosch",slug:"guy-a.-e.-vandenbosch",fullName:"Guy A. E. Vandenbosch"},{id:"196579",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuezhi",surname:"Zheng",slug:"xuezhi-zheng",fullName:"Xuezhi Zheng"},{id:"196630",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor V.",surname:"Moshchalkov",slug:"victor-v.-moshchalkov",fullName:"Victor V. Moshchalkov"}],corrections:null},{id:"55056",title:"Plasmonic Field Distribution of Homo- and Hetero Dimeric Ag and Au Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/67411",slug:"plasmonic-field-distribution-of-homo-and-hetero-dimeric-ag-and-au-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1552,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles are known to have very strong plasmonic fields among the other plasmonic metallic nanoparticles. When two Ag or Au nanoparticles are brought close together, hot spots (strong electromagnetic field) are formed between the particles, which can be exploited in imaging and sensing applications. In this chapter, we used the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) to investigate the interdimer separation dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of homo- and heterodimers of Ag and Au nanocubes (NCs) when the exciting incident light is polarized parallel to the dimer axis. It was found that as the interdimer separation changes, the plasmonic field distribution around the nanocubes’ surface varied. The results from the homodimers showed that the primary plasmon band red-shifted in accordance with the universal scaling law and the hot spots geometry changed abruptly at small separations. The results simulated at very short distances showed that the hot spots formed in between the adjacent facets and away from the corners of these facets. However, at larger separations, it moved toward the adjacent corners. For heterodimers, unusual behavior was observed. It showed that the E-field resulting from excitation of the Ag-dominated plasmon resonance was significantly weaker than expected, and the red shift of the gold-dominated plasmon resonance did not follow the universal scaling law. It is likely that the silver plasmon mixes with the gold interband transition to form a hybrid resonance that produces weaker overall field intensity.",signatures:"Nasrin Hooshmand",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55056",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55056",authors:[{id:"195558",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasrin",surname:"Hooshmand",slug:"nasrin-hooshmand",fullName:"Nasrin Hooshmand"}],corrections:null},{id:"54218",title:"Optical Absorption and Thermal Effects of Plasmonic Nanostructures",doi:"10.5772/67505",slug:"optical-absorption-and-thermal-effects-of-plasmonic-nanostructures",totalDownloads:1775,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With resonant light illumination, metallic nanostructures convert electromagnetic fields’ energy into heat because of optical absorption associated with plasmonic resonance. The optical absorption triggers a heat generation process that involves not only the absorption of photon energy but also heat transfer from the nanostructures to the surrounding medium. In this chapter, we study enhanced optical absorption of plasmonic nanostructures. Moreover, thermal effects induced by optical absorption and heat transfer between nanostructures are analyzed.",signatures:"Jingzhi Wu and Yanhong Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54218",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54218",authors:[{id:"195668",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingzhi",surname:"Wu",slug:"jingzhi-wu",fullName:"Jingzhi Wu"},{id:"196485",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanhong",surname:"Wang",slug:"yanhong-wang",fullName:"Yanhong Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"54314",title:"Infrared Solar Thermal-Shielding Applications Based on Oxide Semiconductor Plasmonics",doi:"10.5772/67588",slug:"infrared-solar-thermal-shielding-applications-based-on-oxide-semiconductor-plasmonics",totalDownloads:1732,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter describes plasmonic responses in In2O3:Sn nanoparticles (ITO NPs) and their assembled ITO NP sheets in the infrared (IR) range. ITO NPs clearly provide resonance peaks related to local surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in the near-IR range, which are dependent on electron density in the NPs. In particular, electron-impurity scattering plays an important role in determining carrier-dependent plasmon damping, which is needed for the design of plasmonic materials based on ITO. ITO NPs are mainly dominated by light absorption. However, a high light reflection is observed in the near- and mid-IR range when using assembled NP sheets. This phenomenon is due to the fact that the introduction of surface modifications to the NPs can facilitate the production of electric-field (E-field) coupling between the NPs. The three-dimensional (3D) E-field coupling allows for resonant splitting of plasmon excitations to the quadrupole and dipole modes, thereby obtaining selective high reflections in the IR range. The high reflective performances from the assembled NP sheets were attributed to the plasmon interactions at the internanoparticle gaps. This work provides important insights for harnessing IR optical responses based on plasmonic technology toward the fabrications of IR solar thermal-shielding applications.",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui and Hitoshi Tabata",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54314",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54314",authors:[{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui"}],corrections:null},{id:"54442",title:"Surface Plasmonics and Its Applications in Infrared Sensing",doi:"10.5772/67410",slug:"surface-plasmonics-and-its-applications-in-infrared-sensing",totalDownloads:1446,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Surface plasmonic waves have been extensively researched due to their strong surface confinement. The strong surface confinement allows high absorption in an infrared (IR) detector with a thin active absorption region. The excitation of surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) depends on the metallic structures and the interface materials. This enables engineering of plasmonic-enhanced IR detector properties (e.g. detection wavelength, polarization and angular dependence) by properly designing the plasmonic structures. This chapter first gives a brief review of the surface plasmonic waves, followed by the description of SPR excitation in a metallic two-dimensional (2D) sub-wavelength hole array (2DSHA) structure. The applications of the 2DSHA SPR in IR detector enhancement are then presented with a discussion of the polarization and angular dependence.",signatures:"Guiru Gu, Xuejun Lu, Thitikorn Kemsri and Yingjie Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54442",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54442",authors:[{id:"196084",title:"Dr.",name:"Guiru",surname:"Gu",slug:"guiru-gu",fullName:"Guiru Gu"},{id:"204445",title:"Prof.",name:"Xuejun",surname:"Lu",slug:"xuejun-lu",fullName:"Xuejun Lu"},{id:"204446",title:"Mr.",name:"Thitikorn",surname:"Kemsri",slug:"thitikorn-kemsri",fullName:"Thitikorn Kemsri"},{id:"204447",title:"Dr.",name:"Yingjie",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yingjie-zhang",fullName:"Yingjie Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"54494",title:"Equivalent Nanocircuit Theory and Its Applications",doi:"10.5772/67681",slug:"equivalent-nanocircuit-theory-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:1491,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A new methodology termed as equivalent nanocircuit (EN) theory is briefly introduced, and its recent important progress in designing meta‐material devices with peculiar characteristics in optical or infrared frequency domain is reviewed. Three representative EN‐based designs of infrared window meta‐materials, such as Butterworth filter, metal‐insulator‐metal absorber and design‐simplified TCO‐based super‐flat absorber, are demonstrated. All these progresses clearly indicate that the EN theory provides an inspiring advancement on the way of designing more complicated meta‐devices.",signatures:"Qing Zhang, Jun You and