\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7735",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Surfactants and Detergents",title:"Surfactants and Detergents",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Surfactants by virtue of their structure form self-assembled organized structures that exhibit fascinating properties useful for a wide range of applications. This book is a compilation of chapters from leading experts highlighting the use of specific surfactants and their functional properties in new and emerging areas of science and technology. The first two chapters of this book discuss the various applications of surfactants, including their use in cosmetics, oil recovery from rocks and mineral processing. Subsequent chapters cover advanced topics like new-generation polymer-based nanoparticles with microbial activity and complex phase systems formed as a result of charge-induced interactions between surfactants, polymers and proteins with potential applications in medical devices. In addition, this book reports for the first time on bio-surfactants extracted from micro-organisms present in the clouds. This report is not the only one of its kind, but it opens up a totally new area of research in terms of an unexplored source of bio-surfactants. It also paves the way for understanding their role in controlling our atmosphere and climate.",isbn:"978-1-78984-661-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-660-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-838-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77548",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"surfactants-and-detergents",numberOfPages:102,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"bca8bb6e94e26599889ff5e1190b0ed7",bookSignature:"Ashim Kumar Dutta",publishedDate:"November 20th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7735.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6227,numberOfWosCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:67,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 7th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 19th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 17th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 8th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 7th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"277477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashim-dutta",fullName:"Ashim Dutta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277477/images/system/277477.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Dutta presently works as the vice president (R&D) with India Glycols Limited, one of the largest manufacturers of Green Surfactants in South East Asia. Earlier, he had worked with Unilever as a senior researcher and product development manager in their Home and Personal Care Category, with United Phosphorus Limited and Indofil as their global head for agrochemical formulations. He has authored/co-authored 36 articles in international journals and 19 patents. He received his Ph.D in physical chemistry from Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) – a premiere research institute in India in 1993. Dr. Dutta has worked on various international post-doctoral fellowships in Japan, Canada and USA. His research interests include supramolecular assemblies, ultrathin nanostructured films, nanoparticles, novel surfactants, surfactant-polymer interactions, bio-membranes and spectroscopy of Langmuir-Blodgett films, tribology and rheology of complex systems.",institutionString:"India Glycols Limited",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"504",title:"Colloid Science",slug:"colloid-science"}],chapters:[{id:"69056",title:"Introductory Chapter: Surfactants in Household and Personal Care Formulations - An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89245",slug:"introductory-chapter-surfactants-in-household-and-personal-care-formulations-an-overview",totalDownloads:979,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ashim Kumar Dutta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69056",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69056",authors:[{id:"277477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashim-dutta",fullName:"Ashim Dutta"}],corrections:null},{id:"67816",title:"Role of Surfactants in Mineral Processing: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85947",slug:"role-of-surfactants-in-mineral-processing-an-overview",totalDownloads:1493,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Depletion of high-grade resources has necessitated the use of low-grade fines, which contain good amount of mineral values and also liberate in finer sizes. Froth flotation, a physico-chemical surface-based process, is the most established solution, both technologically and economically, compared to other alternatives for fines beneficiation. For a successful and effective flotation performance, an understanding of the mineral surface and proper selection of the surfactant/reagent regimes along with their molecular chemistry and their specific adsorption mechanism are mandated. This chapter focuses on the complexity of the flotation process along with adsorption and interaction mechanism of different surfactants in accordance to mineral surface characteristics and their dependency on many microevents. To further strengthen mineral flotation chemistry and advancement of mineral engineering, research gears at investigating new surfactants, specific for particular mineral surface. The selection of reagents/surfactants with appropriate chemical composition and their administration are of critical importance in view of varied mineralogy, chemical complexity and size consist of feed material. Cost- effective and lower cost flotation reagents can be synthesized through insertion of new functional groups, molecular modelling of reagents for more environment-friendly nature, modifying the structure of other chelating agents and novel green chemicals from renewable resources, adding aliphatic alcohol and carboxylic acid to bio-based collectors and adding chaotropic anions to alkyl and aryl surfactants and organic and inorganic salts having strong orientation with more proton donor and acceptor; addition of another cationic group to known cationic surfactants can be tried for enhanced flotation performance. The study also provides an idea on the effect of other parameters like pH, composition of pulp, zeta potential, electrostatic potential, etc. For envisagement of a successful flotation performance, proper selection of the reagent system according to the specific surface and understanding of the mineral surface-specific adsorption mechanism are mandated.",signatures:"Abhyarthana Pattanaik and Rayasam Venugopal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67816",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67816",authors:[{id:"284415",title:"Ms.",name:"Abhyarthana",surname:"Pattanaik",slug:"abhyarthana-pattanaik",fullName:"Abhyarthana Pattanaik"},{id:"299016",title:"Dr.",name:"Venugopal",surname:"Rayasam",slug:"venugopal-rayasam",fullName:"Venugopal Rayasam"}],corrections:null},{id:"66314",title:"Effect of Surfactants on Bubble-Particle Interactions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85436",slug:"effect-of-surfactants-on-bubble-particle-interactions",totalDownloads:1127,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The interaction of air bubbles with solid particles is an important mechanism in many industrial processes, e.g., in flotation, fermentation, wetting, multiphase reactors, columns, etc. The surface-active agents are adsorbed both on air-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces and significantly influence the bubble-particle interaction. In this chapter, the mechanism, dynamics, and fundamental steps of bubble adhesion onto the solid surface are described. The first part is devoted to the description of influence of surfactants on the bubble behavior during the collision, as well as their influence on thinning and breaking of liquid film. The second part describes the effect of surfactants on the formation and expansion of the three-phase contact line between the bubble and the hydrophobic solid particle. The important role of surfactant type, concentration, and purity is discussed.",signatures:"Pavlína Basařová and Mária Zedníková",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66314",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66314",authors:[{id:"289395",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavlína",surname:"Basařová",slug:"pavlina-basarova",fullName:"Pavlína Basařová"},{id:"289396",title:"Dr.",name:"Mária",surname:"Zedníková",slug:"maria-zednikova",fullName:"Mária Zedníková"}],corrections:null},{id:"66593",title:"Surfactant Mixtures: Performances vs. Aggregation States",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85437",slug:"surfactant-mixtures-performances-vs-aggregation-states",totalDownloads:800,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The focus of this chapter is on bio-intended procedures based on mixing surfactants with polymers and biopolymers, or surfactants among them (provided they are oppositely charged). In the first case, polymer-surfactant and protein-surfactant systems are dealt with. Both are characterized by the splitting of the solution phase into, at least, three regions having peculiar properties. At first, surfactant nucleation onto polymers takes place; this implies large modifications in properties with respect to the starting materials. The formation of gels is possible in some instances. As to mixtures of oppositely charged surfactants, it is indicated how they form cat-anionic vesicles if mixed in nonstoichiometric amounts. Vesicle sizes are modulated by the charge ratio. These systems are excellent vectors for biomedical purposes.",signatures:"Camillo La Mesa and Gianfranco Risuleo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66593",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66593",authors:[{id:"34533",title:"Prof.",name:"Camillo",surname:"La Mesa",slug:"camillo-la-mesa",fullName:"Camillo La Mesa"},{id:"295610",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianfranco",surname:"Risuleo",slug:"gianfranco-risuleo",fullName:"Gianfranco Risuleo"}],corrections:null},{id:"65665",title:"Biomimetic Nanomaterials from the Assembly of Polymers, Lipids, and Surfactants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84618",slug:"biomimetic-nanomaterials-from-the-assembly-of-polymers-lipids-and-surfactants",totalDownloads:862,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanostructured materials require evaluation at a molecular level to become controllable and useful in drug and vaccine delivery. Over the years self-assembled nanomaterials such as nanoparticles and thin films have been prepared, characterized and used for biomedical applications. In this review meaningful examples of biomimetic nanomaterials and their construction based on intermolecular interactions such as the electrostatic attraction or the hydrophobic effect will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on the interactions between polymers, lipids, surfactants and surfaces leading to bioactive supramolecular assemblies such as nanoparticles and coatings. Among the important applications of the self-assembled nanostructures and films to be reviewed are their antimicrobial effect and their adjuvant activity for vaccine delivery.",signatures:"Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65665",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65665",authors:[{id:"123449",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Maria",surname:"Carmona-Ribeiro",slug:"ana-maria-carmona-ribeiro",fullName:"Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro"}],corrections:null},{id:"66485",title:"Cloud Microorganisms, an Interesting Source of Biosurfactants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85621",slug:"cloud-microorganisms-an-interesting-source-of-biosurfactants",totalDownloads:966,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A new scientific hypothesis states that biosurfactants from cloud microorganism origin could change the surface tension of aerosols and thus the mode of precipitations. In order to check this hypothesis, our team has screened a collection of 480 microbial strains isolated from cloud waters for the production of biosurfactants and showed that 42% of these strains were producing such molecules. In the present work, we isolated and identified by LC-MS-MS lipopeptides produced from three strains issued from this screening. Viscosin and massetolide E (cyclic lipopeptides) were produced by Pseudomonas sp. PDD-14b-2, and syringafactins (linear lipopeptides) were produced by Xanthomonas campestris PDD-32b-52 and Pseudomonas syringae PDD-32b-74. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of these biosurfactants was determined using the pendant drop method. Finally, two approaches of molecular dynamics were used to model the conformation of viscosin and syringafactin A at the water-air interface: one is based on all-atoms simulation (CHARMM force field), while the other one on coarse-grain (CG) simulation (MARTINI force field). To conclude, this work shows how the biodiversity of the cloud microbiota can be explored to search and produce biosurfactants of interest both for atmospheric sciences and also for biotechnological applications.",signatures:"Pascal Renard, Isabelle Canet, Martine Sancelme, Maria Matulova, Iveta Uhliarikova, Boris Eyheraguibel, Lionel Nauton, Julien Devemy, Mounir Traïkia, Patrice Malfreyt and Anne-Marie Delort",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66485",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66485",authors:[{id:"291590",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne-Marie",surname:"Delort",slug:"anne-marie-delort",fullName:"Anne-Marie Delort"},{id:"292313",title:"Dr.",name:"Pascal",surname:"Renard",slug:"pascal-renard",fullName:"Pascal Renard"},{id:"292314",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabelle",surname:"Canet",slug:"isabelle-canet",fullName:"Isabelle Canet"},{id:"292315",title:"Mrs.",name:"Martine",surname:"Sancelme",slug:"martine-sancelme",fullName:"Martine Sancelme"},{id:"292317",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Matulova",slug:"maria-matulova",fullName:"Maria Matulova"},{id:"292319",title:"Dr.",name:"Iveta",surname:"Uhliarikova",slug:"iveta-uhliarikova",fullName:"Iveta Uhliarikova"},{id:"292320",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",surname:"Eyheraguibel",slug:"boris-eyheraguibel",fullName:"Boris Eyheraguibel"},{id:"292321",title:"Mr.",name:"Lionel",surname:"Nauton",slug:"lionel-nauton",fullName:"Lionel Nauton"},{id:"292322",title:"Dr.",name:"Julien",surname:"Devemy",slug:"julien-devemy",fullName:"Julien Devemy"},{id:"292324",title:"Dr.",name:"Mounir",surname:"Traikia",slug:"mounir-traikia",fullName:"Mounir Traikia"},{id:"292325",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrice",surname:"Malfreyt",slug:"patrice-malfreyt",fullName:"Patrice Malfreyt"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5403",title:"Advances in Colloid Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38413a6aefb978b024eac803fba6c354",slug:"advances-in-colloid-science",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman and Abdullah Mohamed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5403.