Chengpu Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54494",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54494",authors:[{id:"195705",title:"Prof.",name:"Chengpu",surname:"Liu",slug:"chengpu-liu",fullName:"Chengpu Liu"},{id:"196632",title:"MSc.",name:"Qing",surname:"Zhang",slug:"qing-zhang",fullName:"Qing Zhang"},{id:"204906",title:"MSc.",name:"Jun",surname:"You",slug:"jun-you",fullName:"Jun You"}],corrections:null},{id:"54111",title:"Nanoplasmonic Waveguides Filled with Electro‐Optical Materials",doi:"10.5772/67370",slug:"nanoplasmonic-waveguides-filled-with-electro-optical-materials",totalDownloads:1352,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, nanoplasmonic waveguides filled with electro-optical materials are proposed and discussed. Rigorous theoretical modelling is developed to describe the propagation, generation and control of electromagnetic fields confined in these nanoscale waveguides. Two configurations are studied thoroughly. First, a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanoplasmonic waveguide filled with lithium niobate (i.e., LiNbO3) is considered for compact terahertz (THz) generation. The waveguide is designed to generate Gaussian THz waves by the means of frequency down-conversion of two surface plasmon polariton (i.e., SPP) modes. THz generation is shown to be viable over the entire range from 1 to 10 THz by properly designing the SPP wavelengths and waveguide dimensions. Future applications of such nanoscale THz sources include nanocommunication systems and body-centric networks. Secondly, an MIM nanoplasmonic waveguide filled with doped LiNbO3 is considered. The interaction between two interfering SPP modes is studied. It is shown that a strong symmetric SPP mode can be coupled to a weak antisymmetric SPP mode by the means of photorefractive effect. Future advances include implementing known photorefractive applications (such as interferometry and holography) in the nanoplasmonic field. The work of this chapter highlights the potential of functioning electro-optical materials in nanoplasmonic waveguides to achieve novel ultra-compact and efficient devices.",signatures:"Montasir Qasymeh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54111",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54111",authors:[{id:"195559",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Montasir",surname:"Qasymeh",slug:"montasir-qasymeh",fullName:"Montasir Qasymeh"}],corrections:null},{id:"54093",title:"Impedance Matching Analysis of Cylindrical Plasmonic Nanoantennas Fed by Optical Transmission Lines",doi:"10.5772/67414",slug:"impedance-matching-analysis-of-cylindrical-plasmonic-nanoantennas-fed-by-optical-transmission-lines",totalDownloads:1352,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An impedance matching analysis of two plasmonic nanocircuits connected to cylindrical nanoantennas is presented. In the first case, a bifilar optical transmission line (OTL) with finite length is connected between two nanodipoles, where one is illuminated by an optically focused Gaussian beam (receiving dipole) and the other radiates energy received from the OTL (emitting dipole). In the second case, the OTL is fed by a voltage source on one side and connected to a dipole‐loop composed antenna on the other side. These circuits are analysed electromagnetically by the linear method of moments (MoM) with equivalent surface impedance of conductors. Some results are compared using the finite element method. The results show the impedance matching characteristics of the circuits as a function of their geometries and the broadband response of the second circuit due the broadband dipole‐loop antenna.",signatures:"Karlo Queiroz da Costa, Janilson Leão Souza and Victor Dmitriev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54093",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54093",authors:[{id:"25711",title:"Dr.",name:"Karlo",surname:"Costa",slug:"karlo-costa",fullName:"Karlo Costa"},{id:"39921",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",surname:"Dmitriev",slug:"victor-dmitriev",fullName:"Victor Dmitriev"},{id:"196567",title:"MSc.",name:"Janilson",surname:"Souza",slug:"janilson-souza",fullName:"Janilson Souza"}],corrections:null},{id:"54170",title:"Tapered Plasmonic Nanoantennas for Energy Harvesting Applications",doi:"10.5772/67418",slug:"tapered-plasmonic-nanoantennas-for-energy-harvesting-applications",totalDownloads:1674,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, novel designs of tapered-dipole nanoantennas are investigated for energy harvesting applications. A full systematic analysis for the proposed structure is presented where the harvesting efficiency, return loss, radiation pattern, and near-field enhancement are calculated using a finite-element frequency domain solver. Simulation results show that the proposed nanoantennas can achieve a harvesting efficiency of 60% at a wavelength of 500 nm where the antenna input impedance is matched to that of fabricated rectifying devices. Additionally, the cross-tapered nanoantenna offers a near-field enhancement factor of 252 V/m, which is relatively high compared to previously reported nanoantennas. The spatial and spectral resonance modes are investigated, and the simulation results indicate the ability of the cross geometry to be utilized in color-sorting applications. Moreover, the particle swarm optimization technique is adapted to configure the proposed designs for maximum performance.",signatures:"Youssef Mamdouh El-Toukhy, Mohamed Farhat Othman\nHameed, Mohamed Hussein and Salah Sabry Ahmed Obayya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54170",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54170",authors:[{id:"195512",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Hameed",slug:"mohamed-hameed",fullName:"Mohamed Hameed"},{id:"195741",title:"Prof.",name:"Salah",surname:"Obayya",slug:"salah-obayya",fullName:"Salah Obayya"},{id:"195747",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Hussein",slug:"mohamed-hussein",fullName:"Mohamed Hussein"},{id:"195748",title:"MSc.",name:"Youssef",surname:"El-Toukhy",slug:"youssef-el-toukhy",fullName:"Youssef El-Toukhy"}],corrections:null},{id:"55415",title:"Plasmonics Devoted to Photocatalytic Applications in Liquid, Gas, and Biological Environments",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68812",slug:"plasmonics-devoted-to-photocatalytic-applications-in-liquid-gas-and-biological-environments",totalDownloads:1674,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Plasmonic nanomaterials have emerged in the last years as a very interesting option for many photocatalytic processes. Their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) brings in some unique properties that overcome some of the drawbacks associated with traditional photocatalysis based on semiconductors. Even when in its infancy, many advances have been made in the field, mainly related to the synthesis of new structures with the capabilities of light absorption in the whole solar spectrum. A great number of reactions have been attempted using nanoplasmonic materials. In this chapter, we present the most recent advances made in the field of plasmonic photocatalysis comprising an introductory section to define the main types of plasmonic nanomaterials available, including the most recently labeled alternatives. Following with the major areas of catalytic application, a second section of the chapter has been devoted to liquid-phase reactions for the treatment of pollutants and a selection of organic reactions to render added-value to chemicals under mild conditions. The third part of the chapter addresses two specific applications of nanoplasmonic photocatalysts in gas-phase reactions involving the remediation of volatile organic compounds and the transformation of carbon dioxide into valuable energy-related chemicals. Finally, a fourth section of the chapter introduces the most recent applications of plasmonics in biochemical processes involving the regulation of cofactor molecules and their mimetic behavior as potential enzyme-like surrogates.",signatures:"Carlos J. Bueno-Alejo, Adriana Arca-Ramos and Jose L. Hueso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55415",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55415",authors:[{id:"181108",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose L",surname:"Hueso",slug:"jose-l-hueso",fullName:"Jose L Hueso"},{id:"206130",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos J.",surname:"Bueno-Alejo",slug:"carlos-j.-bueno-alejo",fullName:"Carlos J. Bueno-Alejo"},{id:"206131",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Arca-Ramos",slug:"adriana-arca-ramos",fullName:"Adriana Arca-Ramos"}],corrections:null},{id:"55189",title:"Plasmonic Nanostructures as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrate for Protein Biomarker Sensing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68164",slug:"plasmonic-nanostructures-as-surface-enhanced-raman-scattering-sers-substrate-for-protein-biomarker-s",totalDownloads:1801,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Plasmonic nanostructures have attracted considerable interest in biomarker sensing with the goal of rapid diagnostics and personalized nanomedicine. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a versatile technique for the characterization of the plasmonic effect of the metallic nanostructures as well as a sensitive read‐out approach for biomarkers detection. In this contribution, we will give a review on the key optical properties of plasmonic nanostructures as SERS substrate for protein biomarkers detection. As a consequence, two approaches, label‐free and SERS labels will be discussed in details for protein biomarkers sensing by using the plasmonic nanostructures as the substrate.",signatures:"Dan Li and Yuling Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55189",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55189",authors:[{id:"196513",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuling",surname:"Wang",slug:"yuling-wang",fullName:"Yuling Wang"},{id:"205274",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",surname:"Li",slug:"dan-li",fullName:"Dan Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"54309",title:"SERS Application for Analysis of Live Single Cell",doi:"10.5772/67593",slug:"sers-application-for-analysis-of-live-single-cell",totalDownloads:1799,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Monitoring changes of the protein contents and other macromolecules inside a living single cell during the key cellular processes such as cell differentiation, division, and apoptosis is a challenge for researchers. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique for several biomedical applications that is rapid, reagent-free, and non-destructive while limited application with its weak signal. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique is widely used to enhance the Raman signal (109-15 fold) by using surface Plasmon resonance of noble metal nanostructures (e.g. silver, gold, copper). SERS is a non-destructive spectroscopic method applied for biomedical samples. In this chapter, we will discuss the principles and fundamentals of SERS technique, theories and different strategies to obtain SERS signals such as immobilization of metal colloids on a substrate. Also, we show the SERS applications including the identification and discrimination of different types of cells (healthy and nonhealthy cells, e.g., cancer cells), and the interaction of cells with different drugs will also be discussed on monolayer bulk cells as well as on single-cell basis and for stem cell differentiation. In addition, we show the coupling of SERS with electrochemical techniques (EC-SERS) as spectroelectrochemical technique and its applications in biology, bioanalytical, and life science.",signatures:"Waleed Ahmed El-Said, Hyeon-Yeol Cho and Jeong-Woo Choi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54309",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54309",authors:[{id:"19579",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeong-Woo",surname:"Choi",slug:"jeong-woo-choi",fullName:"Jeong-Woo Choi"},{id:"179605",title:"Dr.",name:"Waleed",surname:"El-Said",slug:"waleed-el-said",fullName:"Waleed El-Said"},{id:"197678",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyeon-Yeol",surname:"Cho",slug:"hyeon-yeol-cho",fullName:"Hyeon-Yeol Cho"}],corrections:null},{id:"54226",title:"Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance for Optical Fiber-Sensing Applications",doi:"10.5772/67544",slug:"localized-surface-plasmon-resonance-for-optical-fiber-sensing-applications",totalDownloads:2265,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is well known that optical fiber sensors have attracted the attention of scientific community due to its intrinsic advantages, such as lightweight, small size, portability, remote sensing, immunity to electromagnetic interferences and the possibility of multiplexing several signals. This field has shown a dramatic growth thanks to the creation of sensitive thin films onto diverse optical fiber configurations. In this sense, a wide range of optical fiber devices have been successfully fabricated for monitoring biological, chemical, medical or physical parameters. In addition, the use of nanoparticles into the sensitive thin films has resulted in an enhancement in the response time, robustness or sensitivity in the optical devices, which is associated to the inherent properties of nanoparticles (high surface area ratio or porosity). Among all of them, the metallic nanoparticles are of great interest for sensing applications due to the presence of strong absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared regions, due to their localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR). These optical resonances are due to the coupling of certain modes of the incident light to the collective oscillation of the conduction electrons of the metallic nanoparticles. The LSPR extinction bands are very useful for sensing applications as far as they can be affected by refractive index variations of the surrounding medium of the nanoparticles, and therefore, it is possible to create optical sensors with outstanding properties such as high sensitivity and optical self-reference. In this chapter, the attractive optical properties of metal nanostructures and their implementation into different optical fiber configuration for sensing or biosensing applications will be studied.",signatures:"Pedro J. Rivero, Javier Goicoechea and Francisco J. Arregui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54226",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54226",authors:[{id:"69816",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Goicoechea",slug:"javier-goicoechea",fullName:"Javier Goicoechea"},{id:"188796",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro J.",surname:"Rivero",slug:"pedro-j.-rivero",fullName:"Pedro J. Rivero"},{id:"197277",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Arregui",slug:"francisco-arregui",fullName:"Francisco Arregui"}],corrections:null},{id:"54980",title:"Laser Annealing as a Platform for Plasmonic Nanostructuring",doi:"10.5772/67670",slug:"laser-annealing-as-a-platform-for-plasmonic-nanostructuring",totalDownloads:1317,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanoconstruction of metals is a significant challenge for the future manufacturing of plasmonic devices. Such a technology requires the development of ultra‐fast, high‐throughput and low cost fabrication schemes. Laser processing can be considered as such and can potentially represent an unrivalled tool towards the anticipated arrival of modules based in metallic nanostructures, with an extra advantage: the ease of scalability. Specifically, laser nanostructuring of either thin metal films or ceramic/metal multilayers and composites can result on surface or subsurface plasmonic patterns, respectively, with many potential applications. In this chapter, the photo‐thermal processes involved in surface and subsurface nanostructuring are discussed and processes to develop functional plasmonic nanostructures with pre‐determined morphology are demonstrated. For the subsurface plasmonic conformations, the temperature gradients that are developed spatially across the metal/dielectric structure during the laser processing can be utilized. For the surface plasmonic nanoassembling, the ability to tune the laser's wavelength to either match the absorption spectral profile of the metal or to be resonant with the plasma oscillation frequency can be utilised, i.e. different optical absorption mechanisms that are size‐selective can be probed. Both processes can serve as a platform for stimulating further progress towards the engineering of large‐scale plasmonic devices.",signatures:"Nikolaos