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6519",title:"Science and Technology Behind Nanoemulsions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4dd10764e9841064827609a62952748",slug:"science-and-technology-behind-nanoemulsions",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6830",title:"Microemulsion",subtitle:"a Chemical Nanoreactor",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be035517764096e6f36178f12a16ab12",slug:"microemulsion-a-chemical-nanoreactor",bookSignature:"Juan C. Mejuto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192394",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",surname:"Mejuto",slug:"juan-mejuto",fullName:"Juan Mejuto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8111",title:"Foams",subtitle:"Emerging Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b0bd44cbe7220785e3fbbd1003364a82",slug:"foams-emerging-technologies",bookSignature:"Huijin Xu, Chen Yang and Dengwei Jing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8111.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213843",title:"Dr.",name:"Huijin",surname:"Xu",slug:"huijin-xu",fullName:"Huijin Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-inter",title:"Erratum - Public Perceptions of Values Associated with Wildfire Protection at the Wildland-Urban Interface: A Synthesis of National Findings",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68989.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68989",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68989",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68989",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68989",chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8161",leadTitle:null,title:"Peanut Consumption",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"cbcb4edfad609f55fbd90ce0fe15726d",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8161.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 8th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 29th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 28th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 16th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 17th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"13456",title:"Magnetic Induction Heating of Nano-Sized Ferrite Particle",doi:"10.5772/15339",slug:"magnetic-induction-heating-of-nano-sized-ferrite-particle",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/13456.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13456",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13456",totalDownloads:8201,totalViews:305,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:19,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:7,impactScorePercentile:96,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 8th 2010",dateReviewed:"December 22nd 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 14th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/13456",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/13456",book:{id:"29",slug:"advances-in-induction-and-microwave-heating-of-mineral-and-organic-materials"},signatures:"Yi Zhang and Ya Zhai",authors:[{id:"14300",title:"Prof.",name:"Ya",middleName:null,surname:"Zhai",fullName:"Ya Zhai",slug:"ya-zhai",email:"yazhai@seu.edu.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Southeast University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"20620",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Yi Zhang",slug:"yi-zhang",email:"yizhang1980@yahoo.com.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Southeast University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"29",type:"book",title:"Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials",slug:"advances-in-induction-and-microwave-heating-of-mineral-and-organic-materials",publishedDate:"February 14th 2011",bookSignature:"Stanisław Grundas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/29.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-522-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4520-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:295,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"14397",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanisław",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Grundas",slug:"stanislaw-grundas",fullName:"Stanisław Grundas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"704"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"13436",type:"chapter",title:"Recent Studies on Fundamentals and Application of Microwave Processing of Materials",slug:"recent-studies-on-fundamentals-and-application-of-microwave-processing-of-materials",totalDownloads:3816,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Noboru Yoshikawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14092",title:"Dr.",name:"Noboru",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshikawa",fullName:"Noboru Yoshikawa",slug:"noboru-yoshikawa"}]},{id:"13437",type:"chapter",title:"Review of Numerical Simulation of Microwave Heating Process",slug:"review-of-numerical-simulation-of-microwave-heating-process",totalDownloads:5057,totalCrossrefCites:14,signatures:"Xiang Zhao, Liping Yan and Kama Huang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14582",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Xiang Zhao",slug:"xiang-zhao"},{id:"16798",title:"Dr.",name:"Liping",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Liping Yan",slug:"liping-yan"},{id:"16799",title:"Prof.",name:"Kama",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Kama Huang",slug:"kama-huang"}]},{id:"13438",type:"chapter",title:"Modeling and Analysis of Induction Heating Converters",slug:"modeling-and-analysis-of-induction-heating-converters",totalDownloads:7812,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"András Kelemen and Nimród Kutasi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16660",title:"Dr.",name:"Andras",middleName:null,surname:"Kelemen",fullName:"Andras Kelemen",slug:"andras-kelemen"},{id:"16661",title:"MSc.",name:"Nimrod",middleName:null,surname:"Kutasi",fullName:"Nimrod Kutasi",slug:"nimrod-kutasi"}]},{id:"13439",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical Modelling of Industrial Induction",slug:"numerical-modelling-of-industrial-induction",totalDownloads:3943,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"A. Bermúdez, D. Gómez, M.C. Muñiz, P. Salgado and R. Vázquez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15013",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Bermudez",fullName:"Alfredo Bermudez",slug:"alfredo-bermudez"},{id:"16947",title:"Prof.",name:"Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez",fullName:"Dolores Gómez",slug:"dolores-gomez"},{id:"16949",title:"Prof.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Salgado",fullName:"Pilar Salgado",slug:"pilar-salgado"},{id:"16950",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez",fullName:"Rafael Vázquez",slug:"rafael-vazquez"},{id:"23354",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Muñiz",fullName:"M. Carmen Muñiz",slug:"m.-carmen-muniz"}]},{id:"13440",type:"chapter",title:"Using Numerical Methods to Design and Control Heating Induction Systems",slug:"using-numerical-methods-to-design-and-control-heating-induction-systems",totalDownloads:7714,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Julio Walter and Gerardo Ceglia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13955",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Walter",fullName:"Julio Walter",slug:"julio-walter"},{id:"14311",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ceglia",fullName:"Gerardo Ceglia",slug:"gerardo-ceglia"}]},{id:"13441",type:"chapter",title:"Development of Customized Solutions - An Interesting Challenge of Modern Induction Heating",slug:"development-of-customized-solutions-an-interesting-challenge-of-modern-induction-heating",totalDownloads:5207,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jens-Uwe Mohring and Elmar Wrona",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16064",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmar",middleName:null,surname:"Wrona",fullName:"Elmar Wrona",slug:"elmar-wrona"},{id:"34725",title:"Dr.",name:"Jens-Uwe",middleName:null,surname:"Mohring",fullName:"Jens-Uwe Mohring",slug:"jens-uwe-mohring"}]},{id:"13442",type:"chapter",title:"Configuration Proposals for an Optimal Electromagnetic Coupling in Induction Heating Systems",slug:"configuration-proposals-for-an-optimal-electromagnetic-coupling-in-induction-heating-systems",totalDownloads:3198,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elias Carrillo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16938",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Carrillo",fullName:"Elias Carrillo",slug:"elias-carrillo"}]},{id:"13443",type:"chapter",title:"Criterions for Selection of Volume Induction Heating Parameters",slug:"criterions-for-selection-of-volume-induction-heating-parameters",totalDownloads:5650,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Niedbała Ryszard and Wesołowski Marcin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16646",title:"Dr.",name:"Niedbała",middleName:null,surname:"Ryszard",fullName:"Niedbała Ryszard",slug:"niedbala-ryszard"},{id:"24134",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Wesołowski",fullName:"Marcin Wesołowski",slug:"marcin-wesolowski"}]},{id:"13444",type:"chapter",title:"Two Novel Induction Heating Technologies: Transverse Flux Induction Heating and Travelling Wave Induction Heating",slug:"two-novel-induction-heating-technologies-transverse-flux-induction-heating-and-travelling-wave-induc",totalDownloads:3114,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Youhua Wang, Junhua Wang, S. L. Ho, Xiaoguang Yang, and W. N. Fu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16590",title:"Dr.",name:"Junhua",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Junhua Wang",slug:"junhua-wang"},{id:"16594",title:"Prof.",name:"Youhua",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Youhua Wang",slug:"youhua-wang"},{id:"16595",title:"Prof.",name:"S. L.",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",fullName:"S. L. Ho",slug:"s.-l.-ho"},{id:"16596",title:"Dr.",name:"W. N.",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",fullName:"W. N. Fu",slug:"w.-n.-fu"},{id:"23951",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingling",middleName:null,surname:"Pang",fullName:"Lingling Pang",slug:"lingling-pang"}]},{id:"13445",type:"chapter",title:"Induction Heating of Thin Strips in Transverse Flux Magnetic Field",slug:"induction-heating-of-thin-strips-in-transverse-flux-magnetic-field",totalDownloads:5432,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Jerzy Barglik",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14398",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:null,surname:"Barglik",fullName:"Jerzy Barglik",slug:"jerzy-barglik"}]},{id:"13446",type:"chapter",title:"Microwave Processing of Metallic Glass/Polymer Composite in a Separated H-Field",slug:"microwave-processing-of-metallic-glass-polymer-composite-in-a-separated-h-field",totalDownloads:3011,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Song Li, Dmitri V Louzguine-Lugzin, Guoqiang Xie, Motoyasu Sato and Akihisa Inoue",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14827",title:"Dr.",name:"Song",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Song Li",slug:"song-li"},{id:"16585",title:"Prof",name:"Guoqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Guoqiang Xie",slug:"guoqiang-xie"},{id:"16586",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitri V.",middleName:null,surname:"Louzguine-Lugzin",fullName:"Dmitri V. Louzguine-Lugzin",slug:"dmitri-v.-louzguine-lugzin"},{id:"16587",title:"Prof.",name:"Motoyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",fullName:"Motoyasu Sato",slug:"motoyasu-sato"},{id:"16588",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihisa",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",fullName:"Akihisa Inoue",slug:"akihisa-inoue"}]},{id:"13447",type:"chapter",title:"Thermal Microwave Processing of Materials",slug:"thermal-microwave-processing-of-materials",totalDownloads:5555,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Juan A. Aguilar-Garib",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15364",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilar-Garib",fullName:"Juan Aguilar-Garib",slug:"juan-aguilar-garib"}]},{id:"13448",type:"chapter",title:"Evaporators with Induction Heating and Their Applications",slug:"evaporators-with-induction-heating-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:5362,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Anatoly Kuzmichev and Leonid Tsybulsky",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16332",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonid",middleName:null,surname:"Tsybulski",fullName:"Leonid Tsybulski",slug:"leonid-tsybulski"},{id:"16571",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatoly",middleName:null,surname:"Kuzmichev",fullName:"Anatoly Kuzmichev",slug:"anatoly-kuzmichev"}]},{id:"13449",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Microwave Heating to Recover Metallic Elements from Industrial Waste",slug:"application-of-microwave-heating-to-recover-metallic-elements-from-industrial-waste",totalDownloads:3837,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Joonho Lee and Taeyoung Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17547",title:"Dr.",name:"Joonho",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Joonho Lee",slug:"joonho-lee"},{id:"17549",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeyoung",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Taeyoung Kim",slug:"taeyoung-kim"}]},{id:"13450",type:"chapter",title:"Microwave Heating for Emolliating and Fracture of Rocks",slug:"microwave-heating-for-emolliating-and-fracture-of-rocks",totalDownloads:4369,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Aleksandr Prokopenko",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16694",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Prokopenko",fullName:"Aleksandr Prokopenko",slug:"aleksandr-prokopenko"}]},{id:"13451",type:"chapter",title:"Use of Induction Heating in Plastic Injection Molding",slug:"use-of-induction-heating-in-plastic-injection-molding",totalDownloads:9058,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Udo Hinzpeter and Elmar Wrona",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16064",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmar",middleName:null,surname:"Wrona",fullName:"Elmar Wrona",slug:"elmar-wrona"},{id:"34726",title:"Dr.",name:"Udo",middleName:null,surname:"Hinzpeter",fullName:"Udo Hinzpeter",slug:"udo-hinzpeter"}]},{id:"13452",type:"chapter",title:"Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Coordination and Organometallic Compounds",slug:"microwave-assisted-synthesis-of-coordination-and-organometallic-compounds",totalDownloads:9454,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Oxana V. Kharissova, Boris I. Kharisov and Ubaldo Ortiz Méndez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13939",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Kharisov",fullName:"Boris Kharisov",slug:"boris-kharisov"},{id:"13941",title:"Dr.",name:"Oxana V.",middleName:null,surname:"Kharissova",fullName:"Oxana V. Kharissova",slug:"oxana-v.-kharissova"},{id:"13942",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz Mendez",fullName:"Ubaldo Ortiz Mendez",slug:"ubaldo-ortiz-mendez"}]},{id:"13453",type:"chapter",title:"The Effects of Microwave Heating on the Isothermal Kinetics of Chemicals Reactions and Physicochemical Processes",slug:"the-effects-of-microwave-heating-on-the-isothermal-kinetics-of-chemicals-reactions-and-physicochemic",totalDownloads:3565,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Borivoj Adnadjevic and Jelena Jovanovic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16551",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Jovanovic",fullName:"Jelena Jovanovic",slug:"jelena-jovanovic"},{id:"16623",title:"Dr.",name:"Borivoj",middleName:null,surname:"Adnadjevic",fullName:"Borivoj Adnadjevic",slug:"borivoj-adnadjevic"}]},{id:"13454",type:"chapter",title:"The Use of Microwave Energy in Dental Prosthesis",slug:"the-use-of-microwave-energy-in-dental-prosthesis",totalDownloads:6683,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Célia M. Rizzatti-Barbosa, Altair A. Del Bel Cury and Renata C. M. Rodrigues Garcia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14720",title:"Prof.",name:"Celia Marisa",middleName:null,surname:"Rizzatti-Barbosa",fullName:"Celia Marisa Rizzatti-Barbosa",slug:"celia-marisa-rizzatti-barbosa"},{id:"16737",title:"Dr.",name:"Altair Antoninha",middleName:null,surname:"Del Bel Cury",fullName:"Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury",slug:"altair-antoninha-del-bel-cury"},{id:"16738",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",middleName:"Cunha Matheus",surname:"Rodrigues Garcia",fullName:"Renata Rodrigues Garcia",slug:"renata-rodrigues-garcia"}]},{id:"13455",type:"chapter",title:"Ultra-Fast Microwave Heating for Large Bandgap Semiconductor Processing",slug:"ultra-fast-microwave-heating-for-large-bandgap-semiconductor-processing",totalDownloads:5354,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mulpuri V. Rao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"22899",title:"Prof.",name:"Mulpuri",middleName:null,surname:"Venkata Rao",fullName:"Mulpuri Venkata Rao",slug:"mulpuri-venkata-rao"}]},{id:"13456",type:"chapter",title:"Magnetic Induction Heating of Nano-Sized Ferrite Particle",slug:"magnetic-induction-heating-of-nano-sized-ferrite-particle",totalDownloads:8201,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Yi Zhang and Ya Zhai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14300",title:"Prof.",name:"Ya",middleName:null,surname:"Zhai",fullName:"Ya Zhai",slug:"ya-zhai"},{id:"20620",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Yi Zhang",slug:"yi-zhang"}]},{id:"13457",type:"chapter",title:"Changes in Microwave-Treated Wheat Grain Properties",slug:"changes-in-microwave-treated-wheat-grain-properties",totalDownloads:3892,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jerzy R. Warchalewski, Justyna Gralik, Stanisław Grundas, Anna Pruska-Kędzior and Zenon Kędzior",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14397",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanisław",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Grundas",fullName:"Stanisław Grundas",slug:"stanislaw-grundas"},{id:"17935",title:"Dr.",name:"Justyna",middleName:null,surname:"Gralik",fullName:"Justyna Gralik",slug:"justyna-gralik"},{id:"23863",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerzy R.",middleName:null,surname:"Warchalewski",fullName:"Jerzy R. Warchalewski",slug:"jerzy-r.-warchalewski"},{id:"23864",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenon",middleName:null,surname:"Kedzior",fullName:"Zenon Kedzior",slug:"zenon-kedzior"},{id:"23905",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Pruska-Kedzior",fullName:"Anna Pruska-Kedzior",slug:"anna-pruska-kedzior"}]},{id:"13458",type:"chapter",title:"The Use of Microwave Radiation Energy to Process Cereal, Root and Tuber-based Products",slug:"the-use-of-microwave-radiation-energy-to-process-cereal-root-and-tuber-based-products",totalDownloads:6227,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yoon Kil Chang, Caroline Joy Steel and Maria Teresa Pedrosa Silva Clerici",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15049",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoon Kil",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Yoon Kil Chang",slug:"yoon-kil-chang"},{id:"17184",title:"Prof.",name:"Caroline",middleName:null,surname:"Steel",fullName:"Caroline Steel",slug:"caroline-steel"},{id:"17186",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:"Pedrosa Silva",surname:"Clerici",fullName:"Maria Teresa Clerici",slug:"maria-teresa-clerici"}]},{id:"13459",type:"chapter",title:"Microwave Heating in Moist Materials",slug:"microwave-heating-in-moist-materials",totalDownloads:2428,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Graham Brodie",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14683",title:"Dr.",name:"Graham",middleName:null,surname:"Brodie",fullName:"Graham Brodie",slug:"graham-brodie"}]},{id:"13460",type:"chapter",title:"Assessment of Microwave versus Conventional Heating Induced Degradation of Olive Oil by VIS Raman Spectroscopy and Classical Methods",slug:"assessment-of-microwave-versus-conventional-heating-induced-degradation-of-olive-oil-by-vis-raman-sp",totalDownloads:5203,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Rasha M. El-Abassy, Patrice Donfack and Arnulf Materny",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14406",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnulf",middleName:null,surname:"Materny",fullName:"Arnulf Materny",slug:"arnulf-materny"},{id:"16733",title:"Prof.",name:"Rasha M.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Abassy",fullName:"Rasha M. El-Abassy",slug:"rasha-m.-el-abassy"},{id:"16734",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrice",middleName:null,surname:"Donfack",fullName:"Patrice Donfack",slug:"patrice-donfack"}]},{id:"13461",type:"chapter",title:"Microwave Heating: A Time Saving Technology or a Way to Induce Vegetable Oils Oxidation?",slug:"microwave-heating-a-time-saving-technology-or-a-way-to-induce-vegetable-oils-oxidation-",totalDownloads:4667,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Ricardo Malheiro, Susana Casal, Elsa Ramalhosa and José Alberto Pereira",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16928",title:"Dr.",name:"José Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"José Alberto Pereira",slug:"jose-alberto-pereira"},{id:"23911",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Casal",fullName:"Susana Casal",slug:"susana-casal"},{id:"23912",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsa",middleName:null,surname:"Ramalhosa",fullName:"Elsa Ramalhosa",slug:"elsa-ramalhosa"},{id:"23913",title:"PhD.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Malheiro",fullName:"Ricardo Malheiro",slug:"ricardo-malheiro"}]},{id:"13462",type:"chapter",title:"Experimental and Simulation Studies of the Primary and Secondary Vacuum Freeze Drying at Microwave Heating",slug:"experimental-and-simulation-studies-of-the-primary-and-secondary-vacuum-freeze-drying-at-microwave-h",totalDownloads:2677,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Józef Nastaj and Konrad Witkiewicz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15124",title:"Dr.",name:"Józef",middleName:null,surname:"Nastaj",fullName:"Józef Nastaj",slug:"jozef-nastaj"},{id:"15908",title:"Dr.",name:"Konrad",middleName:null,surname:"Witkiewicz",fullName:"Konrad Witkiewicz",slug:"konrad-witkiewicz"}]},{id:"13463",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Microwave Heating on the Facile Synthesis of Porous Molecular Sieve Membranes",slug:"application-of-microwave-heating-on-the-facile-synthesis-of-porous-molecular-sieve-membranes",totalDownloads:4083,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Aisheng Huang and Jürgen Caro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15461",title:"Dr.",name:"Aisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Aisheng Huang",slug:"aisheng-huang"},{id:"23709",title:"Dr.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Caro",fullName:"Jürgen Caro",slug:"jurgen-caro"}]},{id:"13464",type:"chapter",title:"Microwave-Assisted Domino Reaction in Organic Synthesis",slug:"microwave-assisted-domino-reaction-in-organic-synthesis",totalDownloads:5417,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shu-Jiang Tu and Bo Jiang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16059",title:"Dr.",name:"Shu-Jiang",middleName:null,surname:"Tu",fullName:"Shu-Jiang Tu",slug:"shu-jiang-tu"},{id:"16487",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Bo Jiang",slug:"bo-jiang"}]},{id:"13465",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Microwave Technology for Utilization of Recalcitrant Biomass",slug:"application-of-microwave-technology-for-utilization-of-recalcitrant-biomass",totalDownloads:4222,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Shuntaro Tsubaki and Jun-Ichi Azuma",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16619",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuntaro",middleName:null,surname:"Tsubaki",fullName:"Shuntaro Tsubaki",slug:"shuntaro-tsubaki"},{id:"16775",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Azuma",fullName:"Jun-Ichi Azuma",slug:"jun-ichi-azuma"}]},{id:"13466",type:"chapter",title:"Microwave Heating Applied to Pyrolysis",slug:"microwave-heating-applied-to-pyrolysis",totalDownloads:5865,totalCrossrefCites:28,signatures:"Yolanda Fernandez, Ana Arenillas and J. Angel Menendez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14045",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Menéndez Díaz",fullName:"J. Angel Menéndez Díaz",slug:"j.-angel-menendez-diaz"},{id:"15134",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Arenillas",fullName:"Ana Arenillas",slug:"ana-arenillas"},{id:"15135",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez",fullName:"Yolanda Fernandez",slug:"yolanda-fernandez"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3039",title:"Advances in Agrophysical Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f53474d693f71f2d6ff21e1ebf8bbb2",slug:"advances-in-agrophysical-research",bookSignature:"Stanislaw Grundas and Andrzej Stepniewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3039.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14397",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanisław",surname:"Grundas",slug:"stanislaw-grundas",fullName:"Stanisław Grundas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"45154",title:"Introduction to Scientific Discipline Agrophysics — History and Research Objects",slug:"introduction-to-scientific-discipline-agrophysics-history-and-research-objects",signatures:"B. Dobrzański, S. Grundas and A. Stępniewski",authors:[{id:"168809",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Stępniewski",fullName:"Andrzej Stępniewski",slug:"andrzej-stepniewski"}]},{id:"39945",title:"Aquametry in Agrophysics",slug:"aquametry-in-agrophysics",signatures:"Wojciech Skierucha, Agnieszka Szypłowska and Andrzej Wilczek",authors:[{id:"151440",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Skierucha",fullName:"Wojciech Skierucha",slug:"wojciech-skierucha"},{id:"151479",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Szypłowska",fullName:"Agnieszka Szypłowska",slug:"agnieszka-szyplowska"},{id:"151480",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczek",fullName:"Andrzej Wilczek",slug:"andrzej-wilczek"}]},{id:"39868",title:"Time Stability of Soil Water Content",slug:"time-stability-of-soil-water-content",signatures:"Wei Hu, Lindsay K. Tallon, Asim Biswas and Bing Cheng Si",authors:[{id:"151062",title:"Prof.",name:"Bing",middleName:null,surname:"Si",fullName:"Bing Si",slug:"bing-si"}]},{id:"39857",title:"Model Averaging for Semivariogram Model Parameters",slug:"model-averaging-for-semivariogram-model-parameters",signatures:"Asim Biswas and Bing Cheng Si",authors:[{id:"151062",title:"Prof.",name:"Bing",middleName:null,surname:"Si",fullName:"Bing Si",slug:"bing-si"},{id:"151832",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Biswas",fullName:"Asim Biswas",slug:"asim-biswas"}]},{id:"39953",title:"Scale Dependence and Time Stability of Nonstationary Soil Water Storage in a Hummocky Landscape Using Global Wavelet Coherency",slug:"scale-dependence-and-time-stability-of-nonstationary-soil-water-storage-in-a-hummocky-landscape-usin",signatures:"Asim Biswas and Bing Cheng Si",authors:[{id:"151062",title:"Prof.",name:"Bing",middleName:null,surname:"Si",fullName:"Bing Si",slug:"bing-si"},{id:"151832",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Biswas",fullName:"Asim Biswas",slug:"asim-biswas"}]},{id:"39940",title:"Improving Soil Primary Productivity Conditions with Minimum Energy Input in the Mediterranean",slug:"improving-soil-primary-productivity-conditions-with-minimum-energy-input-in-the-mediterranean",signatures:"Elsa Sampaio and Júlio C. Lima",authors:[{id:"151113",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsa",middleName:"Paula Morgado",surname:"Sampaio",fullName:"Elsa Sampaio",slug:"elsa-sampaio"},{id:"155400",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlio",middleName:"César",surname:"Lima",fullName:"Júlio Lima",slug:"julio-lima"}]},{id:"41733",title:"Soil Behaviour Characteristics Under Applied Forces in Confined and Unconfined Spaces",slug:"soil-behaviour-characteristics-under-applied-forces-in-confined-and-unconfined-spaces",signatures:"Seth I. Manuwa",authors:[{id:"37280",title:"Prof.",name:"Seth",middleName:"Idowu",surname:"Manuwa",fullName:"Seth Manuwa",slug:"seth-manuwa"}]},{id:"45516",title:"Microaggregate Stability of Tropical Soils and its Roles on Soil Erosion Hazard Prediction",slug:"microaggregate-stability-of-tropical-soils-and-its-roles-on-soil-erosion-hazard-prediction",signatures:"C.A. Igwe and S.E. Obalum",authors:[{id:"59964",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Igwe",fullName:"Charles Igwe",slug:"charles-igwe"},{id:"151469",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunday",middleName:"E.",surname:"Obalum",fullName:"Sunday Obalum",slug:"sunday-obalum"}]},{id:"39954",title:"Soil Physical Properties and Nitrous Oxide Emission from Agricultural Soils",slug:"soil-physical-properties-and-nitrous-oxide-emission-from-agricultural-soils",signatures:"Natalya P. Buchkina, Elena Y. Rizhiya, Sergey V. Pavlik and Eugene V.\nBalashov",authors:[{id:"151966",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalya",middleName:null,surname:"Buchkina",fullName:"Natalya Buchkina",slug:"natalya-buchkina"},{id:"151967",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Rizhiya",fullName:"Elena Rizhiya",slug:"elena-rizhiya"},{id:"151968",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Balashov",fullName:"Eugene Balashov",slug:"eugene-balashov"},{id:"151975",title:"MSc.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Pavlik",fullName:"Sergey Pavlik",slug:"sergey-pavlik"}]},{id:"39942",title:"Identification of Wheat Morphotype and Variety Based on XRay Images of Kernels",slug:"identification-of-wheat-morphotype-and-variety-based-on-xray-images-of-kernels",signatures:"Alexander M. Demyanchuk, Stanisław Grundas and Leonid P.\nVelikanov",authors:[{id:"14397",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanisław",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Grundas",fullName:"Stanisław Grundas",slug:"stanislaw-grundas"},{id:"151121",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Demyanchuk",fullName:"Alexander Demyanchuk",slug:"alexander-demyanchuk"},{id:"151122",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonid",middleName:null,surname:"Velikanov",fullName:"Leonid Velikanov",slug:"leonid-velikanov"}]},{id:"45150",title:"Physical Properties of Seeds in Technological Processes",slug:"physical-properties-of-seeds-in-technological-processes",signatures:"B. Dobrzański and A. Stępniewski",authors:[{id:"168809",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Stępniewski",fullName:"Andrzej Stępniewski",slug:"andrzej-stepniewski"}]},{id:"39944",title:"Criteria of Determination of Safe Grain Storage Time – A Review",slug:"criteria-of-determination-of-safe-grain-storage-time-a-review",signatures:"Agnieszka Kaleta and Krzysztof Górnicki",authors:[{id:"39519",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Górnicki",fullName:"Krzysztof Górnicki",slug:"krzysztof-gornicki"},{id:"75295",title:"Prof.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Kaleta",fullName:"Agnieszka Kaleta",slug:"agnieszka-kaleta"}]},{id:"39936",title:"Extrusion-Cooking of Starch",slug:"extrusion-cooking-of-starch",signatures:"L. Moscicki, M. Mitrus, A. Wojtowicz, T. Oniszczuk and A. Rejak",authors:[{id:"151046",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Moscicki",fullName:"Leszek Moscicki",slug:"leszek-moscicki"}]},{id:"39943",title:"Determination of Food Quality by Using Spectroscopic Methods",slug:"determination-of-food-quality-by-using-spectroscopic-methods",signatures:"Agnieszka Nawrocka and Joanna Lamorska",authors:[{id:"151304",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Nawrocka",fullName:"Agnieszka Nawrocka",slug:"agnieszka-nawrocka"},{id:"151497",title:"MSc.