Kalfagiannis, Demosthenes C. Koutsogeorgis, Elefterios\nLidorikis and Panos Patsalas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54980",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54980",authors:[{id:"195863",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Kalfagiannis",slug:"nikolaos-kalfagiannis",fullName:"Nikolaos Kalfagiannis"},{id:"195864",title:"Dr.",name:"Demosthenes",surname:"Koutsogeorgis",slug:"demosthenes-koutsogeorgis",fullName:"Demosthenes Koutsogeorgis"},{id:"196035",title:"Dr.",name:"Elefterios",surname:"Lidorikis",slug:"elefterios-lidorikis",fullName:"Elefterios Lidorikis"},{id:"196036",title:"Dr.",name:"Panos",surname:"Patsalas",slug:"panos-patsalas",fullName:"Panos Patsalas"}],corrections:null},{id:"54604",title:"Fabrication of Plasmonic Crystalline Thin Film of Titanium Nitride (TiN) by Pulsed Laser Deposition with Third Harmonic of Nd:YAG Laser and Its Spectroscopic Analyses",doi:"10.5772/67765",slug:"fabrication-of-plasmonic-crystalline-thin-film-of-titanium-nitride-tin-by-pulsed-laser-deposition-wi",totalDownloads:1583,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The author has been engaged in the development of a novel optical fiber probe using scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) with an efficient, plasmonic and asymmetric Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) structure at the probe tip. As a metallic layer, titanium nitride (TiN), one of the alternative plasmonic materials, is selected. A pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is used to fabricate the film by high-power Nd:YAG laser. The PLDed films have been analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV-Vis/NIR spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Though most of previous PLD studies of TiN film used a titanium target with reactive gases, the study presented in this chapter has significant features of (1) a hot pressed target of crystalline TiN powder and (2) third harmonic of injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser which have temporally smoothed Gaussian with a constant pulse energy. The very first PLD process has succeeded to fabricate flat and dense films of a few hundred nanometers. The TiN film, which lustered like gold, indicated two peaks at 36.7° (111) and 42.6° (200) in XRD patterns that correspond to crystal structure of TiN. An elementary analysis of the TiN film has carried out using XPS, and appropriate spectra with chemical shifts were observed.",signatures:"Yasushi Oshikane",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54604",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54604",authors:[{id:"68603",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",surname:"Oshikane",slug:"yasushi-oshikane",fullName:"Yasushi Oshikane"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"397",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:"Production, Properties and Functional Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"934fe33b73b2ecba961c67d5a90021ec",slug:"nanofibers-production-properties-and-functional-applications",bookSignature:"Tong Lin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/397.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49937",title:"Dr.",name:"Tong",surname:"Lin",slug:"tong-lin",fullName:"Tong Lin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1045",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"65d477e855685ea85913e5aba0c5217e",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",bookSignature:"John Cuppoletti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1045.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49991",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Cuppoletti",slug:"john-cuppoletti",fullName:"John Cuppoletti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3200",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"97487143b896780afaf08cfd67cd1eec",slug:"nanofibers",bookSignature:"Ashok Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3200.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7718",title:"Professor",name:"Ashok",surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashok-kumar",fullName:"Ashok Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"191",title:"Advances in Nanocomposite Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dc3407e602cdd348af663727baebe3d",slug:"advances-in-nanocomposite-technology",bookSignature:"Abbass Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3077",title:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38dd4fb088a27b2552bf3d371e8c2872",slug:"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites",bookSignature:"Satoru Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3077.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30519",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoru",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"satoru-suzuki",fullName:"Satoru Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3156",title:"Nanowires",subtitle:"Science and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1916d90306aa50f0cae870c88e7550fa",slug:"nanowires-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Nicoleta Lupu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3156.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6995",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicoleta",surname:"Lupu",slug:"nicoleta-lupu",fullName:"Nicoleta Lupu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3558",title:"Advances in Graphene Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3a2158260a79c0fc8a4298864aa7dcd",slug:"advances-in-graphene-science",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"861",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f32b97a9aa541939cb212373d471d477",slug:"nanomaterials",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"514",title:"Nanowires",subtitle:"Implementations and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a72c02407edeef3d1a2ff8ddc07cad87",slug:"nanowires-implementations-and-applications",bookSignature:"Abbass Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/514.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"70783",slug:"corrigendum-to-spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltat",title:"Corrigendum to: Spatial Analysis of the Erosive Hazard of Soils and Natural Risks of Reservoir Siltation",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/70783.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70783",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70783",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/70783",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/70783",chapter:{id:"69983",slug:"spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltation",signatures:"Rabii El Gaatib and Abdelkader Larabi",dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 16th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 8th 2019",datePublished:"December 18th 2019",book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"249619",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabii",middleName:null,surname:"El Gaatib",fullName:"Rabii El Gaatib",slug:"rabii-el-gaatib",email:"rabii_elgaatib@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"69983",slug:"spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltation",signatures:"Rabii El Gaatib and Abdelkader Larabi",dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 16th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 8th 2019",datePublished:"December 18th 2019",book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"249619",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabii",middleName:null,surname:"El Gaatib",fullName:"Rabii El Gaatib",slug:"rabii-el-gaatib",email:"rabii_elgaatib@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11676",leadTitle:null,title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tHomeostasis is the condition of optimal functioning of the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance being kept within certain pre-set limits (homeostatic range). Other variables include the pH of extracellular fluid, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, as well as that of the blood sugar level, and these need to be regulated despite changes in the environment, diet, or level of activity. Each of these variables is controlled by one or more regulators or homeostatic mechanisms, which together maintain life.
\r\n\tHomeostasis is brought about by a natural resistance to change when already in the optimal conditions, and equilibrium is maintained by many regulatory mechanisms. All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components for the variable to be regulated: a receptor, a control center, and an effector. The receptor is the sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment, either external or internal. Receptors include thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. Control centers include the respiratory center and the renin-angiotensin system. An effector is a target acted on to bring about the change back to the normal state. At the cellular level, receptors include nuclear receptors that bring about changes in gene expression through up-regulation or down-regulation and act in negative feedback mechanisms. An example of this is in the control of bile acids in the liver.
\r\n\tSome centers, such as the renin-angiotensin system, control more than one variable. When the receptor senses a stimulus, it reacts by sending action potentials to a control center. The control center sets the maintenance range—the acceptable upper and lower limits—for the particular variable, such as temperature. The control center responds to the signal by determining an appropriate response and sending signals to an effector, which can be one or more muscles, an organ, or a gland. When the signal is received and acted on, negative feedback is provided to the receptor that stops the need for further signaling.
\r\n\tThe cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), located at the presynaptic neuron, is a receptor that can stop stressful neurotransmitter release to the postsynaptic neuron; it is activated by endocannabinoids (ECs) such as anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide; AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) via a retrograde signaling process in which these compounds are synthesized by and released from postsynaptic neurons, and travel back to the presynaptic terminal to bind to the CB1 receptor for modulation of neurotransmitter release to obtain homeostasis.
\r\n\tThe polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are lipid derivatives of omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or of omega-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) and are synthesized from membrane phospholipids and used as a precursor for endocannabinoids (ECs) mediate significant effects in the fine-tuning adjustment of body homeostasis.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe aim of this book is to discuss further various aspects of homeostasis, information that we hope to be useful to scientists, clinicians, and the wider public alike.
The spleen is the largest lymphoid soft organ that lies in the left hypochondrium between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm [1]. Its long axis extends from 9th to 11th ribs on the left side with its long axis running parallel to the 10th rib (Figure 1) [2].
Spleen anatomical location.
The shape of the spleen is ovoid-like pulpy mass about the size + shape of one’s fist with a convex outer diaphragmatic surface and an indented inner visceral surface [3]. The diaphragmatic surface of spleen is convex and smooth to fit the concavity of the diaphragm, while the visceral surface is irregular and related to the stomach, left kidney, left suprarenal gland, and left colic flexure [4]. The medial end (apex) lies in line with the spine of 10th thoracic vertebra about 4 cm from the midline, and the lateral end (base) does not descend beyond the midaxillary line [5].
The functions of the spleen are centered on the systemic circulation [6]. It contains two functionally and morphologically distinct compartments: the red pulp and the white pulp. The red pulp functions as a blood filter that removes foreign material and damaged erythrocytes, and the white pulp initiates immune responses to blood-borne antigens (Figure 2) [7].
Spleen histological features.
The spleen is involved and enlarged in a variety of clinical conditions. Its size is mostly affected by infections, hematological disorders, infiltrative states, and immunological and malignant diseases [8, 9]. A variety of diseases condition alters spleen dimensions, where splenomegaly and its consequence become a primary clinical concern in developing countries [10]. It is commonly seen in about 63% of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension [11], infectious mononucleosis [12], malaria [13], lymphoma [14], kala-azar [15], typhoid fever [16], liver disease (hepatitis and cirrhosis) [17], hematological diseases, metabolism diseases, and cancer [18]. The altered splenic dimensions and structure during these diseases result in asymptomatic enlargement and complications such as hematoma formation, rupture, hypersplenism, ectopic spleen, and torsion that affect other adjacent organs [19].
Splenic atrophy is also another common problem seen in diseases like sickle cell anemia, where progressive atrophy as a result of repeated attacks of vaso-occlusion and infarction caused by these diseases leads to auto splenectomy [20].
The dimension of the spleen is evaluated using conventional radiography, ultrasonography, scintigraphy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging [21]. However, ultrasonography is a non-invasive, safe, quick, and accurate method for measurement of spleen size [22]. On sonography spleen is characterized as crescent-shaped with outer convexity is smooth, whereas the inner margin is indented. Its echo structure is homogeneous and more echogenic than healthy liver tissue and markedly hyperechoic compared to kidney tissue (Figure 3) [23].
Spleen sonographic comparison with kidney and liver.
The average dimensions of the spleen are 12.5 cm, 7.5 cm, and 2.5 cm in length, width, and thickness, respectively, and 150–200 g in weight, but its dimensions vary considerably [20]. The literature revealed that spleen dimensions are affected by geographical differences, races, nutritional status, and anthropometric measurements [21, 22, 23]. The following are types of literature reviewed.