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Lamorska",fullName:"Joanna Lamorska",slug:"joanna-lamorska"}]},{id:"44744",title:"Plant Fibres for Textile and Technical Applications",slug:"plant-fibres-for-textile-and-technical-applications",signatures:"M. Sfiligoj Smole, S. Hribernik, K. Stana Kleinschek and T. Kreže",authors:[{id:"17945",title:"Prof.",name:"Majda",middleName:null,surname:"Sfiligoj-Smole",fullName:"Majda Sfiligoj-Smole",slug:"majda-sfiligoj-smole"},{id:"20508",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvo",middleName:null,surname:"Hribernik",fullName:"Silvo Hribernik",slug:"silvo-hribernik"},{id:"20510",title:"Prof.",name:"Karin",middleName:null,surname:"Stana-Kleinschek",fullName:"Karin Stana-Kleinschek",slug:"karin-stana-kleinschek"},{id:"27045",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Kreze",fullName:"Tatjana Kreze",slug:"tatjana-kreze"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"927",title:"Thermodynamics",subtitle:"Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b51af0bad55a169b76b09076b014dd13",slug:"thermodynamics-physical-chemistry-of-aqueous-systems",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/927.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14015",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Moreno Piraján",slug:"juan-carlos-moreno-pirajan",fullName:"Juan Carlos Moreno Piraján"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"928",title:"Thermodynamics",subtitle:"Systems in Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ccb437066d7e46cad8a8e5f38d73660",slug:"thermodynamics-systems-in-equilibrium-and-non-equilibrium",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/928.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14015",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Moreno Piraján",slug:"juan-carlos-moreno-pirajan",fullName:"Juan Carlos Moreno Piraján"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2222",title:"Thermodynamics",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Its Application in Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a42f4f72f89572c7ad06f5e2ffe7b39",slug:"thermodynamics-fundamentals-and-its-application-in-science",bookSignature:"Ricardo Morales-Rodriguez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2222.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17181",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Morales-Rodriguez",slug:"ricardo-morales-rodriguez",fullName:"Ricardo Morales-Rodriguez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4626",title:"New Perspectives in Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72b63b396c379c2b7ac195501e486960",slug:"new-perspectives-in-fluid-dynamics",bookSignature:"Chaoqun Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4626.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143219",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaoqun",surname:"Liu",slug:"chaoqun-liu",fullName:"Chaoqun Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4762",title:"Recent Advances in Thermo and Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"97b61cacac0ee85c33d374055e498d2a",slug:"recent-advances-in-thermo-and-fluid-dynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4762.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"29",title:"Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances-in-induction-and-microwave-heating-of-mineral-and-organic-materials",bookSignature:"Stanisław Grundas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/29.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14397",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanisław",surname:"Grundas",slug:"stanislaw-grundas",fullName:"Stanisław Grundas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81421",title:"Sustainable and Effective Management Strategies in Cotton Cultivation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104104",slug:"sustainable-and-effective-management-strategies-in-cotton-cultivation",body:'Cotton (
Cotton is a plant that needs temperature above freezing, a humid climate, and sunbathing during its growing period. In general, the seed sowing depth (4–5 cm) should be above 15°C for germination to occur [10]. It is desirable that the soil temperature in sowing is at least 18°C. According to the developmental periods, the optimum temperatures are around 21–27, 27–32, and 21–32°C in vegetative, reproductive, and maturity periods, respectively [11].
The development of cotton during the growing period can be examined in five stages [12]. These are (1) germination and emergence, (2) seedling/root establishment, (3) leaf area expansion and canopy closure, (4) flowering and boll formation, and (5) boll and fiber maturation (Figure 1).
Growth stages of cotton [
The number of days of development periods of cotton from sowing to harvest is given in Table 1.
Event | Time required (days) | Average time required (days) | Cumulative duration (days) | Average date |
---|---|---|---|---|
Planting | 0 | 1 | 1 | May 1 |
Planting to emergence | 4–14 | 7 | 7 | May 7 |
Planting to first square | 35–45 | 39 | 40 | June 17 |
Planting to first bloom | 55–70 | 62 | 62 | July 6 |
Cut-out | 8–10 | 9 | 71 | July 28 |
Pinhead square to white flower | 20–35 | 23 | 94 | August 6 |
White flower to pink flower | 1 | 1 | 95 | July 29 |
Pink flower to open boll | 50–60 | 55 | 112 | July 30 |
Planting to 10% opening bolls | 10–12 | 10 | 122 | August 20 |
10% opening bolls to Harvest | 160–180 | 51 | 170 | August 30 |
The ideal planting depth is 4–5 cm. Planting depth should be 2–3 cm when the soil temperature is low in early sowing and when tempering is high. As the sowing date progresses, the planting depth should be increased up to 5–6 cm to ensure germination by taking advantage of the soil moisture [14]. The harvestable number of plants for cotton should be between 70.000 and 140.000 per hectare. When determining the number of plants in sowing, 80–85% seed germination rates should be considered in order to obtain the number predicted to be harvested. Accordingly, for the conditions where the distance between rows is 70–76 cm, the ideal plant density for machine harvesting is 10 cm. The number of plants in the harvest should be around 140,000, and for this, the distance between the row spaces should be adjusted to 8–8.5 cm in the planter settings. If the harvest is done by hand, the ideal in-row distance after thinning is 17–20 cm. Cotton harvest starts when 60–65% of the bolls open (around September 15) and lasts until mid-December in Turkey.
The purpose of the rotation is to provide sustainable management of the soils. Crop rotation also has purposes such as weed and pest control, disease management, utilizing the remaining nutrients from the previous plant, and improving the accumulation of organic matter in the soil. The biggest problem with rotation in cotton cultivation is finding the rotation product that can generate the income of the main product. Other determining factors in this regard are the climatic conditions as well as how much the rotation product is affected by price changes. In addition to the market value of the product, farmer habits also affect the rotation.
In terms of sustainable management, organic matter accumulation is generally a major problem, especially in arid climatic regions where rainfall is insufficient, and irrigation is made. In such places, it is vital to adopt practices that will ensure the accumulation of organic matter in the soil in double, triple, and quadruple rotation applications. Prior cultivation of legume crops (such as soybean, peanut, beans, kidney beans, chickpeas, lentils) or legume fodder crop (such as Hungarian vetch, fodder pea, or vetch, broad bean) is an excellent choice for cotton planted land. In this way, since the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil will be enhanced, the organic matter content will also increase. More favorable soil conditions will be provided, especially in terms of plant nutrient intake, weed control, disease, and pest management.
In Şanlıurfa province in Turkey, the common practice in the rotation is wheat-corn in the first year and cotton in the second year. Farmers experience cotton yield decreases as high as 30–50% in wheat-cotton rotation in the same year. Another reason why wheat-cotton (Planting in May 15–30) rotation is not preferred is the increase in pest damage. In the same climatic region, an increase in cotton yield was observed in the lands of the farmers who preferred the first-year winter lentil (planting in October or November)—cotton (planting in June) rotation.
Another climatic region (İzmir and Muğla provinces) in the west of Turkey is wheat-silage corn or oat-silage corn in the first year and cotton in the second year of plant rotation. In the same area, it is silage maize for the first year consecutively and cotton for the second year. Some farmers in the region maintain a continuous cotton-cotton rotation. In Nazilli-Aydin province, first-year winter barley-cotton and second-year corn rations are maintained. In the alfalfa-cotton-wheat (W) rotation carried out by Nazilli Cotton Research Institute, a decrease in wilt loss disease was detected in cotton [15].
In rotation applications, corn-cotton and soybean-cotton are preferred in Mississippi, peanut-cotton in Arkansas, sorghum-cotton in Texas, and wheat-soybean-cotton rotations in Oklahoma. While practice yield increases range from 5 to 11%, research shows that rotation helps create a good balance and sustainability for farmers in matters related to disease and pest management, soil protection, soil, and plant health [13, 16].
It has been stated that the rotation of legumes with organic fertilizers is suitable for sustainable production in cotton and corn-growing areas in Burkina Faso [17]. In Pakistan, cotton-wheat rotation provided the highest yield, while sunflower-cotton rotation significantly reduced soil fertility and an allopathic effect [18]. Rotation schedules in India where cotton is grown in 10 states differ between states. In the north-western states of the country, Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan, there is a rotation of CW, C-Mustard, and C-Berseem (
Dry matter formation in plants is the process of converting water and nutrients taken from the soil by photosynthesis [19]. Dry matter formation is adversely affected in cases where plant nutrients are insufficient in the soil for various reasons, their uptake is reduced, or it is not possible. Chlorosis, malformation, stunting, and poor plant growth are common symptoms due to nutrient deficiencies, improper soil management practices, or climatic factors [20]. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and boron deficiencies are common in cotton production [21]. In addition to their inadequacies, plant growth may be adversely affected by the imbalances between each other (such as Ca-Mg and K) [22], antagonistic effects (such as phosphorus and zinc) [23], soil pH, nutrient application time, method and amounts, climate and environmental factors.
Coordination of factors such as climatic conditions, drought, pH, macro and micro plant nutrient deficiencies, pest, soil, and water management directly or indirectly affects yield and quality characteristics [24]. Especially in arid climatic regions, the inadequacy of precipitation that can provide organic matter development is an important problem in the uptake of plant nutrients [25]. Soil pH is a problem not only in the uptake of macronutrients, but also in micronutrients, which are generally available in the pH range of 5.5–6.5 [26]. Deficiencies in the early stages of plant development are not a big deal in terms of their effect on plant growth. These elements, constituting only 1% of a bale, are removed after ginning, along with the seed and litter, along with macro and micronutrients [27]. Table 2 gives the macro and micronutrient needs removed from the soil when 2500 kg of lint is taken per hectare.
Macronutrients (kg ha−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P2O5 | K2O | MgO | CaO | S |
220–230 | 50–60 | 270–280 | 70–75 | 280–300 | 70–75 |
400–420 | 75–80 | 270–280 | 800–850 | 600–650 |
Nutrient requirement of cotton [28].
The average daily intake rate of plant nutrients is given in Figure 2.
Daily maximum nutrient uptake rates in cotton [
Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient needed for the healthy progression and physiological improvement of cotton, increasing fiber and photosynthesis efficiency [30]. It also affects the plant’s ability to produce carbohydrates due to its role in chlorophyll production. N promotes vegetative growth and can be effective in increasing the number of bolls by increasing nodes and fruiting positions. The presence of nitrogen affects root morphology (root length, thickness, volume, and mass) and is associated with dry matter formation [31]. To maximize the effectiveness of N applied in cotton production, both pre-plant and side applications are recommended [32]. Inadequate N in early vegetative growth can be unfavorable to yield and quality [33]. Proper management of nitrogen is required in productive and high-quality cotton cultivation. To increase the efficiency of use (NUE), nitrogen should be given in the required amount, time, and form (such as NO3−, NH4+ or NH2), to reduce leaching and evaporation losses with excessive irrigation, and to be given with partial and fertigation applications for effective management [34]. To reduce nitrogen losses, soil and tissue tests can be performed, and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) measurements can be applied using satellite or drone techniques [35].
Nitrogen is given in two periods, before planting (or with sowing) and before flowering. Pre-planting fertilization can be done according to the amount of nitrate-nitrogen to be determined in the soil test, considering the amounts given in Table 3.
NO3− N (ppm) | N/ha |
---|---|
0–5 | 30–50 |
5–10. | 20–30 |
10–15. | 0–20 |
> 15 | 0 |
The nitrogen fertilization system consists of two parts: (1) about 10–20% of the total nitrogen requirement before flowering (before or with planting), (2) the remaining nitrogen during the irrigation period of 60–75 days from the beginning of the flowering period. Additional nitrogen application may be required when needed against a sudden nitrogen deficiency to mature the crop later. However, it may be advisable to give the last nitrogen fertilizer application in the flowering period with one of the nitrogen fertilizers produced as urea or slow-release nitrogen fertilizer. Because urea needs time to turn into ammonium and nitrate [36], it may be possible for the plant to benefit from nitrogen for a longer period with slow release. Measures such as reducing the losses of nitrogen under the root zone with surface irrigation methods (border or furrow) or preventing leaching with more controlled irrigation with pressure irrigation methods can be applied. It may be beneficial to increase the efficiency of nitrogen use by dividing the needs of the plant throughout the season into the growth period in climatic regions such as the Mediterranean where irrigation is used. In addition to these, utilizing the residual nitrogen from the plants entering the crop rotation may prevent the use of excess nitrogen. Considering that unnecessary or excessive nitrogen may delay maturation by encouraging leaf development by keeping the plant constantly green [9], it is necessary to be prepared for harvest with an optimum termination.
The base fertilization to be made before sowing is spread on the soil with fertilizer dispersing equipment, and then it is mixed into the soil at a depth of 10–12 cm with one of the appropriate tillage tools (such as a cultivator, rotavator), and the seedbed is prepared for planting. It is recommended to apply the fertilizers 5–6 cm below [37] and on the band so that they do not contact with the seeds, in the fertilization to be made on the seedbed with sowing.
Petiole sampling (Figure 3) is necessary for the health monitoring of nitrogen management in the plant [39]. The petiole test is done by plucking the first fully expanded leaf from the top of the plant 1 week before flowering. Repeat weekly for the following 8–9 weeks by breaking off the petiole of the first fully expanded leaf from the top of the plant [38].
Petiole sampling for analysis and location [
For the first petiole analysis of the season, the petiole from the third node at the top of the plant should be taken and sampled from about 40 different locations in the field. As the results will show the nitrogen levels in the plant, it will be understood whether the fertilizer has been used adequately or insufficiently. The timely application of nitrogen prevents the reduction of leaf nitrate. If the level of nitrate-nitrogen drops to 4000 ppm or less before the first bolls open (Figure 4), it is recommended to apply nitrogen in the form of nitrate or urea.
Desired levels of petiole nitrate-nitrogen in cotton varieties [
Nitrogen in the form of nitrate in the soil solution is easily transported into the plant body. For this reason, the time required to eliminate the deficiency is shortened. In such a case, the source of nitrogen is not so important. Because the nitrification of ammonium sources can occur quickly enough to allow the resulting nitrate nitrogen to be transported to the root zone to meet the plant’s needs [40].
Phosphorus is effective in the energy transfer (ATP), transport, and storage of substances such as sugar and starch in plants [41]. It is necessary for flower and fruit formation, root development, and vital for the formation of new cells. In its deficiency, it causes lifeless, weak, and soft flower formation, weakening of the roots, lack of life and absorbent hairs, shortening of shoots, thinning and filamentous development, narrowing between the nodes, formation of small and amorphous fruits, decrease in the number of seeds, seed development disorders, and shortening in shelf life [42].
Phosphorus deficiency is commonly caused by conditions such as the presence of fully bound phosphorus in soils with a pH lower than 5.5 or higher than 7.5, with high clay content and low organic matter content, and soils with high aluminum or iron hydroxide content. In addition, plants need a large amount of phosphorus in their young stages, before the flowering period and during the seed formation periods. Phosphorus is also effective in metabolic activities such as energy production and gene transfer. In the excess of phosphorus in the soil, especially the intake of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) is limited [43].
Cotton yield responds positively to the presence of phosphorus and affects dry matter accumulation in the soil [44]. Phosphorus (P) plays a crucial role in cotton by increasing reproductive growth and yield. Phosphorus contributes to root development by increasing root length, width, and diameter in plants [45]. Therefore, P deficiency inhibits cotton growth by reducing biomass accumulation and especially reduces seed cotton yield, stunted growth, and low yields have been detected [46].
Potassium (K) affects vital metabolic, physiological, and biochemical functions in plants and increases product quantity and product quality. Studies show that potassium increases starch synthesis, helps to transport and store water and plant nutrients and photosynthesis products, prevents water loss in plants by regulating turgor, accelerating root development, promotes branching and lateral root formation. If there is enough potassium, the plants will form more branched roots. Root diameter expands, and root length and root growth rate increase [47]. Plants that do not get enough potassium are mostly high in nitrogen and low in carbohydrates. Potassium affects the development of the cell wall in plants and accelerates maturation, increases the effectiveness of nitrogen, and positively affects the resistance against diseases and pests. In a study conducted, the effectiveness of potassium against diseases and pests in plants was determined to be 65% effective [48].
Heavy-textured soils in the clay-type illite group, which have insufficient K reserve and are rich in magnesium, have acid (low pH) character, light-textured sandy, are leached by excessive irrigation or precipitation, may show potassium deficiency [49]. Potassium concentrations in both the blade and petiole of fully expanded upper leaves on the main stem are good indicators of K deficiency. Potassium deficiency causes many disorders including a decrease in leaf area index, photosynthesis, and plant biomass in cotton, while the decrease in leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductivity, low chlorophyll content, weak chloroplast structure, restricted saccharide translocation are attributed to K deficiency [50]. Potassium deficiency affects the seedling development of cotton and shows this with shortening of plant height, decrease in leaves and roots, and biomass. It also inhibits enzyme activities in cotton seedlings by affecting photosynthesis and respiration [51].
Potassium demand increases in cotton during boll formation, flowering, and fiber elongation periods [52]. Potassium deficiency manifests itself with interveinal chlorosis on old leaves 3–4 weeks after the first flowering; in addition to symptoms, leaves may begin to curl downward and thicken. If the deficiency is severe enough, the cotton plant may begin to shed leaves on its own. The high demand for potassium generated during boll formation in cotton can be greater than 3.4 kg per hectare per day [53]. Severe potassium deficiency caused by extremely hot and dry conditions can cause other undesirable effects, including fruit drop [54]. Drought, due to soil moisture deficiency, is a limiting factor for potassium uptake.
Potassium is an important nutrient that affects fiber length and quality in cotton. In a study conducted in an area with potassium deficiency in the soil, fiber strength and weight decreased up to 7.8% and 2.1%, respectively [50]. The most effective way to meet the potassium requirement is to regularly test the soil.
The source of sulfur that can be taken up by plants is elemental sulfur and sulfur in organic matter. Plants take up sulfur in the form of the SO4−2 ion. In addition, they can also take SO3 and a little elemental sulfur with their sulfur leaves. In addition, plants can absorb this element in the form of SO2 gas. Sulfur is an element that enters the structure of organic matter. Sulfur takes place in the structure of sulfurous amino acids such as cystine, cysteine, and methionine in plants and combines with them to form proteins. During this cycle, the sulfur takes part in many enzymatic activities [55]. Sulfur is easily transported (mobile) within the plant. However, it is less mobile than N, P, K, as it forms various compounds immediately after entering the plant body [56]. Sulfur deficiency shows symptoms very similar to nitrogen deficiency. Nitrogen deficiency is seen in old leaves, while sulfur deficiency is seen in young leaves [57]. It is found in the structure of some amino acids necessary for protein synthesis. It takes part in the synthesis of energy, hormones, and some enzymes, and accelerates nitrate and carbohydrate metabolism [58].
Calcium is taken up by plants as Ca+2 ions through root tips. Calcium ions are transported to all plant tissues by xylem pipes due to transpiration [59]. Calcium is effective in the development of the endpoints of newly developing cell tissues, and the normal formation of roots and flowers. Calcium is located between the cell walls and is the building block of the cell wall [60]. Strengthening the cell wall, it helps cell growth and elongation. It is effective in the permeability of the cell membrane. It is necessary for normal flowering and root development. It helps in the uptake of nitrates. It increases the plant’s resistance to diseases, drought, and stress [61].
Calcium is immovable within the plant. In other words, calcium, previously taken to the plant or in the leaf, does not pass to the fruit and newly formed leaves and shows the first signs of deficiency with the drying or upward curling of the leaf tips [62]. Dying at the shoot tips and stopping the growth of dead tissue, discoloration at the fruit tip, and brown-black rot (blossom end rot) in the following period are seen. To eliminate the calcium deficiency, Calcium Nitrate fertilizer should be applied regularly, if necessary, in each irrigation, or spraying calcium on the fruit 3–4 times is effective. The first calcium deficiency is seen on young leaves and shoots tips [57]. Young leaf margins dry up and die. Shoot tip growth stops, shoot tips dry out. Plant tissue and fruits are soft, shelf and storage life are short. Root development weakens, the durability of the root’s decreases. The plant’s resistance to diseases and pests is reduced [63].
Conditions reducing calcium uptake: Feeding with high ammonium (NH4) nitrogen, insufficient water, or high salt concentration in the soil, conditions that prevent new root formation, such as low temperature and insufficient aeration, low pH soils, organic soils, or high organic matter added soils and giving too much potassium or magnesium with fertilizer [64].
Plants take magnesium in the form of Mg+2 ions. Magnesium is the central atom of chlorophyll and is vital in photosynthesis [65]. Therefore, in magnesium deficiency, the number of chlorophylls decreases and photosynthesis regresses. Due to mobility in plants, it accumulates most in the growing tips of plants and especially in young leaves. It is transported from these regions to the seed during seed formation [66]. Magnesium deficiency first manifests itself in older leaves. In magnesium deficiencies, older leaves become discolored, the main and secondary veins on the leaf are green, the thinner veins turn yellow, and local wavy round yellowing is seen between the veins [67]. Magnesium plays a very important role in the transport and placement of phosphorus and the conversion of amino acids into polypeptides. It is an enzyme activator and helps the function of many enzymes [68].
Conditions that cause decreased magnesium intake: Excessive potassium and calcium fertilization or high lime content, sandy soils with heavy rainfall, soil compaction, insufficient drainage, drought, and cold soils, and pH drop below 5. Toward the end of the development period, the deficiency increases due to the increase in the need for magnesium [69].
Micronutrients are not needed in large quantities as macronutrients but are vital because of their role in plant development. Zinc (Zn) for plant hormone balance, auxin activity, growth, cell division; iron (Fe) for photosynthesis with chlorophyll synthesis; boron (B) for flowering, maturation, sugar transport, cell division, and amino acid production; manganese (Mn) for chloroplast production and enzyme activation; copper (Cu) for stimulating enzymes necessary for photosynthesis; legumes need Molybdenum (Mo) elements for nitrogen fixation [70].
The deficiencies of these nutrients manifest themselves in the form of different symptoms. For example, in zinc deficiency, growth in plants stops, the internodes become shorter, and young leaves become smaller than normal, while chlorosis or yellowing occurs between the new leaf veins in iron deficiency. In boron deficiency, mild general chlorosis, death of the growing point, the color of the leaves fades and becomes deformed. Similarly, in Manganese (Mn) deficiency, chlorotic mosaic patterns occur on the leaves; in copper deficiency, mild general chlorosis, leaf tips are bent, and turgor loss is seen in young leaves; In molybdenum deficiency, like ordinary nitrogen deficiency, general chlorosis is seen in young plants [71].
EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra-Acetic Acid) is a chelating agent that allows the molecular structure to bind to heavy metals, and chelation is a form of attachment of ions and molecules to metal ions. Chelates, on the other hand, are complex compounds called ligands in their structure and play a role in the uptake of micronutrients such as EDTA. Micronutrients are transported to the plant body mainly by applications such as soil, leaves, and irrigation water [72].
In arid and some subtropical climatic regions where precipitation is insufficient, soils rich in lime are a problem in the uptake of microelements such as zinc, iron, and boron due to high soil pH [73]. Studies show a reduction in seed cotton yield in calcareous soils due to an imbalance of nutrients, especially micronutrients [74]. In general, high pH is a limiting factor for nutrient uptake in such lands with low organic matter and nitrogen content, and this type of soil is insufficient in terms of zinc, boron, and iron [75]. In addition, the imbalance between some elements and calcium can lead to nutritional problems, especially in terms of potassium and magnesium [76]. In such cases, foliar applications of micronutrients, whose uptake is limited by soil applications, are an inevitable need [77].
Foliar fertilization provides advantages such as low cost and rapid plant response in situations where soil problems arise, and root development is insufficient. Further, foliar feeding has disadvantages due to problems such as possible leaf toxicity and solubility [78], and therefore, it is not possible to fully meet the needs of the plant. Success in foliar fertilization can be achieved when the effects of many factors such as the development period of the plant to be applied, its need, the toxicity level, the number of applications, the number of repetitions, the method of application, the time of application, the compatibility with other pesticides and fertilizers are known. The quality of the nutrient to be applied to the plant is important. Because the dose and application stage to be used in the application of macro and micronutrients to be applied in foliar feeding can be different. The efficiency of foliar fertilization can be affected by the type of fertilizer, its solubility, the concentration and pH of the solution, and its incompatibility with some pesticides and chemicals used in foliar feeding [79].
Foliar fertilization of cotton is a convenient way of applying certain fertilizers that can complement conventional soil methods. Foliar fertilization can increase yield and fiber quality. The transport rate of plant nutrients used in foliar fertilization is given in Table 4, and the times required for 50% of the applied plant nutrients to be taken are given in Table 5.