Average overall dimension of spleen varies from race to race and region to region. The study designed to evaluate splenic size by ultrasonography (US) of healthy Turkish men found the average splenic length to be 10.76 (±1.84) cm [24]. Study conducted in Istanbul Turkey found that the mean spleen volume (SV), splenic length (SL), width (SW), and thickness (ST) were 198 (±88) cm3, 9.96 (±2.1) cm, 8.87 (±1.6) cm, and 4.58 (±0.8) cm, respectively [25]. In another study conducted on North Indian adult population, splenic dimensions were 10.67 (±1.62) cm in length, 6.26 (±1.66) cm in width, and 4.86 (±1.22) cm in thickness [26]. Recent study conducted in North West Ethiopia also found that the mean dimensions of spleen, the mean splenic length, width, thickness, and volume with (±SD), were 9.95 cm (±1.12), 4.3 cm (±0.7), 3.8 cm (±0.8), and 92.0(±38.4) cm3, respectively [27].
Different literature states that spleen dimension varies in relation to sex, with more studies indicating that males have larger spleen dimensions than females. Ultrasound assessment of spleen size in collegiate athletes conducted in Kentucky, USA, shows that spleen length and width (cm) 9.91 (±1.27) cm, 4.74 (±0.91) cm and 11.29 (±1.49) cm, 5.54 (±1.28) cm in female and male, respectively. The study concludes that men have larger spleen size than females [28].
In a study conducted on Saudi Arabian adult, the average splenic volume of males was 196.95 (±48.70) cm3 and that of females was 196.95 (±26.97) cm3. The study concludes that a significant difference was found between sex [29].
In a study conducted on sonological evaluation of the spleen in an adult Southern Nigerian population, lengths of the spleen were 9.62 (±1) cm and 9.12 (±1.22) cm for the males and females, respectively. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was found between the sex, and it is significantly larger in the males [30].
Measurement of normal spleen dimensions in adult Sudanese using ultrasonography revealed that the mean values of spleen length, width, thickness, and volume were 10.3 (±1.2), 3.3 (±0.4), 3.9 (±0.6), and 73.3 (±23) respectively for males and 9.2 (±0.9), 3.1 (±0.3), 3.6 (±0.6), and 56.5 (±18.0) respectively for female. The study concludes that men have larger spleens than females in relation of spleens to sex [31].
The study conducted in Pakistan to determine the normal spleen parameters in adults shows that the mean spleen sizes of the participants were 9.81 ± 1.73 cm, and a significant positive correlation was observed between age and spleen size of the individuals (r = 0.053, p = 0.012) [32].
The splenic dimension study conducted in Western Nepal revealed that in age groups of 16–30, 31–45, 46–60, and 61–75 years, respectively, revealed that spleen length for males (10.07 ± 0.7 cm, 10.1 ± 0.54 cm, 9.5 ± 0.7 cm, and 9.0 ± 0.43 cm, respectively) and for the females (9.83 ± 0.53 cm, 9.58 ± 0.58 cm, 9.2 ± 0.64 cm, and 8.8 ± 0.36 cm, respectively). The spleen thickness for males (4.1 ± 0.5 cm, 4.05 ± 0.58 cm, 3.43 ± 0.38 cm, and 3.0 ± 0.36 cm, respectively) and for the females (4.06 ± 0.47 cm, 3.78 ± 0.48 cm, 3.38 ± 0.35 cm, and 2.29 ± 0.23 cm, respectively). The results show that the splenic length and thickness decreased with increase in age in both males and females [33].
In a study conducted on adults of Tripura, India, with age groups of (15–30 years), (31–45 years), (46–60 years), (61–75 years), and (>75 years), the spleen lengths were 9.00 ± 1.07 cm, 8.79 ± 1.44, 9.15 ± 1.04, 8.63 ± 1.55, and 7.64 ± 1.06 cm, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that spleen length was negatively correlated with age in all adults. So, with increasing age, spleen length was found to be decreasing, which is significant (p < 0.05) [34].
A study conducted to establish the normal range of the splenic dimensions in North Indian adult population revealed that the splenic length, width, and thickness decreased with increase in age in both males and females. The results show that in both males and females, the splenic length decreased at a slow rate up to the age of 50 years, after which it decreased rapidly; the splenic width decreased with age up to 30 years; thereafter, it remained relatively constant up to the age of 50 years and after that the splenic width decreased. It also shows that in both males and females, splenic thickness was constant up to the age of 50 years, after which there was a fall in the splenic thickness [35].
The studies from Rajasthan, India, revealed that the length was 8.69 ± 0.93 cm in adults and 9.64 ± 0.64 cm in older subjects. The width was 3.59 ± 0.55 cm in adults, while in older subjects, the width was 3.38 ± 0.38 cm [36].
In a study conducted in Saudi in Jordanian population, ultra-sonographic assessment of splenic volume revealed that splenic dimensions were 10.72 ± 1.37 cm in length, 7.40 ± 1.52 cm in width, 4.40 ± 1.47 cm in depth, and 184.15 ± 79.56 cm3 in volume. Moderate positive linear relationships were found between the splenic dimension and body height, weight, BSA, and BMI (r > 0.3). This correlation was statistically significant (p < 0.0001) [37].
Study conducted in the United States revealed that spleen length and volume were associated with body height in which body height alone accounted for 17.3% of spleen length variability and 14.9% of spleen volume variability [38].
Sonographic evaluation of spleen size in athletes conducted in Canada revealed that the mean splenic dimensions were 11.4 ± 1.7 cm length (range, 8.2–16.1 cm), 10.8 ± 1.4 cm width (range, 8–14 cm), 5.0 ± 0.8 cm in thickness, and 333.6 ± 116.1 cm2 in volume. All splenic measurements correlated better with height than weight [39].
Assessment of dimensions of spleen in normal adult Kashmiri population revealed that the mean length of the spleen was 10.20 + 1.40 cm and the width was 8.63 + 1.57 cm. The study found a statistically significant correlation of splenic dimensions with body weight and BMI [40].