Fast | Moderate speed | Slow | Very Slow |
---|---|---|---|
NH2—Nitrogen | Phosphorus, P | Zinc, Zn | Boron, B |
NH4—Nitrogen | Sulfur, S | Copper, Cu | Magnesium, Mg |
NO3—itrogen | Ferrous, Fe | Calcium, Ca | |
Potassium | Manganese, Mn | ||
Sodium | Molybdenum, Mo |
Transition rates of nutrients to leaves [80].
Nutrient | The time required for 50% of the nutrient intake |
---|---|
NH2—Nitrogen | 0.5–2 hours |
Phosphorus, P | 5–10 days |
Potassium, K | 10–25 hours |
Calcium, Ca | 1–2 days |
Magnesium, Mg | 2–5 hours |
Zinc, Zn | 1–2 days |
Manganese, Mn | 1–2 days |
The time required for the uptake of some nutrients into the plant [80].
Although cotton varies according to the climatic regions where it is grown and the day length of the varieties, daily plant water consumption of cotton is different at plant growth stages. It increases from 2.5 mm at the seedling stage to the maximum value (6–10 mm) in the most intense flowering from the soil and gradually decreases in the boll development (5–8 mm), reaching the minimum value (2–4 mm) in the opening stage of the bolls. Even though susceptibility to water stress varies according to phenological periods, squaring, flowering, and boll development are critical stages in cotton [81]. Water stresses that will occur during these periods reduce the number of squares and cause yield and quality losses by shedding squares, flowers, and bolls [82].
The first square in cotton is seen approximately 50–60 days after sowing and the flowering period continues for 7 weeks. Table 6 shows the effect of flowers formed during flowering on yield. As seen in the table, the bolls formed by the flowers formed in the first 3 weeks constitute 88% of the product. Considering the yield of flowers formed in the first 3 weeks, the importance of preserving the first bolls emerges spontaneously.
Weeks of flowering | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Total flowers (%) | 8.1 | 23.5 | 29.4 | 25.6 | 9.8 | 2.3 | 1.3 |
Boll retention rate (%) | 94.1 | 77.7 | 43.1 | 20.7 | 13.3 | 10.8 | 5.0 |
Total product (%) | 21.0 | 43.0 | 24.0 | 8.5 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
Average boll weight (g) | 5.3 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.2 | — |
The effect of flowering weeks on yield in cotton [83].
The time between squaring and the opening of the bolls (between 40 and 120 days after planting) is considered the critical process for managing water in the root zone of cotton. The common practice in determining the irrigation period (Figure 5) is the 70–80 days period between the appearance of the first squares and the period when the rate of the first bolls to open reaches 10% [85].
Irrigation period of cotton throughout the growth stage (adapted from [
Productive and high-quality cotton growth is important for the initiation and termination of irrigation [86]. Considering the sensitivity to water stress, it is necessary to start irrigation during the squaring period of the plant (35–45 days after planting) to prevent yield losses [87]. Because the water stress that may occur during this period can lead to boll shedding, resulting in significant losses in yield. Early termination of the irrigation period may result in yield losses, while delay may result in continued vegetative growth, delayed maturation of the bolls, increased pest management and harvesting costs, and reduced irrigation efficiency [88]. For climatic regions where the average daily plant water consumption is around 8–10 mm, the irrigation interval of 10–12 days is recommended in lands with medium and heavy-textured soil where surface irrigation methods such as furrows are applied [89]. Irrigation intervals can be selected as 6–8 days for lands where drip and sprinkler methods are used in lands with similar climates and as 4–5 days for sandy soils. While it is recommended to terminate the irrigation when the first opened bolls are seen in areas where surface irrigation methods are used, it can be delayed for 1–2 weeks in medium and heavy-textured fields where sprinkler and drip methods are used.
Plant water consumption is the sum of the water lost by evaporation and transpiration. Numerous methods have been developed for estimating plant water consumption. These are such direct measurements, estimating from climate data, plant and soil-based methods. The FAO Penman-Monteith method [90] is one of the most reliable methods in estimating using climate data. The results obtained by multiplying the evaporation volumes determined from Class A pan with a coefficient of 0.7 were analyzed together with the plant water depletion values estimated at 10-day intervals by the FAO Penman-Monteith method. In the results obtained, it was determined that the agreement was very high (Figure 6).
Measuring of evaporation from Class A pan (left) and the relationship between FAO Penman-Monteith and pan evaporation (right) [
Soil water potential is related to the soil texture and is important to determine the available water holding capacity (AWHC) at the effective root depth considered. The results of some studies on plant root morphology in recent years have revealed that a significant part of the cotton roots is concentrated at 0–30 cm and an average of 90% is at a depth of 60 cm [91]. For this reason, when determining the irrigation interval in cotton cultivation on lands with medium and heavy-textured soil, an effective root depth of 60 cm and allowing a maximum of 60% of the available water to be consumed is a suitable approach to ensure yield and quality without creating water stress on the plant.
The irrigation schedule is determined by considering the plant water consumption, the AWHC of the soil, and the part of the soil moisture that is allowed to be consumed. In terms of AWHC, soil texture is generally decisive and sandy soils have less capacity than clay soils. Sandy soils have an AWHC of 20–35 mm, medium-textured loamy soils 45–65 mm, and heavy-textured clayey soils 40–50 mm for each 30 cm soil profile.
The irrigation method is the way of applying water to the plant root zone. Today, two main methods are used, namely surface and pressurized.
Surface irrigation methods generally take place in the form of vertical and forward movement of water by gravity on land with no slope or very low slope (generally below 3%). These methods generally take place in the form of vertical and forward movement of water by gravity on land with no slope or very low slope (generally below 3%). In practice, furrow and border methods and their derivatives are widely used in cotton cultivation. Reducing in-field losses in the irrigation network is related to the irrigation method applied. The success of these methods depends on the reduction of water transmission in the channels and infiltration into the field and surface flow losses. Surface flow and infiltration losses are the most important problems in surface irrigation methods. These methods cause drainage problems by rising the groundwater in the field, the root zone remains wet for a long time, negatively affecting plant growth, and increasing fungal diseases, tillage, salinity, and sodium problems. Along with the deep infiltration, a significant part of the plant nutrients as fertilizer to the root zone is washed and pollutes the groundwater. The mixing of nitrogen losses, especially in the form of nitrates, into drinking and utility water is the biggest threat to human and environmental health.
Pressurized irrigation systems use energy (such as electricity, diesel oil) to take water from a canal, stream, or well and transmit it to the land to be irrigated through lateral lines under a certain pressure. Irrigation water is directed to the lateral lines from the main canal at the head of the field and given to the root zone by various methods (such as drip or sprinkler methods).
Drip irrigation is the process of taking the water from a well, canal, or stream and giving the filtered water to the plant root zone in the field with a certain pressure (1–1.5 atm.) using plastic pipes called lateral and having drippers placed on it at certain intervals. With this method, it is possible to transmit irrigation water to the root zone in a controlled manner by the drip method and high WUE (85–95%). With successful planning, it is ensured that water, plant nutrients, and agricultural pesticides are supplied, and significant savings are achieved in labor, energy, and time. Thanks to the vertical and horizontal control of water, high efficiency and quality products can be obtained with an appropriate irrigation schedule.
Today, in the drip method, two types can be used by placing the lateral lines above ground and underground (30–35 cm from the surface). In the drip method, two types can be used by placing the lateral lines above ground and underground (30–35 cm from the surface).
The arrangement of the lateral lines in drip irrigation affects the irrigation water requirement and therefore the energy cost. In the application of one lateral line in two rows (Figure 7a), the required lateral line requirement per hectare is 7140 m. It may be necessary to irrigate for 24–36 hours, especially in the first irrigation, to bring soil moisture to the field capacity throughout the 60 cm effective root depth in medium and heavy-textured lands in hot and arid regions where cotton is grown in the Mediterranean climate. During the following 75–80 days irrigation period, half of the initially calculated water can meet the need if it is every 6–8 days. The condition of high yield and quality cotton cultivation in the calculated irrigation intervals depends on the application of the program that will not cause water stress in the root zone. This application, which will be repeated 12–14 times during the irrigation period, requires an average of 600–750 mm of plant water consumption. Generally, in dry climatic regions, the calculated amount of irrigation water may be needed to meet plant water consumption. With a motor pump with an average water application rate of 50 m3/h, it is necessary to irrigate for an average of 120–150 hours per hectare throughout the year. During the irrigation period in the specified land, the diesel requirement per hectare is 204–255 liters and the average is around 265 US dollars for 2022 in Turkey.
Representation drawing of drip irrigation lateral positions in field systems. Systems are defined as follows: (a) surface one lateral line in two rows, (b) surface every row, and (c) surface twin rows (adapted from [
Applying a lateral line to each row (Figure 7b), the lateral line requirement is 14280 m per hectare. In this application, lateral lines are placed in each row and adjacent to the plant. At the beginning of the irrigation period, it is sufficient to irrigate for a maximum of 10–12 hours in order to bring the soil moisture at 60 cm depth to the field capacity in medium and heavy-textured lands. During the following 75–80-day irrigation period, it will be sufficient to irrigate for a maximum of 5–6 hours at intervals of 6–8 days on average. During this process, which will be repeated 12–14 times during the irrigation period, the annual irrigation water volume is an average of 3000–3500 m3/year per hectare. With a motor pump with a water application flow rate of 50 m3/hour, the annual irrigation period is 60–70 hours, and the energy consumption is approximately 102–119 liters of diesel fuel. The cost of irrigation energy per hectare of the land in question is an average of 122 US dollars in Turkey.
The cost of lateral line planting in twin rows (Figure 7c) in cotton cultivation is the same as when planting a line in two rows (Figure 7a). In contrast, the cost of irrigation water and energy will be close to or slightly higher than the line-up (Figure 7b) per row. Although this method is not a common practice yet, it will provide significant savings, especially in irrigation water. It is a method that can provide significant water savings without causing a decrease in yield and quality in sowing in narrow and wide intervals by adjusting the planter’s feet with a telescopic planter in sowing. Especially with wide row spacing, it will be possible to use pesticides, foliar fertilization, and defoliants effectively with agricultural machinery until the end of the harvest period.
This system is the process of applying the water supplied by pumping from a water source to the land by spraying it with sprinkler heads at a certain operating pressure. The water source can be a well, canal, or stream. In general, after the irrigation water is taken from the source, it is conveyed to the main lines under pressure varying between 1.5 and 5 atmospheres and then to the sprinkler heads on the lateral lines. The sprinkler method has a very high-water application efficiency (Ea, 60–95%) and uniform water distribution with proper planning. It is a method that can be used for irrigation of all plants whose leaves are not sensitive to wetting in all kinds of field conditions. The factor limiting the application of this method is the wind. When placing the lateral lines on the land, it is essential to pay awareness to the fact that the effective winds in the region are perpendicular to the direction of movement.
The sprinkler system (Figure 8) can be immobile, mobile (linear or circular), and portable in the field.
Sprinkler irrigation system elements [
In the design and operation of the sprinkler system, a higher precipitation rate than the infiltration rate of the soil is not desired. For this, the system’s placement arrangement (S1xS2), nozzle (sprinkler) discharge, and operating pressure must be evaluated together. In practice, the fact that the precipitation rate is higher than the water intake rate of the soil causes the accumulation of water by ponding and drainage problems in flat topography, while surface runoff may occur in areas with slightly sloped topography. Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to the selection of sprinkler heads with a high-water application efficiency in sprinkler irrigation.
Weed control in cotton is generally done in three periods: pre-sowing, pre-emergence, and post-emergence [94]. After the herbicides used before planting are applied to the field with a sprayer, they are mixed into the soil at a depth of 8–12 cm using a rotavator or cultivator. In this period, herbicides containing Pendimethalin, Metalochlor, and Benoxacor active ingredients can be used [95].
Pendimethalin, Alachlor, Fluometuron, Prometryne, and Linuron active ingredient herbicides can be used for weed control in the post-sowing and pre-emergence period. If there is no rain within 24 hours after the application, the effectiveness of the herbicides decreases due to evaporation. For this reason, it is useful to ensure that the herbicides infiltrate to a depth of 15–20 cm by making sprinkler irrigation after the pre-emergence applications [96].
Clethodim (116.2 g/L), Fluazifop-P-Butyl (125 g/L), Haloxyfop ethoxyethelester (125 g/L), Quizalofop + P/Ethyl (50 g/L), and Quizalofop/P/Tefuryl (40 g/L) active ingredients can be widely used in post-emergence herbicide applications. However, it is the best way to choose according to the weeds we want to control during this period [97].
There are seven main issues that must be followed in order to be successful in the fight against pests. These are respectively, 1-diagnosis, 2- fighting method, 3-application time, 4-pesticide selection, 5-tool selection, 6-application, and 7-control [97]. In a plant protection process to be applied, it is easily possible to achieve success when these are applied in the order of the management. If someone makes a mistake, such as a wrong or incomplete application, not following the order, it brings failure or causes success to be caught by chance.
The periods in which the insects, which are commonly encountered in cotton and have the highest damage potential, are effective according to the development periods of the plant are given in Table 7.