The dimension of spleen is measured as follows.
Spleen length and width measurement.
Spleen sonographic length and width measurement.
Spleen thickness sonographic measurement.
This study describes the morphometry of spleen dimensions and compares the presence of a significant difference between sex and age as well as dimensional correlations with anthropometric measurements. The sonography assessment of spleen dimensions provides essential inputs for clinicians in daily clinical practice for the proper diagnosis of splenomegaly [33, 35, 42]. This study provides estimates of spleen to help radiologists for the diagnosis of diseases related to splenomegaly and atrophy, also used by hematologists and immunologists for the diagnosis of various gastrointestinal and hematological diseases, in addition to forensic studies [43, 44, 45].
The result from overall spleen dimensions review shows that measurements vary as follows: spleen length (7–14 cm), spleen width (2–7.5 cm), spleen thickness (2–7 cm), and spleen volume (20–350 cm3). The average dimensional difference between studies is probably due to age group differences, geographical differences, nutritional status, physical exercise, and race differences, which were stated in different literature [25, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48].
In most of studies reviewed, the spleen dimensions were lower in females than males. This is due to histological and genetic differences of spleens between males and females. On histological studies, females have fewer total red cell mass, when compared to males [38, 49]. Studies conducted in Turkey, Saudi, Nigeria, Sudan, and Ethiopia support this idea [30, 31, 45, 50, 51]. But, one study conducted in Egypt showed the length was higher among females than males. This may be due to nutritional status where Egyptian culture recommends women to gain weight for fertility purposes [52, 53].
In most of the study reviewed, as age increases the spleen length, width, thickness, and volume are reduced. This is from the fact that as age increases, the number and size of B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen decrease. This implies a decrease of germinal center of spleen, which reduces overall spleen dimension [54, 55, 56]. This review is supported by the studies conducted in Iraq, Nepal, and India [33, 35, 36, 42, 57]. But, this summary of review does not agree with the studies conducted in Pakistan, Jordan, and Nigeria [32, 37, 51, 58]. The difference is maybe due to nutritional status where larger anthropometric measurements and obesity were observed in the studies of Pakistan, Jordan, and Nigeria.
Physiological studies indicate that as individual’s height, weight, BMI, and BSA increase, the blood volume increases. This increase of blood volume requires larger spleens for filtration. This fact is supported by most of literature reviewed where all dimensions were positively correlated with height, weight, BMI, and BSA. The studies conducted in Jordan, the United States, India, Sudan, and Ethiopia were some of the studies that support this idea [26, 37, 38, 59].
This chapter gives baseline information for clinicians as well as for academicians about the morphometric variation of spleen dimensions. Hence, it helps in diagnosing pathological cases associated with spleen, both splenomegaly as well as splenic atrophy. Therefore, clinicians should consider this variation during their diagnosis. Radiology professionals also should measure all dimensions rather than the length alone to rule out splenomegaly correctly.
No specific funding was received for the study from any organization.
No competing interest.
Not applicable.
All relevant data are included in the article.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. 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Usually, the voice is not the main focus of the speech-language pathology therapy with individuals with hearing loss, but its deviations can represent such a negative impact on this population that it can interfere on speech intelligibility and crucially compromise the social integration of the individual. The literature vastly explores acoustic and perceptual characteristics of children and adults with hearing loss. Voice problems in individuals with this impairment are directly related to its type and severity, age, gender, and type of hearing device used. While individuals with mild and moderate hearing loss can only present problems with resonance, severely impaired individuals may lack intensity and frequency control, among other alterations. The commonly found vocal deviations include strain, breathiness, roughness, monotone, absence of rhythm, unpleasant quality, hoarseness, vocal fatigue, high pitch, reduced volume, loudness with excessive variation, unbalanced resonance, altered breathing pattern, brusque vocal attack, and imprecise articulation. These characteristics are justified by the incapability of the deaf to control their vocal performance due to the lack of auditory monitoring of their own voice, caused by the hearing loss. Hence, the development of an intelligible speech with a good quality of voice on the hearing impaired is a challenge, despite the sophisticated technological advances of hearing aids, cochlear implants and other implantable devices. The purpose of this chapter is therefore to present an extensive review of the literature and describe our experience regarding the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of voice disorders in individuals with hearing loss.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Coelho, Daniela Malta Medved and Alcione Ghedini\nBrasolotto",authors:[{id:"174260",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",slug:"ana-cristina-coelho",fullName:"Ana Cristina Coelho"},{id:"174643",title:"Dr.",name:"Alcione",middleName:null,surname:"Brasolotto",slug:"alcione-brasolotto",fullName:"Alcione Brasolotto"},{id:"174644",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Medved",slug:"daniela-medved",fullName:"Daniela Medved"}]},{id:"49005",doi:"10.5772/60836",title:"Endoscopic Criteria in Assessing Severity of Swallowing Disorders",slug:"endoscopic-criteria-in-assessing-severity-of-swallowing-disorders",totalDownloads:2e3,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"4545",slug:"seminars-in-dysphagia",title:"Seminars in Dysphagia",fullTitle:"Seminars in Dysphagia"},signatures:"Farneti Daniele and Genovese Elisabetta",authors:[{id:"172879",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Farneti",slug:"daniele-farneti",fullName:"Daniele Farneti"},{id:"175419",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",middleName:null,surname:"Genovese",slug:"elisabetta-genovese",fullName:"Elisabetta Genovese"}]},{id:"33864",doi:"10.5772/33569",title:"The Mongolian Gerbil as a Model for the Analysis of Peripheral and Central Age-Dependent Hearing Loss",slug:"the-mongolian-gerbil-as-a-model-for-the-analysis-of-peripheral-and-central-age-dependent-hearing-los",totalDownloads:2339,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1393",slug:"hearing-loss",title:"Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Gleich Otto and Strutz Jürgen",authors:[{id:"96191",title:"Dr.",name:"Otto",middleName:null,surname:"Gleich",slug:"otto-gleich",fullName:"Otto Gleich"},{id:"96195",title:"Prof.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Strutz",slug:"jurgen-strutz",fullName:"Jürgen Strutz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63699",title:"Management of the Complications of Maxillary Sinus Augmentation",slug:"management-of-the-complications-of-maxillary-sinus-augmentation",totalDownloads:7745,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Dental implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxillary region has always been a challenging issue due to both alveolar ridge atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Maxillary sinus augmentation is a well-known and predictable procedure in vertical deficiencies of the posterior maxilla. To date, various techniques have been described based on the physiology of intrasinus bone repair to obtain better outcomes. Nevertheless, these procedures could also be associated with several intra- and postoperative complications such as perforation of the sinus membrane, hemorrhage, infection, graft resorption, and loss of the graft or implants. The aim of this chapter is to review the contemporary methods for maxillary sinus augmentation and to present both recommendations for prevention and management of the associated complications.",book:{id:"7245",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Alper Sindel, Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan and Öznur Özalp",authors:[{id:"244837",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",middleName:null,surname:"Sindel",slug:"alper-sindel",fullName:"Alper Sindel"},{id:"244918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Özarslan",slug:"mehmet-mustafa-ozarslan",fullName:"Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan"},{id:"244919",title:"Ms.",name:"Öznur",middleName:null,surname:"Özalp",slug:"oznur-ozalp",fullName:"Öznur Özalp"}]},{id:"55472",title:"Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: What the Surgeon Needs to Know",slug:"paranasal-sinus-anatomy-what-the-surgeon-needs-to-know",totalDownloads:5568,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Performing a smooth and clean sinus surgery goes hand in hand with a perfect understanding of the nasal and paranasal anatomy. Within this chapter, the paranasal and related structures surgical anatomy will be extensively reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomical landmarks and the normal anatomical variations, which have a significant impact on the function, pathology, and surgical procedures of the paranasal sinuses.",book:{id:"5911",slug:"paranasal-sinuses",title:"Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Abdulmalik S. Alsaied",authors:[{id:"199716",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulmalik",middleName:"Saad",surname:"Alsaied",slug:"abdulmalik-alsaied",fullName:"Abdulmalik Alsaied"}]},{id:"69430",title:"Concurrent Rhinoplasty and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery",slug:"concurrent-rhinoplasty-and-endoscopic-sinus-surgery",totalDownloads:1149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was first reported in 1991 by Sheman and Matarasso. Since then, many authors have documented a large series showing the overall efficacy of combining the two procedures. The focus of this manuscript is to document the author’s recent experience with combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery and highlight the changes that have occurred during the author’s 2-years experience. A retrospective data review was performed on 53 (31 females and 22 men, age range 16–55 years) patients who underwent combined rhinoplasty and ESS between January 2016 and December 2018 at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur by the same surgeon. The mean age was 31.8 years. All patients had severe nasal obstruction with chronic rhinosinusitis and were followed up for a minimum of 6 months post-surgery and underwent ENT workup, which included history, office rigid endoscopy, CT scans of paranasal sinuses and preoperative photography. Initially, the ESS was performed followed by the open rhinoplasty with or without osteotomy. The ESS consisted of middle turbinate reduction [15/53 (28.3%)], maxillary antrostomy [36/53 (67.9%)], ethmoidectomy [38/53 (71.6%)], frontal sinusotomy [7/53 (13.2%)], and sphenoidotomy [9/53 (16.9%)]. Most of the sinus symptoms resolved postoperatively with 47 (88.6%) of 53 patients describing their improvement as significant. Fifty (94.3%) of 53 patients stated that they would recommend the concurrent procedure. The benefits of these advances are illustrated by a review of the literature with good results (functional and cosmetic) and minimal complications.",book:{id:"7062",slug:"rhinosinusitis",title:"Rhinosinusitis",fullTitle:"Rhinosinusitis"},signatures:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",authors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}]},{id:"49574",title:"Classification of Hearing Loss",slug:"classification-of-hearing-loss",totalDownloads:5293,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Hearing loss is the partial or total inability to hear sound in one or both ears. People with hearing loss make up a significant 5.3% of the world’s population. The audiogram is an important tool used to determine the degree and type of hearing loss. This chapter presents hearing loss classification, which can aid in clinical diagnosis and help in finding appropriate therapeutic management. Hearing loss is classified based on ear anatomy, type of hearing loss, degree of the disease, and configuration of the audiogram. When the hearing loss is fully characterized, appropriate medical intervention can be assigned.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Waleed B. Alshuaib, Jasem M. Al-Kandari and Sonia M. Hasan",authors:[{id:"174550",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Alshuaib",slug:"waleed-alshuaib",fullName:"Waleed Alshuaib"},{id:"174551",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasim",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Kandari",slug:"jasim-al-kandari",fullName:"Jasim Al-Kandari"},{id:"174552",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"sonia-hasan",fullName:"Sonia Hasan"}]},{id:"56237",title:"Caffeine and Meniere’s Disease",slug:"caffeine-and-meniere-s-disease",totalDownloads:1728,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Meniere’s disease is characterized by recurrent vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and persistent tinnitus. Caffeine consumption in modern society is a widespread and culturally accepted habit; however, there is no consensus about its mechanism of action in various organs and systems, including the auditory and vestibular. The few clinical studies have shown that abstention from caffeine has little effect in patients with Meniere’s disease, both in relation to vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss.",book:{id:"5454",slug:"up-to-date-on-meniere-s-disease",title:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease",fullTitle:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease"},signatures:"Alleluia Lima Losno Ledesma, Monique Antunes de Souza\nChelminski Barreto and Carlos Augusto Costa Pires de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"68849",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Augusto C. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"carlos-augusto-c.-p.-oliveira",fullName:"Carlos Augusto C. P. Oliveira"},{id:"175482",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Barreto",slug:"monique-barreto",fullName:"Monique Barreto"},{id:"194400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alleluia",middleName:"Lima",surname:"Losno Ledesma",slug:"alleluia-losno-ledesma",fullName:"Alleluia Losno Ledesma"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"192",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:285,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",annualVolume:11423,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/13526",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"13526"},fullPath:"/chapters/13526",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()