Growth stages | Emergence | Seedling | The First Squares | The First Flowers | Green Boll | Opening Boll |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insects/Weeks | 3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 18 |
X | ||||||
X | X | X | ||||
X | X | X | ||||
X | X | |||||
X | ||||||
X | ||||||
X | X | X | ||||
X | X | |||||
X | ||||||
X | X | |||||
X | X | |||||
X |
Disease management in agriculture is the practice of minimizing disease in crops to improve the quantity or quality of harvest yields [99]. Organisms such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses that cause infectious diseases can be found in plants. Effective disease management should be integrated into farm management, focusing on the host, potential pathogen, and environment. The way to reduce the risks of epidemics is through the adoption and implementation of disease management strategies. It is useful to have knowledge of the types and origins of diseases to implement solution-oriented management strategies [100]. Disease management in plants is based on several important principles. While disease control is often impractical or even possible, it may be possible to reduce disease progression and keep it at an acceptable level. Disease management has basic principles such as exclusion, eradication, protection, resistance, therapy, and avoidance [101]. Each of these principles helps in deciding the method and method of the application according to the course of the disease, its prevalence, severity, degree of effect, the area affected, the recurrence status, and risks. For example, exclusion includes applications to remove disease-causing pathogens from the disease-free area, so that the disease can be prevented from entering the area where the plants grow. Eradication is such as the destruction of infected plants, disinfection of storage areas, fumigation, and solarization. Cultural practices such as removing diseased plants from the environment, destroying crops, and crop rotation can also be evaluated within this scope. Conservation practices include the protection of the elements that cause the spread of the disease with physical and chemical barriers. Cultural practices such as tillage, irrigation, and drainage are within this scope. In addition, applications such as determining the planting date or depth, distances between plants, pruning, and thinning due to disease risks, for example, are applications that help plants get away from infection and reduce the severity of diseases. Practices such as soil drainage and ridge planting, especially the cultural management of root diseases, are also conservation practices. Selecting and developing resistance, disease-resistant plants is a viable way to reduce losses. It has been determined that this application is especially successful in rust diseases, powdery mildew, and root rot. With some hybridization techniques in plant breeding, the effect of pressures on yield can be controlled by increasing the rust resistance of plants [102].
The main diseases in cotton cultivation are seedling root rot, verticillium, and fusarium wilt, leaf angular spot disease. Those diseases, which can lead to significant yield and quality losses if no precautions are taken, can be resolved with an integrated management approach. Integrated disease management is a concept that enables the application of one or more of the abovementioned applications in combination and should be applied in a coordinated, integrated, and harmonious manner to maximize the benefits of each component.
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) affect many physiological events such as flowering, maturation, root development, bending and death of leaves, stems, and other organs, inhibition or advancement of stem elongation, the coloration of fruits, and prevention of foliation or defoliation, prevention of overgrowth, earliness, and plants themselves. Chemicals produced by the effects of PGR boll seed cotton weight, 100 seed weight, ginning yield, plant height, the number of fruit branches, 100 seed weight, the number of bolls, fiber fineness, and fiber rupture strength were determined by research [103].
It has been observed that the prevention of excessive grading in cotton, the lengthening of the distance between the nodes due to the sowing frequency, the increase in boll, boll holding, and yield [104]. Positive effects of Mepiquat Chloride (Pix) have been observed in terms of its effects on the abovementioned properties. Between the beginning of flowering and the peak of the flower or from the beginning of the boll, it is recommended to apply 3–4 applications at 25–50 ml/da with 10–15 days intervals. Mepiquat Chloride is 45–60 days from October when the first white flowers appear on a small number of plants. The first application should be made before the first watering in days. The second application is 20 days after the first application in 65–80 days. It is done on days to encourage the plant to produce mostly fruit, together with the green parts. The third application is 85–100 days after emergence for the plant to complete its development at an average of 14–16 nodes. Although it varies according to the regions and the variety, the estimated post-emergence is 100–120. The fourth and last application, which is recommended to be done on days, is aimed to complete the growth of green parts, maturing the bolls, and harvesting earliness. With this application, it is encouraged to increase the cotton core and fiber quality [105].
Manufacturers who will use chemical pesticides before cotton harvest must determine issues such as “chemical selection,” “management time,” and “management dose.” There are three different methods to determine the most appropriate application time for defoliating and boll-opening chemicals. These are: (a) the boll opening rate should be at least 65–70%, (b) 85% of the bolls to be harvested should be mature, and (c) the number of knuckles on the cracked boll should be 4 or less [106].
The boll opening rate is determined by counting the bloomed and unopened bolls from 20 randomly selected plants representing the field [107]. Early and clean harvest with the use of defoliant or boll-opening chemicals, prevention of rotting of the lower bolls, especially in places where the humidity is high and high humidity, prevention of fiber contamination. It has benefits such as reduction. To get rid of the harmful effects of chemicals, the bolls must be at least 35–40 days old [108]. Depending on the nature of the plant, environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, and the chemicals used, the leaves begin to fall 3–7 days after the application of the defoliant, and the defoliation process takes place after 10–14 days [109]. Early varieties can be harvested approximately 10 days after application. During the application of chemicals, the sprayer must be calibrated, 200–250 liters of water should be used per hectare; If there is an expectation of rain within 24 hours after the application, if the daily average temperature is below 17 0C, the application should not be made, and suitable conditions should be expected; care should be taken not to spread the chemical to the surrounding plants, it should not be used on other plants other than cotton. A suitable chemical should be selected according to the purpose. If only defoliation is aimed, a defoliant chemical should be used, if both defoliation and boll opening are aimed, defoliant + boll-opening chemicals should be used (Table 8).
Active ingredient | Dosage (L/ha) | Effect |
---|---|---|
DE-4-Thidiazuron, 119 g/L+ Diuron, 60 g/L | 0.6 | Defoliant |
Pyraflufen, 26.5 g/L | 0.16 | Defoliant |
Carfentrazone-ethyl, 240 g/L | 0.15 | Defoliant |
Ethephon, 480 g/L | 3 | Boll Opener and Defoliant |
Ethephon 480 g/L+ Cyclanilide, 60 g/L | 2 | Boll Opener and Defoliant |
Ethephon 720 g/L +Cyclanilide, 45 g/L | 1.75 | Boll Opener and Defoliant |
In high-yield and quality cotton cultivation, the plant should not be exposed to any stress during the growing period. Problems such as extremely hot and cold climatic conditions, lack of water and nutrients in the soil, excessive nitrogen fertilizer applications, pesticide residues applied to the plant grown before, overdose in foliar fertilization, extreme and redundant use of pesticides, excessive and improper irrigation due to the need for drainage owing to the root zone remaining wet for a long time can affect cotton yield, quality, and sustainable management. Considering these problems, applications to be made in a timely manner, with appropriate mechanization, in sufficient quantities and as needed are the key to controlling the stress conditions relatively. Success in sustainable cotton production depends on increasing controllable conditions. Effective management in cotton production is possible with the control of water, nutrient, and pesticide management. In this respect, maximum water and nutrient management in the root zone is ensured thanks to the high application efficiency, especially with drip and sprinkler methods. In this way, it is conceivable not only to control productivity and quality but also to protect environmental resources caused by deep infiltration due to excessive applications. Therefore, success in controlling the events in the rhizosphere will be the determining factor of sustainable production in the future.
These Terms and Conditions outline the rules and regulations pertaining to the use of IntechOpen’s website www.intechopen.com and all the subdomains owned by IntechOpen located at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, United Kingdom.
',metaTitle:"Terms and Conditions",metaDescription:"These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of IntechOpen Website at https://intechopen.com and all its subdomains owned by Intech Limited located at 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\\n\\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\\n\\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\\n\\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\\n\\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\\n\\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\\n\\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\\n\\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\\n\\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\\n\\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\\n\\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\\n\\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\\n\\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\\n\\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\n\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\n\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\n\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\n\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\n\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\n\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\n\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\n\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\n\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\n\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\n\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\n\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12456",title:"Arthroscopis Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7c8c783b20d7e2e1ee6cf53df3bf0750",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12456.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12058",title:"Future Housing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e7f4a1e57fab392b61156956c1247b9e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ivan Oropeza-Perez and Dr. Astrid Helena Petzold-Rodríguez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12058.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12079",title:"Strategies Towards the Synthesis of Heterocycles and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc4022af925c0883636e0819008971ee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Premlata Kumari and Dr. Amit B Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12079.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"177041",title:"Dr.",name:"Premlata",surname:"Kumari",slug:"premlata-kumari",fullName:"Premlata Kumari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12112",title:"The Colorectal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"21c65e742d31d5b69fb681ef78cfa0be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Shamim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12112.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235128",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Shamim",slug:"muhammad-shamim",fullName:"Muhammad Shamim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11998",title:"Biocomposites - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8bc7ffd7544fff1901301c787e64fada",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11998.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11999",title:"Earthquakes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2af07109b13b76e5af9583532ab5bee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Walter Salazar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11999.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236461",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Salazar",slug:"walter-salazar",fullName:"Walter Salazar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12050",title:"Advanced Biodiesel - Technological Advances, Challenges, and Sustainability Considerations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb86ab5c5ca0dab95f01941eb350f920",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. IMR Fattah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12050.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"463663",title:"Dr.",name:"IMR",surname:"Fattah",slug:"imr-fattah",fullName:"IMR Fattah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12102",title:"Current Trends in Ambulatory Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa37d79f81893fd0a9ab346ae1c3e4a9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Xin-Nong Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12102.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"345917",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin-Nong",surname:"Li",slug:"xin-nong-li",fullName:"Xin-Nong Li"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11500",title:"Multi-Objective Optimization - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"842f84f308439c0a55c4e8e6a8fd9c01",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adel El-Shahat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11500.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12208",title:"Metformin - A Prospective Alternative for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aa4b8aac3f44ba3ab334530c5d5646ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12208.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:495},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1318",title:"Virtual Learning",slug:"virtual-learning",parent:{id:"265",title:"Education",slug:"social-sciences-education"},numberOfBooks:7,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:189,numberOfWosCitations:51,numberOfCrossrefCitations:100,numberOfDimensionsCitations:157,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1318",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7601",title:"Game Design and Intelligent Interaction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aef7c5d14fb716604538b9f7e1a3f2ef",slug:"game-design-and-intelligent-interaction",bookSignature:"Ioannis Deliyannis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7601.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103622",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioannis",middleName:null,surname:"Deliyannis",slug:"ioannis-deliyannis",fullName:"Ioannis Deliyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6220",title:"Open and Equal Access for Learning in School Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1e919de72d78288c473f399c12ee984",slug:"open-and-equal-access-for-learning-in-school-management",bookSignature:"Fahriye Altınay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6220.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahriye",middleName:null,surname:"Altınay",slug:"fahriye-altinay",fullName:"Fahriye Altınay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6543",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"287d44bcf4ef446e6e077ec9f1ec501e",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",bookSignature:"Nawaz Mohamudally",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6543.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119486",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawaz",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamudally",slug:"nawaz-mohamudally",fullName:"Nawaz Mohamudally"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"59705",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74943",title:"Augmented Reality Trends in Education between 2016 and 2017 Years",slug:"augmented-reality-trends-in-education-between-2016-and-2017-years",totalDownloads:2513,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to review literature regarding using augmented reality (AR) in education articles published in between 2016 and 2017 years. The literature source was Web of Science and SSCI, SCI-EXPANDED, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, and ESCI indexes. Fifty-two articles were reviewed; however, 14 of them were not been included in the study. As a result, 38 articles were examined. Level of education, field of education, and material types of AR used in education and reported educational advantages of AR have been investigated. All articles are categorized according to target groups, which are early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, high school education, graduate education, and others. AR technology has been mostly carried out in primary and graduate education. “Science education” is the most explored field of education. Mobile applications and marker-based materials on paper have been mostly preferred. The major advantages indicated in the articles are “Learning/Academic Achievement,” “Motivation,” and “Attitude”.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]},{id:"59468",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74344",title:"Virtual and Augmented Reality: New Frontiers for Clinical Psychology",slug:"virtual-and-augmented-reality-new-frontiers-for-clinical-psychology",totalDownloads:2364,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"In the last decades, the applied approach for the use of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) on clinical and health psychology has grown exponentially. These technologies have been used to treat several mental disorders, for example, phobias, stress-related disorders, depression, eating disorders, and chronic pain. The importance of VR/AR for the mental health field comes from three main concepts: (1) VR/AR as an imaginal technology, people can feel “as if they are” in a reality that does not exist in external world; (2) VR/AR as an embodied technology, the experience to feel user’s body inside the virtual environment; and (3) VR/AR as connectivity technology, the “end of geography’. In this chapter, we explore the opportunities provided by VR/AR as technologies to improve people’s quality of life and to discuss new frontiers for their application in mental health and psychological well-being promotion.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Sara Ventura, Rosa M. Baños and Cristina Botella",authors:[{id:"106036",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Baños",slug:"rosa-maria-banos",fullName:"Rosa Maria Baños"},{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura"},{id:"229056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Botella",slug:"cristina-botella",fullName:"Cristina Botella"}]},{id:"60066",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75172",title:"Waveguide-Type Head-Mounted Display System for AR Application",slug:"waveguide-type-head-mounted-display-system-for-ar-application",totalDownloads:2245,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Currently, a lot of institutes and industries are working on the development of the virtual reality and augmented reality techniques, and these techniques have been recognized as the determination for the direction of the three-dimensional display development in the near future. In this chapter, we mainly discussed the design and application of several wearable head-mounted display (HMD) systems with the waveguide structure using the in- and out-couplers which are fabricated by the diffractive optical elements or holographic volume gratings. Although the structure is simple, the waveguide-type HMDs are very efficient, especially in the practical applications, especially in the augmented reality applications, which make the device light-weighted. In addition, we reviewed the existing major head-mounted display and augmented reality systems.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Munkh-Uchral Erdenebat, Young-Tae Lim, Ki-Chul Kwon,\nNyamsuren Darkhanbaatar and Nam Kim",authors:[{id:"36088",title:"Prof.",name:"Nam",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"nam-kim",fullName:"Nam Kim"},{id:"231071",title:"Dr.",name:"Munkh-Uchral",middleName:null,surname:"Erdenebat",slug:"munkh-uchral-erdenebat",fullName:"Munkh-Uchral Erdenebat"},{id:"231073",title:"Dr.",name:"Young-Tae",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"young-tae-lim",fullName:"Young-Tae Lim"},{id:"231075",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki-Chul",middleName:null,surname:"Kwon",slug:"ki-chul-kwon",fullName:"Ki-Chul Kwon"},{id:"249440",title:"Ms.",name:"Nyamsuren",middleName:null,surname:"Darkhanbaatar",slug:"nyamsuren-darkhanbaatar",fullName:"Nyamsuren Darkhanbaatar"}]},{id:"59408",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74070",title:"Enhancing BIM Methodology with VR Technology",slug:"enhancing-bim-methodology-with-vr-technology",totalDownloads:3752,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Building information modeling (BIM) is defined as the process of generating, storing, managing, exchanging, and sharing building information. In the construction industry, the processes and technologies that support BIM are constantly evolving, making the BIM even more attractive. A current topic that requires attention is the integration of BIM with virtual reality (VR) where the user visualizes a virtual world and can interact with it. By adding VR, the BIM solution can address retrieving and presenting information and increasing efficiency on communication and problem solving in an interactive and collaborative project. The objective of this chapter is to report the improvement of BIM uses with the addition of interactive capacities allowed by VR technology. A bibliographic and software research was made to support the study.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Alcínia Zita Sampaio",authors:[{id:"13640",title:"Prof.",name:"Alcínia Zita",middleName:"Almeida",surname:"Sampaio",slug:"alcinia-zita-sampaio",fullName:"Alcínia Zita Sampaio"}]},{id:"59816",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74317",title:"Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality: Initial Successes in Diagnostic Radiology",slug:"augmented-reality-and-virtual-reality-initial-successes-in-diagnostic-radiology",totalDownloads:1860,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"In this chapter, we will review the applications of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in diagnostic radiology. We begin the chapter by discussing state of the art medical imaging techniques to include scanner hardware, spatial resolution, and presentation methods to the radiologist or other medical professionals. We continue by discussing the methodology of a technique called Depth-3-Dimensional (D3D) imaging, which transforms cross-sectional medical imaging datasets into a left and right eye images that that can be viewed with state of the art AR or VR headsets. We include results of the D3D processed AR/VR imaging and conclude with a discussion of the path forward.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"David B. Douglas, Demetri Venets, Cliff Wilke, David Gibson, Lance\nLiotta, Emanuel Petricoin, Buddy Beck and Robert Douglas",authors:[{id:"86918",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Petricoin",slug:"emanuel-petricoin",fullName:"Emanuel Petricoin"},{id:"122098",title:"Dr.",name:"Lance",middleName:null,surname:"Liotta",slug:"lance-liotta",fullName:"Lance Liotta"},{id:"225961",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Douglas",slug:"david-douglas",fullName:"David Douglas"},{id:"240843",title:"Dr.",name:"Demetri",middleName:null,surname:"Venets",slug:"demetri-venets",fullName:"Demetri Venets"},{id:"240844",title:"MSc.",name:"Cliff",middleName:null,surname:"Wilke",slug:"cliff-wilke",fullName:"Cliff Wilke"},{id:"240846",title:"MSc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Gibson",slug:"david-gibson",fullName:"David Gibson"},{id:"240847",title:"Mr.",name:"Buddy",middleName:null,surname:"Beck",slug:"buddy-beck",fullName:"Buddy Beck"},{id:"240848",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Douglas",slug:"robert-douglas",fullName:"Robert Douglas"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59408",title:"Enhancing BIM Methodology with VR Technology",slug:"enhancing-bim-methodology-with-vr-technology",totalDownloads:3752,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Building information modeling (BIM) is defined as the process of generating, storing, managing, exchanging, and sharing building information. In the construction industry, the processes and technologies that support BIM are constantly evolving, making the BIM even more attractive. A current topic that requires attention is the integration of BIM with virtual reality (VR) where the user visualizes a virtual world and can interact with it. By adding VR, the BIM solution can address retrieving and presenting information and increasing efficiency on communication and problem solving in an interactive and collaborative project. The objective of this chapter is to report the improvement of BIM uses with the addition of interactive capacities allowed by VR technology. A bibliographic and software research was made to support the study.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Alcínia Zita Sampaio",authors:[{id:"13640",title:"Prof.",name:"Alcínia Zita",middleName:"Almeida",surname:"Sampaio",slug:"alcinia-zita-sampaio",fullName:"Alcínia Zita Sampaio"}]},{id:"59705",title:"Augmented Reality Trends in Education between 2016 and 2017 Years",slug:"augmented-reality-trends-in-education-between-2016-and-2017-years",totalDownloads:2513,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to review literature regarding using augmented reality (AR) in education articles published in between 2016 and 2017 years. The literature source was Web of Science and SSCI, SCI-EXPANDED, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, and ESCI indexes. Fifty-two articles were reviewed; however, 14 of them were not been included in the study. As a result, 38 articles were examined. Level of education, field of education, and material types of AR used in education and reported educational advantages of AR have been investigated. All articles are categorized according to target groups, which are early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, high school education, graduate education, and others. AR technology has been mostly carried out in primary and graduate education. “Science education” is the most explored field of education. Mobile applications and marker-based materials on paper have been mostly preferred. The major advantages indicated in the articles are “Learning/Academic Achievement,” “Motivation,” and “Attitude”.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]},{id:"71276",title:"Use of Cloud Gaming in Education",slug:"use-of-cloud-gaming-in-education",totalDownloads:845,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The use of digital games in education has been the subject of research for many years and their usefulness has been confirmed by many studies and research projects. Standardized tests, such as PISA test, show that respondents achieved better reading, math and physics results if they used the computer more for gaming-related activities. It has been proven that the application of video games in education increases student motivation, improves several types of key skills—social and intellectual skills, reflexes and concentration. Nevertheless, there are several challenges associated with the application of video games in schools and they can be categorized as technical (network and end device limitations), competency (teachers’ knowledge in the area), qualitative (lack of educational games of high quality), and financial (high cost of purchasing games and equipment). The novel architecture for delivery of gaming content commonly referred to as “cloud gaming” has the potential to solve most of the present challenges of using games in education. A well-designed cloud gaming platform would enable seamless and simple usage for both students and teachers. While solving most of the present problems, cloud gaming introduces a set of new research challenges which will be discussed in this section.",book:{id:"7601",slug:"game-design-and-intelligent-interaction",title:"Game Design and Intelligent Interaction",fullTitle:"Game Design and Intelligent Interaction"},signatures:"Mirko Sužnjević and Maja Homen",authors:[{id:"303557",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Sužnjević",slug:"mirko-suznjevic",fullName:"Mirko Sužnjević"},{id:"316947",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Homen",slug:"maja-homen",fullName:"Maja Homen"}]},{id:"70106",title:"Categorizing Game Design Elements into Educational Game Design Fundamentals",slug:"categorizing-game-design-elements-into-educational-game-design-fundamentals",totalDownloads:1274,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Educational games have become a highly prominent tool in schools to deliver an exciting learning experience. Large amount of literature discusses the importance of how educational games are designed has been highlighted that delivering learning through educational games design and how the game designers require crucial skills to design. Educational game design requires elements which are considered during the designing process. Looking at the projection of “Game designing or the process of game design is a complex task, and it is still being investigated”. Therefore, this chapter intends to discuss recent and prominent proposed game design elements that demonstrate their important characteristics in designing educational games. Consequently, two highly significant game design theorists with established fundamental elements of games are discussed. With critically understanding the elements, this chapter provides categorizing various existing game elements into established fundamental elements. Henceforth, it demonstrates a clearer overview of how game design elements can be categorized and applied. Future recommendations are also discussed.",book:{id:"7601",slug:"game-design-and-intelligent-interaction",title:"Game Design and Intelligent Interaction",fullTitle:"Game Design and Intelligent Interaction"},signatures:"Mifrah Ahmad",authors:[{id:"303651",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mifrah",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"mifrah-ahmad",fullName:"Mifrah Ahmad"}]},{id:"60066",title:"Waveguide-Type Head-Mounted Display System for AR Application",slug:"waveguide-type-head-mounted-display-system-for-ar-application",totalDownloads:2245,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Currently, a lot of institutes and industries are working on the development of the virtual reality and augmented reality techniques, and these techniques have been recognized as the determination for the direction of the three-dimensional display development in the near future. In this chapter, we mainly discussed the design and application of several wearable head-mounted display (HMD) systems with the waveguide structure using the in- and out-couplers which are fabricated by the diffractive optical elements or holographic volume gratings. Although the structure is simple, the waveguide-type HMDs are very efficient, especially in the practical applications, especially in the augmented reality applications, which make the device light-weighted. In addition, we reviewed the existing major head-mounted display and augmented reality systems.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Munkh-Uchral Erdenebat, Young-Tae Lim, Ki-Chul Kwon,\nNyamsuren Darkhanbaatar and Nam Kim",authors:[{id:"36088",title:"Prof.",name:"Nam",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"nam-kim",fullName:"Nam Kim"},{id:"231071",title:"Dr.",name:"Munkh-Uchral",middleName:null,surname:"Erdenebat",slug:"munkh-uchral-erdenebat",fullName:"Munkh-Uchral Erdenebat"},{id:"231073",title:"Dr.",name:"Young-Tae",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"young-tae-lim",fullName:"Young-Tae Lim"},{id:"231075",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki-Chul",middleName:null,surname:"Kwon",slug:"ki-chul-kwon",fullName:"Ki-Chul Kwon"},{id:"249440",title:"Ms.",name:"Nyamsuren",middleName:null,surname:"Darkhanbaatar",slug:"nyamsuren-darkhanbaatar",fullName:"Nyamsuren Darkhanbaatar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1318",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}},{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82005",title:"Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality using Its Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104791",signatures:"Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar",slug:"non-invasive-approach-for-glucose-detection-in-urine-quality-using-its-image-analysis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:20,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"13",type:"subseries",title:"Plant Physiology",keywords:"Plant Nutrition, Plant Hormone, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Plant Stress, Multi-omics, High-throughput Technology, Genome Editing",scope:"Plant Physiology explores fundamental processes in plants, and it includes subtopics such as plant nutrition, plant hormone, photosynthesis, respiration, and plant stress. In recent years, emerging technologies such as multi-omics, high-throughput technologies, and genome editing tools could assist plant physiologists in unraveling molecular mechanisms in specific critical pathways. The global picture of physiological processes in plants needs to be investigated continually to increase our knowledge, and the resulting technologies will benefit sustainable agriculture.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11409,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313856/images/system/313856.png",institutionString:"University of Orléans",institution:{name:"University of Orléans",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33993/images/system/33993.jpg",institutionString:"Spanish National Research Council",institution:{name:"Spanish National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191770/images/system/191770.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tanta University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"247858",title:"Dr.",name:"Saddam",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"saddam-hussain",fullName:"Saddam Hussain",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSF2aQAG/Profile_Picture_1625658281836",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82735",title:"The Influence of Salivary pH on the Prevalence of Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106154",signatures:"Laura-Cristina Rusu, Alexandra Roi, Ciprian-Ioan Roi, Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu and Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean",slug:"the-influence-of-salivary-ph-on-the-prevalence-of-dental-caries",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:44,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:69,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:56,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:89,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:94,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:198,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-em-streptococcus-mutans-em-virulence-targets-a-proteomic",totalDownloads:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:112,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10795",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:"Perspectives in Agriculture",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10795.jpg",slug:"plant-stress-physiology-perspectives-in-agriculture",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Kamran Nahar",hash:"c5a7932b74fe612b256bf95d0709756e",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/13456",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"13456"},fullPath:"/chapters/13456",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()